[PART II] [98] Containing the Calculations of Observations made

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Edwin James
[PART II] [98] Containing the Calculations of Observations made by Major Long and Lieutenant Swift, on a tour from the Council Bluffs on the Missouri river, westward along the river Platte to its head waters in the Rocky Mountains,--thence southwardly to the head waters of the Arkansa and Canadian rivers,--and down said rivers to Belle Point, performed in 1820, under the command of Major S. H. Long, of the United States' Topographical Engineers.

Note.—The instruments used in making the following astronomical observations, were a portable sextant of 5 inches radius, graduated by the assistance of the vernier to 30?, made by Cary, London, accompanied by a mercurial artificial horizon with a glass frame, and an excellent patent-lever watch, by Robert Roskell.

Camp on the river Platte, at the fording place of the Pawnee Indians, twenty-seven miles below the confluence of the North and South, or Padouca Forks.
June 20, 1820. Meridian altitude of sun's lower limb 72° 23´
Extent of horizon, (a level sheet of water) 700 yards.
Height of observer's eye above horizon 3½ feet.
Index error—4´ 15?. Latitude deduced 40° 59´ 15? N.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of Watch.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
June 20, 1820. 2h 32´ 26? 2h 32´ 34? 1´ 15? fast.
Mean time.
2 29 36 2 29 46
Camp on the Platte, thirty-two miles below the point where it issues from the Rocky Mountains.
July 4, 1820. Meridian double altitude of star Antares, (?. Scorpii) 48° 10´ 00?
Index error—3´ 45?. Latitude deduced 39° 57´ 40? N.
{xxxvii} Observations made on the River Platte, seven minutes of latitude south of the Camp of July 4th.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
July 5, 1820. 2h 30´ 19? 2h 21´ 17? 8´ 41? slow.
Mean time.
2 28 57 2 19 55
2 27 30 2 18 22
A mean of eight lunar distances from sun and times correspondent, to find the longitude. Latitude by account 39° 50´ 40? N. Assumed longitude 7h 01´ W.
Time per Watch, A.M. Distance of nearest limbs. Index error.
July 5, 1820. 7h 33´ 07? 56° 09´ 26? -4´

Daily variation of watch 1´ 41? losing.

Longitude deduced, 7h 01´ 23?, or 105° 20´ 45? W. of Greenwich.

Camp at the base of the Rocky Mountains.
July 8, 1820. Meridian double altitude of Antares 49° 17´ 30?
Index error —3´ 45?. Latitude deduced 39 23 52 N.
July 9, 1820. Meridian double altitude of Antares 49 18 15
Index error -3´ 45?. Latitude deduced 39 23 29 N.
Mean latitude of the camp 39 23 40 N.

At our camp on Boiling-spring Creek, at the distance of about 25 miles from James's Peak, (the same designated by Pike as the highest peak,) trigonometrical observations were made for determining the height of the peak above the level of the adjacent country. A base of 1048½ feet was accurately measured, and angles taken at its extremities, to ascertain another side of the triangle, to serve as a base to determine the height of the mountain. The angles at the extremities of the primary base, corrected for the index error of sextant, were 104° 32´ 15? and 65° 28´ 45?—and the extent of the secondary base as found by calculation, 133372.5 feet. The angles taken at the extremities of the secondary base, included between that line and the lines of vision, to an object distinctly visible at the summit of the peak, were 96° 21´ 15? and 81° 17´ 45?, corrected as above. The angle of elevation of the top of the peak, observed at the extremity {xxxviii} of the secondary base, most remote from the peak, was 3° 41´ 15?, corrected also for index error of sextant. The final result of these observations, gives for the height of the peak above the plain in which the observations were made, 8507½ feet.

In order to ascertain with precision, the angle of elevation of the summit of the peak, an artificial horizon of water was employed, and the double angle of elevation observed. The angle of elevation as it stands corrected for refraction, is 3° 39´ 26?. The estimate as above gives the height of the peak above the true level of the place of observation, no correction having been made for the spherical figure of the earth.

Allowing the perpendicular fall of the river Platte, from the mountains to its mouth, to be on an average nineteen inches per mile, (which appears reasonable from the rapidity of its current compared with that of the Missouri,) the fall of the Missouri from the place where it receives the Platte to its mouth, to be 16 inches per mile, which agrees with the result from leveling at Engineer Cantonment—and that of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico to be 12 inches per mile, it would give for the height of the Platte at the base of the mountains, say at the place of the above observations, 3000 feet above the level of the ocean, and consequently the height of James's Peak would be 11507½ above the same level.

This mountain was clothed in snow for a considerable distance below its summit, when the exploring party visited it, in the middle of July, and at the same time they experienced excessive heat at its base.

