I.—Recent Explorations in Turkestan in their Relation to the Sumerian Problem.

II.—A Chronological List of the Kings and Rulers of Sumer and Akkad.

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APPENDIX I

RECENT EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN IN THEIR RELATION TO THE SUMERIAN PROBLEM.

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In the second chapter of this volume the opinion was expressed that, in spite of the unsoundness of certain arguments in favour of the theory, the original home of the Sumerians was to be sought beyond the mountains to the east of the Babylonian plain.[1] The arrival of the Sumerians on the banks of the Euphrates would thus have been a single episode in a series of similar migrations from the east, which, during the historical period, are known to have made their appearance in that quarter of Western Asia. Until recently it was only possible to suggest that such migratory movements were to be traced to racial unrest in more distant regions, and few data were available for supporting any detailed theory as to the causes of this occasional pressure westwards. Important evidence, which has both a direct and an indirect bearing on the problem, has, however, been obtained as a result of recent explorations in Russian and Chinese Turkestan.

The two expeditions conducted by Mr. Raphael Pumpelly, on behalf of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in 1903 and 1904, the results of which have now been fully published, were occupied mainly with work in the Transcaspian province of Russian Turkestan. The physiographical observations collected by the first Pumpelly Expedition were supplemented during the second of them by archaeological evidence, obtained by excavations at Anau near Askhabad, and in the Merv Oasis, under the direction of Dr. Hubert Schmidt, of Berlin, who joined the staff of the expedition for that purpose. Both classes of evidence have a direct bearing upon the problem under discussion.

Of more remote interest, in the present connection, are the explorations and excavations carried out by Dr. Stein in Chinese Turkestan, on behalf of the Indian Government, during his journeys of 1900-1 and 1906-8. Lying in the Tarim basin to the east of the Pamirs, the principal scene of his labours is far removed from those regions of Western and Central Asia from which direct light may be expected upon the Sumerian problem. But the Khotan oases and the Taklamakan Desert present in many respects an interesting parallel to the conditions prevailing in the southern districts of the Russian province; and they illustrate, during more recent historical periods, a climatic and geological process of which far earlier traces have been noted in the latter region. The investigation of the archaeological remains, till lately buried in Khotan, has also demonstrated the comparatively short period of time required for extensive physical changes to have taken place. Finally, the physiographical researches of Mr. Ellsworth Huntington, who accompanied the first Pumpelly expedition, have been extended during 1905-7 into the region of Dr. Stein's travels, along the southern and eastern borders of the Taklamakan Desert, and have resulted in obtaining corroborative evidence of theories already deduced from observations in Russian Turkestan.

It has already been remarked that the work of the Pumpelly Expeditions was of a twofold character. On the one hand, the majority of the members devoted themselves to the collection of material bearing on the physiography of the Central Asian deserts and oases; and, as a result of their labours, they have produced a valuable series of monographs, illustrating climatic and physical changes which have taken place in that region of the world. On the other hand, the excavations conducted at Anau by Dr. Schmidt have been followed by a careful presentment of the archaeological material, including a very complete ceramic record. The general discussion of the results was undertaken by Mr. Raphael Pumpelly, the leader of the expeditions, who has given an able and suggestive summary of what he conceives to be their general bearing, not only from the geological side, but also in their relation to the early history of Western Asiatic, and even of North African culture.[2] At the outset it should be mentioned that, on the archaeological side, several of Mr. Pumpelly's generalizations appear to be too far reaching, and he seems to push some of his conclusions beyond the limit of his evidence. But this does not detract in any way from the value of the new data, which he has been largely instrumental in acquiring.

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We are not here concerned with details of the earlier geological evidence, except in so far as they illustrate or explain the physical changes in the character of the country during more recent times. It has long been recognized that the deserts of Central Asia owe their existence to a process of desiccation that has taken place since the Glacial epoch,[3] and recent investigations have shown that the contrast to present conditions was even more marked than was previously supposed. The members of the first Pumpelly Expedition have noted that glaciers existed on a greatly extended scale throughout the mountains bordering the great basins of Central Asia on the south and east, and they have proved the existence of several great glacial expansions, each of which naturally reacted on the climate of the central region. During the sub-glacial period there was a general trend towards desolation, and the dried silts of seas and rivers were carried by the wind across the surface of the ground. The lightest material was carried farthest, and, wherever the scanty vegetation could hold it, it was deposited in beds of "loess," the extraordinarily fine and fertile soil which covers a great part of Northern China and Turkestan, and extends in a continuous zone from North of the Caspian to Central Europe.[4] The heavier silts in the shape of sands moved more slowly under the pressure of the wind, and they formed great deserts of sand-dunes, heaped in places more than a hundred feet high. It is to the shifting or formation of such sand-deserts in historic times that we owe the burial of the cities in the Khotan region, which have been so successfully excavated by Dr. Stein for the Indian Government.[5]

Although it is clear that since Glacial times there has been a general trend towards the present arid condition of Central Asia, there is reason to believe that, as in the Glacial epoch, the subsequent climatic changes have not been uniform. Periods of extreme aridity have occurred in which the condition of certain regions may have been more desolate than it is to-day. But these appear to have alternated with more humid periods, when the tracts which were deserted may again have been rendered capable of sustaining life. Already in the prehistoric period, however, the sea of sand-dunes had encroached upon the fertile plains of loess, and it is mainly in the delta-oases, formed by streams emerging from the mountains, or at points where large rivers lose themselves in the plain, as at Merv, that traces of man's handiwork have been discovered.

Throughout the region of the oases in Southern Turkestan, to the north of the Kopet Dagh, the Pumpelly Expedition constantly noted the sites of former habitations in regions which are now desolate. Not only are there traces of occupation where villages exist to-day, but there are also large areas which must once have been densely peopled, although they are now deserted. The present supply of water in the region could support but a small proportion of its former inhabitants, and it is necessary to suppose either that there was a greater rainfall, or that evaporation was less rapid owing to a lower temperature. Similar evidence has been collected with regard to the former condition of Chinese Turkestan,[6] and it is clear that extensive tracts in Central Asia, which are now abandoned to the desert, at one time supported a considerable population. The evidence points to a change in climatic conditions, which has reacted on the character of the country in such a way as to cause racial migrations.[7]

In the hope of throwing light on the character of the former dwellers in the deserted regions of Russian Turkestan, the second Pumpelly Expedition undertook excavations at selected sites. At Ghiaur Kala in the Merv Oasis it was ascertained that the earliest period of occupation was not older than a few centuries B.C., though it is probable that among the great number of mounds in the oasis some are of a considerably earlier date. Far more important were the results obtained by excavations in the region below the northern slopes of the Kopet Dagh. It was at one of the delta-oases, at Anau, near Askhabad, some three hundred miles east of the Caspian, that the Pumpelly Expedition found traces of prehistoric cultures, and obtained its principal material for archaeological study.

Near the middle of the Anau oasis, and about a mile apart, are two hills with rounded contours, rising some forty and fifty feet above the plain, and marking the sites of long-forgotten cities. The structure of the North Kurgan, or tumulus, had already been exposed by a trench cut in it some twenty-five years ago by General Komorof, which showed stratified remains, including bones of animals and potsherds of plain and painted wares. It was this trench that first directed Mr. Pumpelly's attention to the mound during his first expedition, and his subsequent excavations, both here and in the South Kurgan, exposed the same stratified structure.

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The strata represented successive occupations of the site, and, as its inhabitants lived in houses built of sun-dried bricks, the hills gradually rose in height. Of the two hills, the North Kurgan was of earliest formation, its earlier strata containing the remains of a stone-age culture, and its upper culture representing an aeneolithic stage of civilization. The third culture, that of the lowest strata in the South Kurgan, dates from a copper age. The archaeological part of the work was directed by Dr. Schmidt, and to his admirable method of noting the precise spot and level of every object recovered we owe the possibility of tracing the gradual development of culture during the successive periods of settlement. Moreover, the Transcaspian railway passes little more than half a mile to the north of the northern mound, or Kurgan. Hence there was no difficulty and little risk involved in the conveyance to Europe of all the archaeological material obtained. The collection of animal bones from the North Kurgan weighed nearly half a ton, but they were despatched without difficulty to Dr. Duerst of Zurich, who contributed a report on them to the record of the second expedition.

