34. “Vested rights in crowded houses, deadly stenches, putrid water, foggy courts, and cesspools.” See “Health by Act of Parliament,” Household Words, 1850, vol. i.
35. P.P. 1850, vol. xxi. p. 42.
36. P.P. 1850, vol. xxi. p. 110.
37. In London in 1832–3 (population 1,682,000), the attacks were 14,144, the deaths were 6,729. 1848–9 (population 2,206,000), the attacks were about 30,000, the deaths about 14,600, so that in the last epidemic the deaths were more numerous than the attacks in 1832–3, whilst the attacks were more than double.
38. Dr. Grainger, P.P. 1849–50, vol. xxi.
39. P.P. 1850, vol. xxi. p. 147.
40. This was rendered illegal by the amended City Sewers Act of 1851.
41. See P.P. 1854–5, vol. x., General Report of Medical Council.
42. Simon, 1st Report, 1849.
43. 14 and 15 Vic. cap. 28.
44. 16 and 17 Vic. cap. 41.
45. P.P. 1854, vol. xxxv. p. 7.
46. 14 and 15 Vic. cap. 34, 1851.
47. See Hansard, 1851, vol. cxv.
48. Ibid.
49. “The Metropolis Water Act, 1852,” 15 and 16 Vic. cap. 84.
50. See P.P. 1854, vol. xlv. p. 22.
51. See P.P. 1854–5, vol. xlv., Reports of General Board of Health.
52. Ibid.
53. See speech of Sir B. Hall in 1885 in House of Commons, Hansard, vol. cxxxvii. p. 715.
54. 18 and 19 Vic. cap. 120.
55. 18 and 19 Vic. cap. 121.
56. 18 and 19 Vic. cap. 122.
57. Section 103 of Metropolis Local Management Act.
58. There is in the library of the London County Council an almost complete set of these annual reports inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works. Unless those sent to the Secretary of State, as directed by the Act, have been preserved, there is no other collection in existence.
59. St. Giles’.
60. Fulham.
61. Rotherhithe.
62. Hackney.
63. Medical Officer of Health, 1856.
64. “Lungs for London,” Household Words, vol. i. p. 45, 1850.
65. P.P. 1852–3, vol. lxxviii. p. 327.
66. Clerkenwell, 1856.
67. Fulham, 1857.
68. Whitechapel, 1857.
69. St. Giles’, 1859.
70. St. George the Martyr, 1859–60.
71. Strand, 1859–60.
72. Clerkenwell, 1860–1.
73. 14 and 15 Vic. cap. 34.
74. Shoreditch, 1859–60.
75. St. Giles’, 1857–8.
76. St. Olave, Southwark, 1856.
77. Whitechapel, 1857.
78. Whitechapel.
79. Population went up from 51,824 in 1851 to 60,278 in 1896.
80. “The moral and social benefits conferred by these buildings has been immeasurable,” wrote one Medical Officer of Health (St. Pancras). “They are institutions whose larger acceptance would save the lives of hundreds, and reclaim the morals of thousands,” wrote another.
81. 25 and 26 Vic. cap. 102.
82. See P.P. 1866, vol. xvii. Report of Royal Commission.
83. Hansard, vol. clxi. p. 1061.
84. Ibid., vol. clxii. p. 148.
85. P.P. 1866, vol. xxxiii.
86. See P.P. 1863, vol. xxv. Report by H. S. Tremanheere to the Home Secretary, 1862.
87. “In a bakehouse in St. Martin’s Lane, eight men slept in one room (separated from the bakehouse) which had nothing that deserves the name of a window” (Report of Medical Officer of Health, 1864).
88. P.P. 1864, vol. xxviii. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council (1863).
89. Hansard, 1864, June 16, p. 1835.
90. See Reports of the Commissioners on Children’s Employment, 1864–6.
91. Shoreditch, 1863.
92. Westminster, 1861–2.
93. 1863–4.
