alpha-table

A
Absolute, Driesch’s theory of, 47.
Acceleration (in physics), 355.
Acquired characters induced by the environment, 216;
a means of transformism, 220;
evidence of transmission scanty, 225;
transmission not inconceivable, 226.
Actions, categories of, and consciousness, 282;
deliberative, 283;
mechanistic hypothesis of, 157;
stereotyped, 283;
at a distance, 304.
Activation of the ovum, 176.
Adaptability, indicative of dominance, 258.
Adaptation, 217;
and acquired characters, 219;
and changes of morphology and function, 219;
not inherited, 220;
causes of, 239.
Adaptive response, 219.
Adiabatic changes, 361.
Aggregates, molecular, 353.
AlgÆ, distribution of, 260.
Allelomorphs, Mendelian, 231.
Alternation of generations, 175.
Amido-substances, 88.
Anabolism, 88.
Anatomical parts, homologies of, 251.
Animal action, considered objectively, 278.
Animal and plant contrasted, 269.
Animality, 269.
Annectant forms of life, 253.
Annelids, morphology of, 248.
Anthropomorphism in theories of action, 148.
Anti-enzymes, 94.
Antitoxins, 36.
Ants, a dominant group, 260.
Appendix vermiformis, 250.
Approximation, standards of, 347.
Armoured animals, 263.
Arthropods, morphology of, 249;
a dominant group, 259;
distribution, 260;
musculature of, 275;
adaptations for mobility, 275;
limits to size of, 275.
Assimilation, 67.
Atoms, constitution of, 355;
arrangements of, 353.
Automatism of animals deduced from mechanistic theories, 280.
Autonomy in development, 322.
Available energy, 62;
and entropy, 374.
B
Bacteria, a dominant group, 259;
distribution, 259;
geological history, 259, 261;
morphology, 268;
metabolism, 266;
specialisation, 263;
parasitism, 259;
nitrogen, 73;
prototrophic, 119, 266;
paratrophic, 266;
putrefactive, 266;
fermentation, 266;
and Brownian movements, 119;
compensatory to plants, 267.
Bergson, 28;
creative evolution, 244;
duration, 154;
animals and plants, 78;
eye of Pecten, 234;
inert matter, 375;
infinitesimal analysis of the organism, 111;
kinematographic analysis, 110;
theory of intellectualism, 51;
memory, 156;
morphological themes, 250;
theory of pain, 281;
theory of perception, 7, 10;
the vital impetus, 318.
Biology, systematic, 201, 203.
Biophors, 132;
size of, 183;
growth of, 185.
Biotic energy, 325.
Borelli and animal mechanism, 125.
Brownian movement, 118;
significance of, 119.
Bryan and thermodynamics, 62.
Bud-formation, 165.
C
Calculus, infinitesimal, 25, 115, 350.
Calorimetric experiments, 65, 68.
Capacity-energy factors, 61.
Carnot’s cycle, 69, 78, 113;
negative, 368;
description of, 363, 366;
compared with plant metabolism, 75;
compared with the organism, 73.
Catalysis, 90;
universality of, 91.
Catalysts, characters of, 91.
Categories of organisms, 209.
Central nervous system, specialisation of, 273;
a switchboard, 273;
evolution of, parallel with evolution of muscular system, 281.
Chance in evolution, 237.
Chemical affinity, 361.
Chemical energy, degradation of, 75.
Chemical reactions, direction of, 78;
exothermic, 86;
explosive, 86;
similar in organic and inorganic systems, 78.
Chemical synthesis, involve vital activity, 318.
Chemistry, medieval, 125.
Chlorophyll, 69.
Chlorophyllian organisms, 88;
metabolism of, 265;
a dominant group, 259;
essential morphology of, 268;
distribution of, 260.
Chromatin of the nucleus, 130;
the material basis of inheritance, 182.
Chromosomes, 130, 182, 183.
Classification of organisms, 209.
Classificatory systems, are artificial arrangements, 289;
suggest evolutionary process, 210.
Clausius, 54;
and Carnot’s Law, 113.
Coelenterates, morphology of, 248.
Coelomate animals, 256.
Colloidal platinum, 91.
Colloids, 107.
Colonial organisms, 164.
Comparative anatomy, task of, 251.
Compensatory energy-transformations effected by life, 309.
Conjugation, 173;
and heredity, 176;
a stimulus to growth, 175.
