Campaign medals considered—Waterloo—Burmah—China—Cabul—Jellalabad—Scinde—Meeanee —Sobraon—The men's Peninsular medal—Punjab—Indian General Service medals—South Africa, 1850-3; also 1877-9—Baltic—Crimea—Indian Mutiny—Abyssinia—New Zealand—Later awards

In these days when the deeds of brave men, whether they be of high or low rank, are acclaimed with equal praise, it is extremely difficult to understand the feelings which actuated the authorities a hundred or more years ago when awarding military medals. Parliament, though it was supposed to represent the masses, decided time after time in these early years of the nineteenth century that decorations were only meant for soldiers of rank and that the common men had neither claim nor title to them. The usual plea was that the ordinary soldier had been paid for his services, and there the nation's obligation to him was at an end. Somehow or other, the authorities seem to have shut their eyes to the fact that the same argument could be applied with equal force to the commanders of the Army. It is somewhat lamentable to note that even so grand a soldier as the Duke of Wellington argued in favour of withholding rewards from the rank and file, and his opinion, we may be sure, had great influence in certain high quarters.

But in spite of the decided opinions held by those in authority, there was a strong party of agitators who opposed these narrow views. To them must be accredited much, for in face of every conceivable obstacle they left no stone unturned until the coveted awards were shared by men as well as commanders. In the early days which followed Waterloo this little band displayed particular activity. "Are our ordinary soldiers, fresh home from the Belgian battlefields, to go unrewarded as the Peninsular heroes have done?" was their constant cry. The people took up the matter, and only when absolutely forced to did Parliament agree to strike a medal for all ranks of the victorious army. The official decree ran as follows:—

"The Prince Regent has been graciously pleased in the name and on behalf of His Majesty to command that in commemoration of the brilliant and decisive victory of Waterloo, a medal shall be conferred upon every officer, non-commissioned officer, and soldier present upon that memorable occasion.

By command of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent.

Frederick, Commander-in-Chief."

Undoubtedly the innovation of rewarding the rank and file as well as the officers created much satisfaction. The people openly displayed their approval, the soldiers were pleased beyond measure, and the Press spoke of the change as a step in the right direction; such, at any rate, is the impression one gathers from reading articles bearing on the matter in contemporary numbers of the Quarterly Review.

The Waterloo medal bore on the obverse a profile of George and the inscription "George P. Regent." On the reverse was a winged figure of Victory seated upon a rectangular scroll bearing the word "Waterloo," and the date "June 18, 1815." The reverse design was obviously copied from a coin of Elias which is exhibited in the British Museum. The ribbon was of red silk flanked with blue edges. This material was passed through a circular ring and not through a horizontal slot, as is customary to-day.

The award was received by all grades of men who were present at the Battle of Ligny, June 16th; Quatre Bras, June 17th; Waterloo, June 18th; as well as by certain forces which were posted in the rear of the battlefield on June 18th. Certain German troops were also decorated with this award.

The collector will often come across specimens of this medal, which are provided with slots instead of rings for holding the ribbon in position. Many of the original recipients preferred this latter method of attachment and made the alteration themselves. Such specimens, therefore, are not in strict accordance with the official pattern and are in consequence of less value than the unaltered kind.

Some ten years elapsed before the next medal, styled the First Burmah Medal, 1824-6, was struck. This being an Indian award, no royal features were portrayed. On the obverse was a palm-tree and an army storming an Eastern city, probably Rangoon; there was also a Persian inscription in the exergue. On the reverse, a lion was encountering a white elephant, and a British flag waved prominently in the background. The decoration was struck in gold for officers, and silver for men of other standing. For the first time with Indian medals, a definite ribbon, red and blue, was prescribed.

The earliest award to bear the head of Queen Victoria was the China medal of 1842. The features portrayed on this specimen were similar to those shown on a medallion executed by William Wyon in 1837, and struck to commemorate Victoria's first visit to the City of London as queen. Her Majesty evinced a great liking for this rendering of her features, and consequently it was used for the coinage, the postage stamps, and, lastly, the medals. The reverse side revealed a group of arms of various kinds. The ribbon was red, edged with yellow. It was given both to soldiers and sailors.

This award may be confused with a later China medal of the same design. The earlier pattern, however, bears the year 1842 under the word China in the exergue, whilst the 1857-60 pattern has no date at all. Also, no bars were furnished with the earlier specimen, but as many as six may be found on the latter.

