[2:1] Carwithen, Hist. Ch. of England, i. 554, 2nd ed.

[2:2] Instit. I. c. xiii. § 29. "There is," says Calvin, "nothing more abominable than that trash which is in circulation under the name of Ignatius."

[3:1] The Apostolic Fathers, Part II., S. Ignatius, S. Polycarp. Revised texts, with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations. By J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Bishop of Durham. London 1885.

[4:1] Expositor for Dec. 1885, p. 401. London, Hodder & Stoughton.

[6:1] Vol. i. p. 316.

[6:2] Pref. I. vii.

[6:3] Vol. i. p. 107.

[7:1] Monk's Life of Bentley, ii. p. 44, ed. 1833. Monk adds, that the affair was "the talk of the Long Vacation"—a clear proof that the truth of the statement was indisputable.

[7:2] See my Old Catholic Church, p. 398, Edinburgh 1871; and Appendix No. 1 to this Reply.

[7:3] Vol. i. p. 321, note.

[8:1] Vol. i. p. 316.

[8:2] Vol. i. p. 321.

[8:3] Vol. i. p. 320.

[9:1] See Expositor for Dec. 1885, p. 403.

[9:2] Vol. ii. sec. i. p. 436.

[10:1] Vol. i. p.345.

[11:1] Vol. i. p. 331.

[11:2] See Lightfoot, vol. i. p. 131.

[12:1] See Expositor for Dec. 1885, p. 404.

[13:1] Page v.

[15:1] Preface, p. vi.

[16:1] Contra Haer. iii. 3. 4.

[16:2] Vol. ii. sec. i. p. 446.

[16:3] Ibid.

[17:1] Vol. i. p. 380. He says elsewhere "almost simultaneously," vol. i. p. 382.

[17:2] § 4, 5, 6. It is worthy of remark that Eusebius notices the letter of Polycarp, not along with the Ignatian Epistles, but in connection with the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurelius. See Eusebius, Book IV. chap. xiv.

[18:1] The words "for kings" of this part of the letter are extant only in a Latin version. The passage in the Latin stands thus: "Orate etiam, pro regibus et potestatibus et principibus."

[18:2] As the great monarch of Assyria surveyed the potentates under his dominion, he was tempted to exclaim vaingloriously, "Are not my princes all of them kings?" Isa. x. 8, Revised Version. The emperor of Rome might have uttered the same proud boast.

[18:3] Vol. i. p. 576.

[18:4] Ibid. In support of this view Dr. Lightfoot appeals to 1 Tim ii. 2, where the apostle says that "supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks," as circumstances required, should be made "for kings and all that are in authority." Paul is here giving general directions suited to all time; but Polycarp is addressing himself to the Philippians, and furnishing them with instructions adapted to their existing condition.

[19:1] Vol. i. p. 407

[21:1] § 13. This part of the letter is only extant in the Latin version. Its words are: "De ipso Ignatio, et de his qui cum eo sunt, quod certius agnoveritis, significate." Dr. Lightfoot admits that "it was made from an older form of the Greek" than any of the existing Greek MSS., vol. ii. § ii. p. 201. He vainly tries to prove that the words "qui cum eo sunt" must be a mistranslation. They do not suit his theory. They imply that Ignatius and his party were still living when the letter was written.

[21:3] See Dr. Lightfoot, vol. i. p. 23, and Zahn, Ignatius von Antiochien, pp. 28 and 401.

[21:4] This road was several hundred miles in length.

[22:2] Vol. ii. sec. ii. p. 921, note.

[23:1] "Si quis vadit ad Syriam, deferat literas meas, quas fecero ad vos." This is the reading of the old Latin version, which, as Dr. Lightfoot tells us, "is sometimes useful for correcting the text of the extant Greek MSS." Vol. ii. sec. ii. p. 901. Even some of the Greek MSS. read, not [Greek: par humon] but [Greek: par haemon]. This reading is found in some copies of Eusebius and in Nicephorus, and is followed by Rufinus. See Jacobson, Pat. Apost. ii. 488, note.

[24:1] The apostles and elders assembled at Jerusalem directed their letters to the brethren "in Antioch, and Syria, and Cilicia," Acts xv. 23; but, according to Dr. Lightfoot and his supporters, Ignatius ignores his own city, though one of the greatest in the empire, and remembers only the province to which it belonged!

[25:1] Epistle to Polycarp, § 7.

[26:1] The words may be literally translated, "If any one is going to Syria, he might convey to you my letters which I shall have finished," that is, which I have ready. Friendly letters were then generally much longer than in our day, as the opportunities of transmitting them were few; and much longer time was occupied in their preparation.

[27:1] [Greek: Psuria]—see the Iliad and Odyssey, by J. B. Friedreich, p. 64. Erlangen 1856. It is mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey, lib. iii. 171. See also Dunbar's Greek Lexicon, art. [Greek: Psuria].

[27:2] Mr. Gladstone has remarked that "the [Greek: Suriae naesos], or Syros, has the same bearing in respect to Delos as [Greek: Psuriae] in respect to Chios."—Studies on Homer, vol. iii. 333, note.

