William Kirby

[1] ?? ??e??????.[2] See Hooper's Medical Dictionary, under Nervous Fluid, and Mr. Sandwith's useful Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology, 83.[3] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 305—.[4] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 362. Compare MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 215—.[5] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi. supr.[6] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 360. MacLeay Hor. Ent. 201.[7] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 306. MacLeay Hor. Ent. 200—.[8] Ibid. 307. The great sympathetic nerves in fishes are said to have no ganglions. Cuv. ubi. supr. 297.[9] They are called trisplanchnic because they render to the three cavities of the viscera:—viz. the thoracic, the abdominal and the pelvic. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 524. 527.[10] In Hemiplegia, &c.[11] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 307.[12] Thus in the MolluscÆ there must be a great difference in this respect, since in some of these the brain or cerebral ganglion has been cut off with the head, and another reproduced. Ibid. xvi. 306. Comp. v. 391.[13] Vol. III. p. 29.[14] Comp. Plate XXX. Fig. 1. and 6. and Carus. Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 64.[15] Lyonet Anatom. 100.[16] Ibid. 101.[17] Lyonet Anatom. 100. In man and the vertebrate animals, the medullary pulp is every where homogeneous; under the microscope it appears to consist of a number of minute conglomerated globules. M. Vauquelin has analysed it, and found it to contain, of water 80 parts; of albumen in a state of demicoagulation 7·0; of phosphorus 1·50; of osmazone 1·12; of a white and transparent oily matter 4·53; of a similar red do. 0·75; of a little sulphur and some salts 5·15. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 531—.[18] Anat. 99.[19] Malpigh. de Bombyc. 20. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 224. a.[20] Anat. Comp. ii. 348.[21] Lyonet Anat. 100. t. iv. f. 6. Sandwith Introd. 59—.[22] Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 7. 8. a.[23] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 527.[24] Ibid. v. 591.[25] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 318. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxix. f. 7. Herold Schmetterl. t. ii. f. 1-10. a.[26] Cuv. Ibid. 322. 337.[27] Cuv. Anat. Comp. 324.[28] Arachnid. t. i. f. 13. m.m.[29] Cuv. ubi supr. 343. 346. Treviranus Arachnid. t. v. f. 45. a. Plate XXI. Fig. 8. a.[30] Ibid. Fig. 1. b.b.[31] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.[32] Plate XXI. Fig. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 36. b.[33] Arachnid. t. v. f. 45.[34] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xliii. f. 7.[35] Ibid. 112. a.[36] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 337. 343—.[37] Ibid. 336.[38] Herold Schmetterl. t. ii. f. 1.[39] Lyonet Anat. 98.[40] Cuv. ubi supr. 342. Gaede N. Act. Acad. CÆs. XL. ii. 323. Cuv. Ibid. 351.[41] Cuv. ubi. supr. 348.[42] Treviranus Arachnid. t. v. f. 45.[43] Plate XXI. Fig. 7. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xliii. f. 7.[44] Plate XXI. Fig. 7. 8. c.[45] Lyonet Anat. 100.[46] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 522—.[47] Lyonet ubi supr. t. ix. f. 1-4.[48] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 339. 343.[49] Plate XXI. Fig. 7.[50] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xl. f. 5. Cuvier (ii. 332.) accuses Swammerdam of representing the spinal marrow in this grub as producing nerves only on one side; whereas he expressly states (ii. 50. b.) that a considerable number spring on each side from the eleven ganglions, but that to avoid confusion he had omitted some.[51] Cuv. ubi supr. 325.[52] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xv. f. 6.[53] Treviran. Arachnid. t. l. f. 13. 1-4.[54] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xxii. f. 7.[55] Treviran. ubi supr. t. v. f. 45.[56] Plate XXI. Fig. 7.[57] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 346.[58] Plate XXI. Fig. 8.[59] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.[60] Ibid. 335—.[61] Cuv. ubi supr. 348.[62] Ibid. 320—.[63] Ibid. 340—.[64] Ibid. 338—.[65] Gaede ubi supr.[66] Cuv. ubi supr. 323—. 327—. Mr. Bauer (Phil. Trans. 1824. t. ii. f. 1.) has figured only seven, excluding the brain, in that of the silk-worm, and Malpighi (De Bombyc. t. vi. f. 2.) ten,—Swammerdam (Bibl. Nat. t. xxviii. f. 3.) however has twelve.[67] Ibid. 326.[68] Ibid. 352.[69] Ibid. 343—.[70] Ibid. 345.[71] Ibid. 325—.[72] Ibid. 351.[73] Cuv. ubi supr. 339.[74] Ibid. 335—.[75] Lyonet Anat. 190.[76] Cuv. ubi supr. ii. 340. Malpigh. de Bombyc. t. vi. f. 2.[77] Cuv. Ibid. 348.[78] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xlviii. f. 7.[79] Cuv. Ibid. 319.[80] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 420.[81] Treviran, Arachnid. t. v. f. 45. m.[82] Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 7. 8. d.[83] Lyonet ubi supr. t. x. f. 5. 6.[84] Ibid. 192.[85] Cuv. ubi supr. 323. 335.[86] Ibid. ii. 339.[87] Ibid. 342.[88] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxii. f. 6. m.m.[89] Cuv. ubi supr. 350.[90] Ibid. 335.[91] Vol. III. p. 495—. Lyonet. Anat. 581.[92] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.[93] Cuv. ubi supr. 351.[94] Ibid. 352.[95] Cuvier (Ibid. 319.) seems not to have been aware that Swammerdam was the first discoverer of these nerves, since he attributes their name to Lyonet.[96] Bibl. Nat. i. 138. b. t. xxviii. f. 2. a, b, c. f. 3. g.[97] Ubi supr. 578.[98] Ubi supr. 320. 339, &c.[99] Cuv. ubi supr. 349.[100] Lyonet Anat. t. ix. x.[101] Plate XXI. Fig. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxii. f. 6.[102] Ibid. t. xv. f. 6.[103] Plate XXI. Fig. 7.[104] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xliii. f. 7. h, h.[105] Plate XXI. Fig. 8.[106] In Mr. Bauer's figure (Philos. Trans. 1824. t. ii. f. 1.) no less than eighteen pairs of nerves are represented as issuing from the internodes; but it should seem as if in the specimen from which his figure was taken, several of the ganglions, perhaps from some injury received in the dissection, had become obliterated, while their nerves remained: yet still, even making allowance for these, many pairs will appear to take their origin from the spinal chord.[107] Comp. Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 102-123.; with Swamm. Expl. of Plates XXXII. t. xxviii. f. 3. k.[108] Malpighi seems, however, to agree with him. De Bombyc. t. vi. f. 1.[109] Lyonet ubi supr. 201. t. ix. f. 1, 2. n. 1, 2. &c.[110] Swamm. ubi supr. 1. 139. a. t. xxviii. f. 3. s, s.[111] In Lesser Insecto-theol. ii. 84. note *.[112] Linn. Trans. ii. 8. Aristotle had observed this vitality of insects, and that that of the myriapods is greatest. Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 7. De Respiratione, c. 3. Reptiles have also this faculty. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxix. 161.[113] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 283—. These are named "the upper and lower cervical ganglions."[114] Lyonet Anat. t. ix. x. Plate XXI. Fig. 1. a. b.[115] Vol. III. p. 663. 670.[116] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 47—. v. 592. xvi. 308—.[117] Vol. II. p. 519—. 507—.[118] Huber Fourmis, 260—. Reaum. vi. 172—.[119] Vol. II. p. 204.[120] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 279—.[121] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 319. 337.[122] Ibid. ii. 322, 323—; 338. 339—.[123] Plate XXX. Fig. 1.[124] Ibid. Fig. 2.[125] Plate XXX. Fig. 3.[126] Herold Schmett. t. ii. f. 6.[127] Ibid. t. ii. f. 7.[128] Plate XXX. Fig. 4.[129] Ibid. Fig. 5.[130] Ibid. Fig. 6.[131] Anat. Comp. ii. 348.[132] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 313. Comp. i. 420.[133] See above, p. 23.[134] Vol. I. p. 217—.[135] Vol. II. p. 461.[136] Vol. II. p. 493.[137] Ibid. p. 503.[138] See above, p. 21.[139] Antommarchi's Last Days of Napoleon.[140] Linn. Trans. xi. 393.[141] Vol. II. p. 493.[142] Vol. II. p. 463, 5.[143] Zoological Journal, n^o. i. 5.[144] Anat. Compar. iv. 296.[145] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 3. Even Aristotle seems to have given into the common opinion. De Respirat. c. 3, 9. &c.[146] Philos. Trans. v. 2011. Works, 4to. i. 79, 112.[147] Aristot. Hist. Animal. l. viii. c. 27.[148] On Air and Fire, 148, 155.[149] Tracts, 208.[150] Mem. on Respirat. 75.[151] Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.[152] F. L. A. Sorg, Respirat. Insect. et Verm. Ellis, Inquiry into Chang. prod. on Atmosph. Air by Respirat. &c. 69.[153] Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.[154] Sprengel, Commentar. &c. 27—.[155] Plate XXIII. Fig. 2. and Plates VIII. IX. XVI. XXIX. c´,h´´, m´´, A´´, D´´.[156] Moldenhawers (Anat. der Pflanz. 314—.) affirms that the spiracles of most insects are quite closed: but Sprengel (Commentar. § 8.) has satisfactorily refuted that opinion.[157] Plate XXIII. Fig. 2.[158] Sprengel, Commentar. § 7.[159] Ibid. t. iii. f. 30.[160] Plate XXIX. Fig. 23.[161] Ibid. 8.[162] Sprengel, 7. t. iii. f. 30.[163] Ibid. t. ii. f. 22. t. iii. f. 29.[164] Plate XXIX. Fig. 29.[165] Ibid. Fig. 16. Sprengel, Ibid. 9. t. 1. f. 4-6.[166] Ibid. 9. t. i. f. 9.[167] Plate XXIX. Fig. 16. a.[168] Sprengel, Ibid. t. iii. f. 27.[169] Sprengel, Commentar. 7—.[170] Sprengel, from whom I have borrowed this quotation, expresses the time by "scripulo horÆ." This word is of uncertain meaning, being scarcely ever applied to time; but as it means the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, Faber conjectures it may mean the same portion of an hour.[171] Sorg, Disquisit. circa respirat. insect. 27, 46, 66. Sprengel ubi supr. 11—.[172] Chabrier sur le Vol des Ins. c. l. 454.[173] Plate XXIX. Fig. 28. A´´.[174] Ibid. Fig. 23.[175] Sepp. I. iv. t. ii. f. 3.[176] Ibid. t. xiv. f. 3.[177] Ibid. t. v. f. 6, 7.[178] Ibid. t. i. f. 7, 8.[179] Ibid. t. x. f. 6, 7.[180] Ibid. v. t. i. f. 3.[181] Sphinx LabruscÆ Merian Surinam. 34.[182] Plate XXIX. Fig. 28. A´´.[183] Swammerd. Bibl. Nat. t. xxvii. f. 5. Compare Sturm Deutsch. Fu. i. t. v. f. r.[184] Plate XXIX. Fig. 12. c´.[185] De Geer, i. 81. t. v. f. 10. f.[186] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 459.[187] Reaum. iv. 246. t. xix. f. 8. s.[188] In this tribe, which I forgot to remark before, (see Vol. III. p. 549—.) there seems both prothorax and collar.[189] Vol. III. p. 550, 559. &c.[190] Plate VIII. Fig. 14. h´´.[191] Plate XXIX. Fig. 14, 15. m´´.[192] Ibid. Fig. 15. a.[193] Ibid. Fig. 14, 15. b.[194] Ibid. Fig. 25. k´´.[195] Chabrier sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. t. vi. f. 4. Sa, Sp.[196] Plate IX. Fig. 21. m´´.[197] Plate VIII. Fig. 9.[198] Vol. III. p. 705—.[199] Vol. III. p. 708.[200] Sprengel, Comment. 3.[201] Ibid.[202] vi. 398.[203] De Geer, ii. 635.[204] Fourmis, 22.[205] Osservaz. &c. sullo Iulus foetid. 14—.[206] They are particularly visible in an undescribed East Indian species, (S. alternata K. M. S.) with scuta alternately black and yellow.[207] Plate XXIX. Fig. 20. A´´.[208] De Geer, vii. t. vi. f. 3.[209] Vol. I. p. 254—.[210] De Geer vi. 67. t. iii. f. 10. ss. 14. Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser. No. 9. 178.) says that in this grub the longitudinal trunks of the TracheÆ send off at equal distances lateral branches just as if there were spiracula to correspond with them. This is evidently a preparatory step to the formation of those that ultimately appear in the perfect insect.[211] De Geer 66. t. iii. f. 13.[212] Plate XIX. Fig. 11. a.[213] Reaum. iv. 375—. t. xxvi. f. 7, 8.[214] Ibid. 555. t. xxxv. f. 10. ss.[215] Ibid. 519—. t. xxxvii. f. 3, 4.[216] Plates XVI. Fig. 9. a b. XIX. Fig. 9, 10, 12, 13. a. XXIX. Fig. 3-7.[217] Plate XIX. Fig. 9. a.[218] Plate XIX. Fig. 9. b.[219] Compare Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 154. t. xxxi. f. 5. Reaum. iv. 601—. t. xliii. De Geer vi. 317—. t. xvii. f. 2-8.[220] Swamm. Ibid. t. xxxi. f. 7, 8.[221] Reaum. iv. 607.[222] Plate XIX. Fig. 12. a.[223] Reaum. iv. t. xxxii. f. 2. e.[224] Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser. n. 9. 179.) asserts that what Reaumur (iv. 487. t. xxx. f. 6. ll) calls the first pair of legs of this grub, are the usual palmated stigmata which occur on the humerus of the larvÆ of MuscidÆ. It does not appear whether he has himself examined this grub, but Reaumur (443) states that it has seven pairs of legs all armed with claws. If this is correct, it is not properly a palmated organ.[225] Reaum. iv. t. xxx. f. 10.[226] Reaum. iv. t. xxx. f. 447—.[227] Ibid. 456. t. xxxi. f. 1-7.[228] Plate XIX. Fig. 13. a.[229] Bibl. Nat. ii. 44.[230] Plate XIX. Fig. 10. a.[231] Reaum. v. t. iv. f. 6. s, u.[232] Vol. II. p. 275—.[233] De Geer vi. 395—. t. xxiv. f. 16. 18. d.[234] v. t. vi. f. 1, 2.[235] De Geer iii. 367. t. xviii. f. 1, 2, 9.[236] Ibid. vi. 36. 194—. t. ii. f. 2, 3. s.[237] Plate XVI. Fig. 9. a. b.[238] De Geer ii. 539—. t. xi. f. 12, 16, &c.[239] De Geer i. 526—. t. xxxvii. f. 2-6.[240] Ibid. iv. 362—. t. xiii. f. 16-19.[241] Vol. I. p. 282—. II. 365—.[242] See Reaum. vi. t. xlii.—xlvi. and Plate XXIX. Fig. 3-5.[243] Reaum. Ibid. t. xlv. f. 2.[244] Plate XXIX. Fig. 5. De Geer ii. 624—.[245] Ibid. Fig. 4. De Geer Ibid. 647—.[246] Ibid. Fig. 3. De Geer Ibid. 653—.[247] Ibid. Fig. 6. De Geer Ibid. 727—.[248] Reaum. vi. 465.[249] Ibid. t. xlii. f. 4, 5. De Geer ii. 623.