Observations made on the Arkansa, at our camp, situated about twenty-five miles below the point where the river issues from the mountains.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
July 17, 1820. 3h 27´ 17? 3h 08´ 35? 15´ 03? slow.
Mean time.
3 25 58 3 07 15
3 24 36 3 05 54
July 17, 1820. Meridian double altitude of Antares 51° 28´
Index error 3´ 22?. Latitude deduced 38 18 19 N.
A mean of eight lunar observations. Distance of nearest limbs of sun and moon for calculating the longitude.
Time per Watch, P.M. Distance of Sun and Moon. Index Error.
July 17, 1820. 3h 26´ 49? 84° 08´ 30? - 3´ 22?

{xxxix} Assumed longitude 7h 01´ west. Allowance to be made for error and rate of time-piece, as before.

Longitude of Camp deduced, 7h 02´ 39?, or 105° 39´ 45? W.

Camp on the Arkansa, two miles below the river St. Charles, or third fork of Pike.
July 19, 1820. Meridian double altitude of Antares 51° 36´ 00?
Index error—3´ 22?. Latitude deduced 38 14 18 N.
Camp on the Arkansa, at the place where the Exploring Party was divided into two detachments.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at midnight.
Time before Midnight Time after Midnight Error of Watch.
July 21, 1820. 8h 39´ 58? 8h 17´ 50? 17´ 19? slow.
Mean time.
8 38 38 8 16 30
8 37 18 8 15 1
A mean of eight lunar distances and times correspondent,—nearest limb of moon from star SpicÆ Virginis.
Time per Watch P.M. Distance of Moon and Star. Index error.
July 21, 1820. 9h 40´ 54? 51° 45´ 47? - 3´ 30?

Variation of watch 47? per 12 hours losing. Error of watch to be estimated. Longitude by account 6h 58´ W. Lat. determined by subsequent observations.

Longitude of Camp, 6h 55´ 05? or 103° 46´ 15? W. of Greenwich.

Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
July 22, 1820. 2h 58´ 21? 2h 34´ 09? 18´ 06? slow.
Mean time.
2 56 59 2 32 47
2 55 36 2 31 23
July 22, 1820. Meridian double altitude of Antares 51° 40´
Index error—3´ 30?. Latitude deduced 38 12 22 N.
{xl} Camp on the Canadian River of August 6th.
Aug. 6, 1820. Meridian of altitude sun's lower limb 71° 52´
Extent of natural horizon, or sheet of water 82 yards.
Height of observer's eye above horizon 38 inches.
Index error of sextant - 3´
Latitude deduced 35° 16´ 19? N.
Camp on the Canadian River of August 22d.
Aug. 22, 1820. Meridian double altitude of moon's lower limb 72° 18´ 15?
Index error—4´ 00?. Latitude deduced 35 26 29 N.
Camp on the Canadian River of August 31st.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
Aug. 31, 1820 3h 27´ 43? 2h 23´ 40? 31´ 52½? slow.
Mean time.
3 26 21 2 22 18
3 24 55 2 20 57
Altitudes of Sun and times correspondent, to find the Latitude.
Times per Watch, A.M. Double altitudes of sun's upper limb. Index error.
Aug. 31, 1820. 10h 29´ 20? 121° 18´ 00? - 4´
Error and variation of watch to be allowed.
Lat. by account
34° 57´ N.
10 30 24 121 32 00
10 32 05 121 52 30
10 33 12 122 06 30
10 34 13 122 17 30
Mean 10h 31´ 51? 121° 49´ 18?
Latitude of Camp deduced from the above 34° 57´ 35?
A mean of seven Lunar distances, and times correspondent—nearest limbs of Sun and Moon.
Time per Watch, A.M. Distance of Sun and Moon. Index error.
Aug. 31, 1820. 7h 32´ 06? 77° 50´ 15? - 4´

{xli} Allowance to be made for error and variation of watch. Longitude by account, 6h 26´ W.

Longitude deduced, 6h 26´ 12?, or 96° 33´ 00? W. of Greenwich.

Camp on the Canadian river, fifteen miles above its mouth.
Sept. 9, 1820. Meridian double altitude of sun's lower limb 120° 13´ 00?
Index error - 4'. Lat. deduced 34 50 15 N.
Observations made on the Arkansa river, at Fort Smith, Belle Point, situated at the confluence of the Arkansa and Poteau rivers.
Sept. 14, 1820. Meridian double altitude of sun's lower limb 116° 22´ 00?
Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced 34 51 07 N.
Sept. 15, 1820. Meridian double altitude of sun's lower limb 115 36 00
Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced 34 51 00 N.
Sept. 16, 1820. Meridian double altitude of sun's lower limb 114 50 30
Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced 34 50 35 N.
Mean latitude of Belle Point 34 50 54 N.
Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon.
Time from Noon, A.M. Time from Noon, P.M. Error of Watch.
Sept. 15, 1820. 3h 41´ 21? 3h 36´ 32? 2´ 47? fast.
Mean time.
3 38 35 3 33 46
A mean of seven lunar distances and times correspondent—nearest limbs of Sun and Moon.
Time per Watch, P.M. Distance of Sun and Moon. Index error.
Sept. 15, 1820. 3h 55´ 46? 93° 59´ 30? - 4´

Allowance for error of watch as usual. Longitude by account, 6h 18´ west of Greenwich.