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The cultural progress of the three periods is, however, most clearly revealed by the pottery, which exhibits a gradual evolution in form, technique, and decoration. Although the vessels of the first two cultures are hand-made, and the wheel was not introduced until Culture III., yet the vessels of both earlier epochs are excellent ceramic productions. It has already been noted that many of the geometric designs occurring on pottery of the earlier periods from the North Kurgan bear a certain resemblance to similar pottery found by MM. Gautier and Lampre at Mussian, and by M. de Morgan at Susa. This may well point to some connection between the stone and early metal-using cultures of Transcaspia and Elam; while the baked clay figurines from the copper culture of the South Kurgan may be held to prove some early cultural contact with the Sumerians.[8]

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Mr. Pumpelly himself would regard the Central Asian oases as the fountain-head of Western Asiatic culture. According to his theory, they were isolated from Europe and Africa from the Glacial period onwards, and their cultural requirements were evolved in complete independence. Changes in climatic conditions, however, took place, under which the early civilizations in these regions tended to disappear, and these gave rise to extensive migrations, which reacted in turn on the outside world. In support of his theory he would trace the early appearance of wheat and barley both in Egypt and Babylonia, and the presence of certain breeds of domestic animals, to their first establishment in the Transcaspian oases. But, in addition to differences in their ceramics, the total absence of any form of writing in the mounds at Anau tells against any theory necessitating a very close racial connection between the early inhabitants of the oases and the Sumerians of Babylonia.

The evidence, in fact, does not justify us in placing the original home of the Sumerians at Anau, nor indeed in any particular spot in Central Asia or Iran that has yet been examined. But it serves to indicate the region of the world in which we may expect that future excavations will reveal data of a more conclusive character. It may be that the ruined sites of Seistan and the Kirman province will exhibit closer parallels with the civilizations of Elam and Sumer. Meanwhile it is clear that some contact must have taken place between the early peoples of the latter countries and the settlements to the north of the Kopet Dagh. We may thus picture the Sumerians before their arrival in Babylonia as inhabitants of some district to the east of the Euphrates valley, where they evolved the elements of their culture, which is already found in a comparatively advanced stage of development on the earliest of South Babylonian sites.

A further result of the recent explorations in Turkestan is that an adequate explanation is afforded of the unrest in Central Asia, which gave rise to the Sumerian immigration and to similar racial movements westward. It may now be regarded as established that periods of desiccation and extreme aridity have led to the abandonment of extensive tracts of country, with the result that their former inhabitants have, from time to time, been forced to seek sanctuary in more favoured districts. While nomad tribes in their search for fresh pasturage might drift over the broad steppes to the north and west of Turkestan, the agricultural peoples on its southern border would be forced to turn south of the Caspian. The bleak uplands of the Iranian plateau offer small attractions for permanent settlement, and the routes of the migrant tribes would naturally lead in the direction of Asia Minor and the Mesopotamian plain. Such a condition of unrest in Central Asia would naturally react on peoples at a considerable distance, and this fact explains the periodical invasions to which Babylonia has been subjected from the east. It may be added that the immigration of Semitic tribes into Syria and Northern Babylonia should possibly be traced to physical causes of a like nature. Periods of aridity may have occurred in the central portions of the Arabian continent, and may have given rise to the Semitic invasions of prehistoric and historic times.

Thus it is possible that the two races, which we find in possession of Sumer and Akkad during the earliest historical periods, though they arrived from opposite quarters, were forced into the region of the Euphrates by causes of a precisely similar character. As the Semites, on their way northwards from Arabia, colonized the Syrian coast-lands through which they passed, so the Sumerian race may well have left permanent traces of its presence in the valleys and more fertile oases of Iran. There are already indications that work on Syrian and West Mesopotamian sites will throw a flood of light upon the problems of early Semitic history, and it may perhaps fall to the lot of a fortunate excavator, in some region east of the Euphrates valley, to recover the cult-images of primitive Sumerian gods, and to bring to light examples of the picture-writing from which the early cuneiform characters were derived.

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APPENDIX II

A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE KINGS AND RULERS OF SUMER AND AKKAD

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I. THE EARLIEST RULERS OF SUMER AND AKKAD

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II. THE DYNASTY OF AKKAD AND ITS SUCCESSORS

EXPLANATORY NOTE.—p. = patesi; k. = king; a comma after a ruler's name indicates that he was succeeded by his son. A dotted line (......) joins the names of rulers who are proved to have been contemporaries; the position of names within parentheses is conjectural. In Table I., Col. II. the rulers belong to Kish, and in Col. IV. to Umma, unless otherwise stated. In Table III. (see p. 362) the figures which follow the name of a king represent the number of years he ruled.

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III. THE KINGDOM OF SUMER AND AKKAD

