CHAPTER XII HOMINOXIOUS ARTHROPODS |
The following synoptic tables are presented in the hope that they may be of service in giving the reader a perspective of the relationships of the Arthropoda in general and enabling him to identify the more important species which have been found noxious to man. Though applicable chiefly to the arthropods found in the United States, exotic genera and species which are concerned in the transmission of disease are also included. For this reason the keys to the genera of the Muscids of the world are given. As will be seen, the tables embrace a number of groups of species which are not injurious. This was found necessary in order that the student might not be lead to an erroneous determination which would result were he to attempt to identify a species which heretofore had not been considered noxious, by means of a key containing only the noxious forms. The names printed in bold faced type indicate the hominoxious arthropods which have been most commonly mentioned in literature. CRUSTACEA Arthropods having two pairs of antennÆ which are sometimes modified for grasping, and usually with more than five pairs of legs. With but few exceptions they are aquatic creatures. Representatives are: Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, water-fleas, and woodlice. To this class belongs the Cyclops (fig.122) a genus of minute aquatic crustaceans of which at least one species harbors Dracunculus medinensis, the Guinea worm (fig.121). MYRIAPODA Elongate, usually vermiform, wingless, terrestrial creatures having one pair of antennÆ, legs attached to each of the many intermediate body segments. This group is divided into two sections, now usually given class rank: the Diplopoda or millipedes (fig.13), commonly known as thousand legs, characterized by having two pairs of legs attached to each intermediate body segment, and the Chilopoda or centipedes (fig.14) having only one pair of legs to each body segment. ARACHNIDA In this class the antennÆ are apparently wanting, wings are never present, and the adults are usually provided with four pairs of legs. Scorpions, harvest-men, spiders, mites, etc. HEXAPODA (Insects) True insects have a single pair of antennÆ, which is rarely vestigial, and usually one or two pairs of wings in the adult stage. Familiar examples are cockroaches, crickets, grasshoppers, bugs, dragon-flies, butterflies, moths, mosquitoes, flies, beetles, ants, bees and wasps. ORDERS OF THE ARACHNIDA a. Abdomen distinctly segmented. A group of orders including scorpions, (fig.11), whip-scorpions (fig.10), pseudo-scorpions, solpugids (fig.12) harvest-men (daddy-long-legs or harvestmen), etc. Arthrogastra aa. Abdomen unsegmented, though sometimes with numerous annulations SphÆrogastra b. A constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen (fig.7). True Spiders Araneida bb. No deep constriction between these parts. c. Legs usually well developed, body more or less depressed (fig.49). Mites Acarina cc. Legs stumpy or absent, body more or less elongate or vermiform, or if shorter, the species is aquatic or semi-aquatic in habit. d. Four pairs of short legs; species inhabiting moss or water. Water-bears. Tardigrada dd. Two pairs of clasping organs near the mouth, instead of legs, in the adult; worm-like creatures parasitic within the nasal passages, lungs, etc. of mammals and reptiles (fig.148). Tongue worms. Linguatulina
ACARINA[E] a. Abdomen annulate, elongate; very minute forms, often with but four legs (fig.62). Demodicoidea b. With but four legs of five segments each. Living on plants, often forming galls. EriophyidÆ bb. With eight legs, of three segments each. Living in the skin of mammals. DemodicidÆ To this family belongs the genus Demodex found in the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of various mammals, including man. D. phylloides Csokor has been found in Canada on swine, causing white tubercles on the skin. D. bovis Stiles has been reported from the United States on cattle, upon the skin of which they form swellings. D. folliculorum Simon is the species found on man. See page 78. aa. Abdomen not annulate nor prolonged behind; eight legs in the adult stage. b. With a distinct spiracle upon a stigmal plate on each side of the body (usually ventral) above the third or fourth coxÆ or a little behind (fig.50); palpi free; skin often coriaceous or leathery; tarsi often with a sucker. c. Hypostome large (fig.50), furnished below with many recurved teeth; venter with furrows, skin leathery; large forms, usually parasitic. Ixodoidea d. Without scutum but covered by a more or less uniform leathery integument; festoons absent; coxÆ unarmed, tarsi without ventral spurs; pulvilli absent or vestigial in the adults; palpi cylindrical; sexual dimorphism slight. ArgasidÆ e. Body flattened, oval or rounded, with a distinct flattened margin differing in structure from the general integument; this margin gives the body a sharp edge which is not entirely obliterated even when the tick is full fed. Capitulum (in adults and nymphs) entirely invisible dorsally, distant in the adult by about its own length from the anterior border. Eyes absent. Argus Latr. f. Body oblong; margin with quadrangular cells; anterior tibiÆ and metatarsi each about three times as long as broad. On poultry, southwest United States. A. persicus miniatus A. brevipes Banks, a species with proportionately shorter legs has been recorded from Arizona. ff. With another combination of characters. About six other species of Argas from various parts of the world, parasitic on birds and mammals. ee. Body flattened when unfed, but usually becoming very convex on distention; anterior end more or less pointed and hoodlike; margin thick and not clearly defined, similar in structure to the rest of the integument and generally disappearing on distention; capitulum subterminal, its anterior portions often visible dorsally in the adult; eyes present in some species. f. Integument pitted, without rounded tubercles; body provided with many short stiff bristles; eyes absent. On horses, cattle and man (fig.48). Otiobius Banks. O. megnini, a widely distributed species, is the type of this genus. ff. Integument with rounded tubercles or granules; body without stiff bristles. Ornithodoros Koch. g. Two pairs of eyes; tarsiIV with a prominent subterminal spur above; legI strongly roughened. On cattle and man. O. coriaceus gg. No eyes; no such spur on the hind tarsi. h. TarsiI without humps above. O. talaje. hh. TarsiI with humps above. i. TarsiIV without distinct humps above. On hogs, cattle and man. O. turicata ii. TarsiIV with humps nearly equidistant (fig.142). Africa. O. moubata dd. With scutum or shield (fig.50); festoons usually present; coxÆ usually armed with spurs, tarsi generally with one or two ventral spurs; pulvilli present in the adults; sexual dimorphism pronounced. IxodidÆ e. With anal grooves surrounding anus in front; inornate; without eyes; no posterior marginal festoons; venter of the male with non-salient plates. Numerous species, 14 from the United States, among them I.ricinus (fig.49 and50), scapularis, cookei, hexagonus, bicornis. Ixodes Latr. (including Ceratixodes). ee. With anal groove contouring anus behind, or groove faint or obsolete. f. With short palpi (fig.149). g. Without eyes, inornate, with posterior marginal festoons; male without ventral plates. Numerous species. H. chordeilis and leporis-palustris from the United States. HÆmaphysalis Koch. gg. With eyes. h. Anal groove distinct; posterior marginal festoons present. i. Base of the capitulum (fig.150c) rectangular dorsally; usually ornate.Dermacentor Koch. j. Adults with four longitudinal rows of large denticles on each half of hypostome; stigmal plate nearly circular, without dorso-lateral prolongation, goblets very large, attaining 43µ to 115µ in diameter; not over 40 per plate, each plate surrounded by an elevated row of regularly arranged supporting cells; white rust wanting; base of capitulum distinctly broader than long, its postero-lateral angles prolonged slightly, if at all; coxÆ T with short spurs; trochanterI with small dorso-terminal blade. Texas, Arizona, etc. D. nitens jj. Adults with three longitudinal rows of large denticles on each half of hypostome; goblet cells always more than 40 per plate; whitish rust usually present. k. Dorso-lateral prolongation of stigmal plate small or absent; plates of the adults distinctly longer than broad; goblet cells large, usually 30µ to 85µ in diameter, appearing as very coarse punctations on untreated specimens, but on specimens treated with caustic potash they appear very distinct in outline; base of capitulum distinctly (usually about twice) broader than long, the postero-lateral angles distinctly produced caudad; spurs of coxÆI long, lateral spur slightly longer than median; trochanter I with dorso-terminal spur. D. albipictus, (=variegatus), salmoni, nigrolineatus. kk. Dorso-lateral prolongation of stigmal plate distinct. l. Body of plate distinctly longer than broad; goblet cells of medium size, usually 17.5µ to 35µ or 40µ in diameter, appearing as medium sized punctuations on untreated specimens, but on the specimens treated with caustic potash they appear very distinct in outline, which is not circular; base of capitulum usually less than twice as broad as long, the postero-lateral angles always distinctly prolonged caudad. m. Trochanter I with distinct dorso-subterminal retrograde sharp, digitate spur; postero-lateral angles of capitulum pronouncedly prolonged caudal, 112µ to 160µ long; goblet cells attain 13µ to 40µ in diameter; type locality California. D. occidentalis mm. Trochanter I with dorso-terminal blade; postero-lateral angles of capitulum with rather short prolongations. n. Stigmal plate small, goblet cells not exceeding 45 in the male or 100 in the female; scutum with little rust, coxaI with short spurs, the inner distinctly shorter than the outer. D. parumapertus-marginatus nn. Stigmal plate larger; goblet cells over 70 in the male and over 100 in the female; coxaI with longer spurs, inner slightly shorter than the outer; scutum with considerable rust. D. venustus[F] ll. Goblet cells small, rarely exceeding 17.6µ, occasionally reaching 19µ in diameter; on untreated specimens they appear as very fine granulations, and on specimens treated with caustic potash they may be difficult to see, but their large number can be determined from the prominent stems of the goblets; surface of outline of the goblets distinctly circular; base of the capitulum usually less than twice as broad as long, the postero-lateral angle distinctly prolonged caudad; spurs of coxÆI long. D. reticulatus and electus (=variabilis?) ii. Base of the capitulum (fig.151) usually hexagonal (except in the male of puchellus); and usually inornate. j. No ventral plate or shield in either sex (fig.153). R. bicornis from the United States. Rhipicentor Nuttall jj. Males with a pair of adanal shields, and usually a pair of accessory adanal shields. Numerous species, among them R. sanguineus (fig.154) and texanus, the latter from the United States. Rhipicephalus Koch hh. Anal grooves faint or obsolete; no marginal festoons. i. Short palpi; highly chitinized; unfed adults of large size; coxÆ conical; male with a median plate prolonged in two long spines projecting caudad; segments of leg pair IV greatly swollen (fig. 155,156). M. winthemi Margaropus Karsch ii. Very short palpi, ridged dorsally and laterally; slightly chitinized; unfed adults of smaller size; coxÆ I bifid; male with adanal and accessory adanal shields (fig.139). B. annulatus. Boophilus Curtis ff. Palpi longer than broad (fig.157). g. Male with pair of adanal shields, and two posterior abdominal protrusions capped by chitinized points; festoons present or absent. Several species, among them H.