94. Whitechapel, 1861.
95. P.P., vol. clxxxvi. Select Committee of House of Commons on Medical Local Government, 1866, p. 259.
96. Hansard, 1861, vol. clxi. p. 1070.
97. Report of Commissioners. P.P. 1864, vol. xxii. p. xlix.
98. See P.P. 1874. Report of Select Committee on the Adulteration of Food, &c. Evidence of H. Owen.
99. 26 and 27 Vic. cap. 40.
100. Ibid. cap. 117.
101. P.P. 1866, vols. xxxiii.-iv.
102. Select Committee on Metropolitan Local Government.
103. See P.P. 1867–8, vol. lviii. Return of Inspectors of Nuisances, &c., 1866.
104. Select Committee on Metropolitan Local Government, 1866.
105. P.P. 1867, vol. xxxvii.
106. P.P., vol. xxxvii. p. 275.
107. 29 and 30 Vic. cap. 90.
108. 29 and 30 Vic. cap. 122.
109. 6 and 7 Wm. IV. cap. 86.
110. See Report of the Metropolitan Asylums Board for 1886–7.
111. See the Edinburgh Review, January, 1903.
112. 30 and 31 Vic. cap. 103.
113. 30 and 31 Vic. cap. 146.
114. Report of Select Committee on the working of the Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act, 1882, p. iii.
115. Ibid., p. iv.
116. P.P. 1868–69, vol. 32.
117. Select Committee on Metropolitan Buildings and Management Bill, 1874. P.P., vol. x.
118. Evidence of G. Vulliamy, Select Committee, 1874. Superintending-Architect to that Board.
119. See Report of Select Committee, &c., 1874, Q. 23,445.
120. Select Committee of 1867.
121. P.P., 1868–9, vol. xxxiii.
122. 32 and 33 Vic. cap. 70.
123. See P.P. 1863, vol. xxv. Report by Tremenheere on Bakehouses, p. 113.
124. Adulteration of Food and Drink and Drugs Act, 1872, 35 and 36 Vic. cap. 74.
125. P.P. 1874, vol. vi.
126. Issued on the 17th of September, 1872, and renewed the 25th of March, 1873.
127. Final Report of the School Board for London, 1870–1904.
128. See Select Committee on Noxious Businesses, 1873. P.P., vol. x.
129. See Sections 25 and 26 of the Sanitary Act, 1866.
130. See Report of Metropolitan Board, 1871–2.
131. P.P. 1878–9. Report of Local Government Board, vol. xxix., p. xiii.
132. By the Medical Officer of Health for Whitechapel, 1878.
133. P.P. 1875, vol. lxiv.
134. “The Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act,” 38 and 39 Vic. cap. 36.
135. See Royal Commission Report, 1884.
136. 1877, 24th March.
137. Inquiry by Cubitt Nicholls, March 24, 1877.
138. Appendix. Select Committee Housing, 1881, p. 354.
139. See Report of Metropolitan Board, 1888.
140. 42 and 43 Vic. cap. 64.
141. The Medical Officer of Health for Chelsea (writing of his own parish).
142. Chelsea, Hackney, Shoreditch, Lambeth, St. George (Southwark), Camberwell, Plumstead.
143. Goddard, 1882, Select Committee, p. 576.
144. Mr. Hunter Rodwell, Q.C., M.P.
145. 41 and 42 Vic. cap. 32.
146. 41 Vic. cap. 16.