[250] Ibid. 648. t. xvii. f. 11, 12.[251] Vol. III. p. 154. De Geer ii. 697—. t. xxi. f. 4, 5, 12.[252] De Geer Ibid. 666—. t. xix. f. 6.[253] Reaum. vi. 393. t. xxxvi. f. 8, 9. t. t.[254] Reaum. vi. 395. t. xxxvi. f. 8-9. c. c.[255] Plate XXIX. Fig. 21.[256] Marcel de Serres (Mem. du Mus. 1819. 137, &c.) calls the tubular tracheÆ that receive the air, arterial tracheÆ, and the vesicular ones which act as reservoirs, pulmonary tracheÆ.[257] Plate XXIX. Fig. 1. 2.[258] Treviranus Arachnid. 7—. t. l. f. 1. r. f. 10. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 419. Latreille calls these gills Pneumo-branches.[259] Treviranus Ibid. 24. Plate XXIX. Fig. 1.[260] Plate XXI. Fig. 3. a b.[261] Ibid. a.[262] Ibid. b.[263] Sprengel Commentar. t. i. f. 1.[264] Ibid. f. 10.[265] Ibid. t. ii. f. 15.[266] Malpigh. De Bombyc. t. iii. f. 3.[267] Ibid. t. iv. f. 1.[268] Lyonet Anat. 101.[269] Lyonet Anat. 101.[270] Sprengel (ubi. supr. 16.) says that he never found more than two; but as Lyonet affirms that he has very often separated them (102), his accuracy cannot be questioned.[271] Lyonet Anat. 103.[272] Ibid. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 438. This author says that the intermediate tunic is the spiral thread (437).[273] Lyonet 102.[274] Ibid. 104. Sprengel Commentar. 17.[275] Lyonet 104. Sprengel Commentar. 17.[276] Lyonet 102. Malpigh. De Bombyc. 12. Reaum. i. 130.[277] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. ii. f. 7.[278] Lyonet 411.[279] Professor Kidd (Philos. Trans. 1825. 235.) conjectures that the tracheÆ, as well as air-vessels, may possibly be blood-vessels; but this hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact recently discovered by Dr. Carus, of a circulation, by other means, in larvÆ. See Carus Introd. to Comp. Anat. &c. ii. 400.[280] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 541. Reaum. vi. 397. Plate XXIX. Fig. 8. shows three of them at a.[281] Essay on the Bots, &c. 23. t. i. f. 7, 32, &c.[282] Ibid. 49. Valisnieri i. 101. t. vi. f. 4. &c.[283] Bibl. Nat. i. 149. a. t. xxix. f. a. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 439. Malpigh. De Bombyc. t. iii. f. 2.[284] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 336. note 1.[285] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xvii. f. 9. Cuvier Ibid. 440.[286] Plate XXIX. Fig. 10. a.[287] Ibid. b.[288] De Geer vi. 374.[289] Reaum. v. 40. t. vi. f. 4, 7.[290] Sprengel Comment. 4.[291] De Geer ii. 667, 675.[292] Reaum. vi. 394—.[293] Reaum. vi. 394—. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 440—. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 540—.[294] Plate XXIX. Fig. 9. a, b. Reaum. vi. 418—. 450.[295] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 441.[296] Vol. III. p. 583.[297] Sprengel Comment. 17. t. iii. f. 24.[298] Ibid. t. i. f. 11.[299] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 336. note 1.[300] Sprengel Comment. 13—. These oscula or pores in the straw of Triticum hybernum, as figured by Mr. Bauer's admirable pencil, (Sir J. Banks On the Blight, &c. t. ii. f. 3.) exactly resemble the spiracles of insects.[301] Reaum. i. 136.[302] Bonnet Œuvr. iii. 39—.[303] Ibid. 43.[304] Ibid. 50.[305] Ibid. 69.[306] De Geer ii. 117.[307] See above, p. 50.[308] Reaum. iv. 520.[309] Mr. B. Clark thinks that he has discovered spiracles in this larva in the usual situation, (Essay on the Bots, &c. 48. t. ii. f. 3.) but they are probably analogous to the spiraculiform tubercles of Œ. Ovis. Reaum. iv. 566. t. xxxv. 17-19. t. Vallisnieri (Esperienz. &c. 136) notices them.[310] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 423.[311] Ibid. 454. and c. iv. 66. note 1.[312] Ibid. c. i. 453.[313] Ibid. 459, 456.[314] Ibid. 459.[315] Annal. de Chim. xii.[316] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 423, 454. c. iii. 344. c. iv. 66.[317] De Geer ii. 946—.[318] Lesser, L. i. 124. note *. Lyonet Anatom. pref. xii. De Geer ii. 132.[319] Reaum. i. 399—. De Geer i. 37—.[320] Ibid. 40.[321] Reaum. i. 400.[322] Ibid.[323] De Geer ii. 129.[324] De Geer i. 531—. t. xxxvii. f. 13. s. Compare Reaum. ii. 396—.[325] See above, p. 51—.[326] In Linn. Trans. iii. 302.[327] Vol. III. p. 195—.[328] Spallanzani found that the eggs of insects placed under the exhausted receiver of an air-pump, or in any small closed vessels, did not hatch, though every other condition for their development was present. Opusc. de. Phys. i. 141.[329] Philos. Trans. 1820. 213.[330] Bibl. Nat. i. 204. b. t. xix. f. 5.[331] Vol. I. p. 446—. III. p. 76.[332] Ibid. 68—.[333] Philos. Trans. 1820. 218.[334] Vol. III. p. 94.[335] Vol. II. p. 228—.[336] Ibid. p. 211.[337] Inch, c. iv. Ideen zu Einer Zoochemie, 68—.[338] On Thermom. 141.[339] Carlisle in Philos. Trans. 1805. 25.[340] Vol. II. p. 229.[341] Travels ii. 482.[342] Reaum. v. 540.[343] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. ii. 65. a.[344] Ibid. 48. a.[345] Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 19.[346] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. ii. 64. a.[347] Reaum. iv. 428. t. xxix. f. 2. c, s.[348] Genes. ix. 4.[349] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 130.[350] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 167.[351] Herold Schmetterl. 25. note *. Vol. III. p. 53.[352] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 313. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 411.[353] Ibid. 419, 407.[354] Ibid.[355] Ibid. 410.[356] Plate XXII. Fig. 15.[357] Lyonet Anat. 105.[358] Ibid. 425.[359] Ibid. 105—.[360] De Bombyc. 15—.[361] Reaum. i. 160—.[362] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 418.[363] Marcel de Serres Mem. du Mus. 1819. 69.[364] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xl. f. 4. t. xv. f. 4.[365] De Bombyc. t. iii. f. 4.[366] Ubi supr. 414.[367] Ibid. 425—.[368] Ibid. 419.[369] Ibid. 412.[370] Lyonet Anat. 413.[371] Lyonet Ibid. 426. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 419.[372] Lyonet says (426), "au-delÀ de trois millions de fois plus petits qu'un grain de sable"!![373] Ibid.[374] His words are—"In silkworms I have clearly seen various small vessels spring from and approaching to the heart, which I have even filled with a coloured liquid. But whether they were veins or arteries I cannot yet affirm." i. 112. a. 176. a. According to Cuvier (Anat. Comp. iv. 418), but I cannot find the passage, Swammerdam also mentions having seen a red fluid issue from small vessels in grasshoppers.[375] Reaum. v. 103.[376] Bonnet ii. 309. Perhaps in both cases the alimentary canal was the organ seen.[377] Reaum. iv. 171—.[378] Lesser L. ii. 84. note.[379] De Geer ii. 505—. vi. 287.[380] On the Microscope. i. 130.[381] Ibid.[382] Sur le Vol des Ins. 325—.[383] Lyonet Anat. 427—.[384] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 418—.[385] Mem. du Mus. 1819. 71.[386] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 208.[387] Marcel de Serres, in his Observations on the Dorsal Vessel of Insects[388], endeavours to prove that the principal use of that vessel is the more perfect animalization of the chyle that, transuding through the pores of the intestinal canal, is imbibed by it. In insects, he observes, that undergo metamorphoses, in which the growth or development of parts is often very rapid, it is requisite that a considerable portion of the chyle should be in reserve for this purpose. On this account it is that the Epiploon or adipose tissue is so abundant in larvÆ to what it is in the perfect insect. That the importance also of this part to insects is proved by the circumstance, that all their interior parts communicate by fibrils with this tissue, and that probably their various organs derive the nutriment from it by their means. He then asks by which of the viscera is the fat elaborated, or by what means does the chyle which transudes from the intestinal canal pass to the state of fat? Facts seem to indicate, says he, that the function of the dorsal vessel is to pump up the chyle, and to cause it then to transude through the meshes of the adipose tissue, where it finishes by elaborating that mass of fat so abundant in larvÆ and certain perfect insects, which are thus enabled to sustain the effects of a long fast. So that this vessel is only a secretory organ, analogous to so many others that exist in insects; but the secretion which it has to produce is the most important of all, since the support of the vital powers depends upon it: it is, in effect, that vessel which completes the function of animalization, and which itself prepares the nutritive fluid[389]. He observes, amongst other reasons he brings to support his theory, that the colour of the fluid which it contains is always analogous to that of the adipose tissue that surrounds it, and that the colour of that tissue never changes without that of the fluid undergoing a corresponding alteration,—that when, as in many perfect insects, the quantity of fat diminishes, the dorsal vessel also diminishes in size, and that the same reagents which coagulate the fat, coagulate equally the fluid in the dorsal vessel, which seems to indicate an identity between them[390].

