[1] Thesis published in 1902. Translator, M. D. Eder, M.D.

[2] Arch. f. Psych., XXXIII. p. 928.

[3] Richer, "Études cliniques sur l'hystÉro-Épilepsie," p. 483.

[4] Idem, l.c., p. 487; cp. also Erler, Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, XXXV. p. 28; also Culerre, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XLVI., Litteraturbericht 356.

[5] Charcot and Guinon, "ProgrÈs mÉd.," 1891.

[6] "Somnambulism must be conceived as systematised partial waking, in which a limited, connected presentation-complex takes place. Contrary presentations do not occur, at the same time the mental activity is carried on with increased energy within the limited sphere of the waking" (Lowenfeld, "Hypnotism," 1901, p. 289).

[7] Azam, "Hypnotisme—Double conscience," etc., Paris, 1887. For similar cases, cf. Forbes Winslow, "On Obscure Diseases," p. 335.

[8] Trib. mÉd., March, 1890.

[9] Annal. mÉd. psychol., Jan., Feb., 1892.

[10] "Principles of Psychology," p. 391.

[11] Mesnet, "De l'automatisme de la mÉmoire et du souvenir dans le somnambulisme pathologique." Union mÉdicale, Juillet, 1874. Cf. Binet, "Les AltÉrations de la personnalitÉ," p. 37. Cf. also Mesnet, "Somnambulisme spontanÉ dans ses rapports avec l'hystÉrie," Arch. de Neurol., Nr. 69, 1892.

[12] Arch. de Neur., Mai, 1891.

[13] "Philosophy of Sleep," 1830. Cf. Binet, "Les AltÉrations," etc.

[14] Goethe: Zur Naturwissenschaft in Allgemeinen. "I was able, when I closed my eyes and bent my head, to conjure the imaginary picture of a flower. This flower did not retain its first shape for a single instant, but unfolded out of itself new flowers composed of coloured petals and green leaves. They were not natural flowers, but phantastic ones. They were as regular in shape as a sculptor's rosettes. It was impossible to fix the creation which sprang up, nevertheless the dream-image lasted as long as I desired it to last; it neither faded nor grew stronger."

[15] C. Westphal, "Die Agoraphobie," Arch. f. Psych., III. p. 158.

[16] Pick, Arch. f. Psych., XV. p. 202.

[17] Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych., XXI. p. 78.

[18] "Neurasthenische Krisen," MÜnch. Med. Wochenschr., MÄrz, 1902, "When the patients first describe their crises they generally give a picture that makes us think of epileptic depression. I have often been deceived in this way."

[19] MÖrchen, "Ueber DÄmmerzustÄnde," Marburg, 1901, Fall. 32, p. 75.

[20] It must be noted that a frequent guest in S. W.'s home was a gentleman who spoke high German.

[21] Ivenes is the mystical name of the medium's somnambulic self.

[22] "The Major Symptoms of Hysteria." New York: The Macmillan Company.

[23] See page 17.

[24] Binet, "Les altÉrations de la personnalitÉ."

[25] Richet, Rev. Phil., 1884, II. p. 650.

[26] Binet, "Les altÉrations de la personnalitÉ," p. 139.

[27] Complete references in Binet, "Les altÉrations," p. 197, footnote.

[28] As is known, during the waking-state the hands and arms are never quite still, but are constantly subjected to fine tremors. Preyer, Lehmann, and others have proved that these movements are influenced in a high degree by the predominant presentations. Preyer shows that the outstretched hand drew small, more or less faithful, copies of figures which were vividly presented. These purposeful tremors can be demonstrated in a very simple way by experiments with the pendulum.

[29] Cf. Preyer, "Die ErklÄrung des Gedankenlesens," Leipzig, 1886.

[30] Analogous to certain hypnotic experiments in the waking state. Cf. Janet's experiment when by a whispered suggestion he induced a patient to lie flat on the ground without being aware of it ("L'Automatisme").

[31] Charcot's scheme of word-picture combination: 1, Auditory image. 2, Visual image. 3, Motor image., Speech image., Writing image. In Gilbert Ballet, "Die innerliche Sprache," Leipzig and Wien, 1890.