[28:1] See Homer, Odyssey, xv. 402. See the note in the Odyssey, by F. H. Rothe, pp. 233-34. Leipsic 1834. In the Latin version of Strabo we have these words: "Videtur sub-Syriae nomine mentionem facere Homerus his quidem verbis:—

Strabo, Rer. Geog. lib. x. p. 711. Oxford 1807. The passage in Homer is thus rendered by Chapman:—

The present inhabitants of this island call themselves [Greek: Surianoi] or Syrians. See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, art. "Syros."

[28:2] Bingham's Origines Ecclesiasticae, iii. 196. London 1840.

[28:3] Smith's Assyrian Discoveries, p. 22. London 1875.

[29:1] Smith, p. 21.

[29:2] Dr. Lightfoot imagines that he has discovered a wonderful confirmation of his views in the word "likewise" which here occurs (vol. i. p. 574). It is not easy to see the force of his argument; but, with the explanations given in the text, the word has peculiar significance. It implies that whilst the messenger was to carry the letters from Smyrna to Syria, he was also, or likewise, to bring back Smyrna the letters sent to Syria from Philippi.

[30:1] Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, § 11.

[30:2] Zahn speaks of the mission to Antioch as "senseless, even considering the time of the year."—Ignatius von Antiochien, p. 287.

[34:1] I was myself so much impressed at one time by Dr. Lightfoot's reasoning in the Contemporary Review (May 1875), that I actually adopted his reckoning as to the date of Polycarp's death in a late edition of my Ancient Church; but, on more mature consideration, I have found it to be quite untenable.

[34:2] Vol. i. p. 629.

[34:3] Vol. i. pp. 629, 630.

[35:1] Vol. i. p. 630.

[37:1] Lightfoot, vol. i. p. 632.

[37:2] Ibid.

[37:3] Vol. i. p. 148.

[37:4] Vita Malchi, Opera iv. pp. 90, 91. Paris 1706.

[38:1] DÖllinger's Hippolytus and Callistus, by Plummer, pp. 79, 80. Edinburgh 1876.

[38:2] Vol. i. p. 633.

[39:1] Dr. Lightfoot is not supported in his chronology by his favourite Zahn, who places the date of the martyrdom of Polycarp after the death of Peregrinus, in A.D. 165.—Ignatius von Antiochien, p. 517.

[40:1] Vol. i. p. 451.

[40:2] Vol. i. p. 635.

[41:1] Vol. i. p. 640.

[41:2] Vol. i. pp. 639, 640.

[42:1] Vol. i. 610.

[42:2] Ibid. Even the manuscript authorities of this postscript differ as to the name. According to some, the prenomen was Statius; according to others, Stratius; according to another, Tatius; whilst in another the name is omitted altogether. See Lightfoot, vol. i. p. 656, note; vol. ii. sec. ii. p. 984; see also Jacobson, ii. p. 593.

[43:1] It is probable that the postscript was written many years after the event; and, under these circumstances, the writer may have mistaken the name of the proconsul at the time. Eusebius seems to have known nothing of this postscript, and it is now impossible to tell when it was added.

[43:2] Ummidius Quadratus, in A.D. 167, was associated with the Emperor Lucius Verus in the consulship; and it would appear that about A.D. 169—on the ground of exceptional ability and influence—he was appointed to the proconsulship of Asia.

[43:3] Vol. i. pp. 460, 463. In another case we find the proconsul Sergius Paulus styled incorrectly Servillius Paullus, vol. i. p. 494. See also i. p. 508.

[44:1] It is stated in this same postscript, that "Philip of Tralles was high priest," or Asiarch, at the time of the martyrdom of Polycarp. From this fact Dr. Lightfoot has endeavoured to derive support for his chronology. His argument is, however, quite inconclusive. The dignity of Asiarch could be enjoyed only by the very rich, as none others could sustain the expense of it; and the same individual might hold it for years together, as well as again and again. The Philip of whom Dr. Lightfoot speaks, had a son of the same name, who may also have been high priest or Asiarch. See Lightfoot, vol. i. pp. 612, 613, 615, 616.

[44:2] Euseb. iv.

[45:1] Vol. i. p. 443.

[45:2] Vol. i. p. 343.

[45:3] Vol. i. pp. 443-44.

[46:1] Vol. i. p. 510.

[46:2] § 2.

[46:3] See Neander, i. p. 147. Edinburgh 1847.

[46:4] Neander, i. p. 146.

[47:1] Antoninus Pius became emperor in A.D. 138.—Lightfoot, i. p. 703. Hadrian died on the 10th of July of that year.—Ibid.

[47:2] Book iv. 10.

[47:3] Book iv. 11. Dr. Lightfoot states that Eusebius had lists of Roman and Alexandrian bishops, "giving the lengths of their respective terms of office," vol. ii. sec. i. p. 451. It is said that Hippolytus was the first who ever made a chronological list of the Bishops of Rome.—DÖllinger's Hippolytus and Callistus, p. 337.