But there are circumstances that militate against this hypothesis. The analysis which Lyonet has given of the fluid contained in the dorsal vessel of the Cossus[391], seems to prove that it is more analogous to gum or varnish. He saw indeed a few globules, which appeared ten times as big as the others, which swam upon the water, but which he did not regard as component parts of the fluid, but as little drops of grease extravasated by dissection. The fluid of the vessel itself easily mixed with water, and appeared to sink in it to the bottom[392]. This proves that it is not of a fatty or oleaginous nature. But the strongest objection is stated by M. Carus, who judiciously observes[393], That it is contradictory to suppose that a canal should absorb or exude fluids by its parietes in a different form. Further experiments however seem necessary to ascertain the nature of the fluid and its object.[388] Mem. du Mus. 1819.[389] Ibid. 68—.[390] Ibid. 69—.[391] See above, p. 85.[392] Lyonet Anat. 426—.[393] Introd. to Comp. Anat. ii. 277. Engl. Trans.[394] This seems some confirmation of Dr. Virey's opinion, that insects in their first states are still a kind of foetus. See above, Vol. III. p. 61—.[395] Introd. to Comp. Anat. ii. 393—. Engl. Trans.[396] Introd. to Comp. Anat. ii. 395—. Engl. Trans.[397] Introd. to Comp. Anat. ii. 396—. Engl. Trans.[398] Ibid. 398.[399] Ibid. 399.[400] Ibid. 398.[401] Introd. to Comp. Anat. ii. 399—. Engl. Trans.[402] Reaum. i. 409, 643—. Malpigh. De Bombyc. 38.[403] Lesser L. ii. 87 note *.[404] Ubi supra.[405] Reaumur iv. 264.[406] Ibid. 260—.[407] Herold Schmetterl. 24.[408] Anat. Comp. iv. 165.[409] Marcel de Serres (p. 67.) speaks of this fluid as being, after it has transuded through the intestinal canal, a fluid in repose, which seems to indicate that it is perfectly stagnant; but when we consider that it is not only incessantly entering the body and making its way to every part, but is also, by means of the various secretory organs, constantly converted into new products, and so going out again in many cases, it will appear evident that it cannot be considered as a stagnant fluid, since there must be a constant though probably slow motion towards the points of absorption or imbibition.[410] Dr. Kidd (Philos. Trans. 1825. 236.) did not find the abdominal viscera of the mole-cricket thus circumstanced, nor more lubricated than the intestines of the higher animals.[411] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 158. Herold Schmetterl. 28.[412] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iv. 88. note 1.[413] Anat. 428.[414] Treviranus Arachnid. 28. t. iii. f. 28, 29.[415] Ibid. 29. t. iii. f. 30, 31.[416] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 420. Comp. Treviran. Arachnid. 10—.[417] Ibid. 9—.[418] Anat. Comp. iv. 129.[419] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 129.[420] Plate XXI. Fig. 3. c, d, e, is the intestinal canal of the larva of the Cossus.[421] Cuv. Ibid. 112.[422] Ramdohr Anat. der Ins. 6.[423] Ibid. 25.[424] Ibid. 6.[425] Cuv. ubi supr. 113.[426] Comp. Ramdohr Anat. 7.[427] Plate XXI. Fig. 3. c.[428] Tenebrio Ramdohr, ubi supr. 9. t. iv. f. 1.[429] Agrion. Ibid. t. xv. f. 4. a, b.[430] Ibid.[431] Many other insects that live by suction have something similar, as the honey-bag of butterflies, Plate XXX. Fig. 10, 11. a. Ramdohr t. xviii. f. 2. with t. xix. f. 1-3. and xxi. 1, 3, &c.[432] Ramdohr Anat. 11—.[433] Plate XXI. Fig. 3. d.[434] Ramdohr Ibid. 28—.[435] Herold (Schmetterl. 24) says that Ramdohr is mistaken here, and denies the existence of this juice in insects; but as Ramdohr's researches were so widely extended, he is most likely to be right.[436] Ramdohr Ibid. 29.[437] Ibid. 31.[438] Ibid. 28.[439] Anat. Comp. iv. 135. Comp. Dr. Kidd in Philos. Trans. 1825. 223. t. xv. f. 6, 7.[440] Ramdohr Anat. 15.[441] Ibid. 15.[442] Ibid. 18.[443] Ibid.[444] Ibid.[445] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 94. b. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 134.[446] Ubi supr. 18.[447] Ibid. t. i. f. 1. e. 5. c. 9. g, h.[448] Ibid. t. xxv. f. 4. bb.[449] Ramdohr Anat. t. viii. f. 3. cc.[450] Ibid. t. vii. f. 2.[451] Ibid. 20.[452] Anat. Comp. iv. 132.[453] Ibid. and 136.[454] Ubi supr. 30.[455] Ibid. 31. t. iv. f. 2. c. t. v. f. 1. d. f. 4. D.[456] Ibid. 32.[457] Ibid. 34.[458] Ramdohr Anat. 35.[459] Ibid. t. xxiv. f. 1. F.[460] Ibid. 36. t. vii. f. 2. kk. t. viii. f. 3. g, hh.[461] Ibid. t. xii. f. 1. t. xvii. f. 1. t. vii. f. 5.[462] Ibid. 37.[463] Ibid. 38.[464] Ibid.[465] Ramdohr Anat. 40.[466] De Bombyc. 18—.[467] Anat. Comp. iv. 153.[468] Ibid.[469] Ibid.[470] Ramdohr 43. Cicindela campestris, t. iii. f. 1. K.[471] Phryganea grandis, Ibid. t. xvi. f. 2.[472] Notonecta glauca, Ibid. t. xxiii. f. 5.[473] Of Musca vomitoria, Ibid. t. xix. f. 5.[474] Ibid. t. viii. f. 1. H. and G. f. 2.[475] Ibid. 50.[476] Ibid.[477] Ibid.[478] Ibid. 44. t. i. f. 9.[479] Ibid.[480] Ibid. t. vi. f. 5. H.[481] Kidd in Philos. Trans. 1825. t. xv. f. 6.[482] Ibid. t. xix. f. 1. N, N, O, f. 2. P, P, O.[483] Ibid. t. 1. f. 1. kkk.[484] Ramdohr, t. xiii. f. 1-3.[485] Ibid. 44.[486] Ibid. 45.[487] Ibid. 45. Plate XXI. Fig. 3. f. f.[488] Rhamdohr, Ibid. t. iii. f. 6. E.[489] Ibid. t. i. f. 1. 5. 9. t. xiv. f. 1-3.[490] Ibid. 46. t. vi. f. 3.[491] Ramdohr, t. vii. f. 2.[492] Ibid. t. ii. iii. &c. t. xx. f. 1, 2. 6. t. xxii. f. 1-5. &c.[493] Ibid. t. xviii. f. 1. 5. t. iv. f. 1. See also t. vi. f. 1. 3.[494] Ibid. Anat. t. xvii. f. 1, 2. 6.[495] Ibid. t. xiv. f. 3.[496] Ibid. t. xiii. f. 4.[497] Ibid. t. xv. f. 3, 4. t. 1. f. 1. 5. 9. t. xii. f. 4, 5, 6, &c.[498] Ibid. t. xi. f. 4. t. xii. f. 4-6. t. xiii. f. 2-4, &c.[499] Ibid. t. vii. f. 1. t. viii. f. 1, &c.[500] Ramdohr Anat. t. ii. iii. xxv.[501] Ibid. t. iii. f. 6. t. iv. f. 2. t. v. f. 1.[502] Ibid. f. l. e. f. 3.[503] Ibid. 122.[504] Ibid. 123.[505] Ibid. t. v. f. 4. B.[506] Ibid. 94.[507] Ibid. 96—.[508] Ramdohr t. x. f. 1. 8.[509] Ibid. f. 8. b. c.[510] Ibid. 98. t. x. f. 2-4. From Ramdohr's figure, compared with the size of the insect, it appears that the gizzard could scarcely have been of greater diameter.[511] Ibid. f. 2.[512] See W. Curtis in Linn. Trans. i. 88.[513] Ramdohr t. x. f. 1. d.[514] Ibid. l l.[515] Ibid. t. ix. f. 1, 2. t. xi. f. 3. t. xxiv. f. 1, 2.

[516] Ramdohr 103.[517] Ibid. 104. t. vi. f. 4. D.[518] Ibid. f. 2. B.[519] Ibid. t. vi. f. 3. E.[520] Ibid. 101.[521] Ibid. t. i. f. 1. 5. 9.[522] Ibid. f. 2, 3, 4. 7, 8. 12.[523] Ibid. f. 1. e, f. 5. c. f. 9. g h.[524] Ibid. f. 1. 9. k.[525] Ibid. t. xv. f. 3, 4. t. xvii. f. 2. 6.[526] Ibid. t. xv. f. 3, 4, f.[527] Ibid. t. xvii. f. 2. c. f. 6. d.[528] Ibid. f. 2. b. f. 6. c.[529] Ramdohr t. xii. f. 6. H. t. xiii. f. 1. f.[530] Ibid. t. xiv. f. 2, 3, C.[531] Ibid. t. xii. f. 6. D. t. xiii. f. 1. b.[532] Ibid. 133. t. xii. f. 1-3.[533] Ibid. f. 4.[534] Comp. Ramdohr t. xxii. f. 3. M. Fig. 4. 3. with t. xxi. f. 1. I.[535] Ramdohr t. xxii. f. 1. c. f. 3, 4. B—.[536] Ibid. f. 1. D E. f. 3. C D.[537] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 1. D, E. f. 3. C, D. f. 4. C.[538] Ibid. 198.[539] Ibid. t. xxvi. f. 2. 4.[540] Ibid. t. xxxiii. f. 3.[541] Ramdohr t. xviii. f. 1. F, G.[542] Ibid. L, K.[543] Plate XXX. Fig. 7.[544] Ibid. Fig. 8.[545] Ibid. Fig. 9.[546] Plate XXX. Fig. 10.[547] Ibid. Fig. 11. a.[548] Ibid. e.[549] Ibid. d.[550] Ramdohr, Ibid. t. xx. f. 1. E. f. 6. C.[551] Ibid. t. xix. f. 2. C. f. 3. CCD. t. xx. f. 2. E.[552] Ibid. t. xix. f. 2. D.[553] Ibid. t. xx. f. 2. FF. f. 6. DD. 184. 180.—[554] Ibid. t. xix. f. 1. ON. f. 2. OP. f. 3. F. t. xxviii. f. 1, 2. p. q.[555] Ramdohr, Ibid. t. xx. f. 1. G. f. 2, 3. L.[556] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 1. D.[557] Ibid. 172.[558] Ibid. t. xix. f. 2. K L. This organ seems analogous to that with four retractile fleshy horns, observed by Reaumur and De Geer in other species of MuscidÆ. Reaum. iv. t. xxviii. f. 13. a, s. De Geer vi. t. iii. f. 18. c, d.[559] Ramdohr t. xxi. f. 6.[560] Ramdohr t. xxix. f. 1 *. A.[561] Ibid. and f. 3. B, D.[562] Ibid. f. 2, 3. 5. &c.[563] See above, p. 99—.[564] Treviranus and Ramdohr are of the former opinion; and Meckel, Cuvier, Marcel de Serres, and Leon du Four, of the latter.[565] Treviran Arachnid. t. 1. f. 6. v.[566] Ibid. n.[567] Ibid. t. ii. f. 24. .[568] Treviran Arachnid. f. 6. B B.[569] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 423—. Comp. Treviranus, Arachnid. t. i. f. 6.[570] Treviranus, Ibid. v.[571] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 421—. Comp. Treviran. Ibid.[572] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Ibid.[573] Treviran. Ibid. t. i. f. 6. i i, c c.[574] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Ibid.[575] Treviran. Ibid. t. ii. f. 24. a.[576] Ibid. v, b.[577] Ibid. c, d, f.[578] Ibid. g, n.[579] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Ibid.[580] Treviran. Ibid. 28.[581] Ibid. t. ii. f. 24. .[582] Ramdohr, t. xix. f. 1.[583] Reaum. i. 143. t. v. f. 9.[584] Vol. II. p. 88—.[585] De Geer iii. 26.[586] Reaum. iii. 357. t. xxix. f. 6-10.[587] Vol. II. p. 225.[588] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 163—.[589] Vol. III. p. 124—.[590] Malpigh. De Bombyc. t. v. f. 2. Swamm. t. xxxiv. f. 5. Lyonet, t. v. f. 1.[591] Anat. der Ins. 59.[592] Ibid. 60. Malpigh. 20.[593] Lyonet Anat. 111.[594] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 483.[595] Anat. Comp. v. 198.[596] Ramdohr, 60. t. xvii. f. 1. f, g, h, r.[597] Vol. I. p. 403—. Treviran. Arachnid. 42.[598] Treviran. Arachnid. 43. t. iv. f. 42. o. p. 9.[599] Ibid. a, y.[600] Swamm. ii. 21. a. t. xxxvi. f. 1. abcd. Ramdohr 58.[601] Schmet. t. iii. f. 1.[602] Lyonet—. 112. t. v. f. 1. P, Q, R, S.[603] Ramdohr Anat. t. xviii. f. 1. M. f. 5. F.[604] Ibid. t. x. f. 1. m.[605] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 3. M L. Ramdohr regards the double one as a pair; but as they terminate in a single tube, they ought to be reckoned as one.[606] Ibid. f. 4.[607] Ibid. f. 2. K, L, M, N. t. xxiii. f. 6.[608] Ibid. 177. t. xxi. f. 3. F. F.[609] Ibid. f. 2. G, H.[610] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 2. L.[611] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 1. O. t. xvii. f. 6. n.[612] Ramdohr Anat. t. xx. f. 6. D.[613] Ibid. t. xxii. f. 1. K, L. f. 2. I, K, L.[614] Ibid. f. 3, 4, 5.[615] Ibid. 57—.[616] Reaum. ii. 81. Herold Expl. of Plates, x. Malpigh. De Bombyc. 37. Plate XXX. Fig. 12. c.[617] Herold Ibid. x. t. iv. f. 1. p, u, y. Marcel de Serres Mem. du Mus. 1819. 141.[618] Gaede Anat. t. i. f. 3. d.[619] Ibid. 17. t. i. f. 4.[620] Bibl. Nat. t. xix. f. 3. .[621] Reaum. v. 377. t. xxix. f. 7. s.[622] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 388.[623] Ibid. 427—.[624] Arachnid. 31. t. ii. f. 21. p. 9.[625] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 114. 117. comp. Vol. I. p. 127.[626] Ibid. xxviii. 6.[627] Osservazioni, &c. 13—.[628] Vol. II. p. 243—. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 308.[629] Ibid. iv. 309.[630] Ibid. v. 252.[631] De Geer iv. 358. t. xiii. f. 9. m.[632] Vol. II. p. 241—. III. p. 147—.[633] De Geer iii. 41.[634] Vol. I. p. 451, where by mistake it is represented as the work of Aphis Abietis.[635] De Geer iii. 111.[636] Reaum. iii. t. xxvi. f. 4-6.[637] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 305.[638] Vol. III. p. 221.[639] Treviran. Arachnid. 44. In Paraguay a spider is found which makes spherical cocoons of yellow silk, which are spun because of the permanence of the colour. This operation occasions a flow of water from the eyes and nose of the spinners. Azara Voyag. 212. See also Murray in Werner. Trans. 1823. 8—.[640] Reaum. v. 24.[641] Vol. II. p. 244—.[642] Ramdohr Anat. t. ii.-vi.[643] Ibid. 20. See above, p. 107. As some of the Sialisteria render to the stomach (see above, p. 131), there seems no small affinity between these shags and those organs.[644] Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 132, 136.[645] Reaum. vi. Pref. xxviii. 177—.[646] Ibid. 253—.[647] Ibid. iii. 375.[648] Anat. t. xii. f. 6.[649] Ibid. xxi. f. 3. I I.[650] Reaum. iii. 230.[651] Vol. III. p. 79—.[652] Reaum. iii. 215. Bonnet ix. 182.[653] Vol. III. p. 68—.