[32] Bain says, "Thought is a suppressed word or a suppressed act" ("The Senses and the Intellect").

[33] Proceedings of S.P.R., 1885. "Automatic writing."

[34] Pierre Janet, "L'Automatisme Psychologique," p. 317, Paris, 1889.

[35] "Les AltÉrations," p. 132.

[36] "Une fois baptisÉ, le personnage inconscient est plus dÉterminÉ et plus net, il montre mieux ses caractÈres psychologiques" (Janet, "L'Automatisme," p. 318).

[37] Cf. the corresponding experiments of Binet and FÉrÉ. See Binet, "Les AltÉrations."

[38] Cf. Corresponding tests by Flournoy: "Des Indes À la planÈte Mara. Etude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie." Paris and GenÈve, 1900.

[39] Cf. Hagen, "Zur Theorie des Hallucinationen," Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psych., XXV. 10.

[40] Binet, "Les AltÉrations," p. 157.

[41] "Die Traumdeutung," 1900. ["The Interpretation of Dreams," translated by Dr. A. A. Brill. London: Allen & Unwin, 1918.]

[42] Flournoy, l.c., p. 55.

[43] SchÜle, "Handbuch," p. 134.

[44] J. MÜller, quoted Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XXV. 41.

[45] Spinoza hypnopompically saw a "nigrum et scabiosum Brasilianum."—J. MÜller, l.c.

In Goethe's "The Elective Affinities," at times in the half darkness Ottilie saw the figure of Edward in a dimly-lit spot. Compare also Cardanus, "imagines videbam ab imo lecti, quasi e parvulis annulis arcisque constantes, arborum, belluarum, hominum, oppidorum, instructarum acierum, bellicorum et musicorum instrumentorum aliorumque huius generis adscendentes, vicissimque descendentes, aliis atque aliis succedentibus" (Hieronymus Cardanus, "De subtilitate rerum").

[46] "Le sommeil et les rÊves," p. 134.

[47] G. Trumbull Ladd, "Contribution to the Psychology of Visual Dreams," Mind, April, 1892.

[48] Hecker says of the same condition, "There is a simple elemental vision, even without sense presentation, through over-excitation of mental activity, not leading to phantastic imagery, that is the vision of light free from form, a manifestation of the visual organs stimulated from within" ("Ueber Visionen," Berlin, 1848).

[49] Jules Quicherat, "ProcÈs de condamnation et de rÉhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle," etc.

[50] Hagen, l.c., p. 57.

[51] Goethe, "Benvenuto Cellini."

[52] Flournoy, l.c., p. 32 ff.

[53] Flournoy, l.c., p. 51.

[54] Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., IV. 139.

[55] Ibid., VI. 285.

[56] Coll. Physicians of Philadelphia, April 4, 1888. Also Harper's Magazine, 1869. Abstracted in extenso in William James's "Principles of Psychology," 1891, p. 391 ff.

[57] Cf. Emminghaus, "Allg. Psychopathologie," p. 129, Ogier Ward's case.

[58] Schroeder von der Kalk, "Pathologie und Therapie der Geisteskrankheiten," p. 31: Braunschweig, 1863. Quoted in Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XXII., p. 405.

[59] Cf. Donath, "Ueber SuggestibilitÄt," Wiener mediz. Presse, 1832, No. 31. Quoted Arch. f. Psych., XXXII., p. 335.

[60] Hoefelt. Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XLIX., p. 200.

[61] Azam, "Hypnotisme, Double Conscience," etc.

[62] Bourru et Burot, "Changements de PersonnnalitÉ," 1888.

[63] Moll, "Zeit. f. Hypn.," I., 306.

[64] Rieger, "Der Hypnotismus," 1884, p. 190 ff.

[65] Morton Prince, "An Experimental Study of Visions," Brain, 1898.

[66] Quoted by Ribot, "Die PersÖnlichkeit."

[67] Ibid., p. 69.

[68] Flournoy, l.c., p. 59.