Writing of the thrilling incidents which crowded the first campaign, Carter describes one of them in the following words: "The west gate had been blown in by Captain Pears, the commanding engineer. A body of Tartars, having been driven into one division of the western outwork, refused to surrender, when most of them were either shot or destroyed in the burning houses, several of which had been set on fire by the enemy or by the British guns. Major-General Bartley subsequently proceeded with a body of troops consisting of the 18th and part of the 49th Regiment, when a hot engagement ensued with about one thousand Tartars, who, under cover of some enclosures, opened a destructive fire on the soldiers as they were filing round the walls. The leading division of the 49th dashed down the ramparts, while the 18th pushed on. As a result, the enemy was soon dispersed, although some fought with great desperation.

"From the sun becoming so overpowering it was found impossible to move with men already fatigued by their exertions, many of whom died from the intense heat. The troops, therefore, remained in occupation of the gates until six o'clock, when several parties were pushed into the Tartar city and to the public offices. On passing through the city and suburbs, the painful spectacle presented itself of hundreds of the dead bodies of men, women, and children lying in the houses, numerous families having destroyed themselves sooner than outlive the disgrace of their city being captured by foreigners."

The second Chinese war resulted from a cumulation of depredatory movements on the part of the natives, but the capture of the Arrow, a vessel flying the British flag, was directly responsible for the declaration of hostilities.

The next medal struck at the Mint was awarded to the soldiers who took arms in 1842, in Cabul. The obverse bore the Wyon head of Victoria, whilst the reverse was issued in four patterns as follows:—

1. A wreath encircling the inscription "Candahar, 1842."

2. A wreath encircling the word "Ghuznee," and another encircling the word "Cabul."

3. A wreath encircling the inscription "Candahar, Ghuznee, Cabul, 1842."

4. A wreath encircling the inscription "Cabul, 1842."

The ribbon attached to all the varieties was of the rainbow pattern which has since become familiar on Indian medals.

A native medal was also struck at the Mint for distribution among the Indian troops. Instead of Victoria's bust a trophy of arms surmounting the inscription "Invicta, MDCCCXLII," filled the obverse side.

After Cabul came the Jellalabad rising. To celebrate the victories of this campaign, a medal was struck at Calcutta and distributed to all soldiers who took part in the various actions. The design was considered unsatisfactory; the obverse bore a simple mural crown, the upper edge of which resembled the embattled coping of a castle, whilst the reverse showed the date "VII April 1842," in bold but plain lettering.

In consequence of the dissatisfaction which the medal caused, another was struck by the Mint in London and sent out to the troops in 1845. An order was issued at the same time stating that all recipients of the Calcutta award could have their decoration changed for the London award on making formal application. Curiously enough, the soldiers who had grumbled at the pattern of the earlier medal showed little desire to become recipients of the newer piece, and in only a few cases was the exchange made. The London striking is consequently somewhat rare.

The Mint medal bore the Wyon head of Victoria surrounded with the words "Victoria Vindex," whilst the rear showed a graceful figure of Victory, with wings, holding a flag and a laurel wreath. The words "Jellalabad, VII April MDCCCXLII" encircled the figure. The rainbow ribbon of India suspended the medal.

The early forties were troublous times in India. Hardly twelve months after Jellalabad had been fought and won, a medal was earned by our brave troops in the province of Scinde. Referring to this campaign, Mayo quotes the following interesting letter:—

"Colonial Office,
Downing Street.
18th July, 1843.
My Lord,

I have the honour to acquaint your Lordships, that the Queen, being desirous of commemorating the signal success obtained by the Force under the command of Major-General Sir Charles Napier, in Scinde, has been graciously pleased to command that a Medal, to resemble as nearly as possible that proposed for the Troops employed in Afghanistan, should be conferred upon the Officers, Non-commissioned officers, and Soldiers in Her Majesty's Service, who were engaged in the Battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad.

Without anticipating the course which the Court of Directors of the East India Co. may propose to take for commemorating the success of the Company's Troops in Scinde, I think it nevertheless right to add that Her Majesty would readily permit the Officers, Non-commissioned officers, and Soldiers of the Company's Army to whom the Court of Directors might think proper to grant Medals in commemoration of the Battles of Meeanee and Hyderabad to wear such Medals in all parts of Her Majesty's Dominions.