[654] Marcel de Serres Mem. du Mus. 1819. 133, 141.[655] De Geer, v. 6.[656] Rai. Hist. Ins. 62.[657] Vol. II. p. 242—. 248. Rai. Hist. Ins. 94, 382.[658] Reaum. v. 448.[659] Ibid. v. 722.[660] Vol. I. p. 196. II. p. 176.[661] Encyclop. Britan. viii. 205. from Journ. de Phys.[662] Vol. II. p. 174.[663] Reaum. iii. 318—. t. xxvi. f. 1-6.[664] Ibid. 396—. t. xxxi. f. 20-29.[665] Insect. Suec. i. 257.[666] Vol. I. p. 327.[667] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 189.[668] Nicholson's Journ. i. 298—.[669] Vol. III. 281.[670] Philos. Trans. 1670.[671] Philos. Trans. Ibid. Ray's Lett. 74.[672] Amoreux Ins. Venim. 236—.[673] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 94.[674] Southey's Brazil, i. 645.[675] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi supr.[676] Vol. II. p. 67.[677] Syst. of Chemist. 533.[678] Germar Mag. der Ent. iii. 445—.[679] Mem. Dijon 1783. ii. 70.[680] Reaum. v. 354.[681] On Poisons, i. 265—.[682] Ibid. 269.[683] Reaum. ubi supr.[684] Vol. I. p. 124. III. p. 716—.[685] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 427.[686] I use the term odorous, not in the same sense as odoriferous, but to include both sweet and fetid scents.[687] Vol. II. p. 238—. III. p. 147—.[688] A Brazilian wood so called, but differing from the common cedar.[689] Dotharding Insect. Coleopt. Danic.[690] Sturm Deutsch. Fn. i. 27.[691] Reaum. iii. 494.[692] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 136.[693] Osservaz. sullo Iulus, &c. 14.[694] Vol. III. p. 297—.[695] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. 487.[696] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 308.[697] Dated Tripoli in the West, January 21, 1819.[698] Vol. II. p. 418—.[699] Reaum. i. 145. Lyonet Anat. 106—. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 224. Plate XXI. Fig. 5. a.[700] See above, p. 90. note³⁸⁷.[701] See above, p. 78.[702] Huber i. 273.[703] Herold Schmetterl. tab. expl. vii.[704] Herold Schmetterl. t. iv. f. 1. x. &c. Plate XXX. Fig. 12. d.[705] De Bombyc. 36.[706] Ibid. t. xii. f. 1. I. and, f. 2. O. M.[707] Philos. Trans. 1792. 186.[708] Swammerdam, in dissecting the female of Oryctes nasicornis, discovered a blind vessel opening into the vagina, and at the other or inner extremity not terminated by any secretory tube, containing a yellowish matter, that seems analogous to the organ mentioned in the text; and in the hive-bee he found a similar organ covered with air-vessels, which he supposes to be connected with the Colleterium (see above, p. 132.), and which he states to contain a slimy matter. Bibl. Nat. i. 151. b. t. xxx. f. 10. g. 204. b. t. xxix. f. 3. t. Perhaps likewise the organ discovered by M. L. Dufour in Scolia,—which he imagines to belong to the poison-secretor, and which he describes as a sac consisting of a double tunic, the exterior one muscular and the interior membranous, and filled with a blueish-green gelatinous matter (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 388.)—may be a spermatheca.[709] De Insector. Genital. 17.[710] I allude to those organs above described (p. 132.) for the secretion of matter for varnishing the eggs or lubricating the oviduct. It seems most probable, if the fecundation of the eggs takes place gradually, that upon their passing into the oviduct, a special reservoir should be appropriated to the reception of the male sperm, adapted to maintaining in due activity the vivifying principle, or aura seminalis.[711] Herold Schmett. t. iv. f. 2. m n.[712] Treviran. Arachnid. 36. t. iv. f. 32. aa. Marcel de Serres in MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 89.[713] Marcel de Serres, MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 115.[714] Rifferschw. De Genital. Ins. 11.[715] Marcel de Serres in MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 109. Plate XXX. Fig. 12. a.[716] Rifferschw. ubi supr. 23—. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xlii. f. 8. a, f, g, h.[717] Ibid. i. 104. t. xv. f. 3. ii. 62. t. xii. f. 8. Treviran. Arachnid. t. iv. f. 32.[718] Reaum. iv. 391.[719] Posselt Anat. der Ins. t. i. f. 28, 29.[720] N. Dict, d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 387—. Swamm. ubi supr. ii. 23. t. xxxv. f. 3.[721] Ibid. i. 203.[722] Plate XXII. Fig. 2.[723] Swamm. ubi supr. i. 151. Gaede Anat. der Ins. t. ii. f. 3.[724] Swamm. i. 203.[725] Gaede Anat. der Ins. 20. t. i. f. 9.[726] Ibid. 25, 28. t. ii. f. 10.[727] Ibid. 32.[728] Swamm. ii. 74.[729] Ibid. 203. t. xix. f. 3.[730] Reaum. iv. 391—.[731] Swamm. t. xliii. f. 19.[732] Gaede 22.[733] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 203.[734] Ibid.[735] Rifferschw. 11—.[736] Swamm. t. xlii. f. 8. Gaede, t. i. f. 3. cc.[737] Herold Schmett. t. v. f. 10. 12.[738] Plate XXX. Fig. 12.[739] Plate XXII. f. 2. b.[740] Swamm. t. xix. f. 4. b.[741] Ibid. f. 3.[742] Vol. I. p. 355—.[743] De Geer iv. 127. t. iv. f. 17.[744] De Geer iv. 143. t. v. f. 15.[745] Vol. I. p. 357.[746] De Geer. v. 62. t. iii. f. 12.[747] Plate XV. Fig. 18.[748] Stoll Sauterel. t. xxii. b. f. 87, &c.[749] De Geer iii. 418. t. xxi. f. 10, 11. Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 98.[750] Stoll ubi supr. t. xiii. a. f. 51.[751] This insect, which connects Conocephalus, Acrida, &c. with Locusta, is also distinguished by antennÆ at first filiform and then setaceous.[752] De Geer iii. t. xxiv. f. 1, 12.[753] Ibid. 176. t. xi. f. 19.[754] Vol. II. p. 397—.[755] Reaum. v. 177—.[756] Ibid. vi. 435. t. xl. f. 6, 7.[757] Natural History of the Slug-worm, 12—. f. 12, 13.[758] Valisn. Esperienz. &c. Musca dÉ Rosai. Reaum. v. 100—. De Geer ii. 916—. The last writer thought he saw in the back of the saw itself a longitudinal cavity (918), which applied to the groove would form an open canal.[759] Plate XVI. Fig. 1.[760] Ibid.[761] Reaum. v. 347. t. xlix. f. 10. d, f.[762] See above, Vol. III. 390. a.[763] See above, Vol. I. 448—.[764] De Geer ii. 835. t. xxviii. f. 20, 21. Plate XV. Fig. 22. This figure was drawn by a friend—the organ seems more exerted than in De Geer's. I cannot make out the little appendage at the end.[765] Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 3.[766] Reaum. v. 19—. t. iii. f. 3-6.[767] Arachnid. 40.[768] Huber Nouvel. Observ. i. 106.[769] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xix. f. 2.[770] Philos. Trans. 1797. 80.[771] Vol. I. p. 461.[772] Compare Reaum. iii. 153. Pallas Act. Nat. Cur. 1767. iii. 430. Wien. Verzeich. 292.[773] Naturfor St^k. xx. 59—.[774] It does not appear to be clearly decided whether the eggs are extruded from the female, or whether dying immediately after fecundation they are hatched within her body. As the young larvÆ certainly are hatched in the pupa (not merely within the exterior case of bits of grass, &c., which includes it) which the body of the insect must fill, it does not seem easy to conceive how she can find room for oviposition; and yet Von Scheven expressly says that one female of Ps. vestita—which being kept from all access to the male actually left the pupa-case and wandered about the glass which contained them—laid unfruitful eggs.[775] Vol. I. p. 32, 175.[776] Bonnet i. 19—.

[777] Reaum. vi. 551.[778] Reaum. vi. 552.[779] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 284.[780] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 125. Bonnet and Jurine both found that the female Aphides and Branchiopods that were fertile without the usual intercourse of the sexes were less fruitful than their mother, and those of the last generation less so than the first. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. xi. 292.[781] See more on the subject of fecundation, Vol. II. p. 154—. 169—.[782] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 426.[783] Vol. III. p. 68.[784] De Geer iii. 533.[785] Swamm. i. 203. b. t. xix. f. 3.[786] Reaum. ii. 66.[787] Vol. II. p. 36.[788] Vol. III. p. 64—.[789] Plate XXII. Fig. 4.[790] Ibid. Fig. 3.[791] Reaum. iv. 414.[792] Ibid. t. xxviii. f. 14, 15.[793] Ibid. 404.[794] De Geer vi. 63—.[795] Vol. I. p. 175.[796] De Geer iii. 70—.[797] Ibid. 128.[798] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 426—.[799] Vol. III. p. 64—.[800] Vol. II. p. 50, 110—, 118—, 125—, 130—. The neuters of the Termites, however, (p. 33.) seem to be a distinct sex, if I may so speak—and to merit that name.[801] Vol. II. Letter XXII. Vol. III. Letters XXXIV.-XXXVI.[802] Vol. II. p. 280, 295—, 306, 310—. &c.[803] Philos. Trans. 1818. 174. t. viii. f. 4-6.[804] See above, p. 150—.[805] Schmetterl. 105.[806] Philos. Trans. 1819. 172, 174, 187.[807] Anat. Comp. i. 90.[808] Philos. Trans. 1819. 175.[809] Cuv. ubi supr. 90—.[810] Cuv. Ibid. i. 89—.[811] See above, p. 85.[812] Lyonet Anat. t. iv. f. 3.[813] Ibid. 93—.[814] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 134.[815] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 445.[816] Plate XXI. Fig. 6. a.[817] De Geer iv. t. xv. f. 11. m n, o p.[818] Lyonet Anat. 93.[819] Lyonet Anat. t. xiii. f. 1, 2.[820] Ramdohr Anat. t. v. f. 1. e. f. 3.[821] Chabr. ubi supr. 440—.[822] Ibid. 442, &c.[823] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 80.[824] Vol. III. p. 663, 670. See above p. 21.[825] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 446.[826] Vol. III. p. 411.[827] Ubi supr. 437, 439.[828] Plate XXII. Fig. 11, 12. c. Chabrier ubi supr. c. iii. t. xi. viii. f. 9. S. D. i, k. c. i. 440—.[829] Plate XXII. Fig. 11, 12. c. Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. t. xi. viii. f. 9. S. D. i, k. c. i. 440—.[830] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 94—.[831] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 80.[832] Ubi supr. 101—.[833] Vol. I. p. 67.[834] Anat. Comp. i. 432—.[835] Anat. t. vii. f. 2. left hand.[836] Ibid. right hand.[837] Ibid. 115—.[838] Cuv. ubi supr.[839] Vol. III. p. 135—.[840] Anat. Comp. i. 447.[841] Vol. III. p. 366. Plate XXVII. Fig. 1, 4. n´.[842] Ibid. Fig. 3. n´.[843] Plate XXVII. Fig. 1. a.[844] Vol. III. p. 367—, 541, 584. Plate XXII. Fig. 7. Cuv. ubi supr. 448.[845] Plate XXVII. Fig. 5. a.[846] Anat. Comp. i. 136.[847] De Geer iv. t. xv. f. 11. o, p.[848] Marcel de Serres Comparaison, &c. 3—.[849] Ibid. 4.[850] Ibid. 5.[851] Plate XXII. Fig. 11. h´.[852] Vol. III. p. 579.[853] Plate XXII. Fig. 6. Vol. III. p. 585—.[854] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 436. Plate XXI. Fig. 6.[855] Ibid. a, b. Lyonet Anat. 37.[856] Cuv. ubi supr. 458—. Vol. III. p. 368, 378, 382.[857] Cuv. ubi supr. 459.[858] Chabr. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 441.[859] Chabr. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 415.[860] Ibid.[861] Ibid. c. iii. 344. t. viii. f. 8, 9.[862] Ibid. c. i. 440.[863] Ibid. 444.[864] Ibid. 445. c. iii. 359.[865] Ibid. c. ii. 332. c. iii. 359.[866] Ibid. c. i. 445.[867] Ibid. c. iv. 78.[868] Chabr. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 415, 442. c. iv. 80.[869] Ibid. c. i. 442.[870] Ibid. 439—.[871] Chabrier Analyse, 28. The latter part of this passage is copied from a MS. note of the author's in my copy.—W. K.[872] Chabrier Analyse, Ibid. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 445. Vol. III. p. 617.[873] Analyse ubi supr.[874] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 448, c. ii. 336.[875] Vol. III. p. 579.—[876] Chabr. Ibid. c. i. 443. ii. 316, 332.[877] Chabr. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 333.[878] Ibid. 332. Plate XXII. Fig. 11, 12. c. A cupuliform process is also observable at the side of the metaphragm. Ibid. Fig. 10. a.[879] Chabr. Ibid. c. iv. t. xi.-4. f. 14.[880] Ibid. c. i. 445. xi.-8. f. 8, 9.[881] Chabr. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 336. note 1. Vol. III. p. 292—.[882] Chabr. Ibid. c. i. 447.[883] See above, p. 66—.[884] See above, p. 73—.[885] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. Addend. 298.[886] See above, p. 178—.[887] Vol. III. p. 700—.[888] Chabr. ubi supr. c. i. 422.[889] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 451.[890] Chabr. Analyse 25. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 423, 452. Addend. 301.[891] See above, p. 83.[892] Lyonet Anat. t. xiii. f. 1, 2.[893] Lyonet Anat. t. xiii. 188—, 584.