[50:1] § 8, 9.

[50:2] Vol. i. p. 703.

[50:3] Vol. i. p. 650.

[51:1] Vol. i. p. 273.

[53:1] Contra Haer. lib. v. c. 28. §4.

[54:1] Dr. Lightfoot seems to have been in a condition of strange forgetfulness when he asks, "Why does not Irenaeus quote Polycarp's Epistle?"—vol. i. p. 328. The simple answer is that he mentions the Epistle, and quotes Polycarp by name as a witness against the heretics. Contra Haer. book iii. c. 3. § 4.

[55:1] Eusebius, v. c. i. The writer here mentions a number of individuals by name, who were at this time "led into the amphitheatre to the wild beasts."

[55:2] Professor Harnack says: "If we do not retain the Epistle of Polycarp, then we must allow that the external evidence on behalf of the Ignatian Epistles is exceedingly weak, and hence is highly favourable to the suspicion that they are spurious."—Expositor for Jan. 1886, p. 11. We have seen, however, that the Epistle of Polycarp furnishes no evidence in their favour. See Chap. II.

[56:1] Vol. i. p. 578.

[57:1] Vol. i. p. 579.

[57:2] Vol. i. p. 580.

[57:3] Vol. i. p. 39.

[57:4] Vol. i. p. 583.

[57:5] To the Trallians, § 10.

[58:1] To the Romans, § 5.

[58:2] To the Trallians, § 4.

[58:3] To the Smyrnaeans, § 4.

[58:4] To the Romans, § 4.

[58:5] Letter of the Smyrnaeans relating to the death of Polycarp, § 4.

[58:6] To the Smyrnaeans, § 9.

[58:7] Polycarp to the Philippians, Section § 1, 5, 10.

[58:8] § 4, 6.

[59:1] To the Philad. § 3. To the Smyrnaeans, § 9. To Polycarp, § 6.

[59:2] The Ancient Church, Period II. sec. ii. chap. ii., iii.

[59:3] Epistle to the Philippians, pp. 181-269.

[60:1] Vol. i. p. 377.

[60:2] 1 Tim. i. 3, iii. 5.

[61:1] Acts xx. 28, 31.

[61:2] 1 Tim. iv. 14.

[62:1] Comment. in Titum.

[62:2] Gal. ii. 9.

[63:1] Philippians. Essay, pp. 216, 218.

[63:2] Dr. Lightfoot, as we have seen, here completely mistakes the date of the Epistle of Polycarp.

[63:3] Philippians, p. 226.

[63:4] Ibid. p. 227.

[63:5] Ibid. p. 226.

[64:1] See my Ancient Church, 4th edition, pp. 470-71. New York 1883.

[64:2] Vol. i. p. 377.

[64:3] It is quite clear that the bishops of whom Irenaeus speaks were not a distinct order from presbyters. Thus he says, "It is incumbent to obey the presbyters who are in the Church, those who possess the succession from the apostles, and who together with the succession of the episcopate have received the certain gift of truth." ... "It behoves us ... to adhere to those who ... hold the doctrine of the apostles, and who, together with the order of the presbytery, display sound speech and blameless conduct."—Contra Haer. lib. iv. c. 26, § 2, 4.

[65:1] Irenicum, part ii. chap. 7.

[65:2] Contra Haer. iii. 3, 4.

[65:3] "It is," says he, "at all events not likely," vol. i. p. 425.

[66:1] 1 Tim. i. 18.

[66:2] If he was eighty-six years of age at the time of his martyrdom in A.D. 169, he was born A.D. 83.

[67:1] Even Eusebius has given some countenance to this practice. See his Evangelical Preparation, xii. c. 31.

[68:1] DÖllinger's Hippolytus and Callistus, p. 113.

[69:1] § 9. See this letter in Appendix II.

[70:1] Vol. i. p. 383. It is worthy of note that, in this Epistle to the Romans, Antioch is not named. Ignatius speaks of himself as "the bishop from Syria," § 2. He thus seeks to identify himself with the Ignatius mentioned in the Epistle of Polycarp, who speaks of sending letters to Syria.

[71:1] Vol. ii. sec. i. p. 186.

[72:1] Lightfoot, vol. ii. sec. i. pp. 435, 445.

[72:2] Vol. i. p. 46.

[73:1] Euseb. v. c. 24.

[74:1] Eph. § 6; Magn. § 6.

[74:2] Rom. § 4.

[74:3] Eph. § 12; Rom. § 4; Trallians, § 3.

[74:4] Eph. § 9.

[75:1] Polycarp, § 6.

[75:2] Smyrnaeans, § 5; Philad. § 6.

[75:3] Philosophumena, Book IX.

[75:4] Eph. § 1.

[75:5] Rom. § 6.

[76:1] Vol. i. p. 329.

[76:2] Philippians, p. 236.

[77:1] Cyprian could not sympathize with this Ignatius in his passion for martyrdom. The Bishop of Carthage incurred some odium by retiring to a place of safety in a time of persecution.

[77:2] Philippians, Essay 237.