I have etc.,
Stanley,
The Presidency of the Indian Board."

The Mint medal issued in March 1846 bore the Wyon head of Victoria, with the words "Victoria Regina" on the obverse, but of the reverse there were three patterns. The first showed a laurel wreath and crown encircling the word "Meeanee"; the second had the word "Hyderabad" substituted; whilst the third gave both battles, namely "Meeanee and Hyderabad." The rainbow ribbon was again employed.

Before turning to the next medal, it is pleasant to recall the Duke of Wellington's brief eulogy of Sir Charles Napier's campaign, which he addressed to the House of Lords.

"Sir Charles Napier moved his troops through the desert against hostile forces, he transported his guns under circumstances of extreme difficulty and in a most extraordinary manner, and he cut off a retreat of the enemy which rendered it impossible for them ever to regain their positions." Meeanee was fought on February 17th, and Hyderabad on March 24, 1843.

Two years after Scinde, the Sutlej Campaign was waged between British troops and Sikhs. The Mint medal struck to commemorate our victories was the second award to carry clasps or bars—the officers' Peninsular medal being the first. The obverse again showed Wyon's head of Victoria: the reverse displayed a stirring picture of Victory holding out a wreath, with a stack of arms at her feet. The words "Army of the Sutlej" encircled the allegory. Of the exergue on the reverse, there were four different types: the first read "Moodkee, 1845"; the second, "Ferozeshuhur, 1845"; the third, "Aliwal, 1846"; and the fourth, "Sobraon, 1846."

The General Order which regulated the granting of this decoration stated that soldiers who took part in more than one engagement were to receive the medal engraved with the name of their earliest encounter, whilst bars were to be added for subsequent victories. From this it is clear that the Sobraon medal cannot be found with any bars. Bars, the decree stated, were to be worn in the following order, counting upwards from the medal: Ferozeshuhur, Aliwal, and Sobraon. Naturally, no bars for Moodkee were issued.

Curious as it may seem, the next decoration to be struck by the Mint was the rankers' Peninsular medal. It will be remembered that on the conclusion of Wellington's campaign in Spain two gold pieces were issued for officers, but that no awards were presented to the ordinary soldiers. This arrangement pleased neither the men nor the officers, who knew how much the country was indebted to the rank and file. As a consequence, the question of the men's medal was constantly discussed in Parliament. In 1844, the matter was thoroughly debated upon in the Lower House, but the opposers urged with a certain amount of success that Wellington had decided years ago that no award should be granted. Sir Charles Napier's answer to this lame argument was to the point. "It is never too late to do a good thing," he retorted amidst the applause of his followers. Two years later, in 1846, the matter was again before the House, and, probably because Queen Victoria was somewhat partial to the granting of distinctions when merited, a favourable decision was arrived at. The men were to have the medal so long withheld from them, as the following General Order of June 1, 1847, explains:—

"Her Majesty having been graciously pleased to command that a medal should be struck to record the services of her fleets and armies during the wars commencing 1793, and ending in 1814, and that one should be conferred upon every officer, non-commissioned officer and soldier of the army who was in any battle or siege, to commemorate which medals have been struck by command of Her Majesty's Royal predecessors and have been distributed to the general or superior officers of the general armies and corps of troops engaged, in conformity with the regulations of the army at that time in force...."

The Order was somewhat lengthy and involved, but its chief clauses were: (a) men should receive medals and clasps for all engagements figuring on the superior officers' medals and clasps of 1808-9, and (b) relatives of men since deceased could claim the award on production of sufficient title.

The medals were issued to 19,000 claimants in 1848. In 1850, the Duke of Richmond suggested that the troops in Egypt, who had fought with great bravery, should also receive the distinction, and the Queen graciously consented to recognize their services. In this case, however, the relatives of dead soldiers could not claim the award.

There is much about the rankers' Peninsular medal which is unsatisfactory. In the first place, the reverse bears the figure of Victoria crowning the Duke of Wellington. As he took no part in many of the contributory campaigns, and as his veto so long delayed the granting of the decoration, some other design would have been more appropriate. Again, the date placed in the exergue, 1793-1814, is much too vague. And lastly, the head of Victoria on the obverse has often caused confusion, as she did not ascend the throne until some three years after the campaign had come to a welcome close.