[69] "Les rÊves somnambuliques, sortes de romans de l'imagination subliminale, analogues À ces histoires continues, que tant de gens se racontent À eux-mÊmes et dont ils sont gÉnÉralement les hÉros dans leurs moments de far niente ou d'occupations routiniÈres qui n'offrent qu'un faible obstacle aux rÊveries intÉrieures. Constructions fantaisistes, millefois reprises et poursuivies, rarement achevÉes, oÙ la folle du logis se donne libre carriÈre et prend sa revanche du terne et plat terre À terre des rÉalitÉs quotidiennes." (Flournoy, l.c., p. 8).

[70] Delbruck, "Die Pathologische LÜge."

[71] Forel, "Hypnotisme."

[72] Pick, "Ueber Path. TrÄumerei und ihre Beziehung zur Hysterie," Jahr. f. Psych. und Neur., XIV., p. 280.

[73] Bohn, "Ein Fall von doppelten Bewusstsein Diss." Breslau, 1898.

[74] GÖrres, l.c.

[75] Cf. Behr, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., LVI., 918, and Ballet, l.c., p. 44.

[76] Cf. Redlich, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., LVII., 66.

[77] Erler, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XXXV., 21.

[78] Binet, "Les hystÉriques ne sont pas pour nous que des sujets d'Élection agrandissant des phÉnomÈnes qu'on doit nÉcessairement retrouver À quelque degrÉ chez une foule d'autres personnes qui ne sont ni atteintes ni mÊme effleurÉes par la nÊvrose hystÉrique". ("Les altÉrations," p. 29)

[79] DelbrÜck, l.c., and Redlich, l.c. Cf. the development of delusions in epileptic stupor mentioned by MÖrchen, "Essay on Stupor," pp. 51 and 59, 1901.

[80] Cf. Flournoy's very interesting supposition as to the origin of the Hindu cycle of H.S.: "Je ne serais pas ÉtonnÉ que la remarque de Martes sur la beautÉ des femmes du Kanara ait ÉtÉ le clou, l'atome crochu, qui a piquÉ l'attention subliminale et l'a trÈs naturellement rivÉe sur cette unique passage avec les deux ou trois lignes consÉcutives, À l'exclusion de tout le contexte environnant beaucoup moins intÉrressant" (L.c., p. 285).

[81] Janet says, "From forgetfulness there arises frequently, even if not invariably, the so-called lying of hysteria. The same explanation holds good of a hysteric's whims, changes of mood, ingratitude—in a word, of his inconstancy. The link between the past and present, which gives to the whole personality its seriousness and poise, depends to a large extent upon memory" ("Mental States," etc., p. 67).

[82] Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams," p. 469.

[83] Binet, l.c., p. 84.

[84] "Une autre considÉration rapproche encore ces deux États, c'est que les actes subconscients ont un effet en quelque sorte hypnotisant et contribuant par eux-mÊmes À amener le somnambulisme" ("L'Automatisme," p. 329).

[85] Janet, l.c., p. 329.

[86] In literature Gustave Flaubert has made use of a similar falling asleep at the moment of extreme excitement in his novel "Salambo." When the hero, after many struggles, has at last captured Salambo, he suddenly falls asleep just as he touches her virginal bosom.

[87] Perhaps the cases of paralysis of the emotions also belong here. Cf. Baetz, Allg. Zeitsch. f. Psych., LVIII., p. 717.

[88] Allg. Zeitsch. f. Psych., XXX., p. 17.

[89] Arch. f. Psych., XXIII., p. 59.

[90] Cf. here Flournoy, l.c., 65.

[91] Arch. f. Psych., XXII., p. 737.

[92] Ibid., 734.

[93] Bonamaison, "Un cas remarquable d'Hypnose spontanÉe," etc.—Rev. de l'Hypnotisme, FÉv. 1890, p. 234.

[94] Arch. f. Psych., XXII., 737.

[95] Ibid.

[96] Ibid., XXIII., p. 59 ff.

[97] Cf. Lehman's investigations of involuntary whispering, "Aberglaube und Zauberei," 1898, p. 385 ff.

[98] Thus Flournoy writes, "Dans un premier essai LÉopold (H.S.'s control-spirit) ne rÉussit qu'À donner ses intimations et sa pronunciation À Helen: aprÈs une sÉance oÙ elle avait vivement souffert dans la bouche et le cou comme si on lui travaillait ou lui enlevait les organes vocaux, elle se mit À causer trÈs naturellement."