[894] Ibid. 189.[895] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 421.[896] Arachnid. 9. t. i. f. 7. r.[897] Ibid. o.[898] Ibid. 10.[899] Arachnid. 45. t. iii. f. 31. m, n, q, r, t.[900] Vol. II. p. 309—.[901] Mouffet Theatr. 275.[902] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. 249.[903] Phil. Acc. of Works of Nat. 144.[904] Clark in Linn. Trans. iii. 309.[905] Fn. Suec. 1799.[906] Anatomy of Expression in Painting, 170.[907] Bonnet Œuvr. ii. 124.[908] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 81.[909] 1 Cor. xv. 50—.[910] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi. supr.[911] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xviii. f. 2. l, m, n, o. Reaum. v. t. xxix. f. 7. m, n, o, p, q.[912] Vol. II. Letter XXVI.[913] De Bombyc. 5.[914] Reaum. ii. 185—.[915] Vol. II. p. 186.[916] t. vi. f. 3.[917] These directions for dissecting are chiefly taken from Swammerdam, Life xiv.— and Lyonet Anat. 7—.[918] Ps. civ. 29.[919] Hist. Animal. l. viii. c. 27.[920] The Principles of Botany and of Vegetable Physiology, § 310-353.[921] Dr. Leach, from a communication of Sir Joseph Banks, has given a very interesting history of a spider which, having lost five of its legs, from a web-weaver had become a hunter; these legs it afterwards reproduced, though shorter than the others. Linn. Trans. xi. 393. Comp. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 282.[922] Vol. I. p. 55—.[923] Vol. II. p. 166—.[924] Huber Abeilles ii. 409.[925] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 42.[926] De Geer i. 72—.[927] Reaum. iv. 342.[928] Naturf. xii. 224. t. v. f. 8.[929] Naturf. xvi. t. iv. f. 1-3.[930] Huber Fourmis, 174. note 1.[931] Vol. II. p. 365.[932] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 42.[933] De Geer vi. 75. Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 371.[934] Jacquin Collectan. iii. t. xxiii. f. 7.[935] De Geer ubi supr.[936] Dr. Bevan asserts (The Honey-bee, 197) "that we have no evidence that pollen constitutes any part of the food of adult bees." Had he consulted Reaumur (v. 418) he would have found that this great man examined the proceedings of a bee with a magnifying glass, and distinctly saw her devour very deliberately the masses of pollen on her hind legs. He says also (Ibid. 419.) that if the stomach and intestines are opened, they will be found filled with that substance.[937] Schirach Hist. &c. 54. Reaum. v. 713. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 42.[938] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. i. 42. Schirach Hist. 56.[939] Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 163—. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 134—.[940] Œuvr. ii. 48—.[941] Lesser L. ii. 121.[942] Synops. Meth. Fung. 687. g. 63. n. 1, 2.[943] Ibid. 4. g. 1. n. 4.[944] Vol. III. p. 335—.[945] Vol. I. p. 267—.[946] Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 111. Linn. Trans. xi. 90—.[947] Reaum. ii. 439.[948] Ibid. 415. Mouffet 57.[949] Hist. Ins. PrÆf. xv.[950] Cat. Cant. 137.[951] See above, p. 162—.[952] Reaum. vi. 306.[953] Fn. Suec. 1626.[954] Linn. Trans. iii. 26.[955] De Geer i. 608. LinnÉ has made a mistake with regard to the Ichneumon here alluded to, in calling De Geer's saltatorious Ichneumon I. Muscarum, and referring for it to t. xxxii. f. 19, 20 of that author; whereas the Ichneumon that preys upon the aphidivorous flies does not jump, and is figured by De Geer 605. t. xxxiv. f. 26-29. The jumping one feeds on the larva of a Coccinella.[956] Vallisnieri Lettere, &c. 80.[957] Reaum. vi. 296—.[958] LinnÉ evidently has described another species under I. Ovulorum, in Fn. Suec. 1644.[959] De Geer i. 593—.[960] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. vi. 10.[961] Geoffr. Hist. Ins. Par. ii. 361.[962] Linn. Trans. v. 102—.[963] Plate XX. Fig. 22. a.[964] De Geer ii. 850—.[965] Reaum. ii. 444—.[966] De Geer ii. 863—.[967] Panzer Fn. Germ. Init. lxxii. 4.[968] De Geer, i. 583—. ii. 822—. 907.[969] Reaum. vi. 312.[970] Leeuwenh. Epist. Oct. 6, 1700. De Geer ii. 869.[971] Ibid. i. 604.[972] Rai. Hist. Ins. 259—.[973] See above, p. 217; and Vol. I. p. 356.[974] Ibid. 348.[975] Reaum. vi. 303—.[976] Reaum. ii. 454—.[977] De Geer ii. 879—.[978] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 513.[979] De Geer vi. 411—.[980] Vol. I. p. 172.[981] Linn. Trans. iv. 236.[982] Vol. I. p. 50—. 170—. Since that Volume of the present Edition was printed, Say's account of the Hessian Fly has been met with, where he distinguishes it by the above name. (Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia 1817.) The Ichneumon he calls Ceraphron Destructor.[983] De Geer, i. 605. This, as before observed, is not the I. Muscarum of LinnÉ; but it ought to have that name, and the other instead to be named, I. CoccinellÆ.[984] Ent. Carn. 760, 761.[985] De Geer i. 587.[986] Ibid. ii. 876.[987] Reaum. ii. 417—.[988] Reaum. ii. 419—.[989] De Geer i. 583—.[990] Ibid. ii. 884.[991] See above, p. 164.[992] Reaum. vi. 312.[993] Vol. I. p. 99.[994] De Geer ubi supr.[995] Ibid. 883.[996] Linn. Fn. Suec. 1609.[997] Reaum. ii. 443. De Geer i. 196—, 550—. vi. 24.[998] Reaum. ii. 440—.[999] Vol. I. p. 99.[1000] Ibid. 84, 97.[1001] Vol. I. p. 163. note²⁶⁰. Vol. III. p. 162. note³⁷⁹.[1002] De Geer v. 8—.[1003] Naturf. xxiii. t. i. f. 8.[1004] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 110—.[1005] Ent. Carn. 1052-4.[1006] Hister particularly.[1007] De Geer vii. 126—.[1008] De Geer vii. 144—.[1009] Lamarck Anim. sans Vert. iii. 196.[1010] De Geer ii. 554—. Pictet Bibliotheq. Univers. num. ult.[1011] The existence of this animal has been satisfactorily ascertained by M. de Blainville, who had a specimen, extracted from a human body, sent him by M. Girard, a surgeon of Guadaloupe.[1012] De Geer ii. 555.[1013] Matthey ubi supr.[1014] Philos. Trans. 1823. 8. t. i. ii.[1015] De Geer ii. 556.[1016] Gould Ants, 63.[1017] De Geer i. 551.[1018] RÖsel I. iii. 20.[1019] Latr. Fourmis, 373.[1020] De Geer ii. ubi supr. t. xiv. f. 12-14.[1021] Ibid. i. 553.[1022] Ibid. ii. 556. t. xiv. f. 12, 13.[1023] Ubi supra.[1024] De Geer i. 553.[1025] Vol. III. p. 15. note²¹.[1026] Ibid. 58—. See above, p. 26.[1027] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 584.[1028] Hor. Entomolog. 37.[1029] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 584—.[1030] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 362.[1031] Syst. Nat. i. 535. Bonnet Œuvr. ii. 36.[1032] Ibid.[1033] Vol. II. p. 162.[1034] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. Animal. Exsang. 22—.[1035] Ibid. De Antenn. Insect. ii. 79.[1036] Vol. III. p. 43—.[1037] See above, p. 1—.

[1038] Vol. III. p. 46.[1039] De Antenn. Insect. ii. 65—.[1040] De Antenn. Insect. ii. 42.[1041] Ibid. 26.[1042] See above, p. 218.[1043] Vol. II. p. 64, 198—.[1044] Vol. III. p. 319—.[1045] Philos. Trans. 1820. 314.[1046] Lehmann De Usu Antenn. ii. 66—.[1047] Vol. I. p. 48, 110.[1048] Compare what is said above (p. 141) with respect to bees.[1049] See, for further arguments, Lehmann ubi supr. c. ix.[1050] Marcel de Serres thinks he has discovered an organ of hearing in most insects, but he does not state its situation. MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 99. Treviranus, with regard to the Blattina, suspects it to be situated between the eye and the base of the antennÆ, perhaps alluding to the spot noticed above. (Vol. III. p. 505.) Carus, who mentions the above, says, "Is it not reasonable to ask if the sense of hearing may not reside in the membrane which connects the antennÆ with the head?" Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 80—.[1051] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. Anim. Exsang. De Olfactu.[1052] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 675.[1053] Ubi supr.[1054] Marcel de Serres says they are connected with testes seated in the trunk (Mem. du Mus. 1819. 95); but Treviranus denies this (Arachnid. 36—. t. iv. f. 33).[1055] Vol. II. p. 361—. III. p. 544—.[1056] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. &c. De Olfactu.[1057] Lehmann ubi supr. &c. 27.[1058] Ibid. and De Usu Antenn. ii. 24—. Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 675.[1059] Lehmann De Usu Antenn. ii. 28.[1060] Ibid. 31.[1061] Ibid. 35—.[1062] Vol. III. p. 475—.[1063] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. 210.[1064] Ubi supr.[1065] See above, p. 63. Sprengel Commentar. 14—.[1066] Huber Abeilles ii. 375—. Dr. Bevan in his interesting work on the Honey-Bee adopts the opinion here stated with respect to the organ of smell in that animal. 265, 303.[1067] Vol. I. p. 352—.[1068] Vol. III. p. 480—.[1069] Vol. III. p. 454—.[1070] Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 76. The part he alludes to, is figured Plate VI. Fig. 4. a. g´.[1071] Ibid. This membrane likewise represents the Nose and Rhinarium in that fly.[1072] Vol. III. p. 481.[1073] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 682—.[1074] Vol. III. p. 353—.[1075] Ibid. p. 527.[1076] The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.[1077] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. f. 8. b, c.[1078] We use this term because subcrosa is employed in a quite different sense.[1079] We restrict the term Figure, to the shape of a superficies.[1080] The term falcate has usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.[1081] We have departed from the more usual definition of trapezoid, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.[1082] We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.[1083] The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon is prismatical; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous with triquetrous, we thought it best to use an adjective derived from prismoid, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.[1084] This term in Anatomy denotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. In Astronomy it is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.[1085] We employ the term Æquatus instead of Æqualis commonly used in this sense, because Æqualis is also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.[1086] I do not find in SchÖnherr (Curculionid. Method. Disp.) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be a Cyphus Germ. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.[1087] Linn. Trans. vi. 194. t. xx. f. 5.[1088] Germ. Insect. Spec. Nov. 332—. To this genus Curculio Tribulus and quadridens appear to belong.[1089] This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (sericea); but it certainly does not resemble silk; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited by Cryptocephalus sericeus.[1090] Mon. Ap. Angl. 1. t. iv. ** c. f. 1. a.[1091] See above, p. 283. n^o 7.[1092] LinnÉ in Coccinella has employed the term Gutta for a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, and Pustula for a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.[1093] See above, p. 208—.[1094] As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.[1095] These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.[1096] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. * *. e. 1. neut. f. 6. c. and t. x. * *, d, 1, f. 1. c.[1097] Oliv. Ins. N^o. 44. PÆderus. t. i. f. 1. e.[1098] Germ. Insect. Spec. 486—.[1099] Fn. Suec. 1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among his NoctuÆ, I know not why.[1100] Curtis, Brit. Ent. t. 154.[1101] Monogr. Ap. Angl. i. 97. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. Neut. f. 21. d.[1102] This term may be applied to the Mesothorax in heteropterous Hemiptera, in which that part lies buried under the Prothorax. Plate VIII. Fig. 20. i, k.[1103] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. MÉm. du Mus. t. viii. 55.[1104] In many moths, particularly Spilosoma ocularia, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautiful tippet formed by the Patagia, and its shoulders by these lappets.[1105] Neither Chrysomela nor Imatidium have a discoidal Epipleura; which furnishes a further proof that Notoclea is distinct from Chrysomela, and Imatidium from Cassida.[1106] For the reason of this change of the name of Locusta F., see Zool. Journ. N^o iv.