The Punjab award, 1848-9, is probably one of the most artistic pieces of work emanating from the London Mint. On the obverse was the familiar Wyon head of Victoria, surrounded by the words "Victoria Regina," whilst on the reverse was a stirring tableau representing Sikhs presenting their arms to Major-General Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert at Rawul Pindee. The ribbon was blue, striped with two narrow lines of yellow. There were three clasps: Chilianwala, Mooltan, and Goojerat.

The most desperate encounter in this campaign was the Battle of Chilianwala, during which the brigade under Brigadier Pennycuick and Lieutenant-Colonel Brookes was led to make a disastrous charge owing to a misunderstanding. The 24th Regiment suffered terribly, and their medals are now extremely valuable in consequence.

In 1851, Queen Victoria, in furtherance of her policy of rewarding unrecognized actions of the past, decided to issue an Indian General Service medal to cover the following feats of arms:—

Storm of Allighur—September 4, 1803.

Battle of Delhi—September 11, 1803.

Battle of Assaye—September 23, 1803.

Siege of Asseerghur—October 21, 1803.

Battle of Laswarree—November 1, 1803.

Battle of Argaum—November 29, 1803.

Siege and storm of Gawilghur—December 15, 1803.

Defence of Delhi—October 1804.

Battle of Deig—November 13, 1804.

Capture of Deig—December 23, 1804.

War of Nepaul—1816.

Battle of Kirkee and battle and capture of Poona—November 1817.

Battle of Seetabuldee and battle and capture of Nagpoor—November and December 1817.

Battle of Maheidpoor—December 21, 1817.

Defence of Corygaum—January 1, 1818.

War in Ava—1824-6.

Siege and storm of Bhurtpoor—January 1826.

The following are the particulars of the medal:—

Obverse—Wyon's head of Victoria, with the inscription "Victoria Regina."

Reverse—Victory, seated. A palm-tree in front of her.

Ribbon—Sky blue.

Clasps—Twenty-three in number.

It is curious to note that the reverse bears the date 1799-1826, though the above list of engagements restricts the years to 1803-26. This is due to the fact that the list was revised after the dies had been put in hand, and certain of the earlier battles were deleted on the advice of the Duke of Wellington.

A second Indian General Service medal was issued in 1854 and subsequently as conditions demanded. It should be mentioned that the authorities had grown to view the constant striking of fresh medals for Indian service with a certain amount of disfavour, and the standard design was introduced in order to prevent a multiplicity of patterns. The measure may have proved satisfactory to those in authority, but it certainly had grave disadvantages of a more or less obvious character. The ribbon, for instance, was similar through all the years of the issue, and when worn with undress or civilian clothes conveyed little meaning. The following clasps were issued:—

Pegu; Persia; North-West Frontier; Umbeyla; Bhootan; Looshai; Perak, 1875; Jowaki, 1877; Naga, 1879; Burma, 1885, 1887, and 1889; Sikkim, 1888; Hazara, 1888 and 1891; Chin-Lushai, 1889; Samana, 1891; North-West Frontier, 1891; Hunza, 1891; Lushgai, 1889; Wazeristan, 1894.

The value of the piece varies considerably, according to the clasps provided with it.

The description of the second Indian General Service award is:—

Obverse—Wyon's head of Victoria, with the inscription "Victoria Regina."

Reverse—Victory crowning a naked warrior.

Ribbon—Three strips of red and two of blue, all of equal width.

Another general medal, first issued in the early fifties, was the South African medal. It will be remembered that in 1850-3 certain British regiments were engaged in putting down Kaffir risings. When a decoration was struck for them, Queen Victoria decreed that the soldiers who fought in the earlier Kaffir risings in 1834 and 1846-7 should also receive the award. The design, which was the same for all, bore the Wyon head on the obverse, and a crouching lion with the words "South Africa" and the date "1853" on the reverse. The ribbon was orange, streaked with four blue lines.

For the 1834 campaign, the 27th, 72nd, and 75th Foot regiments were decorated. For the 1846-7 campaign, the recipients were the 7th Dragoon Guards, the Rifle Brigade, the 6th, 27th, 45th, 79th, 90th, and 91st Foot regiments. For the 1850-3 campaign, the following were honoured: the 2nd, 6th, 12th, 43rd, 60th, 73rd, 74th, 91st Foot, the Rifle Brigade, the 12th Lancers, and various Marines. By noting the recipient's regiment, engraved on the medal edge, it is possible, in most cases, to decide for which particular campaign the award was made.