[99] Loewenfeld, Arch. f. Psych., XXIII., 60.

[100] This behaviour recalls Flournoy's observations: "Whilst H.S. as a somnambule speaks as Marie Antoinette, the arms of H.S. do not belong to the somnambulic personality, but to the automatism Leopold, who converses by gestures with the observer" (Flournoy, l.c., p. 125).

[101] Dessoir, "Das Doppel-Ich," II. Aufl., 1896, p. 29.

[102] Janet, "L'anesthÉsie hystÉrique," Arch. d'Neur., 69, 1892.

[103] Graeter, Zeit. f. Hypnotismus, VIII., p. 129.

[104] The hysterical attack is not a purely psychical process. By the psychic processes only a pre-formed mechanism is set free, which has nothing to do with psychic processes in and for themselves (Karplus, Jahr. f. Psych., XVII.).

[105] Carl Hauptmann, in his drama "Die Bergschmiede," has made use of the objectivation of certain linked association-complexes. In this play the treasure-seeker is met on a gloomy night by a hallucination of his entire better self.

[106] Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams." See also Breuer and Freud's "Studies on Hysteria," 1895.

[107] Pelman, Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XXI., p. 74.

[108] Allg. Zeit. f. Psych., XXII., p. 407.

[109] Flournoy, l.c., p. 28.

[110] Binet, "Les AltÉrations," p. 125. Cf. also Loewenfeld's statements on the subject in "Hypnotismus," 1901.

[111] Cryptomnesia must not be regarded as synonymous with Hypermnesia; by the latter term is meant the abnormal quickening of the power of recollection which reproduces the memory-pictures as such.

[112] "Has any one at the end of the nineteenth century any clear conception of what the poets in vigorous ages called inspiration? If not, I will describe it. The slight remnant of superstition by itself would scarcely have sufficed to reject the idea of being merely incarnation, merely mouthpiece, merely the medium of superior forces. The concept revelation in the sense that quite suddenly, with ineffable certainty and delicacy, something is seen, something is heard, something convulsing and breaking into one's inmost self, does but describe the fact. You hear—you do not seek; you accept—asking not who is the giver. Like lightning, flashes the thought, compelling without hesitation as to form—I have had no choice" (Nietzsche's "Works," vol. III., p. 482.).

[113] "There is an ecstasy so great that the immense strain of it is sometimes relaxed by a flood of tears, during which one's steps now involuntarily rush, and anon involuntarily lag. There is the feeling that one is utterly out of hand, with the very distinct consciousness of an endless number of fine thrills and titillations descending to one's very toes;—there is a depth of happiness in which the most painful and gloomy parts do not act as antitheses to the rest, but are produced and required as necessary shades of colour in such an overflow of light" (Nietzsche, "Ecce Homo," vol. XVII. of English translation, by A. M. Ludovici, p. 103).

[114] Eckermann, "Conversations with Goethe," vol. III.

[115] Cf. Goerres, "Die christliche Mystik."

[116] Bresler, "Kulturhistorischer Beitrag zur Hysterie," Allg. Zeits. f. Psych. LIII., p. 333.

[117] ZÜndel, "Biographie Blumhardt's."

[118] "Le baragouin rapide et confus dont on ne peut jamais obtenir la signification, probablement parce qu'il n'en a en effet aucune, n'est qu'un pseudo-langage (p. 193) analogue au baragouinage par lequel les enfants se donnent parfois dans leurs jeux l'illusion qu'ils parlent chinois, indien ou 'sauvage'" (p. 152, Flournoy, l.c.).

[119] See p. 63.

[120] Flournoy, l.c., p. 378.

[121] For a case of this kind see Krafft Ebing, "Lehrbuch," 4th edition, p. 578.

[122] The limitation of the associative processes and the concentration of attention upon a definite sphere of presentation can also lead to the development of new ideas, which no effort of will in the waking state would have been able to accomplish (Loewenfeld, "Hypnotismus," p. 289).

[123] Zschokke, "Eine Selbstschau," III., Aufl. Aarau, 1843, p. 227 ff.