Consciousness involves analysis of the environment, 11;
analysis of, is an arbitrary process, 12;
a feeling of normality, 6;
a part of crude sensation, 40;
simplified by reasoning, 41;
an intensive multiplicity, 303;
degree of, is parallel to development of sensori-motor system, 280;
not existent outside ourselves, 278;
not a function of chemico-physical mechanism, 160;
intense in difficultly performed operations, 281;
and activity of cerebral cortex, 281;
absent in parasites, 291.
Conservation a test of reality, 357.
Conservation of energy, 52;
in organisms, 83.
Conservation of structure, 253, 256.
Constants, mathematical, 344.
Continuity of cells in embryo, 171.
Contractility, 100;
muscular, 103.
Co-ordinates, systems of, 23.
Corals, 164.
Cosmic evolution, 314;
is a tendency towards degradation of energy, 316.
Creation, special, 214.
Curvature, 27.
Curves, isothermal and adiabatic, 362.
Cuttle-fishes, 250.
Cytoplasm, 130.
D
Darwin, and natural selection, 221;
acquired characters are inherited, 220;
hypothesis of pangenesis, 181.
Death, is catastrophic katabolism, 340.
Degradation of energy, 81.
Deliberation and consciousness, 281.
Demons, Maxwell’s, 116.
Descartes and mechanism, 121;
the rational soul, 123, 318;
his physiology, 122;
his spiritualism, 124;
and animal automatism, 125.
Descent, collateral, 257.
Determinants in embryology, 132, 183;
arrangement of, 184;
latent in regenerative processes, 142.
Development, organisation in, 128;
parthenogenetic, 176;
reverses inorganic tendencies, 324;
impossibility of chemical hypotheses, 141;
is the assumption of a mosaic structure, 301;
blastula stage in, 129;
gastrula stage in, 130;
pluteus stage in, 140;
individual, 300.
Developmental systems prospective value of, 138;
prospective potency of, 138.
Diatoms, 163;
distribution of, 260.
Differential elements, 115.
Differentiation in development, 170.
Diffusion in the animal body, 95.
Digestion, 67;
chemistry of, 72.
Dinosaurs, an unsuccessful line of evolution, 275.
Dissipation of energy, 114;
in physical mechanisms, 59;
by the organism, 68, 79.
Distribution of organisms, 262;
?limits to, 259;
?indicative of dominance, 258.
Diversity, physical, 54;
?effective and ineffective, 115.
Dominance in geological time, 258;
?implies long geological history, 261;
?Mendelian, 196.
Dominant organisms, 258, 259, 264.
Driesch natural selection, 229;
?analytical definition of the organism, 331;
?entelechy, 318;
?experimental embryology, 134;
?historical basis of reacting, 154;
?logical proof of vitalism, 136;
?proof of vitalism from behaviour, 153;
?theory of the absolute, 47.
Duration, 28;
?duration and time illustrated, 30;
?illustrated by immunity, 35;
?more than memory, 155;
?a factor in responding, 155.
E
Ecdysis, 276.
Echinoderms, morphology of, 248.
Ectoderm, 177.
Effector organs, 158, 271.
Élan vital, 161.
Electromagnetism, 355.
Electrons, 304, 355.
Elimination, natural, 229.
Embryological stages compared with physical phases, 308.
Embryology, 127;
?hypotheses of, 128;
?physical hypotheses fail, 128;
?experimental, 128;
?suggests phylogenetic history, 213.
Emulsoids, 108.
Endoskeleton, 177, 276.
Energetics, first law of, 51;
?second law of, 113.
Energy, 356;
?available and unavailable, 55;
?biotic, 325;
?chemical, 61;
?and causation, 54;
?degradation of, 63;
?dissipation of, 53;
?electrical, 61;
?forms of, 325;
?kinetic, 52, 357;
?mechanical, 60, 61;
?potential, 53, 358;
?of position, 360.
Energy-transformations, 54, 371;
?anabolic, 89;
?in the animal, 50, 287;
?involve conscious relations with the environment, 288;
?involve use of tools, 284.
Intensity-factors, 61.
Intensive multiplicity, 303.
Irreversibility, 62.
Irritability, 100.
Isothermal changes, 361.
J
James, William (and academic philosophies), 80.
Jennings, and physiological states, 154;
?behaviour of Protozoa,

293;
animal movements, 149;
the avoiding reaction, 149.
K Katabolism, 90.
Kinases, 92.
Kinematographic analysis, 316.
L
Lamarck, hypotheses of evolution, 220.
Lamarckian inheritance, an inadequate cause of transformism, 227.
Lankester, acquired characters not inherited, 221.
Laplace, and universal mathematics, 215.
Laplacian mind, 299.
Larval stages, 170.
Latency (of characters), 195.
Lavoisier, and chemistry of the organism, 127.
