This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.

The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs, and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.

The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or ca, before.

Remark. At CebÚ and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:

2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with more energy and precision the causality idea.

Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says, that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:

ACTIVE.

PASSIVE.

3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only the verb. Examples:

What is the price of this cloth?—I sell it at six reals (tolo ca cahate) the rod—It seems to me very dear—Will you have the kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?—I am ready to serve you—Does this red cloth suit you?—It does not suit me—Why so?—Because it is too dear—Are you learning Bisaya?—Yes, I am learning it—Who is your teacher?—A Recoleto Father—Does he teach also English?—Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish to his American friends—I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore, I beg of you to introduce me to him—I should like to know, why I do not know to speak as well as you?—I will tell you: you would speak as well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid, if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.