PREFACE

In preparing this book I have had in mind the needs of three classes of students.

It is intended in the first place for seniors in high schools and freshmen in colleges, and is meant to give such an account of the Private Life of the Romans in the later Republic and earlier Empire as will enable them to understand the countless references to it in the Latin texts which they read in the class-room. It is hoped that the book contains all that they will need for this purpose and nothing that is beyond their comprehension.

It is intended in the second place for more advanced college students who may be taking lectures on the subjects of which it treats. The work of both teacher and student will be made less irksome and more effective if the student is aided in the taking of notes by even so general a knowledge of the subject (previously announced to the class) as is here given. This I know from actual experience with my own classes.

In the third place it is intended for readers and students of Roman history, who are engaged chiefly with important political and constitutional questions, and often feel the need of a simple and compact description of domestic life, to give more reality to the shadowy forms whose public careers they are following. Such students will find the Index especially useful.

The book is written as far as possible in English: that is, no great knowledge of Latin is presumed on the part of the reader. I have tried not to crowd the text with Latin words, even when they are immediately explained, and those given will usually be found worth remembering. Quotations from Latin authors are very few, and the references to their works, fewer still, are made to well-known passages only.

To every chapter are prefixed references to the standard secondary authorities in English and German. Primary sources are not indicated: they would be above the heads of the less advanced students, and to the more advanced the lecturer will prefer to indicate the sources on which his views are based. It is certain, however, that all these sources are indicated in the authorities named, and the teacher himself may occasionally find the references helpful.

The illustrations are numerous and are intended to illustrate. Many others are referred to in the text, which limited space kept me from using, and I hope that Schreiber's Atlas, at least, if not Baumeister's Denkmaeler, may be within the reach of students in class-room or library.

It goes without saying that there must be many errors in a book like this, although I have done my best to make it accurate. When these errors are due to relaxed attention or to ignorance, I shall be grateful to the person who will point them out. When they are due to mistaken judgment, the teacher will find in the references, I hope, sufficient authorities to convince his pupils that he is right and I am wrong.

THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY,
February, 1903.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.
Scope of the Book §1
Public and Private Antiquities §2
Antiquities and History §4
Antiquities and Philology §6
Sources §9
Reference Books §13
Systematic Treatises §14
Encyclopedic Works §15
Other Books §16

I. THE FAMILY.
The Household §17
The Splitting Up of a House §19
Other Meanings of Familia §21
Agnati and Cognati §23
Adfines §26
The Family Cult §27
Adoption §30
The Patria Potestas §31
Limitations §32
Extinction of the Potestas §34
Manus §35
Dominica Potestas §37

II. THE NAME.
The Triple Name §38
The Praenomen §41
The Nomen §46
The Cognomen §48
Additional Names §51
Confusion of Names §55
Names of Women §57
Names of Slaves §58
Names of Freedmen §59
Naturalized Citizens §60

III. MARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN.
Early Forms of Marriage §61
Ius Conubii §64
Nuptiae Iustae §67
Betrothals §70
The Dowry §72
Essential Forms §73
The Wedding Day §75
The Wedding Garments §76
The Ceremony §79
The Wedding Feast §85
The Bridal Procession §86
The Position of Women §90

IV. CHILDREN AND EDUCATION.
Legal Status §94
Susceptio §95
Dies Lustricus §97
The Bulla §99
Nurses §100
Playthings §102
Pets and Games §103
Home Training §104
Schools §108
Subjects Taught in Elementary Schools §110
Grammar Schools §112
Schools of Rhetoric §115
Travel §116
Apprenticeship §117
Remarks on the Schools §119
The Teacher §121
Schooldays and Holidays §122
The Paedagogus §123
Discipline §124
End of Childhood §125
The Liberalia §127

V. DEPENDENTS: SLAVES AND CLIENTS. HOSPITES.
Growth of Slavery §129
Numbers of Slaves §131
Sources of Supply §134
Sales of Slaves §139
Prices of Slaves §140
Public and Private Slaves §141
Private Slaves §142
Industrial Employment §143
The Familia Rustica §145
Farm Slaves §146
The Vilicus §148
The Familia Urbana §149
Legal Status of Slaves §156
The Treatment of Slaves §158
Food and Dress §160
The Peculium §162
Punishments §166
Manumission §175
The Clients §176
The Old Clients §177
Mutual Obligations §179
The New Clients §181
Duties and Rewards §182
The Hospites §183
Hospitium §184
Obligations of Hospitium §185