Life and adaptation to physical conditions, 338;
and reversibility, 339;
a direction of energies, 341;
defined energetically, 337;
cosmic origin of, 338;
physical conditions for, 338;
limited in power, 306;
sparsity of, on the earth, 306;
tends to arrest dissipation of energy, 314;
its origin a pseudo-problem, 337.
Life-substance, the primitive, 301.
Locomotion, 258.
Loeb and the associative memory, 155;
and artificial parthenogenesis, 176;
mechanism and life, 127;
stereotropism, 19;
theory of tropisms, 144;
tropistic movements, 146;
theories of heredity, 181.
Limit, the mathematical, 346.
Limits to perceptual activity, 23.
Links, missing, 252.
Linnean species, 201.
M
Manifoldness, intensive, 302.
Mass, 353.
Mass action, 140.
Materialism, 85.
Mathematics, evades consideration of time, 35.
Matter, 353;
inert, 375;
notion of is an intuitive one, 352.
Maxwell, and sorting demons, 116, 377.
Mayow, and chemical physiology, 126.
Mechanical work, done by the animal, 67;
not done by the plant, 71.
Mechanism, organic and inorganic, 78;
the thermodynamic, 66;
radical, 215;
in life, 121.
Membranes, semi-permeable, 95.
Memory, 39;
a possible cerebral mechanism of, 158;
mechanistic hypotheses impossible, 157.
Mendelism, 196;
a logical hypothesis, 199;
terminology is a symbolism, 198;
analogy of unit characters with chemical radicles, 197;
transmission of characters of, 230.
Mesoderm, 177;
origin of, 255.
Metabolism, 37, 88, 209;
analytic, 269;
of animals, 65, 67;
constructive, 269;
destructive, 269;
direction of, 69;
in green plant, 70, 75;
intra-cellular, 99;
integration of its activities, 111;
rÔle of oxygen in, 105;
specialisation of during evolution, 305;
synthetic, 269.
Metaphysics of science, 45.
Metazoan animals, 162.
Mitosis, 182.
Mobility, organic, 269;
structural adaptations tending to, 275.
Modifications of structure adaptive and non-adaptive, 251.
Molecules, 353;
size of, 116;
in a gas, 115;
aggregations of, 108.
Molluscs, morphology of, 249.
Morgan, and physico-chemical mechanisms, 128, 143.
Morphogenesis, 257.
Morphological evolution, tendencies of, 295.
Morphological structures degeneration of, 251;
suppression of, 250;
coalescence of, 250;
replacement of, 250;
specialisation of, 250;
change of function of, 251.
Morphology, 209;
a basis of classification, 210;
relates groups of organisms, 211;
distinctions of, not absolute, 285, 290;
generalised, 250;
suggests blood relationships, 213;
schemata of, 249, 291;
cannot be considered apart from physiology, 285.
Mosaic-theory of development, 131.
Motion not an intellectual concept, 27;
not considered in Euclidean or Cartesian geometry, 26;
bodily motion is absolute, 24;
outside ourselves is relative, 24.
Motor-habits, 38, 155.
Multicellular organisms, evolution of, 223.
Muscular contraction, 104;
metabolism in, 104;
heat production in, 104.
Muscular and nervous organs, 275.
Musculature and weight of body, 275.
Mutations, 189;
essential nature of, 193;
causes of, 200;
must be co-ordinated, 231;
physical model of, 192;
the material for selection, 230.
N
NÄgeli, and autonomy in development, 160.
Natural selection, 228;
generality of, 229;
a slow process, 230.
NebulÆ, 315.
Nebular hypothesis, 296.
Nerve impulses, 100;
velocity of, 101;
integration of, 273.
Nervous system, 272;
in co-ordination of activities, 171;
paths in, 157.
Nervous activity, 107;
metabolism in, 107;
electric changes in, 107;
influence of metabolism on, 97.
Nothing, a pseudo-idea, 18.
Nucleus, evolution of, 222;
division of, 130, 182.
O
Ontogenetic stages, 255.
Orders of individuality, 171.
Organism, definition of, 331;
analysis of its activities, 109;
animal and plant, 76;
considered energetically, 77;
the dominant, 258;
a function of the environment, 216;
a mechanism, 51;
the primitive, 222;
a physico-chemical system, 65;
a thermodynamic mechanism, 104.
Organic chemical syntheses, 317.
Organisation in development, 137.
Organ-rudiments, 257.
Osmosis, 95, 99.
Ostracoderms, 291.
Ostwald on catalysis, 91.
Ovum, development of, 129;
maturation of, 198, 239;
an intensive manifoldness, 302.