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INDEX

Aa, gifts to, 223
Abba-dugga, 313
Abi-ishar, seal of, 246
AbÛ Habba, site of Sippar, 8 f.;
excavations at, 37, 223;
objects and inscriptions from, 204, 206, 212, 218, 223, 235,
250, 309 f.
AbÛ Hatab, site of Kisurra, 9;
excavations at, 28 ff.;
plan of, 29;
inscribed brick from, 284;
contracted burials at, 331
AbÛ KhuwÂsÎj, 31
AbÛ Shahrain, site of Eridu, 35;
excavations at, 35 f.; plan of, 36
Abydos, 323 f., 332;
recent diggings at, 324, 326 f., 332
Abyssinia, 334
Abzu-banda, 111, 189 f.
Abzu-ega, 190
Accounts, tablets of, 169, 177, 284, 293
Achaemenian kings, 337
Adab, site of, 9, 97, 163;
excavations at, 30;
in relation to Euphrates, 11;
its commercial relations with Lagash, 238;
destruction of, 31 f.;
see also BismÂya
Adamdun, situation of, 290;
patesis of, 292
Adda-Pakshu, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.;
tablets from period of, 336
Addatur, 113
Adhem, 7, 287
Aegean, sites, 81;
Asiatic coast of, 347;
sea-rovers of, 347
Aegean culture, stages of, 1;
its early connection with Egypt, 341;
traces of Babylonian influence in, 322, 345 ff.;
wild comparisons between Aegean and Babylonian art, 344 f.
Aenragin, 171
'Afej marshes, 85 f.
Agade, older name of Akkad, 14;
site of, 37;
Sargon of, 216 ff.;
see Akkad
Agathias, 312
Agia Paraskevi, 344
Aha, mastaba-tomb of, 323
'AkarkÛf, 38
Akhush, 189 f.
Akkad, city, site of, 37;
early centre of Semitic settlement, 53;
in relation to Kish, 210 f., 214 f., 228, 231 f., 249;
in relation to Elam, 226;
"sons," or citizens, of, 208, 211;
siege of, 240;
Dynasty of, 216 ff, 252 ff., 351 f.;
in relation to the Dynasty of Ur, 253;
kings of Sumer and, 362
Akkad, land, limits of, 6 f., 12 f.;
name of, 13 ff., 17;
inhabitants of, 40 ff.;
Semitic immigration into, 203;
system of land tenure in, 95;
influence of art of, 66;
early relations with Elam, 214, 244;
cultural connections with Elam, 335 ff.
Akkadian, the Semitic speech of Babylonia, 52 f.
Akkadians, the Semitic inhabitants of Northern Babylonia, 4;
former use of the term, 4
AkkadÛ, 14
Akki, 232
Akurgal, patesi of Lagash, 117 f.;
sculptured figures of, 112 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Al[...], king of Kish, 141;
in chronological table, 360
Al-BatÎha, 8
Al-Gimil-Sin, "the City of Gimil-Sin," 301
Aliakhu, 208
Alla, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Alla, resident in Lagash, 237
Alloys, evidence as to use of, 73 f.
Alluvium, limit of Babylonian, 7
Alu-usharshid, a former reading of the name Urumush or Rimush, 203
Amageshtin, temple of, 190
Amal, temple of, 226, 232
Amananu, governor of Sippar, 316
Amanus, 261
Amat-Bati, 171
Amattar-sirsirra, 184
Ambar Su, 244
Amiaud, Arthur, 18, 20, 109
Ammi-zaduga, 307
Amorite invasion, disproved in reign of Libit-Ishtar, 284
Amurru (Martu), a West Semitic god, 344
Amurru, the Western Semites, 55;
origin of, 55
Amurru, the Western Land, 261, 300, 321;
Sargon's conquest of, 225, 233 f.;
its king deported, 244;
slaves from, 238;
relation of kings of Isin to, 311, 315 f.;
Babylonian influence in and beyond, 322
Ana, 194, 196, 198; see also Anu
Anatolia, 346 f.
Anau, excavations at, 2, 351, 355 f.;
potsherds from, 341, 355 f.;
terra-cotta figurines from, 342, 356;
wheat and barley found in earliest stratum at, 332, 357
Andrae, W., 11, 22 ff., 28 f.,78, 330
Anikurra, 112
Animal cults, Egyptian, 334
Animal forms, Sumerian treatment of, 80
Animal motives, on Elamite painted pottery, 341 f.;
on proto-Elamite seal-impressions, 342
Anita, 112 ff., 116
Anshan, its conquest by Manishtusu, 224, 231, 244;
its conquest by Gudea, 279, 289;
alliance of Dungi's daughter with the patesi of, 287;
its conquest by Dungi, 288;
officials for, 290;
a patesi of, 292;
captivity of Ibi-Sin in, 304;
its success against Ur, 308;
its defeat by Anu-mutabil, 308
Antasurra, 146, 189 f.
Antimony, 73 f.
Anu, 48, 104, 275;
see also Ana
Anu-banini, king of Lulubu, 250
Anu-mutabil, governor of DÊr, 308
Anunitu, 226, 232, 268
Anunpad, 113
Anzanite inscriptions, 206, 212
Apirak, 241, 243
Apil-Sin, contracts of reign of, 316
Arabesque pattern, on Sumerian sealing, 176
Arabia, 242, 251, 258, 261, 323, 358
Arabian desert, 6
Arad-Nannar, patesi of Lagash, 301 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Archers, in the army of Ur, 286
Architect, Gudea as, 260 f., 269
Archive-chambers, at Tello, 293
Ark, of bulrushes, 232
Armanu, 242
Art, comparison of early Sumerian
and Akkadian, 228 f.;
of Kish and Akkad, 230
Arua, 149 ff.
Asar, Osiris, 325
Asari, Sumerian god, 325
Ashnunnak, or Tupliash, 306;
under Manishtusu, 212;
patesis of, 306
Ashukhu-wood, 261
Ashur, 287
Ashur-bani-pal, 12, 204 f.;
tablets from Library of, 4, 59, 217, 299, 303 f.
Asia Minor, 342, 347, 358;
Central, 54, 351 ff.
Askhabad, 351, 355
Asphalt, 261; see also Bitumen
Asses, for chariots, 162;
House of the, 259
Assyria, 7
Assyrian kings, their policy of deportation, 240
Assyrians, sculpture of, 68 ff.;
omen-literature of, 206
Astrological texts, 217
Asukhur Canal, 109, 149 f.
Axe, Sumerian form of, 137
Az, 150 f., 290
AzupirÂnu, 232
Bab el-Mandeb, Straits of, 323
Babbar, 84, 124, 127, 129, 148, 194, 281
Babishue, 301
Babylon, 13, 38, 309;
excavations at, 37;
pot-burials and early remains at, 30, 37;
Sargon's buildings at, 226, 236;
Dungi's sack of, 281 ff., 285;
in relation to the Dynasty of Isin, 63 f., 313 ff.;
rise of, 319;
in relation to the Dynasty of the Sea-country, 62 f.;
her struggle with Larsa, 318 f.;
her position in later history, 319 f.
Babylonia, in the Neolithic period, 2;
relics of prehistoric culture in, 342;
her early cultural influence, 321 ff.;
in relation to Egypt, 322 ff., 334 f.;
in relation to Elam, 335 ff.;
in the West, 322, 343 ff.
Babylonian Chronicle, 62
Babylonian Monarchy, foundation of, 63 f., 313 ff.
Bad-mada, 296
Badu, king of Lagash, 105;
in chronological table, 360
Baga, 189 f.
Baghdad, 38 f., 218
Bahr Nejef, 353, 355, 358
Casting, in metal, 72 ff.
Cattle, transport of, 235, 237
Cedar, remains of pillars of, 93;
from Mt. Amanus, 261
Cedar-groves, sacred, 267
Cemeteries, in Upper Egypt, 326
Central Arabia, 358
Central Asia, 54, 351 ff.
Cesnola, General di, 343
Chamberlain, royal, 115
Chariots, of war, 162;
representation of a, 134
Chialy Effendi, 245
China, 353
Chinese, 54
Chinese Turkestan, 351, 354
Chronicle, the Babylonian, 62;
of Sargon and NarÂm-Sin, 220, 225, 233 ff., 240 f.;
concerning early Babylonian kings, 282, 312;
Dynastic, from Nippur, 59, 63, 279 f., 303, 308 f., 311 f., 315
Chronicles, Hebrew Books of, 240
Chronological table, of kings and rulers of Sumer and Akkad, 360 ff.
Chronology, classes of data for determining, 57 ff.;
Babylonian, 62 ff.;
of the later Sumerian period, 315
Chicago, Exploration Fund of the University of, 30
Chieftains, meeting of, 45 f.
Chipiez, Charles, 66
Cilician Gates, 347
Citadel Tell, at Susa, 339
Cities, in Babylonia, 16 ff.;

