English-Bisaya Grammar, in Twenty Eight Lessons

Of the pronouns.

The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are:

SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
I.	AcÓ	We.	QuitÁ, CamÉ
Thou, you.	Icao, ca.	You.	CamÓ.
He, she.	Sia.	They.	Sila.

Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person

	SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
N.	I.	AcÓ.	We.	CamÉ, quitÁ. (1)
G.	Of me.	AcÓ, co, naco, ta.	Of us.	Amo, namo, ato, ta.
D.	To me.	Canaco.	To us.	Canamo, canato.

(1) QuitÁ is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is speaking, and camÉ when he does.

2d. Person

	SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
N.	Thou or you.	Icao, ca.	You.	CamÓ.
G.	Of thee or you.	Imo, nimo.	Of you.	IÑÓ, niÑÓ
D.	To thee, you.	Canimo.	To you.	CaniÑÓ.

3d. Person

	SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
N.	He, she.	Sia.	They.	Sila.
G.	Of him, her.	Iya, nia.	Of them.	Ila, nila.
D.	To him, her.	Cania.	To them.	Canila.

The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.

You will carry.	Icao magadala.
You will weep.	Icao magahilac.
Don't lie.	Dili ca magbacac.
To make known to you.	Aron ca mahibalo.
We the Christians.	QuitÁ (when all Christians.) ang mga cristianos.
Lord, forgive us sinners.	Guino-o pasayloa camÉ nga mga macasasala.

Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs, and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:

My shoes.	Ang acong mga sapin.
Your money.	Ang salapi mo.
Our country.	Ang atong yuta.
His vessel.	Ang sacayan nia.
Your net.	Ang imong sahid.
You are my beloved.	Hinigugma co icao.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Declension.

	SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
N.	This.	Quini.	These.	Quining mga.
G.	Of this.	Niini.	Of these.	Niining mga.
D.	To this.	Niini.	To these.	Niining mga.

The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for pointing out clearly the distinction between them.

	SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
N.	That.	Cana; (far from the speaker) cadto.	Those.	Canang mga (far....) Cadtong mga.
G.	Of that.	Niana; (far....) niadto.	Of those.	Nianang mga (far....) Niadtong mga.

This near.	Cari.
Of this near.	Niari
Those near.	Caring mga.
Of those near.	Niaring mga.
Now.	Caron.
Of now.	Niaron.

Remark

Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana, to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun, but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past, as: In those days.—Niadtong mga tiempo.

The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:

This morning.	Caron buntag.
Noon.	Odto.
Afternoon.	Hapon.
This night.	Caron gabi-i
This woman.	Quining babaye.
These women.	Quining mga babaye.
Have you this pen or that?	Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun cadto ba?
I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.	Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan ani-a canaco cari.
He arrived yesterday about this time.	Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron.

Possessive pronouns.

Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when by a consonant, Ex:

My hat.	Ang acong calo.
Your shirt.	Ang sinina mo.
Your shoes.	Ang iÑong mga sapin.
Your religion.	Ang religion niÑÓ.
Our house.	Ang atong balay.
His parishioners.	Ang mga sacup nia.

Relative pronouns.—Interrogative.

The relative—interrogative pronouns, are:

Who?	¿Quinsa?
What?	¿Onsa?
Which?	¿Hain?

Who is that man?	Quinsa ba canang taoo?
Who is there?	Quinsa ba dihÁ?
Which of you?	Quinsa ba caniÑo?
What is that?	Onsa ba cana?
Where is the money?	Hain ba ang salapi?

Remark

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the interrogative and dubitative sentences.

The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:

I saw him bathing himself.	Naquita co sia nga naligo.
Dreadful shall be the punishment you shall have into hell	Daco man ang castigo nga ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.
The man whom I saw yesterday has fallen from the cocoa-tree.	Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon naholog sa lubÍ.

Exercise IV.

Where are you going?—I am going into the church—Have you this pen or that?—I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.

When did he arrive?—He arrived yesterday about this time—Where is she? She is at home—Do you speak Bisaya?—Not yet—I have bought the horse of which you spoke to me.

When did you buy it?—Yesterday—Where do you intend to take me to?—What is the date to day?—To day is the twenty first—I speak to those to whom you have spoken.

Where did you speak to them?—I spoke to them at the street.

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