Oxidases, 105.
Oxygen in metabolism, 69.
P
Pain, Bergson on, 281.
PalÆontology, 210;
relates groups of organisms, 211.
Pangenesis, 181.
Paramoecium, division of, 173, 175;
responses of, 4.
Parasitism, 259;
tends to immobility, 290.
Parthenogenesis, 176;
artificial, 176.
Particles, 356.
Pecten, eye of, 233.
Perception
not merely physical stimulation, 7;
involves effector activity, 7;
involves deliberative action, 9;
arises from acting, 50;
and choice of response, 155;
is unfamiliar cerebral activity, 8;
skeletonises consciousness, 40.
Peridinians, 77, 163;
distribution of, 260.
Personal equation, 45.
Personality, 167;
an intuition, 167;
division of, 173;
is absolute, 48.
PflÜger, and experimental embryology, 131.
Phases in physical systems and organic systems, 321;
in transforming systems, 308.
Phenomenalism, 46.
Photosynthesis, 70, 76, 86.
Phototaxis, 144.
Phyla
animal, 247;
morphology of, 247;
relations between, 252;
ancestries of, 252.
Phylogenies, 253;
are summaries of morphological results, 254;
indicative of directions of evolution, 254;
criteria of, 253.
Phylogeny, 246.
Phylum, 210.
Physical basis of lif e, 84.
Physico-chemical reactions, 80;
?are directed, 118;
?the means of development and behaviour in the organism, 160.
Physico-psychical parallelism, 160.
Physics, a statistical science, 116, 377.
Physiology
?Galenic, 122;
?an analysis of organic activity, 120, 328.
Plants, geological history of, 261;
?characterised by immobility, 277;
?contrasted with animals, 277.
Platonic ideas, 204.
Platyhelminths, morphology of, 248.
Poikilothermic animals, 68.
PoincarÉ, and Brownian movement, 119.
Polar bodies, 198.
Polyzoa, 164.
Porifera, 248.
Potential, 61.
Potential energy, 58, 114.
Preformation an embryological hypothesis, 128.
Probability, 350.
Proteids, digestion of, 90.
Proto-forms, 254.
Protoplasm, nature of, 106;
?artificial, 106;
?disintegration of, 107;
?activities of, 107;
?similar in plant and animal, 294.
Protozoa, 247;
?behaviour of, 293.
Pterodactyls, 274.
R
Races (in specific groups), 194.
Radiation, 355;
?of sun, 51;
?transformation of energy of, 57.
Radio-activity, 56, 359.
Reality, objective, 43.
Reception, 3;
?organs of, 271;
?by specialised sense-organs, 11.
Recessiveness, Mendelian, 196.
Reflex action, 4, 272;
?concatenated, 150;
?a complex series of actions, 6;
?not necessarily accompanied by perception, 155;
?the basis of instincts, 150;
?a schematic description, 5;
?in decapitated frog, 6;
?frictionless cerebral activity, 8;
?involves a limited part of the environment, 50.
Reflex arcs, 272.
Regeneration, 142;
?in Hydra, 164;
?in sea-urchin embryo, 164;
?in Planaria, 164.
Regression, 189.
Reinke, and structure of protop iables (mathematical), 343.
Varieties, specific, 194.
Vegetable life, 265.
Vertebrates, 249;
?adaptations securing mobility, 275;
?ancestry of, 253;
?morphology of, 249;
?a dominant group, 259;
?distribution of, 260.
Verworn, and mechanism in life, 127.
Vesalius, anatomical school of,

121.
Vital activities, integration of, 128;
co-ordination of, 171.
de Vries and mutations, 191;
fluctuating variations inherited, 220.
Vital force, 318.
Van der Waal’s equation, 308.
W
Weber’s law, 16;
a quasi-mathematical relation, 17.
Weismann, hypothesis of heredity, 182;
hypothesis of germinal selection, 241;
hypothesis of development, 132;
mosaic-theory, 131;
preformation hypothesis, 133;
hypothesis of the germ-plasm, continuity of the germ-plasm, 181;
germinal changes inconceivable, 224;
size of biophors, 183;
origin of life, 339;
spontaneous generation a logical necessity, 339.
Weismannism, a series of logical hypotheses, 320;
physico-chemical analogies, and subsidiary hypotheses, 223.
Whales, an unsuccessful line of evolution, 274.
Whitehead, and mathematical reasoning, 347.
Wilson, mosaic-theory of development, 139.
Y
Yerkes, and behaviour of crustacea, 293.
Z
Zymogens, 92.
Zymoids, 94.

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