origin of, 84 f.;
communication between, 237
City-gods, origin and development of, 84 f.;
description of a, 268;
position of, 101 f.;
in relation to the patesi, 181;
disputes between, 101, 121 f.
City-states, development of, 84 f., 321;
wars of the, 120 ff.;
weakening and decay of the, 239 f., 252
Clay, Prof. A. T., 9, 52, 228
Clay tablet, borrowed by Elam, 338 f.;
introduced into Cappadocia, 339;
reached Crete, 345
Climatic changes, a cause of racial migrations, 354, 357 f.
Clothing, Sumerian and Semitic, 41 f.
Code, of Hammurabi, 184;
Sumerian origin of, 184, 348;
of Gudea, 272;
see also Laws
Codes, legal, 347
Colour-dishes, for face or body-paint, 27, 330
Commercial intercourse, in Babylonia, 237 f.;
with foreign countries, 238, 321 f.
Conch-shells, cylinders and plaques from, 78
Cones, votive, 258;
of copper, 256;
coloured, 34;
historical, 164 f., 178 ff.
Confiscation, Sumerian laws against, 182
Constantinople, 218
Contract tablets, 64
Contracted burial, Sumerian practice of, 331
Convoys, early service of, 237, 244
Copper, Babylonian evidence with regard to, 72 ff.;
objects from FÂra, 3, 26 f.;
from Kimash, 261;
lance of, 229;
known to predynastic Egyptians, 326;
its displacement of flint in Egypt, 327;
effect of Egyptian skill in working, 327
Copper-mines, in Elam, 261
Corn, tribute of, 164;
fees of, 181 f.;
see also Grain
CorvÉe, 182
Couriers, 291
Court, expenses of the, 169
Crenelated buildings, Egyptian and Sumerian, 332
Crenelation, in walls of early Egyptian buildings, 323
Crete, traces of Babylonian culture in, 345 f.;
parallels between cultures of Elam and, 341
Cros, Commandant Gaston, 17, 172, 189, 269
Cruciform monument, from Sippar, 223
Cult-centres, 84, 321
Cult-images, 50, 358
Cults, survival of Sumerian, 347
Cuneiform writing, invention of, 65, 348;
the Sumerian form the parent of other systems, 348
Cupbearers, 112 f., 236
Cuq, Prof. Edouard, 184
Curium, 343
Cutha, 8 f., 13, 37 f., 283, 293;
centre of Nergal's cult, 38
Cylinders, of Gudea, 266 f.
Cylinder-seal, early migrations of the, 333 f.;
introduced into Babylonia by Sumerians, 333;
possible Egyptian evolution of the, 333 f.;
earliest form of, 334
Cylinder-seals, engraving of, 78;
composite monsters on, 77;
official use of, 236 f.;
Sumerian, 3, 27, 48, 174 ff., 284;
early Semitic or Akkadian, 176, 229, 344;
Egyptian, 322, 334 f.;
Cypriote, 343 f.;
Cyro-Cappadocian and Hittite, 344;
Cretan, 346
Cyprus, prehistoric pottery of, 341;
its alleged conquest by Sargon of Agade, 234, 343;
inadequate evidence for the theory, 343 f.;
extent of Babylonian influence in, 234, 343 ff.
Dada, patesi of Shuruppak, 283
Dada, magician, 237
Dagan, 284
Daggers, Sumerian, 79;
engraved panels from handles of, 81 f.
Damgalnunna, temple of, 294
Damik-ilishu, king of Isin, 309, 316 ff., 319;
in chronological table, 362
Date-formulÆ, 225, 257 f., 285, 295
Date-lists, 58
Dates, trade in, 237
DÂti-Enlil, father of Shar-Gani-sharri, 227, 232
Dating, methods of, 57 f., 168, 170, 219, 318
De Clercq Collection, 158, 218, 308
De la Fuÿe, Col. Allotte, 168 ff., 170, 173 ff.
De Lancy, BarrÉ, 218
De Morgan, J., 39, 66, 206, 212, 324, 330, 332, 335, 337,
339 ff., 356
De Sarzec, E., 17 ff., 77 f., 90, 92 f., 96, 130, 169, 258,
261, 266, 270, 332
Dead, treatment of the, 21, 26 f., 125, 138 ff., 149, 162, 331;
Egyptian worship of the, 334
Decadence, in Sumerian art, 82
Deification, of early Babylonian kings, 203, 222, 251, 273 f.,
288, 298 f., 310;
effect of, 300 ff.;
origin of, 273 f., 335
Deir, 37
Deke, 31
Delitzsch, Prof. Friedrich, 5, 12, 317
Delta, Egyptian, 2, 324, 334
Demonology, 76
Deportation, policy of, 239 f.
DÊr, 226, 285, 308
Dhorme, PÈre Paul, 228
Diarbekr, 244 f.
Dilbat, 319
Dilmun, 235, 262, 291
Diorite, 71;
from Magan, 242, 258, 262, 269 f.
Disk, from Phaestos, 346
Divination, by oil, 183
Diviners, professional, 183
Divorce, fees for, 183 f.;
abuse of, 184
DÎwÂnÎya, 85
Diyala, 287
Door-sockets, 219
Dorians, 50
Doves, as offerings, 128 f.
Dragons, in Sumerian art, 77
Drainage, systems of, 345
Dreams, of Eannatum, 124; of Gudea, 266
Dress, 41 ff., 111 f.
Drill, in engraving, 78, 344
Droop, J. P., 341
DubÂ'i, 31
Dudu, official at Ur-NinÂ's court, 113
Dudu, chief priest of Ningirsu under Entemena, 166 ff.;
perforated block of, 100, 110, 166
Duerst, Dr. J. Ulrich, 356
Dugru, of Ningirsu, 190
Dumuzi-abzu, 190
Dun-..., patron deity of Ur-NinÂ's dynasty, 109, 177
Dungi, king of Ur, policy of, 282;
empire of, 253, 285 f.;
his adoption of the bow, 286 f.;
Elamite campaigns of, 287;
provincial administration of, 288 ff.;
buildings of, 293 f.;
copper cone of, 256;
deification of, 274, 288;
cult of, 274, 298 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Dungi-Babbar, 295
Dunpae, 299
Dunshagga, 109, 181, 267;
temples to, 185, 264
DÛr-ilu, former reading of the name of Der, 226
DÛr-SharrukÎn, 217
DÛr-Sin, 206
Dynastic Chronicle, from Nippur, 59, 63, 279 f., 303,
308 f., 311 f., 315
Dynastic Egyptians, 323
Dynastic lists, 59
Dynasties, Babylonian, 62 f.
E-abzu, king of Umma, 97
E-anna, in Erech, 12, 33, 196, 280, 293;
in Lagash, 121, 161, 190, 264, 269, 273
E-babbar, in Sippar, 218, 268;
in Larsa, 186;
in Lagash, 186, 189
E-ditar-kalama, 319
E-engur, 190
E-khalbi, 294
E-kharsag, 294
E-kur, 32, 86, 88,193, 198, 201, 235, 281, 297
E-meslam, 293
E-meteursagga, 173
Enkhegal, king of Lagash, 106;
in chronological table, 360
Enki, 48, 84 f., 107, 128 f., 148, 167, 194, 246, 275, 301;
his temple in Eridu, 35 f., 108, 293, 298;
his temple in Girsu, 259
Enkigal, 158
Enkomi, 344
Enlil, 85, 101, 103 f., 128, 165 f., 193 f., 196, 198 f., 201,
289, 294, 297;
his temple at Nippur, 87 f., 219, 244, 281;
his temple in Lagash, 185, 189;
frontier shrine to, 127;
canal dedicated to, 107;
name of, 52
Enlil-bani, king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Enlitarzi, patesi of Lagash, 168 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Enlulim, 268
Enshagkushanna, lord of Sumer, 201;
in chronological table, 360
Ensignun, 259, 268
Entemena, patesi of Lagash, 52, 90, 125;
reign of, 161 ff.;
silver vase of, 78, 167 f.;