Ægypticum (fig.140) from the old world. Hyalomma Koch gg. Male without adanal shields but small ventral plaques are occasionally present close to the festoons. Many species, a few from the United States (fig.157). Amblyomma Koch h. CoxaI with but one spine, metatarsi (exceptI) with two thickened spurs at tips. A. maculatum hh. CoxaI with two spines; metatarsi without stout spurs at tips, only slender hairs. i. Projections of coxaI blunt and short. Large species on the gopher tortoise in Florida. A. tuberculatum ii. Projections of coxaI longer, and at least one of them sharp pointed; second segment of palpus twice as long as the third; coxaIV of the male with a long spine. j. Porose areas nearly circular; shield of both sexes pale yellowish, with some silvery streaks and marks, and some reddish spots; shield of female as broad as long. A. cajennense (=mixtum). jj. Porose areas elongate, shield brown, in the female with an apical silvery mark, in the male with two small and two or four other silvery spots; shield of the female longer than broad (fig158e). A. americanum. cc. Hypostome small, without teeth, venter without furrows; body often with coriaceous shields, posterior margin of the body never crenulate (i.e. without festoons); no eyes. GAMASOIDEA. d. Parasitic on vertebrates; mandibles fitted for piercing; body sometimes constricted. DermanyssidÆ. e. Anal plate present. DermanyssinÆ. f. Body short; legs stout, hind pair reaching much beyond the tip of the body. On bats. Pteroptus Dufour. ff. Body long; hind legs not reaching beyond the tip of the body. g. Peritreme on the dorsum, very short; body distinctly constricted. Ptilonyssus Berl. gg. Peritreme on the venter, longer; body not distinctly constricted. h. Mandibles in both sexes chelate. Parasitic on bats, mice and birds (fig.150, h). Liponyssus Kol. The species L. (=Leiognathus) sylviarum frequents the nests of warblers. An instance is on record of these mites attacking man, causing a pruritis. hh. Mandibles in the male chelate (fig.158j), in the female long, styliform. Parasitic on birds. Dermanyssus Dug. Two species of importance may be noted, D. hirundinus and D. gallinÆ. The latter ( fig.51) is a serious pest of poultry, sometimes attacking man, causing itching and soreness. ee. Anal plate absent. In lungs and air passages of some mammals. HalarachninÆ. dd. Free or attached to insects, rarely on vertebrates. e. First pair of legs inserted within the same body opening as the oral tube; genital apertures surrounded by the sternum. On insects. UropodidÆ. ee. First pair of legs inserted at one side of the mouth opening; male genital aperture usually on the anterior margin of the sternal plate. GamasidÆ. This family contains a number of genera, some of which are found upon mammals, though the majority affect only other arthropods. One species, LÆlaps stabularis, frequents the bedding in stables, and in one instance at least, has occasioned irritation and itching, in man. bb. No distinct spiracle in the stigmal plate on each side of the body. c. Body usually coriaceous, with few hairs, with a specialized seta arising from a pore near each posterior corner of the cephalothorax; no eyes; mouth parts and palpi very small; ventral openings of the abdomen large; tarsi without sucker. Not parasitic. ORIBATOIDEA. cc. Body softer; without such specialized seta. d. Aquatic species. HYDRACHNOIDEA. dd. Not aquatic. e. Palpi small, three segmented, adhering for some distance to the lip; ventral suckers at genital opening or near anal opening usually present; no eyes; tarsi often end in suckers; beneath the skin on the venter are seen rod-like epimera that support the legs; body often entire. Adults frequently parasitic. SARCOPTOIDEA. f. With tracheÆ; no ventral suckers; legs ending in claws; body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; the female with a clavate hair between legs I and II. Usually not parasitic on birds and mammals. TarsonemidÆ g. Hind legs of female ending in claw and sucker as in the other pairs. PediculoidinÆ To this sub-family belongs the genus Pediculoides P. ventricosus is described on page 69. gg. Hind legs of the female end in long hairs. TarsoneminÆ Tarsonemus intectus Karpelles, normally found upon grain, is said to attack man in Hungary and Russia. Other species of the genus affect various plants (c.f. fig.150, g). ff. Without tracheÆ; no such clavate hair. g. Genital suckers usually present; integument usually without fine parallel lines. h. Legs short, without clavate hair on tarsiI andII. On insects. CanestrinidÆ. hh. Legs longer, with a clavate hair on tarsiI andII. Not normally parasitic except on bees. TyroglyphidÆ i. Dorsal integument more or less granulate; claws very weak, almost invisible; some hairs of the body plainly feathered; ventral apertures large. Glyciphagus Her. This genus occurs in the United States. In Europe the mites have been found feeding on all sorts of substances. They are known as sugar mites and cause the disease known as grocer's itch. G. domesticus and G. prunorum are old world species (fig.150, d). ii. Dorsal integument not granulate; claws distinct; no prominent feathered hairs; ventral aperture small. j. Mandibles not chelate; elongate, and toothed below; body without long hairs; palpi enlarged at tip and provided with two divergent bristles. Species feed on decaying substances. Histiostoma Kram. jj. Mandibles chelate; palpi not enlarged at the tip, nor with two bristles. k. No clavate hair on the base of tarsi I and II; no suture between cephalothorax and abdomen. Live on bees or in their nests. Trichotarsus Can. kk. A clavate or thickened hair at the base of tarsiI andII. l. The bristle on the penultimate segment of the legs arises from near the middle; no suture between the cephalothorax and abdomen. The species, some of which occur in the United States, feed on dried fruit, etc. Carpoglyphus Robin. ll. The bristle on the penultimate segment of the legs arise from near the tip; a suture between cephalothorax and abdomen. m. Cephalothorax with four distinct and long bristles in a transverse row; tarsiI andII about twice as long as the preceding segment (fig.150f). Tyroglyphus Latr. n. Some bristles on tarsiI andII near middle, distinctly spine-like; the sense hair about its length from the base of the segment. Several species in the United States belong to this group. nn. No spine-like bristles near the middle of the tarsi; sense hair not its length from the base of the segment. o. Of the terminal abdominal bristles, only two are about as long as the abdomen; leg I of the male greatly thickened and with a spine at apex of the femur below. T. farinÆ. oo. Of the terminal abdominal bristles at least six or more are very long, nearly as long as the body. p. Bristles of the body distinctly plumose or pectinate; tarsi very long. T. longior. pp. Bristles of the body not pectinate. q. In mills, stored foods, grains, etc. Third and fourth joints of hind legs scarcely twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles not unusually long; legsI andII of the male not unusually stout. T. americanus. qq. With other characters and habits. T. lintneri (fig.150f) the mushroom mite, and several other species. mm. Cephalothorax with but two long distinct bristles (besides the frontal pair), but sometimes a very minute intermediate pair; tarsiI andII unusually short and not twice as long as the preceding segment. n. Tarsi with some stout spines. Rhizoglyphus Clap. The species of this genus are vegetable feeders. Several occur in the United States. R. parasiticus and R. spinitarsus have been recorded from the old world, attacking human beings who handle affected plants. nn. Tarsi with only fine hairs. Monieziella Berl. The species of this genus, as far as known, are predaceous or feed on recently killed animal matter. Several species occur in the United States. M. (=Histiogaster) entomophaga (fig.152) from the old world has been recorded as injurious to man. gg. Genital suckers absent; integument with fine parallel lines. Parasitic on birds and mammals. h. Possessing a specially developed apparatus for clinging to hairs of mammals. ListrophoridÆ. hh. Without such apparatus. i. Living on the plumage of birds. AnalgesidÆ. ii. In the living tissues of birds and mammals. j. Vulva longitudinal. In the skin and cellular tissues of birds. CytoleichidÆ. This family contains two species, both occurring in the United States on the common fowl. Laminosioptes cysticola occurs on the skin and also bores into the subcutaneous tissue where it gives rise to a calcareous cyst. Cytoleichus nudus is most commonly found in the air passages and air cells. jj. Vulva transverse. In the skin of mammals and birds SarcoptidÆ k. Anal opening on the dorsum. l. Third pair of legs in the male without apical suckers. On cats and rabbits. Notoedres Rail. The itch mite of the cat, N. cati (fig.61) has been recorded on man. ll. Third leg in the male with suckers. On bats Prosopodectes Can. kk. Anal opening below. l. Pedicel of the suckers jointed; mandibles styliform and serrate near the tip. Psoroptes Gerv. P. communis ovis is the cause of sheep scab. ll. Pedicel of the suckers not jointed; mandibles chelate. m. No suckers on the legs of the females; parasitic on birds, including chickens. C. mutans is itch mite of chickens. Cnemidocoptes FÜrst. mm. Suckers at least on legsI andII; parasitic on mammals. n. Legs very short; in the male the hind pairs equal in size; body usually short. Sarcoptes Latr. S. scabiei is the itch mite of man (fig.56). nn. Legs more slender; in the male the third pair is much larger than the fourth; body more elongate. o. Female with suckers on the fourth pair of legs. Species do not burrow in the skin, but produce a scab similar to sheep scab. They occur in the ox, horse, sheep and goat. Chorioptes Gerv. C. symbiotes bovis of the ox has been recorded a few times on man. oo. Female without suckers to the fourth legs. p. Hind part of the male abdomen with two lobes. On a few wild animals. Caparinia Can. pp. Hind part of the male abdomen without lobes. Live in ears of dogs and cats. Otodectes Canestr. O. cynotis Hering (fig.150e) has been taken in the United States. ee. Palpi usually of four or five segments, free; rarely with ventral suckers near genital or anal openings; eyes often present; tarsi never end in suckers; body usually divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; rod-like epimera rarely visible; adults rarely parasitic. f. Last segment of the palpi never forms a thumb to the preceding segment; palpi simple, or rarely formed to hold prey; body with but few hairs. EUPODOIDEA. g. Palpi often geniculate, or else fitted for grasping prey; mandibles large and snout like; cephalothorax with four long bristles above, two in front, two behind; last segment of legI longer than the preceding segment, often twice as long. BdellidÆ. gg. Palpi never geniculate (fig.158a), nor fitted for grasping prey: beak small; cephalothorax with bristles in different arrangement; last segment of leg I shorter or but little longer than the preceding joint; eyes when present near posterior border. EupodidÆ Moniez has described a species from Belgium (Tydeus molestus) which attacks man. It is rose colored; eyeless; its legs are scarcely as long as its body, the hind femur is not thickened; the mandibles are small and the anal opening is on the venter. The female attains a length of about 0.3 mm. ff. Last segment of the palpus forms a thumb to the preceding, which ends in a claw (with few exceptions); body often with many hairs (fig.158k). TROMBIDOIDEA. g. LegsI andII with processes bearing spines; skin with several shields; coxÆ contiguous. CÆculidÆ. gg. LegsI andII without such processes; few if any shields. h. Palpi much thickened on the base, moving laterally, last joint often with two pectinate bristles; no eyes; legsI ending in several long hairs; adult sometimes parasitic. CheyletidÆ Cheyletus eruditus, which frequents old books, has once been found in pus discharged from the ear of man. hh. Palpi less thickened, moving vertically; eyes usually present; legI not ending in long hairs. i. CoxÆ contiguous, radiate; legs slender, bristly; body with few hairs; no dorsal groove; tarsi not swollen. ErythrÆidÆ. ii. CoxÆ more or less in two groups; legs less bristly. j. Body with fewer, longer hairs; often spinning threads; no dorsal groove; tarsi never swollen; mandibles styliform (for piercing). TetranychidÆ The genus Tetranychus may be distinguished from the other genera occurring in the United States by the following characters: No scale-like projections on the front of the cephalothorax; legs I as long or longer than the body; palp ends in a distinct thumb; the body is about 1.5 times as long as broad. T.molestissimus Weyenb. from South America, and T.telarius from Europe and America ordinarily infesting plants, are said also to molest man. jj. Body with many fine hairs or short spines; not spinning threads; often with dorsal groove; tarsi often swollen. k. Mandibles styliform for piercing. RhycholophidÆ. kk. Mandibles chelate, for biting. TrombididÆ The genus Trombidium has recently been subdivided by Berlese into a number of smaller ones, of which some five or six occur in the United States. The mature mite is not parasitic but the larvÆ which are very numerous in certain localities will cause intense itching, soreness, and even more serious complications. They burrow beneath the skin and produce inflamed spots. They have received the popular name of "red bug." The names Leptus americanus and L.irritans have been applied to them, although they are now known to be immature stages. (Fig.44.) 158. (a) Tydeus, beak and leg from below; (b) Cheyletus pyriformis, beak and palpus; (c) beak and claw of Pediculoides; (d) leg of Sarcoptes; (e) scutum of female of Amblyomma americana; (f) leg I and tip of mandible of Histiostoma americana; (g) Histiogaster malus, mandible and venter; (h) Aleurobius farinÆ, and leg I of male; (i) Otodectes cynotis, tip of abdomen of male, (j) beak and anal plate of Dermanyssus gallinÆ; (k) palpus of Allothrombium. (a) to (j) after Banks. 