147. P.P., vol. xxix.
148. J. Simon, vol. ii., 1874.
149. To the then existing population of London.
The South Eastern Counties contributed close on
290,000
„South Midland
„„„„
249,000
„Eastern
„„„„
196,000
„South Western
„„„„
168,000
„West Midland
„„„„
95,000
150. The report was made in 1887, but was as true in 1881 as it was in 1887.
151. See Report of Select Committee, 1882, p. v.
152. Times, 20th November, 1883.
153. See his speech in Parliament, Hansard, 1884, vol. ccxc., p. 529.
154. Robert Reid (a Surveyor), p. 805.
155. The regulations suggested by the Local Government Board laid down that the landlord or owner should not allow a greater number of persons to occupy a room than would admit of free air space for each of 300 cubic feet—if used exclusively as a sleeping room—or 400 feet if used day and night. He was to— (1) Keep the drainage in good working order, to properly pave the yard, and provide sufficient sanitary accommodation. (2) Keep the cisterns clean and in proper order, and keep the structure of ashpit in proper order. (3) Cause the ceilings and walls of every room to be whitewashed and papered every April. (4) Provide all requisite means for the ventilation of every room, and of the common passages and staircases thereof. (5) To notify cases of infectious disease.
156. Royal Commission, 1884.
157. Hansard, 1884.
158. 1884 Royal Commission, vol. ii. p. 2938.
159. Ibid. p. 724.
160. Hansard, 1884, vol. cclxxxix. p. 41.
161. Hansard, 1884, vol. ccxc. p. 541.
162. See Report of Royal Commission on the Amalgamation of the City and County of London, 1894.
163. Hansard, 1884, vol. cclxxxiv.
164. By the Diseases Prevention (Metropolis) Act, 1883, 46 and 47 Vic. cap. 35.
165. The total net expenditure was £401,000 in 1885.
166. Hansard, vol. ccxxix. p. 889.
167. Lords’ Committee on Sweating, P.P. 1890, vol. 17.
168. Hansard, p. 1663, March 19, 1888.
169. See the last Report of the Board.
170. 53 & 54 Vic., cap. 70.
171. The Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1890, 53 & 54 Vic. cap. 8.
172. See speech by Sir L. Playfair in House of Commons, March 4, 1884.—Hansard, p. 529.
173. See Report from Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, 1898.
174. See General Report of Census Commissioners, P.P. 1904, vol. cviii.
175. See speech of the President of the Local Government Board, Mr. Ritchie, in introducing the Bill in April. Hansard, 1891, vol. ccclii.
176. Statement by the Clerk of the London County Council.
177. See his Report for 1899, p. 63.
178. P.P. 1890, vol. xvii. See fifth Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Sweating System.
179. See the Order made by the Home Secretary in November, 1892, as to “outworkers.”
180. Not much interest appears to have been taken in the proceedings of some of the Vestries. Thus, in 1891, the Vestry of Westminster complained of the lack of public interest in the record of their proceedings. “Only eleven ratepayers out of 8,800 have purchased copies (price 2d.) of the Reports of the Vestry in each of the last three years.” (A few years later they reduced their Reports to a few pages.) And in 1896 the Vestry of Kensington complained of the limited demand for their Annual Report, though it only cost 2d.
181. See 3rd Report from Select Committee of the House of Lords on Metropolitan Hospitals, 1891.
182. See the Report of Select Committee of House of Lords on Hospitals, P.P. 1892, vol. xiii.
183. See Report of Royal Commissioners on the Amalgamation of the City and County of London, 1894.
184. See Hansard, 1899, vol. lxvii. p. 354.
185. In his last report he recorded the death of J. Munro, who had been Inspector of Nuisances for thirty-three years, so for that long period they had worked together.
186. Final Report of the School Board for London, p. 326.
187. See Report of Medical Officer of the late School Board for 1903–4.
188. Final Report, p. 297.
189. First Report of Medical Officer for year ended March 25, 1903, p. 24.
190. Second Annual Report to March 25, 1904.
191. In the Public Health (London) Act.
192. The recoupments arising from the sale of surplus lands reduced the actual or net cost to less than £8,000,000.
193. Here the net cost is estimated to be about £5,500,000.
194. The International Congress of Hygiene, held in Brussels in 1903, passed a resolution declaring meat to be unfit for human food when it was derived from animals attacked by bacterial anthrax, glanders, rabies, tetanus, tuberculosis, in certain cases, and several other diseases.
195. See Report of the Medical Officer of Health of the London County Council, 1902, p. 10.