An Acrida with this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein. Linn. Trans. iv. t. v. A.[1107] Reaum. i. t. xx. f. 12-15.[1108] Linn. Trans. v. t. iv. f. 10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which the Ichneumones minuti of LinnÉ are now divided.[1109] To this genus or subgenus ScarabÆus Syphax, AntÆus, Titanus, &c. belong.[1110] Jones. Linn. Trans. ii. t. viii. f. 1, 3-6, 8.[1111] Jurine Hymenopt. t. i. f. 3. b.[1112] Ibid. t. iii. Gen. 4, 5.[1113] Ibid. t. x. Gen. 23, 24.[1114] Ibid. t. vi. Gen. 2.[1115] See Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 450—. t. xxii. f. 16.[1116] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta **. c. f. 10. a.[1117] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. f. 19. a, b.[1118] Mon. Ap. Angl. t. iv. **. c. f. 14 *. a. f. 12.[1119] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 20.[1120] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. Ann. du Mus. xiv. t. viii. f. 1. K. n.[1121] Vol. III. p. 396.[1122] Vol. III. p. 125—.[1123] De Geer vii. 38—. t. iii. f. 10. rr.[1124] Vol. II. p. 248—.[1125] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. m. n.[1126] Philos. Botan. 97. n. 153.[1127] Ibid. 98. n. 155, &c.[1128] ?e??d?? is rendered "An artificial and compendious mode of doing any thing; a mode of teaching or learning:" ?e??de?? is "To overcome by artifice." S?sea applied to music is "A full and harmonious assemblage of tones." So that in fact, System should express the actual disposition of objects, or a Natural arrangement; and Method, an Artificial one.[1129] Wisdom. xi. 20.[1130] Genes. i. 31.[1131] W. S. MacLeay in Linn. Trans. xiv. 54.[1132] Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 11.[1133] Qu. Whether every real species or group has not some one or more peculiar characters which it neither derives from its predecessor nor imparts to its successor in a series?[1134] Œuvres vii. 51—.[1135] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 485.[1136] Vol. III. p. 11—.[1137] W. S. MacLeay. Hor. Entomolog. passim; and in Linn. Trans. ubi supr. 53—.[1138] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 485.[1139] The idea of a continuous series militates somewhat against that of a circle returning into itself. The progression of the series may be in a circle; but at the point of contact where the second circle meets the first, the lines must cut each other; and at this point of intersection of the two circles are of course the osculant groups constituting the first and the last of each circle, which in their intervention come in contact with each other, or rather forming transition groups. If each circle is regarded as absolute, the series is broken, though the osculant groups connect the circular ones.[1140] Mr. MacLeay almost admits that there are natural genera. Hor. Ent. 492.[1141] Œuvr. vii. 52.[1142] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 34—.[1143] Even those animals that like the SpongiÆ and Alcyonia are aggregate, and fixed by a common base, have a partial degree of voluntary locomotion in their cells.[1144] Vol. III. p. 10.[1145] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 173.[1146] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 25.[1147] Ibid. 26—.[1148] Vol. III. p. 12—.[1149] Hor. Entomolog. 200—. See above, p. 3—.[1150] Savigny MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. II. i. 3.[1151] MacLeay Hor. Ent. 204.[1152] Vol. III. p. 46—, See above, p. 247.[1153] See above, p. 195—.[1154] Vol. II. p. 306—.[1155] In this respect insects excel many reptiles, which can reproduce some of their parts.[1156] See MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 203, 206—. 298—.[1157] Linn. Philos. Botan. n. 155, 160.[1158] Vol. III. Letter XXVIII.[1159] Scias Characterem non constituere Genus, sed Genus Characterem; Characterem fluere e Genere, non Genus e Charactere; Characterem non esse ut Genus fiat, sed ut Genus noscatur. Philos. Botan. m. 169.[1160] Vol. I. p. 66. note⁹⁰.[1161] Vol. III. p. 417.[1162] Derived from ???e??, a sheath, and pte???, a wing.[1163] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 7. l. v. c. 20.[1164] ?sa t? pte??? e?e? e? ???e?.[1165] Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 169. Oliv. Ins. i. Introd. v.[1166] Vol. I. p. 65.[1167] In some genera, as Molorchus, &c., they do not completely cover the wings. Plate X. Fig. 1. Plate I. Fig. 4, 5.[1168] In Buprestis, Molorchus, &c., they are only longitudinally folded.[1169] Plate X. Fig. 4.[1170] From s?e???, a turning or twisting, and pte???.[1171] Vol. III. p. 589. note¹⁷⁶⁹.[1172] Hor. Entomolog. 371—.[1173] Linn. Trans. xi. 96—.[1174] Ibid. t. ix. f. 1. d.[1175] Plate II. Fig. 1.[1176] Linn. Trans. Ibid. f. 15. b.[1177] From de?a, a skin.[1178] Plate X. Fig. 5.[1179] From ?????, straight.[1180] Fn. Suec.[1181] From d??t???, a net.[1182] See above, p. 266.[1183] From ?e????, a nerve.[1184] Her. Entomolog. 433.[1185] Vol. III. p. 563.[1186] Ibid. p. 125—.[1187] Ibid. p. 423, 441—, 451, 454—.[1188] Ibid. p. 656.[1189] See above, p. 186—.[1190] N. Dict, d'Hist. Nat. x. 344.[1191] The ovipositor of Raphidia seems merely calculated to introduce its eggs under bark; it seems incapable of boring.[1192] From ???, a membrane.[1193] De Geer ii. 1035.[1194] Since this was written, Mr. Stephens has showed me a remarkable Hymenopterous insect taken by him in Hertfordshire, which appears to have the antennÆ of one of the IchneumonidÆ and the wings and abdomen of a Tenthredo L., so as to form a link connecting the two tribes or suborders. This may probably have a vermiform larva.[1195] Hor. Entomolog. 431.[1196] Hor. Entomolog. 429.[1197] Vol. III. p. 67. See above, p. 160.[1198] Whoever consults De Geer ii. 941—. t. xxxiii. f. 14, 15. t. xxxvi. f. 27. and t. xxxix. f. 7, 8, will be convinced that the metamorphosis of Tenthredo L. is incomplete rather than obtected.[1199] The Hymenoptera, though they have all the usual oral organs, cannot be denominated masticators generally; these organs, especially the mandibles, being chiefly used in their economy.[1200] See above, p. 350.[1201] Vol. III. p. 417.[1202] From ??s?, the half.[1203] Vol. III. p. 463—. Linn. Syst. Nat. Ord. II.[1204] If considered as suborders, their denomination should not terminate precisely as that of Orders. Perhaps Hemipterita and Heteropterita might be an improvement.[1205] Hor. Entomolog. 374—.[1206] Vol. III. p. 554.[1207] See above, p. 159—.[1208] Vol. III. p. 463.[1209] Vol. III. p. 611—. 604—.[1210] Ibid. p. 684—.[1211] From ????, t?????, hair. Mr. MacLeay, thinking it indisputable that the PerlidÆ should be included in this Order, suggests the propriety of changing its name, both as inapplicable, and as being preoccupied by a Dipterous genus. As I do not think the PerlidÆ belong to the Order, and as the great body of the Trichoptera are distinguished by hairy upper wings, I cannot think the name improper: but to apply a name to a Genus which terminates like the denominations of Orders, I think leads to mistakes, and should not be tolerated.—K.[1212] Hor. Entomolog. 430—.[1213] Vol. III. p. 546—.[1214] The location of the legs together, their long coxÆ, and their calcaria, are analogous also to those of the Lepidoptera.[1215] Reaum. vi. Mem. x. t. xxxii. f. 13. t. xxxiv. f. 1-6. De Geer vi. 169—. t. x. f. 7, 8.[1216] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. 286.[1217] De Geer ii. 511—. He however observes, that they often attack other insects: but the form of their mandibulÆ, like that of the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, which also on some occasions become carnivorous (Vol. I. p. 386), is fitted for a vegetable diet. De Geer, Ibid. 505.[1218] This is evident from De Geer's account. Ibid. 516. t. xii. f. 14. t. xv. f. 4.[1219] Plate XX. Fig. 25.[1220] From ?ep??, a scale.[1221] Vol. III. p. 537. Plate IX. Fig. 4.[1222] Ibid. Fig. 5.[1223] Vol. I. p. 65—.[1224] Vol. III. p. 468.[1225] From d?? twice, or double.[1226] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 1, 27.[1227] Vol. II. p. 354—.[1228] Ibid. p. 355.[1229] Vol. III. p. 465—.[1230] Ibid. p. 552—.[1231] Ibid. p. 632.[1232] See above, p. 163.[1233] From afa???; inconspicuous; so named because something like elytra appear.[1234] Vol. III. p. 470.[1235] Ibid. p. 23.[1236] From a, priv. and pte???.[1237] Vol. III. p. 221—.[1238] Vol. III. p. 22.[1239] Ibid. p. 471.[1240] Hor. Entomolog. 381.[1241] Vol. III. p. 22. note³⁶.[1242] Ibid. p. 471—.[1243] Ibid. p. 653.[1244] See above, p. 236.[1245] Hor. Entomolog. 286.[1246] The number of segments and legs acquired by these insects in their progress to their last state, distinguishes their metamorphosis from that of other Aptera, and requires a distinct name.[1247] Vol. III. p. 417.[1248] When I said (Vol. III. p. 31.) that Phrynus probably belonged to the true Arachnida, it escaped my recollection that Latreille had placed that genus there.[1249] L. Dufour Six Nouvell. Arachnid. &c. Ann. Gen. des Scienc. Physiq. IV. iii. 17. t. lxix. f. 7, b.[1250] MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 57—.[1251] Plate XXIX. Fig. 1.[1252] Plate XV. Fig. 10. T´´. Plate XXIII. Fig. 15. 17. T´´.[1253] Plate XV. Fig. 7.[1254] Plate XXVII. Fig. 50.[1255] Called the Centris. Vol. III. p. 388, 716.[1256] M. Latreille thinks that in Galeodes the prothorax is coalite with the head (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 370.); but that it is not so, is evident from the six real legs being affixed to the pieces behind it. See also Vol. III. p. 23. note⁴⁰.[1257] L. Dufour ubi supr. IV. iii. 18.[1258] Ibid. 19.[1259] Ibid. t. lxix. f. 7. d.[1260] When the characters of the Class Arachnida were drawn up (Vol. III. p. 30.) I had not seen a Galeodes: they should be thus amended:

Palpi four: anterior pair pediform, cheliform, or unguiculate; posterior pediform.

Trunk Legs six, &c.[1261] Plate XIII. Fig. 1.

[1262] Familles Naturelles du RÈgne Animal.[1263] Annulosa Javanica. 5.[1264] See above, p. 365.[1265] ColÉopt. d'Europe i. 75.[1266] Vol. III. p. 167—. I formerly hinted (Ibid. p. 163.) that the larva of Cicindela may be regarded as Araneidiform: this is further confirmed by its having eight eyes, (and not six,) as I have since discovered, and by the aspect of its large head and prothorax. The other larvÆ of the Adephagana have twelve eyes.—Mr. Stephens (Illustrations of British Entomology, n^o. xv. p. 175.) has confirmed the above statement, as to the number of eyes of the larva of Cicindela.[1267] Mr. MacLeay says that more than 100,000 Annulosa exist in collections.—Hor. Ent. 469.[1268] Vigors in Zoolog. Journ. I. ii. 188.[1269] Hor. Entomolog. 125—.[1270] See Bicheno in Linn. Trans. xv. 491.[1271] Dr. Horsfield, in his very ingenious and generally admirable Descriptive Catalogue of the Javanese Lepidoptera in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, has divided that Order into five primary groups, apparently to accommodate it to Mr. W. S. MacLeay's quinary system. I trust he will pardon me for observing, that in this arrangement he seems to me rather to force than to follow nature; and that though he adheres to the above system as to the number, he forsakes it in the construction of his groups.

The obvious primary sections of the Lepidoptera, which have been evident to almost every one who has at all studied the Order, are the three named in the text, corresponding with LinnÉ's genera Papilio, Sphinx, and PhalÆna. The groups of the last or nocturnal section, which Dr. Horsfield has elevated to the same rank with the two first, are evidently not of equal value, nor to be placed upon the same platform; for the BombycidÆ, NoctuidÆ, and PhalÆnidÆ, are clearly of a secondary rank. Indeed this section is resolvable into more groups of equal value than the learned Doctor has assigned to it; for the TortricidÆ, TineidÆ, &c. are not so united to the Geometers, or genuine PhalÆnidÆ, as to form with them a primary group of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera, but are themselves entitled separately to that distinction. This will be evident to every one who will take the trouble to compare the larvÆ and their habits, of the two tribes, as well as the perfect insects.

In the construction of his groups, he seems not to have discovered in the Lepidoptera a great typical group resolvable into two, or at least he has not built his system on this foundation, which appears an essential part of the quinary arrangement. (See Mr. W. S. MacLeay in Linn. Trans. xiv. 56—.) As to value, the PapilionidÆ constitute the typical group or centre of the Order, though the PhalÆnidÆ prevail as to numbers: but neither of these are resolvable into two primary groups.[1272] Linn. Trans. xiv. 56—. It is to be observed, however, that what Mr. MacLeay calls the aberrant groups are usually also resolvable into two.[1273] Hor. Entomolog. 318, et passim.[1274] Linn. Trans. ubi supr. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs me that M. Agardh has found that the distribution of Fuci is regulated by the same law.[1275] Zool. Journ. iii. 312—.[1276] Vol. III. p. 15. note²¹.[1277] Hor. Entomolog. 199.[1278] Viz. 1. Copris Hesperus; 2. C. reflexa; 3. C. SabÆus; 4. C. lunaris; 5. C. Carolina; 6. C. Œdipus; 7. C. Midas; 8. C. capucina; 9. C. Bucephalus; 10. C. Molossus; 11. C. Eridanus; 12. C. sexdentata K.[1279] Hor. Entomolog. 518.[1280] The most natural and consistent interpretation of 1 Cor. xiii. 12, ??ep?e? ?a? a?t? d?' es?pt??? e? a????at?, is, that "we see now as it were in a mirror the glory of God reflected enigmatically by the things that he has made." Comp. Rom. i. 20—. Our Saviour (Luke x. 19.) calls serpents and scorpions the power of the enemy; which can only mean that they are figures or symbols of the enemy.[1281] Rom. i. 20, to the end of the chapter.[1282] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 484. comp. ii. 30—.[1283] MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 20—.[1284] HorÆ EntomologicÆ.[1285] Vol. III. p. 173—.[1286] Ibid. p. 348. note⁹⁰⁵.[1287] See above, p. 382—.[1288] Vol. I. p. 7—.[1289] A most singular insect belonging to this tribe, and which seems to form a link, having a notched cubit, between the Amaurona and the Lamprona, has been described and figured by Hagenbach under the name of Mormolyce phyllodes. It exhibits such a striking resemblance to a Mantis or Phasma, that it might be mistaken for one. It was found on the western side of the island of Java. Mr. Samouelle showed me a second species of this genus from China, belonging to a lady, who put it into his hands, it being broken, to put together.[1290] A remarkable imitation of an antelope's horn, a process of the mandible of an insect, in the possession of R. D. Alexander, Esq. F.L.S., is figured in the fifth Number of the Zoological Journal.[1291] Hor. Entomolog. 456. Comp. Linn. Trans. xiv. 67—.[1292] MÉm. sur les Anim. sans VertÈbr. I. i. 20—.[1293] See above, p. 382.[1294] Vol. III. pp. 372, 598.[1295] Ibid. p. 412.[1296] Vol. II. p. 397—.[1297] Vol. III. p. 413.[1298] Ent. Carn. 168. n. 446.[1299] Meigen has figured a Dipterous insect exactly resembling a Cimbex, which he calls Aspistes berolinensis (Dipt. i. 319. t. xi. f. 16, 17.)[1300] PrÆdones Latr., &c.[1301] Andrena F., &c.[1302] Hor. Entomolog. 