[124] Gilles de la Tourette says, "We have seen somnambulic girls, poor, uneducated, quite stupid in the waking state, whose whole appearance altered so soon as they were sent to sleep. Whilst previously they were boring, now they are lively, alert, sometimes even witty" (Cf. Loewenfeld, l.c., p. 132).

[125] Lectures delivered at the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the opening of Clark University, September, 1909; translated from the German by Dr. A. A. Brill, of New York. Reprinted by kind permission of Dr. Stanley Hall.

[126] The selection of these stimulus words was naturally made for the German language only, and would probably have to be considerably changed for the English language.

[127] Denotes misunderstanding.

[128] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[129] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[130] + denotes Reproduced unchanged.

[131] Denotes misunderstanding.

[132] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[133] Denotes misunderstanding.

[134] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[135] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[136] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[137] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[138] Denotes repetition of the stimulus words.

[139] Reaction times are always given in fifths of a second.

[140] "Studies in Word Association," in course of publication.

[141] "Jahrbuch fÜr Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen," Band I. Deuticke, Wien, 1902.

[142] This lecture was originally published in the "Jahrbuch fÜr Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen," Band II.

[143] "Jahrbuch fÜr Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen," Band I. Deuticke, Wien, 1902.

[144] Jung: "The Psychology of Dementia PrÆcox," translated by Peterson and Brill. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Monograph Series, No. 3.

[145] This wish to sit up with the father and mother until late at night often plays a great part later in a neurosis.

[146] A doll from Punch and Judy.

[147] See analysis of a five-year-old boy, Jahrbuch f. Psychoanalytische u. Psychopathologische Forschungen, vol. I.

[148] Franz Riklin, "Fulfilment of Wishes and Symbolism in Fairy Tales."

[149] Jahrbuch fÜr Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen, vol. I., 1909. Translator, Dr. M. D. Eder.

[150] Freud, especially "The Interpretation of Dreams."

[151] Libido is what earlier psychologists called "will" or "tendency." The Freudian expression is denominatio a potiori. Jahrbuch, vol. I., p. 155, 1909.

[152] Sommer, "Familienforschung und Vererbungslehre." Barth, Leipzig, 1907. Joerger, "Die Familie, Zero," Arch. fÜr Rassen u. Gesellschaftsbiologie, 1905. M. Ziermer (pseudonym), "Genealogische Studien Über die Vererbung geistiger Eigenschaften," ibid., 1908.

[153] For the importance of the mother, see "The Psychology of the Unconscious." C. G. Jung. Moffart, Yard and Co., New York.

[154] E. FÜrst, "Statistische Untersuchungen Über Wortassoziationen und Über familiÄre Übereinstimmung im Reaktionstypus bei Ungebildeten. Beitrag der diagnostischen Assoziationsstudien herausgegeben von Dr. C. G. Jung," Journal fÜr Psychologie und Neurologie, Bd. II., 1907. (Reprinted in volume two of the Joint Reports.)

[155] By this type I understand reactions where the response to the stimulus-word is a predicate subjectively accentuated instead of an objective relation, e.g., Flower, pleasant; frog, horrible; piano, terrible; salt, bad; singing, sweet; cooking, useful (see p. 124).

[156] Cf. Vigouroux et Jaqueliers, "La contagion mentale," Chapitre VI. Doin, Paris, 1905.

[157] Between whiles we believe ourselves masters of our acts at any given moment. But when we look back along our life's path and fix our eyes chiefly upon our unfortunate steps and their consequences, often we cannot understand how we came to do this and leave that undone, and it seems as if some power outside ourselves had directed our steps. Shakespeare says;

Schopenhauer, "Ueber die anscheinende Absichtlichkeit im Schicksale des Einzelnen. Parerga und Paralipomena."

[158] This was seen in the Amsterdam Congress of 1907, where a prominent French savant assured us that the Freudian theory was but "une plaisanterie." This gentleman has demonstrably neither read Freud's latest works nor mine, he knows less about the subject than a little child. This opinion, so admirably grounded, ended with the applause of a well-known German professor. One can but bow before such thoroughness. At the same Congress another well-known German neurologist immortalised his name with the following intellectual reasoning: "If hysteria on Freud's conception does indeed rest on repressed affects, then the whole German army must be hysterical."