158. (a)Tydeus, beak and leg from below; (b)Cheyletus pyriformis, beak and palpus; (c)beak and claw of Pediculoides; (d)leg of Sarcoptes; (e)scutum of female of Amblyomma americana; (f)legI and tip of mandible of Histiostoma americana; (g)Histiogaster malus, mandible and venter; (h)Aleurobius farinÆ, and legI of male; (i)Otodectes cynotis, tip of abdomen of male, (j)beak and anal plate of Dermanyssus gallinÆ; (k)palpus of Allothrombium. (a)to(j) after Banks. HEXAPODA (Insecta) The Thysanura (springtails and bristletails), the Neuropteroids (may-flies, stone-flies, dragon-flies, caddis-flies, etc.), Mallophaga (bird lice), Physopoda (thrips), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, roaches), are of no special interest from our viewpoint. The remaining orders are briefly characterized below. Mouth parts suctorial; beak fleshy, not jointed; insect wingless; parasitic upon mammals. Metamorphosis incomplete. Lice. Mouth parts suctorial; beak or the sheath of the beak jointed; in the mature state usually with four wings. In external appearance the immature insect resembles the adult except that the immature form (i.e. nymph) never has wings, the successive instars during the process of growth, therefore, are quite similar; and the metamorphosis is thus incomplete. To this order belong the true bugs, the plant lice, leaf hoppers, frog hoppers, cicadas, etc. LEPIDOPTERA The adult insect has the body covered with scales and (with the rare exception of the females of a few species) with four wings also covered with scales. Proboscis, when present, coiled, not segmented, adapted for sucking. Metamorphosis complete, i.e. the young which hatches from the egg is quite unlike the adult, and after undergoing several molts transforms into a quiescent pupa which is frequently enclosed in a cocoon from which the adult later emerges. The larvÆ are known as caterpillars. Butterflies and moths. The adult insect is provided with two, usually transparent, wings, the second pair of wings of other insects being replaced by a pair of halteres or balancers. In a few rare species the wings, or halteres, or both, are wanting. The mouth parts, which are not segmented, are adapted for sucking. The tarsi are five-segmented. Metamorphosis complete. The larvÆ, which are never provided with jointed legs, are variously known as maggots, or grubs, or wrigglers. Flies, midges, mosquitoes. Mouth parts adapted for sucking; body naked or with bristles and spines; prothorax well developed; body compressed; tarsi with five segments; wings absent. Metamorphosis complete. The larva is a wormlike creature. Fleas. COLEOPTERA Adult with four wings (rarely wanting), the first pair horny or leathery, veinless, forming wing covers which meet in a line along the middle of the back. Mouth parts of both immature stages and adults adapted for biting and chewing. Metamorphosis complete. The larvÆ of many species are known as grubs. Beetles. HYMENOPTERA Adult insect with four, usually transparent, wings, wanting in some species. Mouth parts adapted for biting and sucking; palpi small; tarsi four or five-segmented. Metamorphosis complete. Parasitic four-winged flies, ants, bees, and wasps. SIPHUNCULATA AND HEMIPTERA a. Legs with claws fitted for clinging to hairs; wings wanting; spiracles of the abdomen on the dorsal surface. (=ANOPLURA =PARASITICA) SIPHUNCULATA. b. Legs not modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus very long and slender; tibia without thumb-like process; antennÆ five-segmented. HÆmatomyzidÆ Endr. HÆmatomyzus elephantis on the elephant. bb. Legs modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus usually short and stout; tibia with a thumb-like process; head not anteriorly prolonged, tube-like. c. Body depressed; a pair of stigmata on the mesothorax, and abdominal segments three to eight; antennÆ three to five-segmented. d. Eyes large, projecting, distinctly pigmented; pharynx short and broad; fulturÆ (inner skeleton of head) very strong and broad, with broad arms; proboscis short, scarcely attaining the thorax. PediculidÆ e. AntennÆ three-segmented. A few species occurring upon old world monkeys. Pedicinis Gerv. ee. AntennÆ five-segmented. f. All legs stout; thumb-like process of the tibia very long and slender, beset with strong spines, fore legs stouter than the others; abdomen elongate, segments without lateral processes; the divided telson with a conical process posteriorly upon the ventral side. Pediculus L. g. Upon man. h. Each abdominal segment dorsally with from one to three more or less regular transverse rows of small setÆ; antenna about as long as the width of the head. Head louse (fig.65). P. humanus. hh. "No transverse rows of abdominal setÆ; antenna longer than the width of the head; species larger." Piaget. Body louse of man. P. corporis. gg. Upon apes and other mammals. P. pusitatus(?). ff. Fore legs delicate, with very long and slender claws; other legs very stout with short and stout claws; thumb-like process of the tibia short and stout; abdomen very short and broad; segment one to five closely crowded, thus the stigmata of segments three to five apparently lying in one segment; segments five to eight with lateral processes; telson without lateral conical appendages (fig.69). Crab louse of man. Phthirus pubis. dd. Eyes indistinct or wanting; pharynx long and slender, fulturÆ very slender and closely applied to the pharynx; proboscis very long. Several genera found upon various mammals. HÆmatopinidÆ. cc. Body swollen; meso- and metathorax, and abdominal segments two to eight each with a pair of stigmata; eyes wanting; antennÆ four or five-segmented; body covered with stout spines. Three genera found upon marine mammals. EchinophthiriidÆ aa. Legs fitted for walking or jumping; spiracles of abdomen usually ventral; beak segmented. b. Apex of head usually directed anteriorly; beak arising from its apex; sides of the face remote from the front coxÆ; first pair of wings when present thickened at base, with thinner margins. HETEROPTERA c. Front tarsi of one segment, spade-form (palÆformes); beak short, at most two-segmented; intermediate legs long, slender; posterior pair adapted for swimming. CorixidÆ cc. Front tarsi rarely one-segmented, never spade-form; beak free, at least three-segmented. d. Pulvilli wanting. e. Hemelytra usually with a distinct clavus (fig.159), clavus always ends behind the apex of the scutellum, forming the commissure. (Species having the wings much reduced or wanting should be sought for in both sections.) f. AntennÆ very short; meso- and metasternum composite; eyes always present. g. Ocelli present; beak four-segmented. OchteridÆ and NerthridÆ. gg. Ocelli wanting; antennÆ more or less hidden in a groove. h. Anterior coxÆ inserted at or near anterior margin of the prosternum; front legs raptorial; beak three-segmented. BelostomidÆ (with swimming legs), NepidÆ, NaucoridÆ. i. Metasternum without a median longitudinal keel; antennÆ always four-segmented. j. Beak short, robust, conical; the hairy fleck on the corium elongate, large, lying in the middle between the inner angle of the membrane and the outer vein parallel to the membrane margin; membrane margin S-shaped. k. The thick fore femur with a relatively deep longitudinal furrow to receive the tibia. Several American species (fig.19f.). Belostoma (=Lethocerus Mayer) kk. The less thickened fore femur without such a furrow. B. griseus. Benacus StÄl. jj. Beak slender, cylindrical; the hairy spot on the corium rounded lying next to the inner angle of the membrane. k. Membrane large, furrow of the embolium broadened. Z. aurantiacum, fluminea, etc. Zaitha kk. Membrane very short; furrow of embolium not broadened. Western genus. Pedinocoris ii. Metasternum with a long median longitudinal keel. Southwestern forms. Abedus ovatus and Deniostoma dilatato hh. Anterior coxÆ inserted at the posterior margin of the prosternum; legs natatorial. Back swimmers (fig.19b.). NotonectidÆ i. Apices of the hemelytra entire; the three pairs of legs similar in shape; beak three-segmented; abdomen not keeled or hairy. Plea Leach ii. Apices of hemelytra notched; legs dissimilar; beak four-segmented; abdomen keeled and hairy. j. Hemelytra usually much longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna longer than the third segment; hind tarsi with claws. Bueno Kirk. jj. Hemelytra but little longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna shorter than the third segment; hind tarsi without claws (fig.19b). Notonecta L. ff. AntennÆ longer than the head; or if shorter, then the eyes and ocelli absent. g. Eyes, ocelli, and scutellum wanting; beak three-segmented; head short; hemelytra always short; membrane wanting. Insects parasitic on bats. PolyctenidÆ gg. Eyes present. h. First two antennal segments very short, last two long, pilose, third thickened at the base; ocelli present, veins of the hemelytra forming cells. DipsocoridÆ (=CeratocombidÆ) including SchizopteridÆ. hh. Third segment of the antenna not thickened at the base, second as long or longer than the third, rarely shorter. i. Posterior coxÆ hinged (cardinate), if rarely rotating, the cuneus is severed, the membrane is one or two-celled, and the meso- and metasternum are composite. j. Ocelli absent, clypeus dilated toward the apex; hemelytra always short, membrane wanting. Species parasitic. Bed bugs, etc. CimicidÆ k. Beak short, reaching to about the anterior coxÆ; scutellum acuminate at the apex; lateral margin of the elytra but little reflexed, apical margin more or less rounded; intermediate and posterior coxÆ very remote. l. Body covered with short hairs, only the sides of the pronotum and the hemelytra fringed with longer hairs; antennÆ with the third and fourth segments very much more slender than the first and second; pronotum with the anterior margin very deeply sinuate. Cimex L. m. Sides of the pronotum widely dilated, broader than the breadth of one eye, and densely fringed with backward curved hairs; apical margin of the hemelytra nearly straight, rounded toward the interior or exterior angles. n. Body covered with very short hairs; second segment of the antenna shorter than the third; sides of the pronotum feebly reflexed, fringed with shorter hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural (inner) margin rounded and shorter than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the interior angle. The common bed bug (fig.19h). C. lectularius Linn nn. Body covered with longer hairs; second and third segments of the antenna of equal length; side of the pronotum narrowly, but distinctly, reflexed, fringed with longer hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural margin straight and longer than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the exterior angle. Species found on bats in various parts of the United States. C. pillosellus Hov. mm. Sides of the pronotum neither dilated, nor reflexed, fringed with less dense and nearly straight hairs; hemelytra with the apical margin distinctly rounded. Parasitic on man, birds and bats. Occurs in the old world, Brazil and the West Indies. C. hemipterus Fabr. (=rotundatus) ll. Body clothed with rather longer silky hairs; third and fourth segments of the antenna somewhat more slender than the first and second; anterior margin of the pronotum very slightly sinuate or nearly straight in the middle, produced at the lateral angles. This is the species which in American collections is known as C. hirundinis, the latter being an old world form. It is found in swallows nests. O. vicarius. Oeciacus StÄl kk. Beak long, reaching to the posterior coxÆ; scutellum rounded at the apex; lateral margins of the elytra strongly reflexed, apical margin slightly sinuate toward the middle; intermediate and posterior coxÆ sub-contiguous. This species infests poultry in southwest United States and in Mexico. H. inodorus. HÆmatosiphon Champ. jj. Ocelli present, if rarely absent in the female, then the tarsus has two segments; or if with three tarsal segments, the wing membrane with one or two cells. k. Beak four-segmented, or with two-segmented tarsi. IsometopidÆ, MicrophysidÆ, and some CapsidÆ. kk. Beak three-segmented. l. Hemelytra with embolium; head horizontal, more or less conical; membrane with one to four veins, rarely wanting. AnthocoridÆ Several species of this family affecting man have been noted, Anthocoris kingi and congolense, from Africa and Lyctocoris campestris from various parts of the world. Lyctocoris fitchii Reuter (fig.19j), later considered by Reuter as a variety of L.campestris, occurs in the United States. ll. Hemelytra without embolium. Superfamily Acanthioidea (=SaldÆ Fieber and LeptopodÆ Fieber) ii. Posterior coxÆ rotating. j. Claws preapical; aquatic forms. GerridÆ and VeliadÆ jj. Claws apical. k. Prosternum without stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak). l. Tarsus with three segments; membrane with two or three longitudinal cells from which veins radiate; rarely with free longitudinal veins (Arachnocoris) or veins nearly obsolete (Arbela); clavus and corium coriaceous; ocelli rarely absent. NabidÆ Reduviolus (=Coriscus) subcoleoptratus (fig.19g), a species belonging to this family, occurring in the United States, has been accused of biting man. This insect is flat, of a jet black color, bordered with yellow on the sides of the abdomen, and with yellowish legs. It is predaceous, feeding on other insects. ll. With other combinations of characters. HydrometridÆ, HenicocephalidÆ, NÆogeidÆ, MesoveliadÆ, JoppeicidÆ kk. Prosternum with stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak); with three segments, short, strong. l. AntennÆ filiform or sometimes more slender apically, geniculate; wing membrane with two or three large basal cells; scutellum small or moderate ReduviidÆ For a key to the genera and species see next page. ll. Last antennal segment clavate or fusiform; win membrane with the veins often forked and anastomosing; scutellum large; tarsi each with two segments; fore legs strong. (=PhymatidÆ) MacrocephalidÆ ee. Clavus noticeably narrowed towards the apex, never extending beyond the scutellum, the two not meeting to form a commissure; head horizontal, much prolonged between the antennÆ, on each side with an antennal tubercle, sometimes acute; ocelli absent; meso- and metasternum simple; tarsi each with two segments; body flattened (fig.19c). AradidÆ, including DysodiidÆ. dd. Pulvilli present (absent in one Australian family ThaumatocoridÆ in which case there is a membranous appendage at the tip of the tibia). CapsidÆ (=MiridÆ),[G] Eotrechus (in family GerridÆ), NÆogaidÆ, TingitidÆ, PiesmidÆ, MyodochidÆ, CorizidÆ, CoreidÆ, AlydidÆ, PentatomidÆ, ScutelleridÆ, etc. bb. Apex of head directed ventrally, beak arising from the hinder part of the lower side of the head; sides of face contiguous to the front coxÆ; first pair of wings, when present, of uniform thickness. Cicadas, scale insects, plant lice (Aphids), spittle-insects, leaf hoppers, etc. HOMOPTERA (Adapted from a key given by Fracker). a. Ocelli none; wings and hemelytra always present in the adults; no discodial areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus. Orthometrops decorata, Oncerotrachelus acuminatus, etc., Pennsylvania and south. SarcinÆ aa. Ocelli present in the winged individuals; anterior coxÆ not as long as the femora. b. Hemelytra without a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus. c. Ocelli not farther cephalad than the caudal margins of the eyes; segment two of the antenna single. d. Thorax usually constricted caudad of the middle; anterior coxÆ externally flat or concave. PiratinÆ e. Middle tibiÆ without spongy fossa, head long, no lateral tubercle on neck. S. stria, Carolina, Ill., Cal. Sirthenia Spinola ee. Middle tibiÆ with spongy fossa; fore tibiÆ convex above; neck with a small tubercle on each side. f. Apical portion of anterior tibiÆ angularly dilated beneath, the spongy fossa being preceded by a small prominence. Melanolestes StÄl g. Black, with piceous legs and antennÆ. N.E. States (fig.19a) M. picipes gg. Sides, and sometimes the whole dorsal surface of the abdomen red. Ill., and southward. M. abdominalis ff. TibiÆ not dilated as in "f"; spongy fossa elongate; metapleural sulci close to the margin. R. biguttatus (fig.22). South. Rasahus A.andS. dd. Thorax constricted in the middle or cephalad of the middle; anterior tarsi each three-segmented. e. Apex of the scutellum narrow, without spines or with a single spine ReduviinÆ f. AntennÆ inserted in the lateral or dorso-lateral margins of the head; antenniferous tubercles slightly projecting from the sides of the head; head produced strongly cephalad; ocelli at least as far apart as the eyes. g. AntennÆ inserted very near the apex of the head; segments one and three of the beak short, segment two nearly four times as long as segment one. R. prolixus. W.I. Rhodnius StÄl gg. AntennÆ inserted remote from the vertex of the head. h. Body slightly hairy; pronotum distinctly constricted; angles distinct; anterior lobe four-tuberculate, with the middle tubercles large and conical. M. phyllosoma, large species the southwest. Meccus StÄl hh. Body smooth, margin of the pronotum sinuous, scarcely constricted; anterior lobe lined with little tubercles. Conorhinus Lap. i. Surface of the pronotum and prosternum more or less granular. j. Eyes small, head black; body very narrow, a fifth as wide as long; beak reaches the middle of the prosternum. California. C. protractus jj. Eyes large, head fuscous; body at least a fourth as wide as long. Southern species. C. rubrofasciatus ii. Pronotum and prosternum destitute of granules. j. Border of abdomen entirely black except for a narrow yellowish spot at the apex of one segment. Texas C. gerstaeckeri jj. Border of abdomen otherwise marked. k. Beak slender, joints one and two slightly pilose, two more than twice as long as one; tubercles at the apical angles of the pronotum slightly acute, conical. Md. to Ill. and south. The masked bed bug hunter (fig.71). C. sanguisugus kk. Beak entirely pilose, joint two a third longer than joint one; joint one much longer than three; tubercles at the apical angles of pronotum slightly elevated, obtuse. Ga., Ill., Tex., Cal. C. variegatus ff. Antenna inserted on top of the head between margins, close to the eyes; antenniferous tubercles not projecting from the side of the head. g. Anterior lobe of the pronotum with a bispinous or bituberculate disc; femora unarmed. S.arizonica, S.bicolor. Southwestern species. Spiniger Burm. gg. Disc of pronotum unarmed; apex of scutellum produced into a spine; ocelli close to the eyes; eyes large and close together. Reduvius Lamarck h. Color piceous. Widely distributed in the United States. (Fig.20). R. personatus hh. More or less testaceous in color. Southwestern states R. senilis ee. Apex of scutellum broad, with two or three spines. EctrichodiinÆ f. First segment of the antenna about as long as the head. E. cruciata Pa. and south; E.cinctiventris, Tex. and Mex. EctrichodiaL. etS. ff. First segment of the antennÆ short. P.Æneo-nitens. South PotheaA. etS. cc. Ocelli cephalad of the hind margins of the eyes; first segment of the antennÆ stout, second segment divided into many smaller segments. South and west. Homalocoris maculicollis, and Hammatocerus purcis. HammatocerinÆ bb. Hemelytra with a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus (fig.159e). c. Anal areole of the membrane not extending as far proximad as the costal areole; basal segment of the antenna thickened, porrect; the other segments slender, folding back beneath the head and the first segment. StenopodinÆ d. Head armed with a ramous or furcate spine below each side, caudad of the eyes. e. First segment of the antenna thickened, apex produced in a spine beyond the insertion of the second segment. Species from Va., Ill. and south. Pnirontis StÄl. ee. First segment of the antenna not produced beyond the insertion of the second segment. Pygolampis, N.E. states and south; Gnathobleda, S.W. and Mex. dd. Head unarmed below or armed with a simple spine; rarely with a subfurcate spine at the side of the base. Carolina, Missouri and south. Stenopoda, Schumannia, Diaditus, Narvesus, Oncocephalus cc. Anal areole of membrane extending farther proximad than the costal areole. d. Ocelli farther apart than the eyes. A.crassipes, widely distributed in the United States; other species occur in the southwest. Apiomerus Hahn. dd. Ocelli not so far apart as the eyes. ZelinÆ e. Sides of mesosternum without a tubercle or fold in front. f. Fore femur as long as or longer than the hind femur; first segment of the beak much shorter than the second. Z.audax, in the north eastern states; other species south and west. Zelus Fabr. ff. Fore femur shorter than the hind femur, rarely of equal length, in this case the first segment of the beak as long or longer than the second. g. First segment of the beak shorter than the second; fore femur a little shorter than the hind femur; the first segment of the beak distinctly longer than the head before the eyes. P. cinctus a widely distributed species (fig.160). P.punctipes, P.spinicollis, Cal., Mex. (=Milyas) Pselliopus Berg. gg. First segment of the beak as long or longer than the second. h. Pronotum armed with spines on the disc. i. Juga distinctly prominent at the apex and often acute or subacute; fore femur distinctly thickened; hemelytra usually not reaching the apex of the abdomen. Fitchia aptera, N.Y., south and west; F.spinosula, South; Rocconata annulicornis, Texas, etc. ii. Juga when prominent, obtuse at apex; eyes full width of the head; fore femur not thickened; pronotum with four spines on posterior lobe. R.taurus, Pa., south and west Repipta StÄl. hh. Pronotum unarmed on the disc. i. Spines on each apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment. A.cinereus, Pa., and south. AtrachelusA. etS. ii. Apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment unarmed. Fitchia (in part); Castolus ferox, Arizona. ee. Sides of the mesosternum with a tubercle of fold in front at the hind angles of the prosternum; first segment of the beak longer than the part of the head cephalad of the eyes. f. Fore femur thickened, densely granulated; hind femur unarmed. g. Fore tibiÆ each with three long spines on the ventral side. S.diadema (fig.159e), a widely distributed species; and several southwestern species. SineaA. etS. gg. Fore tibiÆ unarmed. A.multispinosa, widely distributed; A.tabida, Cal. Acholla StÄl. ff. Fore femur unarmed, rarely a little thickened, a little granulated. g. Pronotum produced caudad over the scutellum, with a high mesal tuberculate ridge (fig.19e). A.cristatus. N.Y. to Cal. and south. Arilus Hahn. gg. Caudal lobe of the pronotum six sided, neither elevated nor produced caudad. H.americanus, Southwest; also several W.I. and Mexican genera. Harpactor DIPTERA (Mosquitoes, Midges, Flies) a. Integument leathery, abdominal segments indistinct; wings often wanting; parasitic forms. PUPIPARA b. Head folding back on the dorsum of the thorax; wingless flies parasitic on bats. Genus Nycteribia. NycteribiidÆ bb. Head not folding back upon the dorsum of the thorax; flies either winged or wingless; parasitic on birds and on bats and other mammals. c. AntennÆ reduced, wings when present, with distinct parallel veins and outer crossveins; claws simple; palpi leaf-like, projecting in front of the head. Flies chiefly found on bats. Several genera occur in North America. StreblidÆ cc. AntennÆ more elongate, segments more or less distinctly separated; head sunk into an emargination of the thorax; wings when present with the veins crowded toward the anterior margin; palpi not leaf-like. HippoboscidÆ d. Wings absent or reduced and not adapted for flight. e. Wings and halteres (balancers) absent. M.ovinus, the sheep tick. Melophagus Latr. ee. Wing reduced (or cast off), halteres present. f. Claw bidentate; ocelli present. On deer after the wings are cast off. L.depressa. Lipoptena Nitsch ff. Claw tridentate (fig.161f). On Macropis. B.femorata. Brachypteromyia Will. dd. Wings present and adapted for flight. e. Claws bidentate. f. Ocelli present; head flat; wings frequently cast off. On birds before casting of the wing. Lipoptena Nitsch. ff. Ocelli absent; head round; wings present. The horse tick H.equina may attack man (fig.162). Hippobosca L. ee. Claws tridentate (fig.161f.). f. Anal cell closed at apical margin by the anal crossvein. g. Ocelli absent. Stilbometopa Coq. gg. Ocelli present. h. R4+5 does not form an angle at the crossvein. On birds. There is a record of one species of this genus attacking man. Ornithomyia Latr. hh. R4+5 makes an angle at the crossvein. O.confluens. Ornithoica Rdi. ff. Anal cell not closed by an anal crossvein. Lynchia, Pseudolfersia, and Olfersia are chiefly bird parasites. The first mentioned genus is said to be the intermediate host of HÆmoproteus columbÆ. aa. Abdominal segments chitinous; not parasitic in the adult stage. b. AntennÆ with six or more segments and empodium not developed pulvilliform; palpi often with four segments. c. Ocelli present. BlepharoceridÆ, RhyphidÆ, BibionidÆ, MycetophilidÆ, besides some isolated genera of other families. cc. Ocelli absent. d. Dorsum of the thorax with a V-shaped suture; wings usually with numerous veins; legs often very long and slender. Crane flies. TipulidÆ dd. Dorsum of the thorax without a V-shaped suture. e. Not more than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin; wing usually hairy: antennÆ slender; coxÆ not long; tibiÆ: without spurs, legs long and slender. Small, delicate flies often called Gall gnats. CecidomyiidÆ. ee. More than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin. f. The