437.[1303] Vol. III. p. 644.[1304] MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 136.[1305] Rifferschw. de Ins. Genital. 9.[1306] Annulos. Javan. i. 1.[1307] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. 115—. xxvii. t. M. 8. f. 1.[1308] Piso Hist. Nat. 63. Curui 1. Jundia v.[1309] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. 235. Hor. Entomolog. 203.[1310] Ibid. 281—.[1311] Ibid. 354, 390, 397.[1312] This insect, except in its antennÆ, so nearly resembles a Nirmus, that it might be mistaken for one. See Coquebert Illustr. Icon. i. t. ii. f. 14.[1313] Vol. III. p. 590.[1314] Fuessl. Archiv. t. lii. f. 5.[1315] Stoll Saut. de Pass. t. xx. b. f. 79.[1316] See above, p. 364—.[1317] Genes., ii. 19—.[1318] Pol. Synops. on Genes. ii.[1319] Genes. i. 25.[1320] Linn. Trans. iv. 51—. See Levit. xi. 20—.[1321] The Neuroptera appears to be the only Order not so signalized. It is worthy of notice that insects are usually noticed generically and not specifically in Scripture. On the insects of Scripture see Bochart Hierozoic. ii. 1. iv.[1322] Isai. vii. 18. Joel ii. Rev. ix. 3.[1323] Prov. xxx. 24—.[1324] 1 Kings iv. 33.[1325] Linn. Trans. i. 5.[1326] Vol. III. p. 6.[1327] Ibid. l. i. c. 5.[1328] Ibid. l. iv. c. 7.[1329] Ibid.[1330] Ibid. l. v. c. 19.[1331] Aristotle calls winged insects Pterota when he would distinguish them from those that are apterous, and Ptilota when he contrasts them with birds. (Comp. Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 1. with l. i. c. 5.) Sometimes he calls birds thus contrasted Schizoptera, and insects Holoptera. De Anim. Incess. c. 10.[1332] Ibid. l. i. c. 5.[1333] Ibid. and l. iv. c. 7.[1334] Ibid.[1335] Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 1.[1336] Ibid.[1337] Ibid. l. viii. c. 11.[1338] Gr. ?? t??f?? ?a??? e?e? ?d??ta? a??' a????. ???? means Strength of mind, Fortitude, Strenuousness, also Help:—it here probably signifies their strenuous use of their oral organs in fulfilling their instincts. De Partib. Anim. l. iv. c. 5.[1339] Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 7.[1340] Ibid.[1341] Gr. ?e?s?p?t?t?? a?a???. Dies. lin. 13.[1342] Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 25.[1343] Vol. I. p. 481. Vol. II. p. 121—.[1344] De Natur. Animal. l. vi. c. 20.[1345] Ibid. l. xv. c. 1.[1346] Opera vi. 683.[1347] Ibid. 153—.[1348] Ibid. 154, 233, 265, &c.[1349] Opera vi. 676, 679, 680.[1350] See above, p. 428.[1351] Opera vi. 682—.[1352] Esperienz. ed Osserv. i. 42—.[1353] Pultency's Sketches of Botany in England, i. 86.[1354] Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded. i.[1355] Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded. i.[1356] Theriotroph. Siles. 455.[1357] Aristotle (Hist. Anim. l. i. c. 1.) says, "The sponge seems to have some sensation: as a proof, it is not easily plucked up, unless, so they say, the attempt is concealed."[1358] Lister's Goedart, PrÆf. ii.[1359] See Vol. I. p. 65—, where these terms are explained.[1360] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 38—.[1361] Ibid. 92—.[1362] Ibid. 119—.[1363] Ibid. ii. 1—.[1364] Ibid. 31—.[1365] Ibid. 30.[1366] Hist. Ins. Prolegom. ix.—[1367] These are all Annelida.[1368] LarvÆ.[1369] Various Aptera and the Bed Bug.[1370] Nymphon.[1371] Scorpio.[1372] Spiders, Phalangia, and Mites.[1373] Iulus.[1374] Scolopendra.[1375] Annelida.[1376] This section is divided by the author into thirteen tribes.[1377] Lepidoptera.[1378] Apis, Bombus, &c.[1379] VespidÆ.[1380] Andrena, Halictus, Nomada, &c.[1381] Crabro, Philanthus, Cerceris, &c.[1382] Serifera? Ichneumon, &c.[1383] Trichoptera.[1384] Pimpla Manifestator, and other IchneumonidÆ, with a long ovipositor.[1385] Our author has followed Swammerdam in this unnatural separation of those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate from the rest; and in associating with them the Chalcidites, whose metamorphosis is really different. Into this error both were led by system.[1386] Philos. Lett. &c. 141.[1387] Ibid. 343.[1388] Ray died in 1705, and LinnÉ was born in 1707.[1389] When a boy he attempted to introduce wasps and bees into his father's garden, to the great annoyance of the old gentleman.—Stoever's Life of LinnÆus, 4.[1390] Ibid. 75.[1391] Linn. Philos. Botan. n. 87, 188, 189.[1392] See above, p. 342, n. 5.[1393] Linn. n. 291.[1394] Fn. Suec. PrÆf.[1395] Vol. III. p. 681—.[1396] Histoire abrÉgÉe des Insectes.[1397] See the opposite page.[1398] The first volume of his MÉmoires was published in 1752.[1399] The first volume of this work was published in 1734, the sixth and last in 1742.[1400] Reaum. i. MÉm. vi. vii. and MÉm. ii. 68—.[1401] Smith's Tour, iii. 150.[1402] Vol. I. p. 175. Also see above, p. 166—.[1403] Bonnet i. 19—.[1404] We have been informed that these valuable remains are at length likely to be rescued from oblivion, and given to the public.[1405] Vol. II. p. 48, note⁵¹.[1406] Since the former edition of these volumes was published, another and most important association has been formed, having for its object the Animal Kingdom solely; which not only has a museum to receive specimens of dead animals (by the liberal donation of its present learned secretary, of his own rich collection, and from other sources, already most interesting both as a spectacle and to the student), but also a Vivarium, in which a considerable and curious assemblage of living animals may be seen. This association, which is named The Zoological Society, is principally indebted for its formation to the efforts of a great, amiable, and lamented character, the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, whose merits were equally conspicuous both as a Politician and a Naturalist, and who was its first President.[1407] LinnÉ is recorded to have said, "Si Dominus Fabricius venit cum aliquo Insecto, et Dominus Zoega cum aliquo Musco, tunc ego pileum detraho et dico: Estote doctores mei." Stoever's Life of LinnÆus. 186.[1408] Fab. Philos. Entomolog. PrÆf.[1409] Vol. III. p. 416.[1410] Philos. Entomolog. vi. §. 2. Syst. Ent. Prolegom.[1411] From ??e??e???, Free.[1412] Derivation uncertain. Perhaps ?????, A long and narrow space or tract.[1413] S???st??, To stand together.[1414] ??e??, To press.[1415] ?d???, A tooth.[1416] ??t??, A thread.[1417] Unogata is probably a mistake for Onychata; from ????, A claw.[1418] Doubtless for Polygnatha; from ?????, Many, and G?a???, A jaw.[1419] ??e?st??, Closed, and G?a???.[1420] ???, Without, and G?a???.[1421] G??ssa, A tongue.[1422] ??????, A rostrum.[1423] ??t??a, A pump.[1424] Dispositio insectorum sistit divisiones s. conjunctiones eorum, et est artificialis quÆ Classes et Ordines, et naturalis quÆ genera, species, et varietates docet. Philos. Entomol. vi. §. 2.[1425] Ibid. §. 7.[1426] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 214.[1427] With respect to Natural Genera he says—"Cavendum tamen ne nimis imitando naturam systematis amittamus filum Ariadneum." Ibid. § 6.[1428] Fab. Entomolog. Syst. em. et auct. i. PrÆf. iv.[1429] Fabricius calls this a chaos, and threatens to prove it, but he never fulfilled his threat. See Fab. Supplem. PrÆf. i.[1430] Introd. ad Hist. Nat. 401.[1431] See N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. article Entomologie; and Familles Naturelles du RÈgne Animal 262—.[1432] These tables, except the first, are taken from the Familles Naturelles du RÈgne Animal. As a new edition of M. Le Baron Cuvier's RÈgne Animal is preparing, M. Latreille will doubtless give in it a still more improved arrangement of the Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta.[1433] Several of the minor groups given in the table he has further resolved before he arrives at his genera.[1434] Vol. III. p. 348, note⁹⁰³.[1435] See above, p. 433.[1436] Syst. des Anim. sans VertÈbr. 185.[1437] Ibid. 171.[1438] Anim. sans VertÈbr. iii. 332—.[1439] Anat. Comp. i. t. viii.[1440] Expos. d'une Meth. Nat. 17.[1441] Vol. III. p. 19.[1442] Linn. Trans. xi. 376. N. B. I have transferred from the Arachnida his suborder Notostomata, as he subsequently placed it at the end of Insecta, under the Omaloptera.[1443] See above, pp. 378, 380, 385, 390.[1444] Vol. III. p. 14.[1445] See Vol. III. p. 25—. and above, p. 394—.[1446] Hor. Entomolog. c. vi.[1447] See above, p. 382.[1448] Hor. Entomolog. 420—.[1449] Ibid. 422.[1450] Other systems or methods have been promulgated by various authors, as by SchÆffer, Scopoli, Geoffroy, &c. Walckenaer and Blainville have proposed one founded on the number of the legs of insects; but those in the text are the principal and best known.—N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 277.[1451] Linn. Trans. xiv. 59—. Annulos. Javan. 6. See above, p. 408.[1452] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 226. note 1.[1453] PrÆf. ii.[1454] Linn. Trans. ii. 63—.[1455] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 211—.[1456] Vol. III. p. 620. n. 3.[1457] It may not be unprofitable here to mention those works which the Entomologist may find it most useful to consult in various departments of the science. For descriptions of the Genera and Species of insects in general, he must have recourse to the Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta of Fabricius, and its Supplement; to the volumes he subsequently published under the titles Systema Eleutheratorum, Rhyngotorum, Glossatorum, Piezatorum, and Antliatorum; to the Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum of Latreille; to the same department of the RÈgne Animal of Cuvier; and to the Animaux sans VertÈbres of Lamarck. He will find the genera of LinnÉ and Fabricius illustrated by figures, in Roemer's Genera; and many of the species described by the latter in Coquebert's Illustratio Iconographica. In our countryman Drury's beautiful Illustrations of Natural History, a large number of new and rare insects are depicted; and in Mr. Donovan's Insects of China, India, and New Holland, some of the most brilliant and interesting that have been imported from those countries. Panzer's FaunÆ Insectorum GermanicÆ Initia has little short of 3000 figures of insects of every Order (a considerable number of which are found to inhabit Britain), by the celebrated Sturm; and the latter, in his Deutschlands Fauna, has illustrated many Coleopterous genera analytically (as has also M. Clairville the weevils and Predaceous beetles of Switzerland in his Entomologie HelvÉtique) by his admirable pencil. Beetles in general are well figured and described in Olivier's splendid Entomologie; as are those of Europe in a beautiful work now in course of publication, under the title of ColeoptÈres d'Europe, by MM. Latreille and Dejean. The latter author has also begun a work on this Order under the title of Species gÉnÉral des ColÉoptÈres de la Collection de M. Le Comte Dejean; two volumes of which have appeared, containing part of the Carabici Latr. but I fear it has stopped for want of encouragement. Had the descriptions been less verbose it would have had a better chance of success. For the Orthoptera and Hemiptera, the student must have recourse to Stoll's Spectres, Mantes, Sauterelles, Grillons, Blattes, Cigales, and Punaises. To a knowledge of the species of Lepidoptera, the admirable figures of Cramer (Papillons Exotiques de trois Parties du Monde), Esper (Schmetterlinge, Tagschmetterlinge), HÜbner (Schmetterlinge, &c.), and Ochsenheimer's valuable Schmetterlinge von Europa, with the continuation by Treitschke, will afford a useful avenue. Meigen also, author of a most valuable work on the EuropÆan Diptera, is publishing at this time a work on Lepidoptera under the title of EuropÄische Schmetterlinge. To the Hymenoptera Jurine and Christian are the best guides, and to the Diptera Meigen.

With regard to works in British Entomology in general—Donovan's Natural History of British Insects, and Samouelle's Entomologist's Useful Compendium, will be found very excellent helps to the student. For the British Genera, the most important work that has yet appeared is Mr. John Curtis's British Entomology, in which not only are the insects admirably represented, but their trophi correctly delineated, accompanied by able descriptions. For the Coleoptera of our country, Mr. Marsham's Entomologia Britannica should be consulted: for the Lepidoptera, the Butterflies of Lewin, Mr. Haworth's useful Lepidoptera Britannica, and Miss Jermyn's Butterfly-Collector's Vade Mecum; and for the English species of LinnÉ's genus Apis, the Monographia Apum AngliÆ. A British Fauna Insectorum, under the title of Illustrations of British Entomology, has at length been happily begun by a gentleman (J. F. Stephens, Esq.) who both by his accurate knowledge of the subject, and the extent of his collection of British Insects, is best qualified to undertake it. As far as it has proceeded, it is ably executed, and possesses this advantage, (an advantage seldom to be obtained in works published periodically,) that it finishes, as far as possible, as it goes.[1458] Linn. Philos. Botan. § 334.[1459] Linn. Trans. x. 20—. &c. Dict. des Scienc. Nat. xviii.[1460] Selborne i. 173.[1461] Philos. Entomolog. ix. § 20.[1462] MÉm. du Mus. 1815.[1463] Hor. Entomolog. 42—. 518.[1464] Essai ElÉment. de GÉograph. Botan. 62.[1465] Wisdom of God, &c. 2d edit. 9.[1466] Hor. Entomolog. 469. This calculation includes the Crustacea.[1467] It has lately been discovered that the larva of Drilus flavescens, a beetle, feeds upon the common snail. (Bulletin des Scienc. Nat. 1824. iii. 297; v. 110; vi. 221.) I have found an Acarus on the same animal.[1468] See above, p. 219—.[1469] We employ this term, because the more common one, herbivorous, does not properly include devourers of timber, fungi, &c.[1470] If we consider the number of species of Acari, Nirmi, PodurÆ, and AraneidÆ, this proportion will appear moderate.[1471] Hor. Entomolog. 48.[1472] Philos. Entomolog. ix. § 20.[1473] GÉograph. GÉnÉr. des Ins. 5.[1474] Ibid.[1475] Ibid. 7—.[1476] Ibid. 8, 11.[1477] Personal Narrat. E. T. v. 88. He says also that each stream almost has its peculiar species (Ibid. 98), and that they sometimes emigrate to stations they had not infested before. Ibid. 106—.[1478] Hor. Entomolog. 519.[1479] Latr. ubi supr. 3.[1480] GÉographie, &c. 22—.[1481] Ibid. 27.[1482] GÉographie, &c. 20—.[1483] See above, p. 494.[1484] As this insect is the type of a distinct genus amongst the ScutelleridÆ, I have distinguished it by the name Fabricius gave the whole tribe.[1485] M. Latreille (GÉographie, &c. 8.) seems to regard these varieties as distinct; in which case they would be the representatives of the species named in the text: but the variations are mostly so slight, as not to afford any satisfactory distinctive characters.[1486] GÉogr. GÉnÉr. des Ins. 2.[1487] When I described the Melville Island insects for Captain Sabine, I received from him no Culices; but I afterwards saw in his possession a genuine one from thence.—K.[1488] Linn. Trans. xii. 380—. n. 6, 7.[1489] Ibid. n. 5.[1490] Dejean in his catalogue gives only 434 species; while Mr. Stephens, four years ago, had 550, and has since increased the number to above 600.[1491] Journal of a Tour in Iceland, 272.[1492] Vol. I. p. 115—.[1493] Entomogr. Russ. Coleopt. t. xiii. f. 1.[1494] Ahren's Fn. Europ. i. 1.[1495] Hor. Ent. 47—.[1496] Annulosa Javanica, 36.