cone of, 100 ff., 117, 122, 126 f., 143, 154, 157 ff, 164 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Enzu, 84, 128 f., 148, 194
Eponym Lists, 62
Erech, 9 f., 12 f., 84, 104, 147, 152, 163, 186, 194 f., 198 ff,
214, 238, 240, 279 f., 293, 298, 304, 310 f., 313, 317 f.;
excavations at, 32 ff.;
see also Warka
Eridu, 6, 13,84 f., 148,152, 167, 197, 282, 293, 298, 310 f.;
excavations at, 35 f.;
see also AbÛ Shahrain Erinda, 246
Erythraean Sea, 53
Esar, king of Adab, 97 f.
Estates, purchase of, 206 ff.
Euphrates, names of, 9;
changes in course of, 7 ff.;
contrasted with Tigris, 11 f.;
period of high water in, 11 f.;
at Nippur, 88 f.
Evans, Dr. Arthur, 345 f.
Excavations, in Sumer and Akkad, 16 ff.;
in Egypt, 324 ff.;
in Persia, 335, 339 f.;
in Turkestan, 351 f., 355 f.
Eyes, of statues, 76, 212 f.
Face-paint, 330
FalÛja, 10, 38
FÂra, site of Shuruppak, 9, 28, 84;
excavations at, 24 ff.;
plan of, 25;
discoveries at, 3, 65, 89, 331, 345;
objects from, 73, 78, 283, 330
Fees, priestly, 181 f.;
of diviners, 183;
of the grand vizir and patesi, 183;
for divorce, 183
Fetish emblems, 329
Figurines, of terra-cotta, 342, 356;
in precious metals, 337
Fire-necropoles, so-called, 21
Fish, as offerings, 129
Fisher, C. S., 8, 86 ff.
Fishery inspectors, 181
Fish-men, 53
Fish-ponds, 182;
sacred, 268
Flint-knapping, 327
Flints, Egyptian, 2, 326 f.
Flute-player, to Ningirsu, 268
Forced labour, 164, 182;
see also Slaves
Fossey, Prof. Charles, 6, 17
Foucart, G., 329
Foundation-figures, 72 ff.
Foundation-offerings, 337
Fresnel, F., 218
Frontier-ditches, 126 ff., 153 f., 159, 162, 164 f.
Frontier-shrines, 127 f., 159
Funeral rites, 140 f.
Galalim, 185, 264, 267
Galu-andul, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Galu-Babbar, patesi of Umma, 23, 258;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-Bau, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-Gula, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-kazal, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Gankhar, 287, 301 f., 308
Garments, Sumerian and Semitic, 41 ff, 111 f.;
as fees, 181;
trade in, 237
Garstang, Prof. J., 341
Gatumdug, 108, 152, 168, 190, 264, 266, 269, 271
Gautier, J.-E., 220, 336, 340, 356
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 353
Geikie, Prof. James, 353
Genouillac, H. de, 112, 116, 162, 169 ff., 173, 176, 179, 184,
190, 193, 273
Geometric designs, on pottery, 341
Geshtin-anna, 259
Ghiaur Kala, 354
Gifts, accompanying the sale of land, 95, 207
GigunÛ, 274
Gikana, of Ninmakh, 189
Gilding, of carved stone objects, 270
Gilgamesh, figures identified with, 75 ff., 174 f.;
epic of, 9
Gimdunpae, wife of Gudea, 272
Gimil-ilishu, king of Isin, 309 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Gimil-Sin, king of Ur, 284;
reign of, 297 ff.;
cult of, 298, 301;
in chronological table, 362
Ginarbaniru, 190
Girnun, 268
Girsu, a division of Lagash, 108, 152, 163, 190, 193;
temples in, 259, 264, 296, 301;
House of, 91, 108;
wall of, 186;
canal of, 185
Gisha, 290
Gishkhu, Gishukh, former readings of the name of Umma, 21
Gladstone, Dr. J. H., 73
Gods, racial character of Sumerian, 47 ff.;
earliest Babylonian, 84 f.;
Sumerian and Egyptian, 325;
symbols for Egyptian, 329
Gold, despatch of, 237
Gold-dust, 261
Grain, as tribute, 127;
fees of, 182;
trade in, 237;
value of land reckoned in, 207
Grain-barges, 235, 262
Granary-inspectors, 181
Grand vizir, seal of, 236
Graves, at FÂra, 26 f.;
at Surgliul and El-Hibba, 21 f.;
at AbÛ Hatab, 30;
at Mukayyar, 30, 35;
at Warka, 34;
at Babylon, 30, 37;
at Susa, 331 f.;
at Mussian, 2;
in Egypt, 2, 326;
see also Burial
Greece, 341, 345, 347
Greek civilization, 1
Greek cross, 342
Greeks, 346
Grove, sacred, 189
Gu-edin, sacred land of Ningirsu, 117, 121 f., 126, 162;
its freedom from taxation, 271;
divisions of, 127;
Stele of, 154
Gubi, 262
Gubin, 261
Gudea, patesi of Lagash, 42 f., 47, 54, 242, 255, 279, 300, 348;
reign of, 259 ff.;
date of, 61, 64, 256, 276;
buildings of, 18 f., 90 f., 264 ff., 332;
monuments of, 47 f., 259 f., 270;
statutes of, 70 f., 260 ff., 269;
seal of, 48, 270;
cylinders of, 260, 266 f.;
sculpture of the period of, 66, 253, 333;
character of, 271 f.;
deification of, 272 ff.;
cult of, 274, 299;
in chronological table, 361
Gula, 113 f.
Gungunu, king of Ur, 311;
in chronological table, 362
Gunidu, father of Ur-NinÂ, 106
Gursar, grandfather of Ur-NinÂ, 106
Gutebu, 301
Gutiu, 55, 238;
slaves from, 238
Hadadnadinakhe, palace of, 18
Haematite, for face-paint, 330
Hagios Onuphrios, 346
Hair, treatment of the, 40 ff., 72, 97, 112
Halbherr, Prof., 346
HalÉvy, J., 4 ff., 52
Hall, H. R., 12, 266, 324, 334, 341, 343, 345
HammÂm, 9, 337
Jidr, 31
JÔkha, site of Umma, 9, 21 f.;
plan of, 22;
cones from, 23;
tablets from, 295
Ka-azag, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Ka-azag, father of Ninkagina, 255
Kadi, 101; temple of, 285
Kagalad, 261
Kal-Rukhuratir, patesi of Susa, 305
Kal-Uli, ancestor of Kuk-Nashur, 306
Kalki, seal of, 246
Kanizi, early official of Shuruppak, 95
Kara-Uyuk, pottery from, 341;
tablets from, 346
Kardaka, 301
Karkar, 164
Kashtubila, of Kazallu, 227
Kassite Dynasty, of Babylon, 62 f.;
period, 38, 89, 339, 342
Kassites, 162
Kazallu, 227, 286, 319
Kengi, 14
Ker Porter, Sir R., 39
Kerkha, 335
Kermanshah, 340
Kesh, 13, 128, 152
KhÂbÛr, 347
Khakhu, 261
Khala-Lama, daughter of Galu-khazal, 296
Khaladda, patesi of Shuruppak, 28, 283
Khamasi, 301
Khamazi, 103
Kharakene, kingdom of, 18
Kharshi, Kharishi, 287 f., 290
Khashkhamer, patesi of Ishkun-Sin, 281, 284
Khegir, 185
Khenda, 190
Khotan, 351 ff.
Khukhnuri, Khukhunuri, 290,