costal vein is not produced beyond the tip of the wing; radius with not more than three branches. g. AntennÆ short, composed of ten or eleven closely united segments; legs stout; body stout; abdomen oval; anterior veins stout, posterior ones weak (fig.163b); eyes of the male contiguous over the antennÆ. Black flies, buffalo flies, turkey gnats. Many North American species, several of them notorious for their blood sucking propensities. SimuliidÆ h. Second joint of the hind tarsus with basal scale-like process and dorsal excision (fig.161h); radial sector not forked; no small cell at the base of the wing. S.forbesi, jenningsi, johannseni, meridionale, piscicidium, venustum, vittatum, etc. Widely distributed species. (=Eusimulium) Simulium Latr. hh. No basal scale-like process on the second joint of the hind tarsus; radial sector usually forked (fig.163b). i. Face broad, small basal cell of the wing present. P.fulvum, hirtipes, mutatum, pecuarum, pleurale. Prosimulium Roub. ii. Face linear; small basal cell of the wing absent. One species, P.furcatum, from California. Parasimulium Malloch gg. Flies of a different structure. h. AntennÆ composed of apparently two segments and a terminal arista formed of a number of closely united segments. Rare flies with aquatic larvÆ. OrphnephilidÆ hh. AntennÆ of six to fifteen segments, those of the male usually plumose; legs frequently slender and wings narrow ChironomidÆ i. Media forked (except in the European genus Brachypogon); thorax without longitudinal fissure and not produced over the head (except in four exotic genera); antennÆ usually fourteen-jointed in both sexes; fore tibia with a simple comb of setulÆ, hind tibia with two unequal combs, middle tibia without comb. CeratopogoninÆ j. Thorax produced cap-like over the head, wing narrow and very long. Jenkinsia, Macroptilum and Calyptopogon, eastern hemisphere; Paryphoconus, Brazil. jj. Thorax not produced over the head. k. Eyes pubescent, empodium well developed, or if short then R2+3 distinct and crossvein-like or the branches ofR coalescent; r-m crossvein present; fore femora not thickened; wing either with appressed hairs or with microscopic erect setulÆ. Dasyhelea Kieff. kk. Eyes bare, or otherwise differing from the foregoing. l. Empodium well developed, nearly as long as the claws and with long hairs at the base; femora and fifth tarsal segments unarmed, i.e.without spines or stout setÆ; fourth tarsal segment cylindrical. m. Wing with erect and microscopic setulÆ. Widely distributed. (=Atrichopogon) Ceratopogon Meig. mm. Wing with long and depressed hairs. Widely distributed. Forcipomyia n. Hind metatarsus shorter or not longer than the following (i.e.the second tarsal) segment Subgenus Prohelea Kieff nn. Hind metatarsus longer than the following segment. Subgenus Forcipomyia Meig. ll. Empodium short, scarcely reaching the middle of the claws, or vestigial. m. R-m crossvein wanting. n. Palpi four segmented; inferior fork of the media obliterated at the base. Australia. Leptoconops Skuse nn. Palpi three-segmented. o. Legs spinulose, tarsal claws of the female with a basal tooth or strong bristle, those of the male unequal, the anterior with a long sinuous tooth, the posterior with a short arcuate tooth. Italy. Mycterotypus NoÉ oo. Legs unarmed; no crossvein between the branches of the radius (fig.163e). New Mexico. Tersesthes Townsend mm. R-m crossvein present. n. Fore femora very much swollen, armed with spines below, fore tibia arcuate and applied closely to the inferior margin of the femur. o. R2+3 present, therefore cell R1 and R2 both present; wing usually fasciate. United States. Heteromyia Say. oo. R2+3 not distinct from R4+5, hence cell R3 obliterated. South America. Pachyleptus Arrib. (Walker) nn. Fore femur not distinctly swollen. o. R2+3 present therefore cells R1 and R3 both present, or if not, then the branches of the radius more or less coalescent, obliterating the cells. p. At least the tip of the wing with erect setulÆ; tip of R4+5 scarcely attaining the middle of the wing, empodium rather indistinct, not reaching the middle of the claws, the claws not toothed, equal, with long basal bristle; legs without stout setÆ. Widely distributed. Culicoides Latr. HÆmatomyidium and Oecacta are probable synonyms of this. pp. Wings bare, if rarely with hair, then the radius reaches beyond two-thirds the length of the wing, or the femur or fifth tarsal segment with stout black spines. q. Media unbranched. Europe. Brachypogon Kieff qq. Media branched. r. Hind femur much swollen and spined. America and Europe. Serromyia Meg. rr. Hind femur not distinctly swollen. s. Cell R1 not longer than high; fork of the media distad of the crossvein; wing with microscopic setulÆ. Stilobezzia Kieff ss. Cell R1 elongate. t. Femora unarmed. Widely distributed. (=Sphaeromias Kieff. 1913 not Curtis?). Johannseniella Will. tt. Femora, at least in part, with strong black spines. Widely distributed. Palpomyia Megerle oo. R2+3 coalescent with R4+5 hence cell R3 is obliterated. p. In the female the lower branch of the media with an elbow near its base projecting proximad, the petiole of the media coalescent with the basal section of the radius, wing long and narrow, radial sector ending near the tip of the wing; venation of the male as in Bezzia; front concave. United States. Stenoxenus Coq. pp. Venation otherwise, front not concave. q. Subcosta and R1 more or less coalescent with the costa; wing pointed at the apex, much longer than the body; antennÆ fourteen segmented, not plumose. India. Haasiella Kieff. qq. Subcosta and radius distinct from the costa. r. Abdomen petiolate. Dibezzia Kieff. rr. Abdomen not petiolate. s. Head semi-globose; hind tarsi unusually elongate in the female; antennÆ of the male not plumose. Europe. Macropeza Meigen. ss. Head not globose, more or less flattened in front; antennÆ of the male plumose. Widely distributed. Bezzia Kieff. t. Fore femora, at least, armed with stout spines below. Subgenus Bezzia Kieff. tt. Femora unarmed. Subgenus Probezzia Kieff. ii. Media of the wing simple, and otherwise not as in "i". To this group belong numerous Chironomid genera, none of which are known to be noxious to man. ff. The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches. g. Wing ovate pointed, with numerous veins; crossveins, if evident, before the basal third of the wing; veins very hairy; very small moth-like flies. PsychodidÆ h. With elongate biting proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell of the wing (R2) arises at or beyond the middle of the wing (fig.163d). Phlebotomus Rdi. hh. With shorter proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell arises near the base of the wing. Psychoda, Pericoma, etc. gg. The r-m crossvein placed at or beyond the center of the wing; wings not folded roof-like over the abdomen. h. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; wings bare (DixidÆ); or wings scaled (CulicidÆ, Subf. CorethrinÆ). hh. Proboscis elongate, adapted for piercing; wings scaled, fringed on the hind margin; antennÆ of the male bushy plumose. Mosquitoes. CulicidÆ (exclusive of CorethrinÆ) i. Metanotum without setÆ. j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad, appressed, metalescent scales; cell R2 less than half as long as its petiole; claws of female simple, some of the claws of the male toothed. Several large southern species believed to feed only on nectar of flowers Megarhinus R.D. jj. Proboscis straight or nearly so, or otherwise different. k. Scutellum evenly rounded, not lobed; claws simple in both sexes. Anopheles Meig. l. Abdomen with clusters of broad outstanding scales along the sides; outstanding scales on the veins of the wing rather narrow, lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate scales. Florida and southward (Cellia). m. Hind feet from the middle of the second segment largely or wholly snow white. n. With a black band at the base of the last segment of each hind foot. A. albimanus*[H] and tarsimaculata* nn. Without such a band A. argyritarsis* mm. Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and with bands of the same color at the sutures of the segments. W.I. A.maculipes ll. Abdomen without such a cluster of scales; outstanding scales of the wing veins rather narrow, lanceolate; tarsi wholly black. m. Deep black, thorax obscurely lined with violaceous, especially posteriorly; head, abdomen and legs black; no markings on the pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform, not forming spots, though little thicker at the usual points indicating the spottings. Florida. A. atropus mm. Otherwise marked when the wings are unspotted. n. Wings unspotted. o. Petiole of the first forked cell (R2) more than a third the length of the cell. Mississippi valley. A.walkeri oo. Petiole of the first forked cell a third the length of the cell. Md. A.barberi nn. Wings spotted. o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of whitish and yellow scales at a point about two-thirds or three-fourths of the way from base to apex of wing. p. Veins of the wing with many broad obovate outstanding scales; thorax with a black dot near the middle of each side. W.I. A.grabhami* pp. The outstanding scales of the wings rather narrow, lanceolate. q. Scales of the last vein of the wings white, those at each end black; R4+5 black scaled, the extreme apex white scaled. Widely distributed north and south (fig.131). A.punctipennis A dark variety from Pennsylvania has been named A. perplexens. qq. Scales of the last vein of the wing white, those at its apex black; R4+5 white scaled and with two patches of black scales. South and the tropics. A. franciscanus and pseudopunctipennis* oo. Front margin of the wings wholly black scaled. p. Last (anal) vein of the wings white scaled with three patches of black scales (fig.132). New Jersey to Texas. A. crucians* pp. Last vein of the wings wholly black scaled. q. Widely distributed north and south (fig.130), (=maculipennis). A.quadrimaculatus* qq. Distributed from Rocky Mountains westward. A.occidentalis kk. Scutellum distinctly trilobed. l. Cell R2 less than half as long as its petiole; thorax with metallic blue scales; median lobe of the scutellum not tuberculate; few small species which are not common. UranotÆnia Arrib. ll. Cell R2 nearly or quite as long as its petiole, or otherwise distinct. m. Femora with erect outstanding scales; occiput broad and exposed. Large species. P.ciliata. P.howardi. Psorophora R.D. mm. Femora without erect scales. n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs, scutellum with broad scales only; back of head with broad scales; scales along the sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the claws toothed; thorax marked with a pair of silvery scaled curved stripes; legs black with white bands at the bases of some of the segments (fig.134). Yellow Fever mosquito Aedes (=Stegomyia) calopus. nn. With another combination of characters. Numerous species of mosquitoes belonging to several closely related genera, widely distributed over the country. (Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, etc.). Culex in the wide sense. ii. Metanotum with setÆ. Wyeomyia (found in the United States); and related tropic genera. bb. AntennÆ composed of three segments with a differentiated style or bristle; third segment sometimes complex or annulate, in which case the empodium is usually developed like the pulvilli, i.e., pad-like (fig.161g). c. Empodium developed pad-like (pulvilliform) i.e., three nearly equal membranous appendages on the underside of the claw (fig.161g). d. SquamÆ, head, and eyes large; occiput flattened or concave; third segment of the antennÆ with four to eight annuli or segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing venation as figured (fig.163f); marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. Horse flies, greenheads, deer flies, gad flies. TabanidÆ[I] e. Hind tibia with spurs at tip; ocelli usually present. (PangoninÆ) f. Third joint of the antennÆ with seven or eight segments; proboscis usually prolonged. g. Each section the third antennal segment branched. Central American species, P.festÆ. Pityocera G.T. gg. Sections of the third antennal segment not branched. h. Upper corner of the eyes in the female terminating in an acute angle; wings of both sexes dark anteriorly. G.chrysocoma, a species from the eastern states. Goniops Ald. hh. Upper corner of the eye in the female not so terminating; wings nearly uniform in color, or hyaline. i. Proboscis scarcely extending beyond the palpi; front of the female wide; much wider below than above. S.W. States. Apatolestes Will. ii. Proboscis extending beyond the palpi. j. Wing with cell M3 closed. Tropic America. (=Diclisa) Scione Wlk. jj. Cell M3 open; ocelli present or absent. Two or three eastern species; many south and west. Pangonia Rdi. ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions; ocelli present. g. First and second segments of the antenna short, the second only half as long as the first, three western species. Silvius Rdi. gg. First and second segments of the antenna long, the second distinctly over half as long as the first. Deer flies. Many species, widely distributed. Chrysops Meig. ee. Hind tibia without spurs; ocelli absent. f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely distributed. H.americana, H.punctulata. HÆmatopota Meig. ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions (fig.161b). g. Third segment of the antenna not furnished with a tooth or distinct angular projection. h. Body covered with metallic scales; front of female of normal width; front and middle tibiÆ greatly dilated. L. lepidota. Lepidoselaga Macq. hh. Body without metallic scales; antennÆ not very long, the third segment not cylindrical, not situated on a projecting tubercle; front of the female narrow. South. D.ferrugatus. (=Diabasis) Diachlorus O.S. gg. Third segment of the antenna furnished with a tooth or a distinct angular projection. h. Hind tibiÆ ciliate with long hairs. S.W. and tropics. Snowiella and Stibasoma. hh. Hind tibiÆ not ciliate. i. Species of slender build, usually with a banded thorax and abdomen; third segment of the antenna slender, the basal prominence long; wings mostly with brownish markings. Tropic America. Dichelacera Macq. ii. Species of a stouter build; third segment of the antenna stout, its basal process short (fig.161b). Many species, widely distributed Tabanus L. dd. With another group of characters. e. SquamÆ small, antennÆ variable, thinly pilose or nearly bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not crowded anteriorly, R4 and R5 both present, basal cells large; middle tibiÆ at least with spurs. LeptidÆ f. Flagellum of the antenna more or less elongated, composed of numerous more or less distinct divisions. XylophaginÆ and ArthroceratinÆ. ff. AntennÆ short, third segment simple, with arista or style; face small, proboscis short LeptinÆ g. Front tibiÆ each with one or two spurs, or if absent, then no discal cell. Triptotricha, Pheneus, Dialysis, Hilarimorpha. gg. Front tibiÆ without terminal spurs, discal cell present. h. Hind tibiÆ each with a single spur. i. Anal cell open (fig.163g); third antennal segment kidney-shaped with dorsal or subdorsal arista; first antennal segment elongate and thickened. About a dozen species have been described from the United States, of which at least one (S.pachyceras) is known to be a vicious blood sucker. Symphoromyia Frauenf. ii. Anal cell closed; third antennal segment not kidney-shaped. Chrysopila, Ptiolina, Spania. hh. Hind tibiÆ each with two spurs. i. Third segment kidney-shaped, the arista subdorsal; anal cell closed. Atherix Meig. ii. Third segment of the antenna short and with terminal arista; anal cell open. Leptis Fabr. Two European species of this genus have been accused of blood sucking habits, but the record seems to have been based upon error in observation. ee. With another combination of characters. StratiomyiidÆ, CyrtidÆ, etc. cc. Empodium bristlelike or absent. d. AntennÆ apparently two segmented, with three-segmented arista, wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly, the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing (fig.163h); small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Several genera; AphiochÆta, Phora, Trineura, etc. PhoridÆ dd. Flies with other characters. e. No frontal lunule above the base of the antennÆ; both R4 and R5 often present; third segment of the antenna often with a terminal bristle. AsilidÆ, MydaidÆ, ApioceridÆ, TherevidÆ, ScenopinidÆ, BombyliidÆ, EmpididÆ, DolichopodidÆ, LonchopteridÆ. ee. A frontal lunule above the base of the antennÆ; third segment of the antenna always simple, i.e., not ringed, usually with a dorsal arista; R4 and R5 coalesced into a simple vein. f. A spurious vein or fold between the radius and the media, rarely absent; the cell R4+5 closed at the apex by vein M1; few or no bristles on the body, none on the head; flies frequently with yellow markings. Eristalis (fig.163i), Helophilus, and many other genera. SyrphidÆ ff. No spurious vein present. g. Body without bristles; proboscis elongate and slender, often folding; front of both male and female broad. ConopidÆ gg. Bristles almost always present on head, thorax, abdomen and legs. h. Arista terminal; hind metatarsus enlarged, sometimes ornamented, hind tarsus more or less flattened beneath. PlatypezidÆ hh. Flies having a different combination of characters. i. Head large, eyes occupying nearly the entire head; cell R4+5 narrowed in the margin; small flies. PipunculidÆ ii. Head and eyes not unusually large. j. SquamÆ (tegulÆ, or calyptrÆ, or alulÆ) not large, often quite small, the lower one lacking, or at most barely projecting from below the upper one (antisquama); front of both male and female broad, the eyes therefore widely separated; posthumeral and intraalar macrochÆta not simultaneously present; thorax usually without a complete transverse suture; postalar callus usually absent; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites always visible; hypopleural macrochÆtÆ absent; last section of R4+5 and M1+2 with but few exceptions nearly parallel; subcostal vein often wanting or vestigial or closely approximated to R1; the latter often short, basal cells small, the posterior ones often indistinct or wanting; vibrissÆ present or absent Acalyptrate Muscoidea k. Subcosta present, distinctly separated from R1 at the tip; R1 usually ends distad of the middle of the wing; the small basal cells of the wing distinct. l. A bristle (vibrissa) on each side of the face near the margin of the mouth. CordyluridÆ, SepsidÆ, PhycodromidÆ, HeteroneuridÆ, HelomyzidÆ. ll. No vibrissÆ present. m. Head nearly spherical, cheeks broad and retreating; proboscis short; the cell R5 closed or narrowed in the margin; legs very long; tarsi shorter than the tibiÆ. Calobata and other genera. MicropezidÆ mm. Flies with another combination of characters. RhopalomeridÆ, TrypetidÆ, OrtalidÆ, SciomyzidÆ. kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present, then apparently ending in the costa at the point where R1 joins it; R1 usually ends in the costa at or before the middle of the wing. l. Arista long plumose, or pectinate above; oral vibrissÆ present; anal cell complete; costa broken at the apex of R1. Drosophila, Phortica, and other genera. DrosophilidÆ ll. With another combination of characters. m. The cell M and first M2 not separated by a crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or only bristly above; usually light colored flies. Hippelates, Oscinus, and other genera. (See also mmm.) OscinidÆ mm. Cell M and cell first M2 often separated by a crossvein; anal cell present, complete, though frequently small; scutellum without spines or protuberances; oral vibrissÆ present; arista bare or short plumose; front bristly at vertex only; small dark flies. Piophila (fig.99), Sepsis and other genera. SepsidÆ mmm. The GeomyzidÆ, AgromyzidÆ, PsilidÆ, TrypetidÆ, RhopalomeridÆ, BorboridÆ and DiopsidÆ differ in various particulars from either the OscinidÆ and the SepsidÆ noted above. jj. SquamÆ well developed, usually large, the lower one frequently projecting from below the upper one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochÆtÆ present; thorax with a complete transverse suture; postalar callus present and separated by a distinct suture from the dorsum of the thorax; front of the female broad, of the male frequently narrow, the eyes then nearly or quite contiguous; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites either visible or not; hypopleural macrochÆtÆ present or absent; subcosta always distinct in its whole course, R1 never short. Calyptrate Muscoidea[J] k. Oral opening small, mouth parts usually much reduced or vestigial. This family is undoubtedly of polyphyletic origin but for convenience it is here considered as a single family. OestridÆ. l. The costal vein ends at the tip of R4+5, M1+2 straight, not reaching the wing margin, hence cell R5 wide open (fig.163j); squamÆ small; arista bare; ovipositor of the female elongate. LarvÆ in the alimentary canal of horses, etc. Gastrophilus m. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) wanting; wings smoky or with clouds. Europe. G. pecorum mm. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) present, at least in part. n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band, and two or three spots; posterior trochanters with hook in the male and a prominence in the female. World wide distribution. G. equi. nn. Wings without spots. o. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) distad of the anterior crossvein (r-m); legs, particularly the femora, blackish brown. Europe and North America. G. hÆmorrhoidalis oo. Posterior crossvein opposite or proximad of the anterior crossvein. Europe and North America. G. nasalis ll. The costal vein ends at the tip of M1+2, M1+2 with a bend, the cell R5 hence much narrowed in the margin, or closed. m. Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep slit; female without extricate ovipositor; arista either bare or plumose; squamÆ large; facial grooves approximated below. n. Arista bare, short. LarvÆ in rodents. Tropic America. B.princeps. Bogeria Austen nn. Arista pectinate above. o. Tarsi broadened and flattened, hairy, anal lobe of the wing large. LarvÆ in rodents. A number of American species. Cuterebra. oo. Tarsi slender, not hairy; anal lobe of the wing moderate. LarvÆ in man and other mammals. Tropic America. D.cyaniventris. Dermatobia Br. mm. Mouth parts very small, vestigial; arista bare. n. Facial grooves approximated below, leaving a narrow median depression or groove. o. Cell R5 closed and petiolate, body nearly bare. LarvÆ in the nasal cavities of the smaller Ungulates. The sheep bot fly. O.ovis. Widely distributed Oestrus L. oo. Cell R5 narrowly open, body hairy. LarvÆ parasitic on deer. Europe and America. Cephenomyia Latr. nn. Facial grooves far apart, enclosing between them a broad shield-shaped surface; squamÆ large; female with elongate ovipositor. LarvÆ hypodermatic on Ungulates. Hypoderma Clark o. Palpi wanting; tibiÆ thickened in the middle. p. Hair at apex of the abdomen yellow; legs including femora yellowish brown. H.diana pp. Hair at the apex of the abdomen reddish yellow. Europe and America. q. TibiÆ and tarsi yellow; femora black. H.lineata qq. Legs black with black hair; tips of hind tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. H.bovis oo. Palpi small, globular; tibiÆ cylindrical, straight. On reindeer. O.tarandi Oedemagena Latr. kk. Oral opening of the usual size; mouth parts not vestigial. l. Hypopleurals wanting; if three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 1:2; conjunctiva (fig.161c) of the venter usually present; if the terminal section of M1+2 is bent it has neither fold nor appendage. (AnthomyiidÆ of Girschner). m. Sternopleurals wanting; M1+2 straight toward the apex, costa ends at or slightly beyond the tip of R4+5; mouth parts vestigial. GastrophilinÆ. See OestridÆ mm. Sternopleurals present, if rarely absent then differing in other characters. n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male deeply notched on the median line usually to beyond the middle; abdomen often cylindrical or linear; abdomen often with four to eight spots; eyes of the male usually widely separated; sternopleurals three, arranged in an equilateral triangle; subapical seta of the hind tibia placed very low; M1+2 straight; anal vein abbreviated; wings not rilled. CÆnosia, Caricea, Dexiopsis, Hoplogaster, Schoenomyia, etc. (CoenosinÆ)[K]. AnthomyiidÆ in part nn. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male incurved, rarely deeply cleft, rarely entire, in a few genera deeply two or three notched; M1+2 straight or curved; abdomen usually short or elongate oval; sternopleurals, if three are present, arranged in the order 1:2 in a right triangle. (MuscinÆ-AnthomyiinÆ of Girschner) o. M1+2 straight, hence cell R5 not narrowed in the margin. AnthomyiidÆ in part p. Underside of the scutellum more or less sparsely covered with fine hairs; anal vein nearly always reaches the hind margin of the wing; extensor surface of the hind tibiÆ with a number of stout setÆ; squamÆ often small and equal. Anthomyia, Chortophila, Eustalomyia, Hammomyia, Hylemyia, Prosalpia, Pegomyia, etc. HylemyinÆ-PegomyinÆ pp. Underside of the scutellum bare; anal vein does not reach the wing margin. q. First anal vein short, second anal suddenly flexed upwards; hind tibiÆ each with one or two strong setÆ on the extensor surface. Fannia (=Homalomyia), Coelomyia, Choristoma, Euryomma, Azelia, etc. FanninÆ-AzelinÆ qq. Anal veins parallel or divergent. r. SetÆ on the exterior surface of the hind tibiÆ wanting (except in Limnaricia and Coenosites), lower squama not broadened to the margin of the scutellum. Leucomelina, Limnophora, Limnospila, Lispa, MydÆa, Spilogaster, etc. MydÆinÆ-LimnophorinÆ rr. One (rarely more) seta on the extensor surface of the hind tibia; squamÆ usually large and unequal. Hydrotaea, Aricia, Drymeia, Ophyra, Phaonia (= Hyetodesia), Pogonomyia, Trichophthicus, etc. AricinÆ oo. M1+2 curved or bent, hence the cell R5 more or less narrowed in the margin. (MuscinÆ). MuscidÆ in part. See page 303 for generic synopsis. ll. Hypopleurals present; when three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 2:1 or 1:1:1. (TachinidÆ of Girschner) m. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites of the abdomen present, frequently well developed, surrounding the sclerites. n. Mouth parts vestigial. OestridÆ. See page 297 for generic synopsis. nn. Mouth parts well developed. o. M1+2 straight, hence cell R5 wide open in the margin; costa ending at the tip of R5; three sternopleurals present; antennal arista plumose. Syllegoptera. Europe. (SyllegopterinÆ). DexiidÆ in part oo. M1+2 bent, hence cell R5 narrowed in the margin; sternopleurals rarely wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial plate strongly produced below vibrissal angle like the bridge of the nose; antennal arista bare. Parasitic on Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Allophora, Cistogaster, Clytia, Phasia, etc. (PhasiinÆ). TachinidÆ in part. mm. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites invisible (fig.161a). n. Second ventral sclerite of the abdomen lying with its edges either upon or in contact with the ventral edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerite. o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower (more ventrad) in position than the presutural macrochÆta; fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft beyond the middle, often strongly developed; body color very frequently metallic green or blue, or yellow; arista plumose. (CalliphorinÆ) MuscidÆ in part. oo. Outermost posthumeral macrochÆta on level or higher (more dorsad) than the presutural macrochÆta; arista bare, pubescent, or plumose only on the basal two-thirds; body coloring usually grayish (fig.106). SarcophagidÆ p. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male either wanting or with the caudal margin straight; presutural intraalar rarely present. (SarcophaginÆ) q. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male much reduced, the remaining segments with straight posterior margin, overlapping scale-like; in the female only segment one and two scale-like, the others wholly or in part covered; sternopleurals usually three or more. Sarcophaga and related genera. qq. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male plainly visible; sternopleurals usually two. Sarcophila, Wohlfahrtia, Brachycoma, Hilarella, Miltogramma, Metopia, Macronychia, Nyctia, Paramacronychia, Pachyphthalmus, etc. pp. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft to beyond the middle; ventral sclerites usually visible, shield-like. Rhinophora, Phyto, Melanophora. RhinophorinÆ nn. Second ventral abdominal sclerite as well as the others more or less covered, sometimes wholly, by the edges of the dorsal sclerite. o. The presutural intraalar wanting; ventral sclerites two to five nearly or quite covered by the edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerites; base of the antennÆ usually at or below the middle of the eye; arista usually plumose; legs usually elongate; abdominal segments with marginal and often discal macrochÆtÆ. DexiidÆ oo. Presutural intraalar present, if absent, then the ventral sclerites broadly exposed or the fifth ventral sclerite vestigial; base of the antennÆ usually above the middle of the eye; arista bare; at least two posthumerals and three posterior intraalars present. Parasitic on caterpillars, etc. TachinidÆ a. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing, or oral margin much produced, snout-like. b. Oral margin produced snout-like; vibrissa placed high above the oral margin; antennal arista either pectinate or more or less plumose. c. Antennal arista short or long-plumose; neither sex with distinct orbital bristles. d. No facial carina between the antennÆ. RhynchomyiinÆ e. Arista short-plumose. R.speciosa. Europe. Rhynchomyia R.D. ee. Arista long-plumose. I.phasina. Europe and Egypt. Idiopsis. B.B. dd. With flattened carina, the bases of the antennÆ separated; no abdominal macrochÆtÆ. CosmininÆ C. fuscipennis. South Africa. Cosmina cc. Antennal arista pectinate; bases of the antennÆ separated by a flattened carina. RhiniinÆ R.D. d. Cell R5 open, or closed at the margin. e. Third segment of the antenna twice as long as the second; claws of both sexes short; cell R5 open. I.lunata. Eastern Hemisphere. Idia Meigen ee. Third segment of the antenna three times as long as the second; cell R5 open or closed; claws of the male long and slender, of the female shorter than the last tarsal joint. I.mandarina, China. Idiella B.B. dd. Cell R5 petiolate. Rhinia; and Beccarimyia Rdi. bb. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing. StomoxinÆ c. Arista flat, pectinate above with plumose rays; sternopleurals 1:2; bases of the veins R1 and R4+5 without setÆ; base of the media bowed down; apical cell opens before the apex of the wing. African species Glossina Wied. d. Species measuring over twelve mm. in length. G. longipennis and fusca. dd. Species less than twelve mm. in length. e. All segments of the hind tarsi black. f. The fourth and fifth segments of the fore tarsi black; antennÆ black (fig.164). G. palpalis R.D. ff. Otherwise marked. G.bocagei, tachinoides, pallicera. ee. First three segments of the hind tarsi are yellow, the fourth and fifth segments are black. f. Fourth and fifth segments of the first and second pair of tarsi are black. g. The yellow bands of the abdominal segments occupy a third of the segment (fig.165). G. morsitans Westw. gg. The yellow band on each segment of the abdomen occupies a sixth of the segment. G. longipalpis Wied. ff. Tarsi of the first and second pairs of legs wholly yellow. G. pallidipes Austen cc. Rays of the arista not plumose; only one or two sternopleurals; base of the media not strongly bowed down; apical cell opens at or very near the apex of the wing. d. Vein R4+5 without setÆ at the base; palpi about as long as the proboscis. e. Arista pectinate (i.e.rays on one side only), the rays often undulate; two yellow sternopleurals often difficult to detect; vein M1+2 only slightly bent, the apical cell hence wide open. The horn fly, H. irritans (=Lyperosia serrata) and related species. Widely distributed (figs. 167,168). HÆmatobia R.D. not B.B. ee. Arista also with rays below; vein M1+2 more strongly bent, the apical cell hence less widely open. f. Palpi strongly spatulate at the tips, lower rays of the arista about six in number, B.sanguinolentus. South Asia. Bdellolarynx Austen ff. Palpi feebly spatulate; apical cell of the wing narrowly open slightly before the tip; sternopleurals black, anterior bristle sometimes absent. H.atripalpis. Europe. HÆmatobosca Bezzi dd. Vein R4+5 with setÆ at the base.[L] e. Veins R1 and R4+5 with setÆ at the base; two equally prominent sternopleural macrochÆtÆ; arista with rays both above and below; palpi as long as the proboscis; apical cell of the wing wide open. L.tibialis. (HÆmatobia B.B. not R.D.). Lyperosiops Town. ee. Only vein R4+5 with basal setÆ; anterior sternopleural macrochÆta wanting; arista pectinate. f. Palpi as long as the proboscis, the latter stout, with fleshy terminal labellÆ; apical cell narrowly open; sternopleural macrochÆtÆ black. S.maculosa from Africa and related species from Asia. Stygeromyia Austen ff. Palpi much shorter than the proboscis, the latter pointed at the apex, without fleshy labellÆ; apical cell of the wing wide open. S.calcitrans, the stable fly and related species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig.110). Stomoxys Geof. aa. Proboscis neither slender nor elongate, the labellÆ fleshy and not adapted for piercing. b. HypopleurÆ without a vertical row of macrochÆtÆ. MuscinÆ c. Arista bare; distal portion of R4+5 broadly curved at the end; hypopleurÆ with a sparse cluster of fine hairs. S.braziliana, Southern States and southward. Synthesiomyia B.B. cc. Arista pectinate or plumose. d. Arista pectinate. H.vittigera, with the posterior half of the abdomen metallic blue. Mexico. Hemichlora V.d.W. dd. Arista plumose. e. Middle tibia with one or more prominent setÆ on the inner (flexor) surface beyond the middle, or inner surface very hairy. f. R1 ends distad of the m-cu crossvein; R4+5 with a broad curve near its apical end. (=Neomesembrina Schnabl. =Metamesembrina Town). M.meridiana. Europe. Mesembrina Meigen ff. R1 ends proximad of the m-cu crossvein. g. Eyes pilose, sometimes sparsely in the female. h. Female with two or three stout orbital setÆ; the hind metatarsus of the male thickened below at the base and penicillate. D.pratorum. Europe. Dasyphora R.D.[M] hh. Neither sex with orbital setÆ. i. Abdomen without macrochÆtÆ; arista plumose. C.asiatica. Eastern Hemisphere. Cryptolucilia B.B. ii. Abdomen with strong macrochÆtÆ; arista very short-plumose, nearly bare. B.tachinina. Brazil. Reinwardtia B.B. gg. Eyes bare. h. Body densely pilose; thoracic macrochÆtÆ wanting; middle tibiÆ much elongate and bent; last section of R4+5 with a gentle curve. H.(Mesembrina) mystacea, etal., Europe and H.solitaria, N. America. Hypodermodes Town. hh. Body not densely pilose. i. Dorsocentrals six; last section of R4+5 with a gentle curve. j. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") wanting; sternopleurals arranged 1:3. P.cyanicolor, cadaverina, etc. Europe and America. Pyrellia R. D. jj. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") present; sternopleurals arranged 1:2. E.latreillii. North America. Eumesembrina Town. ii. Dorsocentrals five; inner dorsocentrals present; last section of R4+5 with a rounded angle; sternopleurals arranged 1:2. P.cornicina Europe and America. (Pseudopyrellia Girsch.) Orthellia R.D. ee. Middle tibia without a prominent bristle on the inner surface beyond the middle. f. Squamula thoracalis broadened mesad and caudad as far as the scutellum. g. Sternopleural macrochÆtÆ arranged in an equilateral triangle; front of both sexes broad; genÆ bare; dorsocentrals six, small; wing not rilled. (To CoenosinÆ). Atherigona Rdi. gg. Sternopleural macrochÆtÆ when three are present, arranged in a right triangle. h. Last section of R4+5 with a more or less rounded angle (fig.163l). i. Eyes of the male pilose or pubescent, of the female nearly bare; m-cu crossvein usually at or proximad of the mid-distance between the r-m crossvein and the bend of R4+5. P. (=Placomyia R.D.) vitripennis. Plaxemyia R.D. ii. Eyes bare; the m-cu crossvein always nearer to the bend of R4+5 than to the r-m crossvein. j. Apex of the proboscis when extended reveals a circlet of stout chitinous teeth. P.insignis Austen, of India, bites both man and animals. (=Pristirhynchomyia) PhilÆmatomyia Austen jj. Apex of the proboscis without black teeth. k. Eyes of male separated by a distance equal to a fourth the width of the head. House or typhoid fly. M.domestica L. Widely distributed. Musca L. kk. Eyes of the male contiguous. E.corvina. Europe. Eumusca Town hh. Last section of R4+5 with a gentle curve (fig.102). i. Eyes pilose. j. Claws in the male somewhat elongated; no orbitals in either sex; antennÆ separated at the base by a flat carina; abdomen marked with red or yellow. G.maculata. Europe and America. Graphomyia R.D. jj. Claws short and equal in the two sexes; two or three stout orbital macrochÆtÆ in the female; R1 scarcely produced beyond the r-m crossvein; eyes contiguous in the male. P.obsoleta. Brazil. Phasiophana Br. ii. Eyes bare; fronto-orbital macrochÆtÆ in a double row, antennÆ contiguous at the base. j. One or more pairs of well developed anterior inner dorsocentral (acrostichal) macrochÆtÆ; seta on extensor surface of hind tibia. M.assimilis, stabulans, etc. Europe and America. Muscina R.D. jj. Anterior inner dorsocentrals and the setÆ; on the extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting. M.micans, etc. Europe and North America. Morellia R.D. ff. Squamula thoracalis not broadened mesad and caudad, not reaching the margin of the scutellum; macrochÆtÆ on extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting. g. Eyes pubescent. M.meditabunda. Europe and America. Myiospila Rdi. gg. Eyes bare; R1 ends before the middle of the wing. A number of species from the tropics of both hemispheres. Clinopera V.d.W. bb. HypopleurÆ with a vertical row of macrochÆtÆ. c. Eyes pubescent. d. R1 ends about opposite the r-m crossvein; basal section of R4+5 bristly nearly to the crossvein; S.enigmatica. Africa. Somalia Hough dd. R1 ends distad of the r-m crossvein. e. Eastern hemisphere. Australasia. N.ochracea, dasypthalma. Neocalliphora Br. ee. Western Hemisphere. T.muscinum. Mexico. Tyreomma V.d.W. cc. Eyes bare. d. The vibrissal angle situated at a noticeable distance above the level of the margin of the mouth. e. Sternopleural macrochÆtÆ arranged in the order 1:1. f. GenÆ with microchÆtÆ. g. Body grayish, with depressed yellow woolly hair among the macrochÆtÆ; wings folded longitudinally over the body when at rest. Cluster flies. P.rudis and related species, widely distributed. Pollenia R.D.