[159] Cf. Freud, "Zeitschrift fÜr Religionspsychologie," 1907.

[160] Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. III., p. 219, 1908.

[161] "Zentralblatt fÜr Psychoanalyse," 1911, vol. I., p. 81.

[162] Author's italics.

[163] This also holds good for any objects that are repeated.

[164] See "The Association Method," Lecture III.

[165] "Zentralblatt fÜr Psychoanalyse," 1911, p. 567. Translator, Dr. M. D. Eder.

[166] The husband's principal conflict is a pronounced mother-complex.

[167] Flournoy, "Des Indes À la PlanÈte Mars." Idem: "Nouvelles observations sur un cas de somnambulisme," Arch. de Pyschol., vol. I.

[168] See chapter I, p. 86.

[169] "Jahrbuch fÜr psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen," vol. III. 1912. Translator, Dr. M. D. Eder.

[170] Autism (Bleuler) = Auto-erotism (Freud). For some time I have employed the concept of introversion for this condition.

[171] Hence the replacing of the complex by its corresponding symbol.

[172] See "Psychology of Dementia PrÆcox," chapters iv. and v.

[173] Reprinted from the Transactions of the Psycho-Medical Society, August 5th, 1913.

[174] See "Psychology of the Unconscious."

[175] Paper given before the 17th International Medical Congress, London, 1913.

[176] Translated by Mrs. Edith Eder.

[177] "Psychoanalysis." Nervous and Mental Disease, No. 19. Monograph series.

[178] See Author's preface to "The Psychology of Dementia PrÆcox."

[179] Thus a patient, who had been treated by a young colleague without very much result, once said to me: "Certainly I made great progress with him, and I am much better than I was. He tried to analyse my dreams. It's true he never understood them, but he took so much trouble over them. He is really a good doctor."

[180] Defined in the Freudian sense, as the transference to the doctor of infantile and sexual phantasies. A more advanced conception of the transference perceives in it the important process of emotional approach [EinfÜhlung] which at first makes use of infantile and sexual analogies.

[181] "Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses." Monograph Series, No. 4, last edition.

[182] Paper given before the Section of Neurology and Psychological Medicine, Aberdeen, 1914. Reprinted from the British Medical Journal, by kind permission of the Editor, Dr. Dawson Williams.

[183] Delivered at the Psychoanalytical Congress, Munich, 1913. Translated from Archives de Psychologie, by kind permission of the Editor, Dr. ClaparÈde. Translator, C. E. Long.

[184] "The concept of energy is that which comes nearest to the concept of libido. Libido can perhaps be described as "effect," or "capacity for effect." It is capable of transformation from one form to another. The metamorphosis can be sudden, as when one function replaces another in a moment of danger; or it can be gradual, as we see it in the process of sublimation, where the libido is led over a long and difficult path through a variety of forms into a different function."—Mary Moltzer.

[185] "Pragmatism," Chapter I.

[186] "Pragmatism," ch. i., p. 14.

[187] W. Ostwald "Grosse MÄnner," Leipzig, 1910 (11th Lecture, "Classics and Romanticists"). See also his contribution, "A propos de la Biologie du Savant," BibliothÈque Universelle, Oct., 1910.

[188] Nietzsche, "The Birth of Tragedy," trans. Wm. A. Haussmann.

[189] Finck, "Der deutsche Sprachbon als Aus druck, deutscher Weltanschauung." Marburg, 1899.

[190] Gross, "Die zerebrale SekundÄrfonktion." Leipsig, 1902.

[191] Adler, "Über den nervÖsen Charakter." Wiesbaden, 1912.

[192] This lecture was prepared for the Berne Medical Congress, 1914, postponed on the outbreak of war. Translator, Dora Hecht.

[193] "The Psychology of the Unconscious" ("Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido"). Moffat, Yard & Co.

[194] First Edition, 1908 = Part I. (unaltered); Second Edition, 1914 = Part II. Translator, M. D. Eder.

[195] "The Psychology of Dementia PrÆcox," translated by Brill and Peterson, Monograph Series of the Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, New York.

[196] Bresler, "Kulturhistorischer Beitrag zur Hysterie." Allg. Zeitschrift fÜr Psychiatrie, Bd. LIII., p. 333. ZÜndel, "Biographie Blumhardts."