299
Khuluppu-trees, 261
Khummatur, possible reading of the name Lummadur, 161
Khumurti, 287 f.
Khunnini, patesi of Kimash, 291
Khurshitu, site of, 287
Khutran-tepti, Elamite dynasty of, 305 f.
Ki-babbar, 147
Ki-uri, 14
Ki-urra, 14
Kiab, 190
Kianki, 195 f.
Kids, fees of, 181 f.
Kilulla, seal of, 284
Kimash, 261, 288, 290 f.
King, early signification of the title, 106
Kingi, 14
Kings, deification of, 203, 222, 251, 273 f., 288, 298 f.,
300 ff., 310, 335;
Babylonian list of, 61 f.
Kinunir, 190
Kirman, 357
KisÂri, king of Gankhar, 308
Kish, site of, 8 f.,. 38 f.;
earliest kings of, 53, 99 ff, 202 f.;
Sumerian victories over, 144 ff., 152, 201 f.;
later kingdom of, 53, 65, 198, 203 ff., 210 f., 214 f., 226,
228, 230 ff., 249, 252;
deification of kings of, 251;
purchase of land at, 206;
commercial relations with Lagash, 238;
under Sumu-abu, 319
Kisurra, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 28 ff.;
destruction of, 31 f.;
brick from, 284;
see also AbÛ Hatab
Knives, panels from handles of, 81
Knossos, 345 f.
Koldewey, Dr. Robert, 20 f., 24, 37, 157, 160
Komorof, Gen., 355
Kopet Dagh, 354 f., 357
Koptos, 324
KubÂdh I., 8
Kudur-Nankhundi, king of Elam, 304 ff.
Kudurru-inscriptions, 143
KÛfa, 8, 10
Kugler, F. X., 297
Kuk-Kirmesh, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Kuk-Nashur, or Kukka-Nasher, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Kur-shesh, patesi of Umma, 209;
in chronological table, 360
Kurdistan, 86, 251
Kurgans, at Anau, 2, 355 f.
Kurna, 8
KÛt el-'AmÂra, 8
Kutir-Nakhkhunte, 306 f.
KutÛ, 232, 244
Kuyunjik, 217;
painted pottery from, 343;
Neolithic settlement at, 343
Lagash, 11, 13;
name and site of, 17;
excavations at, 17 ff.;
destruction of, 20, 31 f.;
early history of, 84, 98 ff.;
under Eannatum and his successors, 120 ff.;
sack of, 186 ff.;
under Erech and Ur, 197, 200;
under Semitic domination, 205, 244, 247 ff.;
later rulers of, 252 ff.;
in the kingdom of Sumer and Akkad, 277;
under the Dynasty of Ur, 290 f., 296, 298 f.;
emblem of, 78, 98, 100, 131, 160, 167, 174 f.;
see also Tello
Lagrange, PÈre M. J., 341
Lament on the fall of Lagash, 188 ff., 193
Lampre, G., 340, 356
Lance, votive, 229
Lance-bearers, Sumerian, 137
Land, system of tenure, 95;
purchase of, 206 ff.
Langdon, S., 51, 54, 57, 159
Lankuku, 306
Lapis-lazuli, 74 f., 104, 158, 266, 270, 357
Larsa, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 34;
as cult-centre, 84 f.;
history of, 147, 152, 195 f., 281, 310 f., 313, 317 f.;
see also Senkera Lasirab, king of Gutiu, 250
Laws, Sumerian, 184;
of Urukagina, 182 ff.;
of Hammurabi, 184;
of Nin and Ningirsu, 272;
of the Sun-god, 282;
see also Code
Le Strange, G., 8
Lebanon, 225, 334
Legends, Sumerian, 175;
Semitic, 77;
Egyptian, 323 f.;
of Sargon, 217, 226, 232
Legge, F., 329 f.
Lehmann-Haupt, Prof. C. F., 61, 63
Letters, royal, 238;
earliest example of a, 172
Libations, 48 f., 68, 140, 198
Libation-vase, 76 f.
Libation-water, 68
Libit-Ishtar, king of Isin, 284, 310 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Libit-Ishtar, governor of Sippar, 315 f.
Libyan settlers, in Egypt, 334
Lidda, child of Ur-NinÂ, 112;
sex of, 115 ff.
Likhatcheff, M., 173
Limestone, inlaying with, 212
Line-characters, 329
Lion, in decoration, 70, 79 f., 99 f., 229, 270 f.
Lion-headed eagle, of Ningirsu, 98 f.
Lipum, patesi of Anshan, 292
Lipush-Iau, 246
Literature, influence of Sumerian, 347
Liver-omens, 235
Loan-words, 52
Loaves, fees of, 181 f.;
as offerins, 198
LÓczy, Prof. de, 353
Loess, 353 f.
Loftus, W. K., 5, 9, 17, 28, 32 ff., 73
Loin-cloth, Semitic, 42
Lower Egypt, 325, 334
Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf, 194, 197, 262
Lower World, 274; see also Underworld
Lu-enna, priest of Ninmar, letter from, 172
Lugunutur, wife of Enlitarzi, 170
Lugal-anda, patesi of Lagash, 169 ff., 273;
sealings of, 173 ff.;
full name of, 169;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-andanushuga; see Lugal-anda
Lugal-bur, patesi of Lagash, 254 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Lugal-ezen, 112 f., 115
Lugal-ezendug, patesi of Nippur, 294
Lugal-kigub-nidudu, king of Erech and Ur, 199 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-kisalsi, king of Erech and Ur, 199 f., 268;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-kurdub, 267
Lugal-magurri, patesi of Ur and commander of the fortress, 299, 301
Lugal-me, 272
Lugal-shag-engur, patesi of Lagash, 99 f., 209 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-sisa, 267
Lugal-tarsi, king of Kish, 104;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-uru, 109, 168;
temple of, 190
Lugal-ushumgal, patesi of Lagash, 236 f., 241, 253 ff, 279;
in chronological table, 361
Lugal-zaggisi, king of Erech, 52, 163, 214;
his sack of Lagash, 188 ff., 210;
reign of, 193 ff.;
his western expedition, 197 f., 233, 335;
in chronological table, 360
Lulubu, 55, 242, 250, 287 f.
Luminadimdug Canal, 153, 161, 168
Lummagirnunta Canal, 154, 162
Lupad, 96 f.
Lyre-player, to the Moon-god 246
Mace-heads, in Babylonia and Egypt, 322, 333;
of Mesilim, 80, 99;
of Shar-Gani-sharri, 218;
of Lasirab, 250;
of Gudea, 270 f.;
supports for ceremonial, 111
Maciver, Prof. D. Randall, 327
Madga, 261, 291
Madka, 291
Magan, 14, 218, 238, 241 f., 258, 262
Ma'er, Mari, 97 f., 146
Magician, royal, 236
Makhar, 290
Makkan, 14
Mal-AmÎr, 336
Malachite, for face-paint, 330
Managers, of estates, 207 f.
Manishdussu, Manishduzzu, Anzanite forms of the name Manishtusu, 206
Manishtusu, king of Kish, 206 ff.;
campaigns of, 211 f., 224, 231;
obelisk of, 243, 251;
the Pir Hussein Stele, 244 ff.;
Omens of, 217, 241;
titles of, 242, 251;
deification of, 251, 343 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Narmer, 324
Naruti, 212 f.
Natik Effendi, 245
Naturalistic treatment, in Sumerian design, 80 f.;
in early Semitic sculpture, 252
Naville, Prof. E., 324, 326 f., 332
Nebuchadnezzar II., 37 f.
Nekhune, 290
Neo-Anzanite texts, 337
Neolithic period, in Babylonia, 2 f., 322, 342 f.;
remains of, at Nineveh, 343;
at Susa, 340;
at Mussian, 2, 340;
at Anau, 2, 341;
in Egypt, 1 f., 323;
in Aegean and Mediterranean areas, 1 f.;
in Northern Greece, 341;
wares of the, 340 ff.
Nergal, 38, 289, 293
Nets, of the gods, 128 ff., 165, 220, 229
New Moon, Feast of the, 298 f.
Newberry, P. E., 325, 334
Nidaba, 190 f., 194, 196, 266
Niebuhr, Carl, 219
Niffer, site of Nippur, 8 f., 85;
excavations at, 86;
votive inscriptions from, 204,