[N] gg. Body metallic blue or green. Eastern Hemisphere. h. Vibrissal angle placed very high above the oral margin; a carina between the antennÆ; outer posthumeral wanting; anterior intraalar present. T.viridaurea. Java. ThelychÆta Br. hh. Vibrissal angle moderately high above the oral margin; carina small or wanting; no post humeral macrochÆta; lower squamÆ hairy above. (=Paracompsomyia Hough) (fig.166). Pycnosoma Br. ff. GenÆ bare. S.terminata. Eastern Hemisphere. Strongyloneura Bigot ee. Sternopleurals arranged 2:1. f. Body metallic green or blue, with gray stripes; genÆ hairy to the lower margin; post humerals often wanting; lower squamÆ bare above. (=Compsomyia Rdi.). Chrysomyia R.D. g. With one or two orbitals; height of bucca less than half the height of the eye. South and east U.S. (fig.107). C.marcellaria gg. No orbitals; height of bucca about a third less than height of eye. West U.S. C.wheeleri Hough ff. Body black or sordidly metallic greenish gray, usually yellow pollinose or variegate; genÆ at most hairy above. N.stygia. Eastern Hemisphere. Neopollenia Br. dd. Vibrissal angle situated nearly on a level of the oral margin. e. Species wholly blackish, bluish, or greenish metallic in color. f. First section of R4+5 with at most three or four small bristles at the immediate base. g. The bend of R4+5 a gentle curve; costal spine present; cell R5 closed, ending before the apex of the wing. S.cuprina. Java. Synamphoneura Bigot gg. Bend of R4+5 angular; or the insect differs in other characters; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis hairy (except in Melinda); arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds (except usually in Calliphora and Eucalliphora). h. Arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds. i. Base of the antennÆ ventrad of the middle of the eye; eyes of the male nearly contiguous; genÆ hairy; second abdominal segment with median marginal macrochÆtÆ; two, rarely three, postsutural intraalar macrochÆtÆ. j. Squamula thoracalis dorsally with long black hairs; male hypopygium two-segmented, large, projecting; claws and pulvilli of the male elongate; three strong sternopleural macrochÆtÆ; genÆ at least half the width of the eye; buccÆ (cheeks) half the height of the eyes; oviviparous. O.sepulcralis. Europe. Onesia R.D. jj. Dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis bare; male hypopygium small, scarcely projecting below; claws and pulvilli not elongate; two stout sternopleural macrochÆtÆ, sometimes with a delicate one below the anterior; genÆ nearly linear in the male; buccÆ about a third of the eye height; oviparous. M.cÆrulea. Europe. Melinda. R.D. ii. Base of the antennÆ dorsad of the middle of the eye; eyes of both sexes distinctly separated; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis with black hairs; two postsutural intraalar macrochÆtÆ. j. Hypopygium of the male large, with a pair of slightly curved forceps whose ends are concealed in a longitudinal slit in the fifth ventral sclerite; third posterior inner dorso-central (acrostichal) macrochÆtÆ absent; anterior intraalar rarely present; abdomen usually not pollinose; the second segment without median marginal macrochÆtÆ; face yellow. C.mortuorum, cadaverina, and related species. Both hemispheres. Cynomyia R.D.[O] jj. Three pairs of posterior inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) present; second abdominal segment with a row of marginal macrochÆtÆ; genÆ hairy, at least above. k. Hypopygium of the male with a projecting style. S.stylifera. Europe. Steringomyia Pok. kk. Hypopygium of the male without style. A.stelviana B.B. Acrophaga B.B. hh. Arista usually plumose nearly to the tip; posterior dorsocentrals and inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) well developed; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis hairy; abdomen metallic and usually pollinose; genÆ hairy. i. With one pair of ocellar macrochÆtÆ. C.vomitoria, erythrocephala, viridescens, and related species. Both hemispheres. Calliphora R.D. ii. With two strong pairs of ocellar macrochÆtÆ. E.latifrons. Pacific slope of the U.S. Eucalliphora Town. ff. First section of R4+5 bristly near or quite half way to the small crossvein; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis is bare; the hypopygium of the male is inconspicuous. g. GenÆ bare; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals distinct and well developed. L.cÆsar, sericata, sylvarum, and related species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig.103). Lucilia R.D. gg. GenÆ with microchÆtÆ, at least down to the level of the base of the arista. h. Mesonotum flattened behind the transverse suture. i. Posterior dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally developed; one pair of posterior inner dorsocentrals. P.terrÆnovÆ. North America. Protophormia Town. ii. Posterior dorsocentrals well developed, the inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals) unequally developed. P.azurea, chrysorrhoea, etc. Europe and America. Protocalliphora Hough hh. Mesonotum not flattened behind the transverse suture; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally developed. P.regina. Europe and America. Phormia R.D. ee. Species more or less rufous or yellow in color. f. Anterior dorsocentrals wanting; first section of the R4+5 at most only bristly at the base, bend near apex rectangular, R1 ends over the crossvein; fronto-orbital macrochÆta absent; eyes of the male contiguous. C.semiviridis. Mexico. Chloroprocta V.d.W. ff. With another combination of characters. g. Body robust, of large size, abdomen elongate, not round; genÆ with several ranges of microchÆtÆ; vibrissal ridges strongly convergent; abdomen with well developed macrochÆtÆ; costal spine usually absent; eyes of the male widely separated. h. Peristome broad, pteropleural macrochÆtÆ distinct; one or two sternopleurals; in the female a single orbital macrochÆta; last abdominal segment without discal macrochÆtÆ; hypopygial processes of the male with a long stylet; second abdominal segment of the female sometimes much elongate. A.luteola (fig.86). Africa. The sub-genus Choeromyia Roub. is included here. Auchmeromyia B.B. hh. Peristome narrow; no pteropleurals, two sternopleurals; two orbitals in the female; second segment not elongate; the fourth with two well developed discal macrochÆtÆ. B.depressa. Africa. Bengalia R.D gg. With another combination of characters. h. Costal spine present; body in part black; antennÆ noticeably shorter than the epistome, inserted above the middle of the eye and separated from each other by a carina; abdominal segments with marginal macrochÆtÆ; sternopleurals 2:1 or 1:1. Paratricyclea Villen. hh. Costal spine not distinct, or if present, insect otherwise different. i. GenÆ with several ranges of microchÆtÆ; vibrissal ridges strongly converging; peristome broad; arista moderately plumose; sternopleurals usually 1:1; color entirely testaceous. C.anthropophaga (fig.87) and grunbergi. Africa. Cordylobia GrÜnb. ii. GenÆ bare or with but one range of setÆ; vibrissal ridges less converging; peristome narrow; arista long plumose. j. GenÆ with a single row of microchÆtÆ. k. Sternopleurals 2:1; color entirely testaceous. Ochromyia Macq.[P] kk. Sternopleurals 1:1. P.varia Hough. Africa. Parochromyia Hough jj. GenÆ bare. k. Basal section of R4+5 bristly only at the immediate base, distal section with a broad curve; distal portion of the abdomen metallic; sternopleurals usually 1:1, rarely 2:1. M.Æneiventris Wd. Tropic America. Mesembrinella. G.T. kk. R4+5 bristly at least nearly half way to the small crossvein; sternopleurals 1:1. l. MacrochÆtÆ of the abdomen marginal; neither sex with orbitals; no carina between the base of the antennÆ; three pairs of presutural inner dorsocentrals. Eastern hemisphere. T.ferruginea. Tricyclea V.d.W. (=Zonochroa B.B. according to Villeneuve 1914). ll. Abdomen without macrochÆtÆ; wing usually with a marginal streak and gray markings. Brazil Hemilucilia B.B.
SIPHONAPTERA. Fleas Adapted from a table published by Oudemans. a. Elongated fleas, with jointed (articulated) head, with combs (ctenidia) on head and thorax; with long, oval, free-jointed flagellum of the antenna (fig.92d). Suborder FRACTICIPATA b. With ctenidia in front of the antennÆ and on the genÆ (cheeks); maxillÆ with acute apices; labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes poorly developed or wanting. On rodents. HystrichopsyllidÆ c. Abdominal segments without ctenidia. d. Post-tibial spines in pairs and not in a very close set row; head with ctenidia. Ctenophthalmus Kol. dd. Post-tibial spines mostly single and in a close set row. Ctenopsyllus and Leptopsyllus. The last genus has recently been erected for L.musculi, a widely distributed species occurring on rats and mice. cc. Abdominal segments with one or more ctenidia; post-tibial spines in numerous, short, close-set transverse rows on posterior border with about four spines in each row. H.americana. Hystrichopsylla Taschenb. bb. With only two pairs of subfrontal ctenidia; labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes vestigial or wanting. On bats. (=IschnopsyllidÆ). NycteridipsyllidÆ With more or less blunt maxilla; all tibiÆ with notch; a single antepygidial bristle; metepimeron without ctenidium. N.crosbyi from Missouri was found on bats. Rothschild suggests that this is probably the same as N.insignis. (=Ischnopsyllus =Ceratopsyllus), Nycteridiphilus aa. Head not jointed, i.e.the segments coalescent, traces of the segmentation still being visible in the presence of the vertex tubercle, the falx (sickle-shaped process), and a suture. Suborder INTEGRICIPITA b. Flagellum of the antennÆ long and oval. c. Usually elongate fleas, with a free-segmented flagellum of the antenna; thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite. d. GenÆ of the head and the pronotum with ctenidia. NeopsyllidÆ e. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; symmetrical; hind coxÆ with patch of spines inside; row of six spatulate spines on each side in front of the antennÆ. C.ornate found on a California mole. Corypsylla ee. Labial palpi two-segmented, transparent, membranous. On hares. Spilopsyllus Baker dd. No ctenidium on the head. e. Pronotum with ctenidium. DolichopsyllidÆ f. Labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical. g. Antepygidial bristles one to three; eyes present. h. Inner side of hind coxÆ distally with a comb of minute teeth; falx present. On rodents and carnivores. Odontopsyllus Baker hh. Inner side of hind coxÆ without comb or teeth. Many North American species on rodents. Ceratophyllus Curtis gg. Antepygidial bristles five on each side; eyes absent; suture white. D.stylosus on rodents. Dolichopsyllus Baker ff. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; asymmetrical (membranous behind), apex acute. Hoplopsyllus anomalus found on Spermophiles in Colorado. HoplopsyllidÆ ee. Pronotum without ctenidium. Anomiopsyllus californicus and nudatus on rodents. AnomiopsyllidÆ cc. Very short fleas; flagellum of the antenna with pseudo-segments coalescent; thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite HectopsyllidÆ Flagellum of the antenna with six coalescent pseudo-segments; maxilla blunt. The chigger on man (fig.93). D. penetrans. (=Rhynchoprion =Sarcopsylla) Dermatophilus GuÉrin bb. Flagellum short, round, free portion of the first segment shaped like a mandolin. c. Thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite; flagellum either with free segments or in part with the segments coalescent. d. Head and pronotum with ctenidium; labial palpi asymmetrical. ArchÆopsyllidÆ With four subfrontal, four genal, and one angular ctenidia. Widely distributed. Ctenocephalus Kol. e. Head rounded in front (fig.92a). Dog flea. C. canis ee. Head long and flat (fig.92b). Cat flea. C. felis dd. Neither head nor pronotum with ctenidium. Labial palpi asymmetrical, membranous behind. PulicidÆ e. Mesosternite narrow, without internal rod-like thickening from the insertion of the coxÆ upwards. Human flea, etc. Pulex L. ee. Mesosternite broad with a rod-like internal thickening from the insertion of the coxÆ upwards (fig.89). X. (Loemopsylla) cheopis, plague or rat flea. Xenopsylla cc. Thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite. EchidnophagidÆ. E.gallinacea, the hen flea also attacks man (fig.96). (=Argopsylla =Xestopsylla) Echidnophaga Olliff.
|
  |