VI. THE HOUSE AND ITS FURNITURE.
Domus §186
The Development of the House §188
The Vestibulum §194
The Ostium §195
The Atrium §196
The Change in the Atrium §197
The Alae §200
The Tablinum §201
The Peristyle §202
Private Rooms §203
The House of Pansa §208
The Walls §210
Paries Caementicius §211
Wall Facings §212
Floors and Ceilings §213
Roofs §214
The Doors §215
The Windows §217
Heating §218
Water Supply §219
Decoration §220
Furniture §222
Principal Articles §223
The Couches §224
The Chairs §225
Tables §227
The Lamps §228
Chests and Cabinets §230
Other Articles §232
The Street §233

VII. DRESS AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.
Indutus: The Subligaculum §235
The Tunic §236
Amictus: The Toga §240
Form and Arrangement §241
Kinds of Togas §246
The Lacerna §247
The Paenula §248
Other Wraps §249
Footgear: The Soleae §250
The Calcei §251
Coverings for the Head §252
The Hair and Beard §253
Jewelry §255
Dress of Women §257
The Tunica Interior §258
The Stola §259
The Palla §261
Shoes and Slippers §262
Dressing of the Hair §263
Accessories §266
Jewelry §267
Dress of the Children and Slaves §268
Materials §269
Colors §270
Manufacture §271

VIII. FOOD AND MEALS.
Natural Conditions §272
Fruits §274
Garden Produce §275
Meats §277
Fowl and Game §279
Fish §280
Cereals §282
Preparation of the Grain §283
Breadmaking §287
The Olive §289
Olive Oil §291
Grapes §293
Viticulture §294
Vineyards §295
Wine Making §296
Beverages §298
Style of Living §299
Hours for Meals §301
Breakfast and Luncheon §302
The Formal Meal §303
The Dining Couch §304
Places of Honor §305
Other Furniture §307
Courses §308
Bills of Fare §309
Serving the Dinner §310
The Comissatio §312
The Banquets of the Rich §315

IX. AMUSEMENTS; BATHS.
General §316
Sports of the Campus §317
Games of Ball §318
Games of Chance §319
Knuckle-bones §320
Dice §321
Public and Private Games §322
Dramatic Performances §323
Staging the Play §324
The Early Theater §325
The Later Theater §326
Roman Circuses §328
Plan of the Circus §330
The Arena §332
The Barriers §333
The Spina and Metae §335
The Seats §337
Furnishing the Races §339
The Teams §340
The Drivers §341
Famous Aurigae §342
Other Shows of the Circus §343
Gladiatorial Combats §344
Popularity of the Combats §346
Sources of Supply §347
Schools for Gladiators §349
Places of Exhibition §351
Amphitheaters at Rome §352
The Amphitheater at Pompeii §353
The Coliseum §356
Styles of Fighting §359
Weapons and Armor §360
Announcement of the Shows §361
The Fight Itself §362
The Rewards §363
Other Shows in the Amphitheater §364
The Daily Bath §365
Essentials for the Bath §366
Heating the Bath §368
The Caldarium §369
The Frigidarium and Unctorium §370
A Private Bathhouse §371
The Public Baths §372
Management §373
Hours Opened §374
Accommodations for Women §375
Thermae §376
Baths of Diocletian §378

X. TRAVEL AND CORRESPONDENCE. BOOKS.
In General §379
By Water §380
By Land §381
The Vehicles §382
Carriages §383
The Reda and Cisium §384
The Roads §385
Construction §387
The Inns §388
Speed §389
Sending Letters §390
Writing the Letters §391
Sealing and Opening the Letters §392
Books §393
Manufacture of Paper §394
Pens and Ink §395
Making the Roll §396
Size of the Rolls §398
Multiplication of Books §399
Commercial Publication §400
Rapidity and Cost of Publication §401
Libraries §402

XI. SOURCES OF INCOME AND MEANS OF LIVING. THE ROMAN'S DAY.
In General §403
Careers of the Nobles §404
Agriculture §405
Political Office §406
The Law §407
The Army §408
Careers of the Equites §409
The Soldiers §410
The Proletariate §411
Professions and Trades §412
Business and Commerce §413
The Civil Service §414
The Roman's Day §415
Hours of the Day §417

XII. BURIAL-PLACES AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
Importance of Burial §419
Interment and Cremation §420
Places of Burial §421
The Tombs §422
The Potter's Field §423
Plan of Tombs and Grounds §425
Exterior of the Tombs §427
The Columbaria §428
Burial Societies §430
Funeral Ceremonies §432
At the House §433
The Funeral Procession §434
The Funeral Oration §435
At the Tomb §436
After Ceremonies §437
Memorial Festivals §438