It may be convenient to state here that the South African decoration was re-issued in 1877-9. The design was similar to the original, except that the exergue contained a picture of Kaffir arms instead of the date "1853." With this issue clasps bearing the following years were given: 1877, 1878, 1879, 1877-8, 1878-9, and 1877-8-9.

The next medal was that presented for the Baltic. It was given largely to the Navy, but the Army received its share, as the letter here quoted from Mayo plainly shows:—

"Admiralty, June 5, 1856.

Her Majesty having been graciously pleased to signify Her commands that a medal shall be granted to the Officers and Crews of Her Majesty's ships as well as to such Officers and Men of Her Majesty's Army as were employed in the operations in the Baltic in the years 1854-5, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty hereby give notice of the same."

The obverse of the award was again embellished by the familiar head engraved by Wyon, whilst the reverse depicted Britannia seated. The inscription "Baltic, 1854-1855," surrounded her. The ribbon was yellow, flanked with narrow edges of blue.

After the Baltic came the Crimea award. This is certainly one of the finest productions which the London Mint has ever given us. The well-known picture of Victoria filled the obverse, whilst a splendid allegorical group, depicting Victory crowning a Roman soldier, ornamented the reverse. The clasps were more decorative than usual, taking the form of elongated oak-leaves held in position by minute acorns. They were five in number and bore the designations of Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, Sebastopol, and Azoff (the latter only for naval victories). The ribbon was light blue, edged with yellow.

The medal commands but a very low price—considering how important was the victory which it commemorates—unless it bears the bar for Balaklava. If provided with this honour, and engraved for one of the cavalry regiments which took part in the famous charge, its value is considerable.

The last award to be paid for by the Honourable East India Company was the Indian Mutiny medal of 1857-8. This, of course, is one of the finest pieces which could enter the medallist's collection, yet it is procurable for a very modest sum, unless it bears the clasp for the Defence of Lucknow, when it is somewhat costly. The obverse shows Victoria's profile, as before, whilst the reverse displays Britannia seated on a lion, with the word "India" printed around the edge. The ribbon is silver grey, with two bars of red. The clasps are five in number: Delhi, Defence of Lucknow, Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow, and Central India. The medal was presented, generally, to soldiers in the 9th Lancers and the Bengal Horse Artillery, besides many civilians.

In 1867-8, a medal for Abyssinia was minted. In some measure it was an interesting award, as the usual head of Victoria was superseded by another design, engraved by J. S. Wyon and A. B. Wyon. In this case the royal features were portrayed within a small circle, which was surrounded by a star having nine points. In the angles formed by the points of the star the letters A-B-Y-S-S-I-N-I-A were printed. The reverse was a simple circular wreath. There were no clasps, and the ribbon—silver grey and red in colour—was passed through a circular ring, joined to the medal by a royal crown fashioned in silver.

In 1869, a much-belated decoration was struck for distribution among the soldiers and sailors who fought against the Maoris in New Zealand in 1845-7 and 1860-6.

The expeditionary force was landed in 1845, in order to uphold the rights of British settlers, who complained that after purchasing allotments of land they were denied their title. The Maori chiefs disclaimed all knowledge of such practices, but when a British magistrate presented a formal complaint to a certain Wairau chief, he was murdered. This seems to have been a signal for other native chiefs to rise and maltreat the Europeans generally. The British force, it may be added, only arrived in time to prevent a wholesale massacre of the settlers from the Motherland.

The obverse of the medal bore a new head of Victoria, wearing widow's weeds; the reverse showed a wreath, and the inscription "New Zealand, Virtutis Honor: 1846-65." For reasons which are not clear, a few pieces were struck bearing no date. The ribbon was blue and red.

As the historical incidents relating to the medals of recent issue are generally known, it will only be necessary in the following cases to describe the designs of the medals themselves.

Canada, 1866-70.—Yet another profile of Queen Victoria, with inscription "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix." On the reverse, a wreath of maple-leaves and a Canadian ensign. Clasps—Fenian Raid, 1866; Fenian Raid, 1870; Red River, 1870. Ribbon—two bars of red and one of grey.