[1497] See the Rev. L. Guilding's admirable History of Xylocopa Teredo and Horia (Cissites Latr.) maculata, Linn. Trans, xiv. 313—.[1498] Out of 51 species described by Bilberg, 28 are African, and 19 of these are from the Cape.[1499] GÉogr. GÉnÉr. des Ins. 18.[1500] Hor. Entomolog. 45.[1501] Dr. Leach has described 8 British species (Linn. Trans. xi. 37.); Dejean has 7 Spanish ones.[1502] I have a very splendid species of this genus taken by C. C. Elwes Esq. on the Pyrenees, which is undescribed, and falls under none of the count Dejean's Families, having its elytra perfectly smooth, without striÆ, punctures, &c. It is of a brilliant golden green. It stands in my cabinet under the name of C. lÆvigatus. K.[1503] Fischer Entomogr. Russ. 90—. t. viii. f. 13.[1504] Vol. III. p. 562.[1505] Major General Hardwicke gave me one of this description from Nepal.[1506] Latr. GÉograph. &c. 18—.[1507] Linn. Trans. xiv. t. iii. f. 4.[1508] Hor. Entom. 147.[1509] Linn. Trans. ubi supr. f. 1.[1510] Ibid. xii. t. xxi. f. 9.[1511] Ibid. f. 14.[1512] To this genus belong Melolontha aurulenta. Ibid. 400; and M. sericea. Ibid. 463.[1513] Latr. GÉograph. 7.[1514] Cetonia atropunctata and Brownii of Linn. Trans. (xii. 464. t. xxiii. f. 6.) belong to this genus.[1515] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 2; t. xxiii. f. 7.[1516] Latreille, GÉograph. &c. 10.[1517] Linn. Trans. xiv. 569.[1518] See above, p. 496.[1519] Fischer, Entomogr. Russ. i. 135.[1520] From finding it in water, Fabricius considered this insect as a Hydrophilus, but it is a true Cercyon.[1521] See above, p. 401.[1522] Personal Narrat. E. T. v. 91—.[1523] See Vol. I. p. 470—.[1524] A species of Gyrinus (G. Viola aquatica), described by Modeer (Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. Gmel. i. 1612. n. 9.), is said to inhabit salt water.[1525] GÉograph. &c. 6.[1526] Apis *., a. Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 178—.[1527] Linn. Trans. iv. 30—. v. 96—. t. iv.[1528] Vol. I. Letter VI.[1529] GÉograph. &c. 6.[1530] Vol. II. p. 255.[1531] These, as well as Melecta, are probably a kind of Cuckow-bee. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 150.[1532] Melitta * *. b. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 138—.[1533] MÉmoires sur le gÈnre Halicte.[1534] Vol. II. p. 9.[1535] Linn. Trans. ix. 78—. t. i. f. 20.[1536] Ibid. 55. t. i. f. 12.[1537] This insect does not, I believe, eat the petals of the rose, but laps the nectar it produces. I have seen it employed upon wounded trees lapping the sap.[1538] Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 172. 257.[1539] See above, p. 491, note¹⁴⁶⁷.[1540] Ibid. p. 219; and Vol. I. p. 267—.[1541] Ibid. p. 256—.[1542] Apis * *. e. 2. K.[1543] Apis * *. c. 2. a. K.[1544] Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum, 66, note^d.[1545] De Geer ii. 638—. 641—.[1546] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. Conf. 114 with 103.[1547] Reaum. vi. 480—.[1548] Vol. II. p. 11.[1549] Lepidopt. Britann. 263—.[1550] Linn. Trans. v. 256.[1551] Vol. II. p. 95—.[1552] See above, p. 254—.[1553] Vol. II. p. 217. See above, p. 200.[1554] Entomologist's Useful Compendium. t. xi. f. 5.[1555] Plate XXIV. Fig. 1.[1556] Lepidopt. Britann. 20.[1557] Vol. I. p. 187.[1558] Plate XXIV. Fig. 3.[1559] Plate XXIV. Fig. 4.[1560] Samouelle's Compendium. t. xi. f. 1, 2.[1561] Plate XXIV. Fig. 5.[1562] Plate XXIV. Fig. 2. N.B. The net is represented too shallow in this figure.[1563] Voyage to the Cape. i. 63. Eng. Trans.[1564] Letter II.[1565] Illig. Mag. iii. 222. Mr. Stephens however, whose experience is great in the best modes of collecting, is of opinion that insects that have been immersed in spirits of wine are apt to become mouldy. We have not ourselves observed this.[1566] Plate XXIV. Fig. 7. c.[1567] Ibid. a, b.[1568] Ibid. b.[1569] Ibid. a.[1570] Plate XXIV. Fig. 8.[1571] In the figure just quoted the artist has represented the insect as transfixed in this way.[1572] Plate XXIV. Fig. 9.[1573] Mr. Samouelle (Useful Compendium, 321) recommends a somewhat different method.[1574] Vol. III. p. 623—.[1575] Some other methods are recommended by Mr. Samouelle, which the reader will find in his Useful Compendium, 318.[1576] See above, p. 529.[1577] Plate XXIV. Fig. 6.[1578] Lepidopt. Britann. 87.[1579] Vol. III. p. 262—.[1580] Reaumur ii. 12—.[1581] See Mr. Samouelle's Compendium, 311.[1582] Compare what is said Vol. I. p. 47—.[1583] Vol. III. p. 28—. See above, p. 377—.[1584] See above, p. 546.[1585] In Elater, Fabricius describes 137 species; in Melolontha, 149; in one section of RhynchÆnus, 161; of Curculio, 183; and in his Papiliones Heliconii, 300.[1586] Thus he places ChlÆnius holosericÆus and nigricornis, which might pass for varieties, far asunder; and Dromius agilis is even put in a different section from D. quadrimaculatus, truncatellus, &c.[1587] The continuance of this important privilege, by the lamented death of the learned President, is now rendered uncertain; but I trust we may anticipate, that by the liberality of the members of the Linnean Society, and if necessary of the public, this invaluable treasure, by being fixed in the Metropolis, will be more than ever accessible to the British Naturalist.[1588] It may not be amiss to mention a few:—SphÆridium dytiscoides is a Hydrophilus related to H. fuscipes. S. glabratum is heteromerous, probably one of the Helopii Latr. Carabus retusus and MaderÆ both belong to Calosoma. Cistela angustata is a true Choleva. See Linn. Trans. xi. 138.—S.[1589] See above, p. 406.[1590] Vol. III. p. 304.[1591] For dissections the one recommended above, p. 201, may be used. Sometimes a watchmaker's eye-glass, which also sets the hands at liberty, will be found useful.[1592] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. 264.[1593] Ibid. xvi. 281.[1594] Ibid.[1595] Organic Remains iii. t. xvii. f. 2.[1596] Ibid. 281—.[1597] Vol. I. p. 20.[1598] Cowper's Retirement.[1599] Rifferschweils De Insect. Genital. 9.[1600] De Orthopteris hoc prÆcipue notavit D. Marcel. de Serres (MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 113—.) in quibus vesiculÆ seminales, colleterio; testes, ovariis; vasa deferentia, oviductui; canalis seminalis, ovipositori, &c., mutuÒ adamussim respondent.[1601] Rifferschw. De Insect. Genital. 9.[1602] Reaum. ii. 79. Herold. Schmetterl. t. iv. f. 2, 3.[1603] Treviranus Arachnid. 11, 36—. Reaum. vi. 436. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xi. 82. Marcel. de Serr. ubi supr. 104. Latreille Fam. Nat. 324.[1604] Rifferschw. ubi supr.[1605] Plate XXII. Fig. 1. a.[1606] Rifferschw. 10. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 242.[1607] Ibid. & xxxv. 412.[1608] Gaede Anat. der Ins. t. i. f. 9. a.[1609] De Geer iii. t. ix. f. 11. t.[1610] Reaum. vi. t. xvi. f. 6, 7. g.[1611] Ibid. t. xviii. f. 4, 5. g.[1612] Ibid. t. xxvii. f. 16. c.[1613] De Geer vi. t. iii. f. 17. d, e, f.[1614] Reaum. vi. t. viii. f. 5. d, e, m.[1615] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xliii. f. 17. a, b, c.[1616] De Geer ii. t. xix. f. 11. f. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xi. 82.[1617] Ibid. xxx. 41; xxix. 177.[1618] Gaede Anat. t. i. f. 9.[1619] Ibid. 18. Swamm. ubi supr. t. xliii. f. 17. e, d.[1620] Rifferschw. 10.[1621] Ibid. 22.[1622] Gaede t. ii. f. 9. d, e. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 241.[1623] Swamm. ubi supr. i. 223. t. xxii. f. 5. h, i. Hoc insecto et Hydrophilo supradicto organa insunt quÆ pro Prostatis habentur.[1624] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 242. Gaede t. i. f. 9. d d.[1625] Ibid. etiam t. ii. f. 9. 14. d d.[1626] Cuv. Anat. Comp. v. 192.[1627] Gaede t. ii. f. 2. c.[1628] Herold. Schmett. t. xxxii.[1629] Gaede t. ii. f. 9.[1630] Rifferschw. 19.[1631] Ibid. 20.[1632] Marcel. de Serres MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 115.[1633] Ibid. 128. Comp. Cuv. Anat. Comp. v. 195. cum Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 102.[1634] Cuv. Ibid. 191.[1635] Ibid.[1636] Rifferschw. 22.[1637] Gaede t. ii. f. 9. b b.[1638] Herold. Schmett. t. iv. f. 8, 9.[1639] Gaede t. ii. f. 14. b b.[1640] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xxi. f. 1. a.[1641] Rifferschw. 21.[1642] Swamm. t. iii. f. 6. f.[1643] Herold, ubi supr. t. v. f. 1, 9. &c.[1644] Plate XXII. Fig. 1. b.[1645] Cuv. ubi supr. v. 115.[1646] De Geer vi. t. xv. f. 8. d.[1647] Ibid. ii. t. xix. f. 11. e.[1648] Reaum. v. t. xix. f. 9.[1649] Ibid. ii. t. xxvi. f. 10, 11. ll. De Geer ii. t. xix. f. 9.[1650] Reaum. iv. t. xl. f. 8. c, e.[1651] Ibid. vi. t. viii. f. 4. c, b.[1652] De Geer ii. t. xxi. f. 20. b, c.[1653] Ibid. t. xlii. f. 11. b, c, d; t. xliii. f. 13. p.[1654] Herold. Schmett. t. iv. f. 3. x x.[1655] Reaum. ii. t. iii. f. 2. c. l.[1656] De Geer ii. t. xix. f. 9. b, c; f. 10. c.[1657] Reaum. ii. t. iii. f. 3. c. l.[1658] Ibid. iv. t. xl. f. 8. c. e.[1659] Ibid. v. t. iii. f. 7, 8.[1660] Ibid. vi. t. viii. f. 4. b, c.[1661] Plate XXII. Fig. 1. b.[1662] Plate XV. Fig. 12. L´´.[1663] Rifferschw. 12.[1664] Vide supra, Letter XLII.[1665] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 16. 425. Marcel. de Serres MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 89.[1666] Rai. Hist. Ins. 177. Jurine Hymenopt. 9. not.[1667] Vol. II. p. 390—.[1668] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 255.[1669] Prov. vi. 6; xxx. 25.[1670] Vol. I. p. 364—.[1671] Vol. II. Letter XIX.[1672] Reaum. vi. 432—.[1673] De Geer vii. 179—.[1674] Reaum. iv. 385.[1675] De Geer vii. 249. Treviran. Arachnid. 41.[1676] Marcel. de Serres penem in palpis cum teste pyriformi in thorace connexum esse affirmat, MÉm. du Mus. 1819. 95.[1677] Treviran. Ibid. 37. t. iv. f. 33.[1678] De Geer vii. 10.[1679] Reaum. ii. 72. t. ii. f. 2. De Geer vi. 314; vii. 165. Rai. Hist. Ins. 40.[1680] De Geer ii. 24; iii. 132.[1681] De Geer iii. 242. t. xiii. f. 15.[1682] Ibid. iii. 642.[1683] Huber Nouv. Observ. i. 37—.[1684] De Geer ii. 276.[1685] Reaum. ii. 65—.[1686] De Geer iii. 62.[1687] This memoir, which was sent me by its learned author, is stated as part of the first volume of his Histoire Naturelle.—K.[1688] Vol. IV. Letters XXXVII and XL.[1689] Vol. IV. Letter XLII.; III. p. 580—.[1690] Vol. IV. p. 324—.[1691] Vol. IV. p. 317-324. Vol. III. p. 415-455, 490, viii. 680. e.[1692] Vol. III. 526, 661—.[1693] N.B. The transverse lines in the figure are merely impressed, and do not represent a segment.[1694] Vol. IV. Letter XXXVIII.[1695] N.B. Where the volume is not indicated, the third is to be understood.[1696] Where the volume referred to is not indicated, the fourth is to be understood. The reader will also be pleased to observe that the references to Partial Orismology are accompanied by the characteristic mark of each part, as given in the table, Vol. III.[1697] It is to be observed, that the individuals of this Order belong some to Mandibulata, as Nirmus; others to Haustellata, as Pediculus; and others, as the Polypoda, in which the seven organs of a perfect mouth are multiplied, properly to neither of these subclasses.