206;
dated tablets from, 309;
contracted burials at, 331;
see also Nippur
Nin-azag-nun, 259
Nin-Isin, 313
NinÂ, goddess, 108, 111, 152 f., 164 f., 168, 185, 190, 206,
254 f., 264, 266, 271 f., 275, 296
NinÂ, division of Lagash, 108
Ninab, possible reading of the name Ninni-esh, 163
Ninabukhadu, 194 f.
Ninagal, 259
Nindar, 190, 259, 264
Nindub, 266
Nineveh, 4;
Neolithic settlement at, 343
Ningal, 298
Ningandu, wife of Nammakhni, 255
Ningirsu, 43, 84, 127, 156, 164 ff., 168, 172, 177, 180 f.,
184 f., 190 f., 259, 271;
temple of, 89 f., 95, 99 f., 108 f., 111, 113, 123, 155,
266 ff., 298;
laws of, 272;
emblem of, 98, 100, 175;
representations of, 67, 130 f., 156
Ningirsu-ushumgal Canal, 271
Ningishzida, Gudea's patron deity, 47, 108, 264, 266;
monsters of, 76 f.;
temple of, 264, 269, 273;
representation of, 47
Ninib, 294
Ninkagina, 255
Ninkharsag, 13, 121, 127 f., 148, 168, 194, 289;
temple of, 259, 264, 269, 273;
Marsh of, 206
Ninki, 128 f.
Ninlil, 104, 281
Ninmakh, 168, 189
Ninmar, 108, 172, 259, 296
Ninni, 84, 104, 145, 194, 310;
her temple at Erech, 33,196, 280, 298;
her temples at Lagash, 161, 190, 259, 264;
her temple at Ninni-esh, 244;
representations of, 135, 250
Ninni-esh, 163, 195 f., 238, 244
Ninsar, 185
Ninshakh, Urukagina's patron deity, 177
Nintud, 273
Niphates, 11
Nippur, site of, 8 f.;
excavations at, 32, 85 ff.;
early Babylonian plan of, 87;
plan of the inner city at, 86, 88;
character and history of, 13, 51 f., 85 ff., 98, 107, 185,
198, 238, 293 f., 310 f.;
buildings at, 86 ff., 219, 235, 244, 281, 345;
objects and inscriptions from, 48 f., 73, 102 f., 193, 199,
201, 279 f., 311;
see also Niffer
Noeldeke, A., 24 f., 28 f.
North Africa, 323, 352
Northern Babylonia, Semitic immigration into, 214, 230, 250 f., 358;
see also Akkad
Northern China, 353
Northern Greece, prehistoric pottery from, 341
Northern Syria, 347
Nubia, 327
Nudubtum, seal of, 344
Nuffar, 85; see Niffer
Numeration, systems of, 339
Nusku, 294
Nutugmushda, 286
Oannes, 53
Oaths, ratification of, 128
Obelisk, of Manishtusu, 95,176, 203;
description of, 206 ff.;
names from, 222, 238
Obsidian implements, from Kuyunjik, 343
Offerings, votive, 199;
funerary, 140 f.
Officials, 179 ff.;
orders for supplies for, 290 f.
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M. H., 344
Oil, divination by, 183;
for embalming, 332
Omen-texts, historical traditions in, 206, 219, 304, 309
Omens, of Sargon and NarÂm-Sin, 217, 219 f., 224 f., 233 ff., 240 f.;
consultation of the, 266, 348
Opis, site of, 11,13, 38 f.;
history of, 145 f., 152, 202, 226
Oppert, Jules, 4, 217 f.
Overseers, of landed property, 207 f., 210 f.
Painting, of the body, 27
Palace-chamberlain, 276
Palace Tell, at Tello, 18, 90 f.
Palaeoliths, 2
Palaikastro, 346 f.
Palermo Stele, 334
Palettes, early Egyptian, 27, 330
Pamirs, 351
Parthian fortress, 89;
palace, 18
Patesi, signification of the title, 106;
in relation to the city-god, 101 f., 181, 268;
decrease in influence of, 173, 295 f., 302
Patron deities, 47, 108 f., 177, 264, 266;
on cylinder-seals, 344
Perforated plaques, 68, 98,110 f.
Perquisites, of the priesthood, 180 ff.
Perrot, G., 66
Persia, 1, 39, 55, 245
Persian Gulf, 6 f., 53, 62 f., 211, 234 f., 242, 251, 262, 279, 320
Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, 330, 334
Petticoat, Sumerian, 42 f.
Phaestos, 346;
disk from, 346
Pictographs, Minoan, 345
Pictorial writing, systems of, 328 f.
Picture characters, 3
Pilasters, 264
Pinches, T. G., 218
Pir Hussein, 42, 244 f.
Plaid, Semitic, 42
Plans, Babylonian, 87 f., 260, 265
Plane-trees, 261
Plano-convex bricks, 26, 35, 91, 94, 332
Plaster, 262
Plating, with copper, 74
Poebel, A., 63, 312
Population, transference of, 208, 238 ff.
Post-Sargonic, use of term, 216, 228
Pot-burials, 30, 34, 37
Pottery, Sumerian, 3, 342;
Elamite, 340 f.;
Cappadocian, 341;
Egyptian, 326 ff.
Prayer, of dedication, 198
Predynastic Egyptians, 323 ff.
Prehistoric period, in Babylonia, 2 f., 84 ff, 322, 343;
in Elam, 2, 339 f., 342;
in Egypt, 1 f., 322 ff.
Pre-Sargonic, use of term, 216, 228
Presents, accompanying a sale of land, 95, 207
Price, Prof. Ira M., 266
Prices, regulation of, 182
Priesthood, power of the Sumerian, 167 f., 172 f.;
exactions of the, 180 f.
Proto-Elamite, system of writing, 338 f.
Ptolemaic Canon, 62
Pukhia, king of Khurshitu, 287
Pumpelly, Raphael, 2, 332, 341, 351 f., 357;
expeditions of, 351 ff.
Punt, 334
PÛr-Sagale, 62
PÛr-Sin; see BÛr-Sin
Purification, rites of, 266 f.
Racial types, 41 f., 334;
sculpture of, 213, 220 f., 228 f., 243, 251, 253;
hypothetical Egyptian invasion of, 323 ff., 328
Semitisms, 52
Senkera, site of Larsa, 9;
excavations at, 34;
inscriptions from, 281, 311, 314
Sennacherib, 37, 217, 235
Ser-i-Pul-i-Zohab, 250
Serpents, in Sumerian art, 76
Shabara, 290
Shad-Bitkim, Field of, 206
Shagarakti-Buriash, 268
Shagpada, 190
Shagshag, wife of Urukagina, 170, 176, 273
Shakanshabar, 267 f.
Shakh, conquest of, 150
Shakh, royal steward, 170
Shakh-Bau, 171
Shamash, 212, 218, 223, 231, 244, 289
Shar-Gani-sharri, king of Akkad, reign of, 216 ff.;
his identification with Saigon, 216 ff., 220 ff., 227 f.;
conquests of, 225 ff., 233, 240, 335, 343;
in relation to Cyprus, 234 f., 343 f.;
administrative system of, 236 ff.;
empire of, 197 f., 203, 215, 252;
buildings of, 199, 219, 226, 235 f.;
mace-head of, 218;
stele of victory possibly his, 248 f.;
name of, 218, 228;
deification of, 251;
date of, 65;
in chronological table, 361
Sharlak. king of KutÛ, 232
Sharru-Gi, king of Kish, 221 ff., 228 ff.;
name of, 221 f., 224, 227 f.;
son of, 223;
date of, 53, 65, 222;
in chronological table, 360
Sharru-Gi-ili, 222
Sharru-uktn, 217, 221, 228
Shashru, 288, 299
Shatra, 112
Shatt 'AteshÂn, 10
Shatt el-'Arab, 18
Shatt el-Farakhna, 11
Shatt el-Hai, 8, 11, 21, 31, 101
Shatt el-KÂr, 8 f., 11, 21, 23 f., 28, 31
Shatt en-NÎl, 8 f., 86, 89
Shaving, Sumerian practice of, 40 ff., 97
ShÊkh Bedr, 11
Shell, Sumerian use of, 41, 76, 78 ff., 332
Shemsu-Hor, 324
Shid-tab, 206
Shields, Sumerian, 137 f., 286
Shilkhak-In-Shushinak, 336
Shilkhakha, sukkal of Elam, 306
Shimash, 290
Shimbi-ishkhuk, 289
Ships, 262, 334
Shirpurla, Lagash, 17; see Lagash
Shirukdu', Shirukdukh, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Shrines, local, 84 f.
ShumerÛ, 14
Shumu-abi, 307
Shunet ez-ZebÎb, 323
Shurippak, 9
Shuruppak, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 24 ff.;
destruction of, 31 f.;
god of, 84;
inscriptions from, 95, 283;
see also FÂra
Shushinak, 290, 337
Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, 212, 243, 337
Sigbirra, 155
Sigiresh, 290
Silver, engraving upon, 78, 167;
as standard of exchange, 207;
from the mountains, 262
Simanu, 299
Simash, 306, 308
Simashgi, 290
Simebalar-khuppak, sukkal of Elam, 306
Simuru, 287 f., 299
Sin, 244, 289; see also Nannar
Sin-idinnam, 9
Sin-ikisha, king of Isin, 309, 312 f., 319;
in chronological table, 362
Sin-magir, king of Isin, 309, 319;
in chronological table, 362
Sin-muballit, 63 f., 314, 316 ff.
Sinai, 40
Sinaitic peninsula, 242
Sippar, site of, 8 f., 13;
excavations at, 37;
history of, 85, 203, 205, 212, 218, 223, 244, 250, 310, 319;
see also AbÛ Habba Siri, 290
Siu, 290
Skins, clothing of, 42, 138
Skulls, measurement of, 328
Slate-carvings, Egyptian, 322, 324, 330, 334
Slavery, 184
Slaves, public, 300;
sacred, 184;
foreign, 238;
recruiting of, 291 f.
Smith, Dr. Elliot, 328
Smith, George, 39, 217 f.
Sneferu, 334
Somaliland, 334
Sorcerers, 267
Southern Arabia, 323, 334
Spear, or lance, Sumerian use of, 286
Spouting vase, symbol of the, 48
Stamps, for reliefs, 166