Ashanti, 1874-94.—Still another profile of Queen Victoria, with inscription "Victoria Regina." The reverse bore a group of British soldiers fighting savages in a wood, the work of E. J. Poynter, R.A. Clasps—Coomassie; 1887-8; 1891-2; 1892; 1893-4. Ribbon—yellow and black.

Afghanistan, 1878-80.—Another profile of Queen Victoria, with inscription "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix." On the reverse, a fine picture of Indian soldiers proceeding through a mountain pass, in which an elephant is prominently displayed. The sketch was made by Randolph Caldecott. Clasps—Ali Musjid; Peiwar-Kotal; Charasia; Ahmed Khel; Kabul; Kandahar. Ribbon—green and plum.

Cape of Good Hope General Service.—On the obverse, Victoria with widow's weeds and small crown. On the reverse, the words "Cape of Good Hope," surmounting a lion and unicorn. Clasps—Bechuanaland; Basutoland; Transkei. Ribbon—blue and yellow.

Egypt, 1882-9.—Head of Victoria, as on the Ashanti medal, on obverse, and sphinx, with inscription "Egypt, 1882," on the reverse. Clasps—Alexandria; Tel-el-Kebir; Suakin; El Teb; Tamaai; El Teb-Tamaai; The Nile, 1884-5; Abou Klea; Kirbekan; Suakin, 1884; Tofrek; Gemaizah; Toski, 1889. Ribbon—grey and blue.

North-West Canada, 1885.—Obverse, as for Egypt. Reverse, maple wreath, and inscription "North-West Canada, 1885." Clasp—Saskatchewan. Ribbon—grey with two red stripes.

West Africa, 1890-1900.—Head as in previous case. Reverse, British soldiers fighting savages in a forest. Seventeen clasps. Ribbon—black and yellow.

Matabeleland, 1893.—A fresh head of Victoria on the obverse, and a wounded lion, with the inscription "Matabeleland" on the reverse. No clasps. Ribbon—orange and blue in seven stripes.

Central Africa, 1894-8.—Medal as for West Africa. One clasp. "Central Africa, 1894-8." Ribbon—plum, silver, and black.

Third India General Service Medal, 1895-8.—Victoria in widow's weeds on obverse, and a British and Indian soldier grasping a standard on reverse. Six clasps. Ribbon—yellow green and plum red.

Sudan, 1896.—Head and shoulders profile of Victoria on obverse, and on reverse a winged figure of Victory grasping a flag in either hand and "Sudan" printed beneath her feet. No clasps. Ribbon—a thin red stripe separating two wide bars of yellow and black. There is also a Khedive's Sudan medal which British soldiers have permission to wear.

East and Central Africa, 1897-9.—Obverse, as for Sudan. Reverse, Britannia pointing to the rising sun. A lion accompanies her. Clasps—Lubwa's Uganda; 1897-8; 1898; Uganda, 1899. Ribbon—orange and red in two wide bars.

China, 1900.—Victoria in profile on obverse; a pile of arms, a shield, a palm-tree, and the Latin quotation "Armis Exposcere Pacem" on the reverse. Clasps—Taku Forts; Defence of the Legations; Relief of Pekin. Ribbon—a wide red band flanked with yellow edges.

First South Africa, 1899-1902.—The Queen's head on the obverse, as in previous case. Victory offering a laurel crown to an army of British soldiers. Twenty-six clasps. Ribbon—orange flanked with blue, which in turn is flanked with red.

Second South Africa, 1901-2.—The first campaign medal to bear King Edward's profile. Reverse, as for previous award. Clasps—South Africa, 1901; South Africa, 1902. Ribbon—equal strips of green, silver, and orange.

Ashanti, 1900.—Obverse, as for second South Africa. Reverse, a lion trampling on native weapons, and a scroll with the word "Ashanti." Clasp—Kumassi. Ribbon—three strips of black and two of green.

East African General Service, 1900-4.—Obverse, as before. Reverse, Victory, with a lion, pointing to the rising sun. Fourteen clasps. Ribbon—black, yellow, and green bars.

Fourth India General Service, 1901-2.—Obverse, as before. Reverse and ribbon, as for the third India General Service medal. Clasp—Waziristan, 1901-2. Ribbon—three strips of crimson and two of green.

Tibet, 1903-4.—Obverse, as before. Reverse, the heights of Tibet crowned by a fortress. Clasp—Gyantse. Ribbon—green, silver, and plum colour.