[197] Central Asylum and University Psychiatric Clinic in ZÜrich.

[198] In psychiatry "inadequate" is employed to denote disproportion between feeling and idea whether in excess or the reverse.

[199] I am indebted for this example to my colleague Dr. Abraham of Berlin.

[200] As one might say in England, "a Bond Street dressmaker."

[201] This is an addition to the second edition, 1914.

[202] "The Psychology of Dementia PrÆcox."

[203] Jahrbuch fÜr psychoanalytische Forschung, vol. III. pp. 9 and 558.

[204] Comp. also Ferenczi: "Über die Rolle der HomosexualitÄt in der Pathogenese der Paranoia," Jahrb., III., p. 101.

[205] Maeder: "Psychologische Untersuchungen an Dementia prÆcox Kranken," Jahrbuch f. psychoanalyt. Forsch., II., p. 185.

[206] Spielrein: "Über den psychologischen Inhalt eines Falles von Schizophrene," l.c., III., p. 329 ff.

[207] Nelken: "Analytische Beobachtungen Über Phantasien eines Schizophrenen," l.c., IV., p. 505 ff.

[208] Grebelskaja: "Psychologische Analyse eines Paranoiden," l.c., IV., p. 116 ff.

[209] Itten: "BeitrÄge zur Psychologie der Dementia prÆcox," l.c., p. V., 1 ff.

[210] Nietzsche, "Thus spake Zarathustra."

[211] "Quelques faits d'imagination crÉatrice subconsciente," Miss Miller, vol. V., p. 36.

[212] Here "objective" understanding is not identical with causal understanding.

[213] This energy may also be designated as hormÉ. HormÉ is a Greek word [Greek: hormÊ]—force, attack, press, impetuosity, violence, urgency, zeal. It is related to Bergson's "Élan vital." The concept hormÉ is an energic expression for psychological values.

[214] See p. 287.

[215] "Die zerebrale SekundÄrfunktion." Leipzig, 1902.

[216] New Edition, 1917. Translated by Miss Dora Hecht.

[217] Bleuler, "Die Psychoanalyse Freuds." Jahrbuch fÜr psychoanalytische Forschungen, vol. II., 1910.

[218] Breuer and Freud, "Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses." "Nervous and Mental Disease," Monograph series, No. 4.

[219] Freud, "Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre." Deuticke: Wien.

[220] Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams," George Allen.

[221] Freud, "Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory." Monograph Series.

[222] Cp. Breuer and Freud, "Selected Papers on Hysteria."

[223] Breuer and Freud, "Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses."

[224] For further particulars of this case see Jung, "The Theory of Psychoanalysis."

[225] We may still apply to love the saying: "The heaven above, the heaven below, The sky above, the sky below, All things above, all things below, Succeed and prosper" (Old Mystic). Mephistopheles expresses the idea when he describes himself as "Part of that power which still produceth good, whilst ever scheming ill."

[226] "Love" is used in that larger sense of the word, which indeed belongs to it by right; it does not mean "mere sexuality."

[227] Compare Jung, "Diagnostiche Associationsstudien." Leipzig: J. A. Barth. 2 volumes.

[228] The theory of "Complexes" is set out in "Psychology of Dementia prÆcox," Jung.

[229] Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams." James Allen.

[230] The rules of dream-analysis, the laws of the structure of the dream and its symbolism, form almost a science; this is one of the most important chapters of the psychology of the unconscious whose comprehension requires very arduous study.

[231] Compare Jung, "The Psychology of the Unconscious."

[232] Thus spake Zarathustra, p. 40.

[233] The German "Auslebetheorie."

[234] "Ueber den nervÖsen Charakter."

[235] For a preliminary communication upon the subject see page 287.

[236] "The Philosophy of Values."

[237] "Pragmatism."

[238] "Grosse MÄnner" ("Great Men").

[239] Furneaux Jordan: "Character as seen in Body and Parentage." London, 1896.

[240] I purposely describe only the two types here. Obviously, the possibility of the existence of other types is not thereby excluded. Other possibilities are known to us. I refrain from mentioning them, with a view to limiting the material.