Standards, carried in battle, 243;
of a goddess, 133
Statues, Sumerian, 71 f.;
early Semitic, 212 f.;
of Manishtusu, 212 f.;
of Ur-Bau, 70;
of Gudea, 70 f., 260 ff., 269;
symbolical names for, 272 f.;
offerings to, 272 f.;
significance of, 273
Stein, M. Aurel, 351 ff., 357
StelÆ, of delimitation, 122, 126 ff., 164;
of victory, 143, 228, 243, 247 ff., 251
Stewards, 170, 246
Stilus, 265, 345
Stone, rare in Sumer, 202;
Egyptian vessels of, 327
Storehouses, 91 ff., 185, 297
Storm-god, West Semitic, 344
Strong drink, fees of, 181
Su-people, 301
Subartu, 227
SÛk el-'Afej, 9, 85
Sukkal-makh, title, 301
Sukkallu, significance of title, 306 ff.
Sumer, limits of, 6 f., 12 f.;
names for, 13 ff.;
inhabitants of, 40 ff.;
system of land tenure in, 95
Sumerian civilization, age of, 56 ff.;
achievements of, 66 ff.;
influence of, 321 ff.;
Sumerian reaction, under the kings of Ur, 48, 253, 283 f.;
"Sumerian controversy," 4 ff.
Sumerians, racial characteristics of, 40 ff.;
racial affinity of, 54 f.;
female types of, 71 f.;
position of women among, 116, 286;
original home of, 53 f., 351, 357 f.;
earliest settlements of, 3, 84 ff., 90 ff.;
their weapons and method of fighting, 50, 136 f., 286 f.;
close of political career of, 320
Sumu-abu, 307, 319
Sumu-ilu, king of Ur, 313;
in chronological table, 362
Sun-god, temples of, 37, 186, 189, 311;
laws of, 184, 282;
see also Babbar, Shamash
Sun-worship, Babylonian centres of, 84 f.;
Egyptian, 334
Sunanam, 150
Surghul, 89, 331, 345;
excavations at, 20 f.
Susa, excavations at, 2, 39 f., 206, 305, 335, 339 f., 356;
first settlement at, 330 f.;
earliest form of burial at, 331 f.;
"second period" at, 333;
objects from, 211 ff., 216, 220, 241, 243, 330, 333;
early patesis of, 231, 243;
native Elamite rulers of, 305 ff.;
history of, 243, 261 f., 284, 290 f., 299, 304
Symbolism, in writing, 329 f.
Synchronisms, 57, 62 ff, 255 f., 276, 307
Syria, 55, 225, 234, 261 f., 270, 300, 322, 334 f., 341, 343, 347;
coast of, 198, 233, 258, 333, 358;
Northern, 347
Syro-Arabian desert, 7
Syro-Cappadocian cylinder-seals, 343 f.;
pottery, 343
Tablets, 3, 28, 37, 309;
from Tello, 20, 171, 219, 254, 256 f., 293
Taklamakan Desert, 351 f.
Tarim basin, 351
Taurus, 11, 86, 244, 347
Tax-gatherers, 180
Taylor, Col. J. E., 5, 17, 30, 34 ff, 217
Tell, of the Tablets, 20;
"de la Maison des Fruits," 20
Tell IbrÂhÎm, site of Cutha, 8 f., 37 f.
Tell 'Îd, 23
Tell Lahm, 36
Tell ManjÛr, 39
Tell MedÎna, 34
Tell Sifr, 34, 73, 314, 317 f.
Tello, site of Lagash, 17;
excavations at, 17 ff.;
plan of, 19;
remains of buildings at, 89 ff.;
objects from, 20, 41 f., 284
Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash, 19,70, 90 f., 254 f., 258 f., 351;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Bau, son of BÛr-Sin I., 297
Ur-Dunpae, 301
Ur-E, patesi of Lagash, 254 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 64, 253, 276;
reign of, 278 ff.;
buildings of, 219, 280 f.;
architectural development under, 263 f.;
deification of, 274;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Enlil, patesi of Nippur, 98
Ur-gar, patesi of Lagash, 255, 258;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-gigir, patesi of Adamdun, 292
Ur-ilim, patesi of Susa, 231
Ur-Khumma, possible reading of the name Urlumma, 158
Ur-Lama I., patesi of Lagash, 296;
cult of, 274, 299;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Lama II., patesi of Lagash, 296, 301;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-mama, patesi of Lagash, 254;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-nabbad, patesi of Nippur, 294
Ur-nesu, patesi of Umma, 295;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-NinÂ, king of Lagash, reign of, 106 ff.;
date of, 65;
store-house of, 20, 90 ff.;
bas-reliefs of, 41, 98, 110 ff.;
close of dynasty of, 168 f.;
offerings to statue of, 169, 273;
in chronological table, 360
Ur-Ningirsu, patesi of Lagash, reign of, 274 ff.;
his relations to the Dynasty of Ur, 64, 255;
engraved shell of, 81;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Ningirsu, priest of NinÂ, probably to be identified
with the patesi, 255, 274 ff.
Ur-Ningislizida, patesi of Ashnunnak, 306
Ur-Ninib, king of Isin, 309 ff.,
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Ninpa, in chronological table, 361
Ur-Pasag, patesi of Dungi-Babbar, 295
Ura-imitti, king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Urbillu, 287 f., 299, 301 f.
Uri-zi, 109, 255, 268
Urkarinnu-wood, 261
Urkium, patesi of Susa, 291, 305
Urlumma, patesi of Umma, 158 ff., 160 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Urmi, Lake, 197
Urnuntaea, 185
Urri, 290
Ursu, 261
Ur tar, 170
Uru, a division of Lagash, 108, 259
Uru-azagga, a division of Lagash, 108;
temples in, 259, 264; fortification of, 153
Urukagina, king of Lagash, reign of, 176 ff.;
date of, 65, 209 f.;
reforms of, 177 ff., 348;
buildings of, 185 ff.;
family of, 170 f., 176, 184;
fate of, 193;
predecessors of, 169 ff.;
records from inscribed plaque of, 158 f., 178, 186;
in chronological table, 360
Urukagina, son of Engilsa, 176, 209 f.
Urukagina, father of Abba-dugga, 313
Urumush, or Rimush, king of Kish, reign of, 203 ff.;
fate of, 205 f., 240;
period of, 53, 210 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Urzage, king of Kish, 103 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ush, patesi of Umma, 122, 124, 126, 158 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ushu-wood, 261
Ut-napishtim, 9
Utug, patesi of Kish, 102 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Uzargarshana, 301
Van, Lake, 197
Vases, votive, 193, 199 ff., 204;
for libations, 76 f.;
for body-paint, 330
Vegetable motives, on Elamite painted pottery, 341
Visions; see Dreams
Vultures, Stele of the, description of, 129 ff.;
referred to, 42 f., 48, 105, 117 f., 120 ff, 127, 136, 142,
220, 228 f., 330 ff.;
origin of popular name of, 125
Wage, A. J. B., 341
WÂdi HammamÂt, 323
Ward, W. Hayes, 65, 78
Warka, site of Erech, 9;
excavations at, 32 ff.;
plan of, 33;
bricks from, 280;
contracted burials at, 331
Water, for libation, 198
Wax writing-tablet, origin of, 346
Weapons, 73;
Sumerian, 50, 136 f., 286 f.;
Semitic, 247, 286
Weights, 294 f.
Weissbach, Prof. F. H., 6, 38, 319
Well, of Eannatum, 93, 155
West, Sea of the, 234;
Wall of the, 300;
extent of Babylonian influence in the, 234 f., 343 ff.
Western Asia, 3; early ceramics of, 341
Western Semites, origin of the, 55;
their destruction of Sumerian towns, 32;
invasions of, 315 f.
Wheat, cultivation of, 323, 357;
original home of, 332;
in earliest stratum at Anau, 332
Wigs, Sumerian, 43, 46, 138
Wine, fees of, 181 f.
Winckler, Prof. Hugo, 14, 61, 103, 219, 235, 275, 317, 344 f.
Wind-erosion, effects of, 353
Wizards, 267
Women, position and rights of, 116, 184, 286;
clothing of, 42;
Sumerian statuettes of, 71 f.
Woolley, C. L., 327
Worship, scenes of, 44
Writing, invention of cuneiform, 3, 329 f., 347;
Elamite forms of, 337 ff.;
origin of Egyptian system of, 325, 328 f.;
Hittite, 339; Minoan, 345
Wuswas, 33
YÂkÛt, 8
Yotkan, 353, 357
Yurung-kash, 354
ZÂb, Lower, 232
Zabalu-wood, 261
Zabshali, 299
Zagros mountains, 55, 302;
pass, 250
Zakhara, 225 f.
Zakro, sealings from, 346
Zamama, 103;
temple of, 39
Zambia, king of Isin, 313;
in chronological table, 362
Zarik, patesi of Susa, 291, 305
Zarzari, 185
Zaula, 290
Ziggurat, institution of the, 53 f.;
at Nippur, 89;
of Gudea, 264 f.
Zimanak, Field of, 206
Zimmern, Prof. Heinrich, 54 f.
Zuzu, king of Opis, 146;
in chronological table, 360

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