[241] The Monist, vol. xvi. p. 363.

[242] The German name for crab (Krebs) is the same as that for cancer.

[243] A parallel conception of the two kinds of interpretation is found in a commendable book by Silberer: "Probleme der Mystik und ihrer Symbolik" ("Problems of Mysticism and their Symbolism").

[244] "Halb zog sie ihn, halb sank er hin," etc.

[245] I have also termed this procedure the "hermeneutic method." See page 468-9.

[246] "Das Zeitalter des Sonnengottes" ("The Age of the Sun-god").

[247] I have treated the parallels of hero-myths in great detail in "The Psychology of the Unconscious."

[248] "DenkwÜrdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken" ("Memoirs of a Neurasthenic Patient").

[249] Lecture given before the ZÜrich School for Analytical Psychology, 1916.

[250] In a certain sense the "likeness to God" is always a priori present even before analysis, not only in the neurotic, but also in the normal individual, with the difference only that the normal individual is effectively separated from the perception of the unconscious, whilst this separation becomes increasingly impossible to the neurotic. In consequence of his special sensitiveness, the neurotic is a priori more closely affected by the processes of the unconscious than is the normal person, wherefore the God-Almightiness becomes more distinct in him than in the normal individual. By means of the knowledge of the unconscious acquired through analysis the "God-likeness" is increased.

[251] Pp. 69 and 95.

[252] The collective mind represents collective thought, the collective soul represents collective feeling, and the collective psyche represents the general collective psychological function.

[253] I should here observe that I am intentionally refraining from discussing our problem from the standpoint of the psychology of types. A specialised and somewhat complicated investigation was necessary in order to discover formulations appropriate to the types. For instance, "person" means something totally different to the extrovert from what it does to the introvert. I must content myself here with pointing out the difficulties such a task would involve. In the types, the conscious and real adapted function in childhood is collective, but soon acquires a personal character, and may retain this to the end, unless the individual feels impelled to develop his type to the uttermost. If this happens, the conscious real adapted function attains a degree of perfection which may claim universal validity and therefore bears a collectivistic character, in contrast to its originally collective character. According to this mode of expression collective psyche would be identical with "herd soul" in the individual; but the collectivistic psychology would be a highly differentiated adaptation to society. For the introvert the conscious real adapted function is thinking, which in the lower stages of development is entirely personal, but has a tendency to acquire a universal character of a collectivistic kind; his feeling remains distinctly personal so far as it is conscious, and collective-archaic in so far as it has remained unconscious or is repressed. The opposite applies to the feeling and thought of the extrovert. The introvert is always concerned with the endeavour to preserve the integrity of his ego, which results in a different attitude towards his own person from that of the extrovert, whose adaptation is made through his feelings, even at the cost of his own person. These few sentences indicate into what an extraordinarily difficult situation we should have been led had we considered our problem from the standpoint of the types.

[254] "Psychology of the Unconscious."

[255] That is, of a universal primary propensity or a universal primal aim.

[256] Cp. Silberer: "Probleme der Mystic und ihrer Symbolik." Wien, 1914. ("Problems of Mysticism and its Symbolism.")

[257] It should be borne in mind that no moral function is to be sought in this conception of dreams, nor do I look for it there. This function is just as little "teleological" in the sense of a philosophical teleology, that is to say of a set aim or purpose. It is in the first place compensatory, because it presents a subliminal picture of the actual situation. The phenomenon should first of all be understood from a purely causal standpoint. But it would be unjust to the essence of what is psychological if one were to consider it purely causally. For it does not only tolerate, but also demand, a final point of view. In other words, the question arises, what is the use of bringing just this material to constellation? This is not to assert that the final meaning of a phenomenon had already existed as an a priori given purpose in the preparatory stages of the phenomenon. It would not be permissible, according to the theory of cognition, to presuppose some pre-existing purpose from the unmistakable final meaning of biological mechanisms. But it would be narrow-minded if, with the justifiable omission of the teleological conclusion, one wished also to give up the point of view of finality. The utmost that can be said is, it is as if there were some pre-existing purpose present. In psychology one must be on one's guard against exclusive reliance either upon causality or upon teleology.