Longitude of Belle Point deduced from the foregoing data, 6h 17´ 24?, or 94° 21´ 00? west of Greenwich.

{xlii} A TABLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE,

Embracing the deductions recorded in the foregoing account of Astronomical Observations and Calculations.
Places of Observation Latitude N Longitude W. from Greenwich Longitude W. from Washington City
Shippingsport, Ky 38° 15´ 23?
Camp on Mississippi, June 8 38 26 09
Mouth of Merameg river 38 23 39
St. Louis, Missouri 38 36 18 90° 02´ 35? 13° 02´ 35?
Camp on Missouri river, June 28 38 34 33
Franklin, Missouri 38 57 09 92 57 05 15 57 05
Fort Osage, Missouri 39 09 33
Cow Island, Missouri river 39 25 05
Camp on Missouri river, Aug. 31 39 49 01
Fort Lisa, Missouri Fur Co.'s Establishment 41 24 13
Engineer Cantonment 41 25 04 95 43 53 18 43 53
Mouth of river Platte 41 03 13
Mouth of Elk-horn, tributary to Platte 41 12 00
Boyer river at commencement of High Lands 41 32 15
Elk-horn river, near Pawnee Trace 41 26 07
Village of Republican Pawnees 41 17 03
Mouth of Missouri river 38 51 39 90 00 40 13 00 40
Mouth of De Moyen river 40 21 48
Mouth of Illinois river 38 58 23 90 18 00 13 18 00
Cape Girardeau, Mississippi river 37 18 39 89 17 00 12 17 00
Spanish Fort at Natchez 31 33 45
Camp on the Platte, July 4 39 57 40
Do. do. July 5 39 50 40 105 20 45 28 20 45
Camp at the base of the Rocky Mountains, July 8 39 23 40
1st Camp on Arkansa, July 17 38 18 19 105 39 45 28 39 45
Camp on Arkansa, July 19 38 14 18
Camp where Exploring Party separated 38 12 22 103 46 15 26 46 15
Camp on Canadian river, Aug. 6 35 16 19
Do. do. Aug. 22 35 26 29
Do. do. Aug. 31 34 57 35 96 33 00 19 33 00
Do. do. Sept. 9 34 50 15
Belle Point, Arkansa Territory 34 50 54 94 21 00 17 21 00

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER
Preliminary Explanations

The observations on the modifications of the clouds were particularly detailed in the Journal by Mr. Say, who being often remote from the party on detached expeditions, the phases observed by him cannot always be considered as precisely corresponding with those that occurred where the observations noted in the remaining columns of the tables were made by Lieut. Graham. As they would occupy too much space, if introduced into the body of this work agreeably to the manuscript notes, it was judged proper to modify and condense them into the smallest possible space. With this view, the nomenclature of Messrs. Howard and Forster has been adopted, and is now inserted in the meteorological tables, under the indications of the following abbreviations, viz.

S - Stratus.
C - Cirrus.
Cs - Cirrostratus—the addition of a full point, thus Cs. shows that this cloud was almost or entirely universal; and a comma, thus, Cs, indicates its partial occurrence. The same observations also relate to the signs for the following clouds.
Cm - Cumulus.
Cml - Cirrocumulus.
Cms - Cumulostratus.
Cmc - Cumulocirrostratus.
Ns - Nimbus.

But as the particular varieties of appearance which these respective clouds exhibited, could not be indicated in the allotted columns of the tables, they are altogether omitted. The column headed with the word courses indicates the points of the heavens from which the clouds proceed; thus " C. " S.W. " shows the occurrence of the Cirrus form of clouds proceeding from the south-west.

The letter L. sometimes inserted in the column of remarks on the state of the weather, indicates lightning; T. thunder, and R. rain.

Observations, by means of the Cyanometer, on the colour of the atmosphere, were also made, three times each day, by Mr. Graham; but as the instrument became imperfect in consequence of the fading of its colours, from the necessary exposure to the action of light, they have been rejected.

No record was made of the humidity of the atmosphere, as the Hygrometer provided for the use of the Expedition, proved entirely useless.

Simultaneous meteorological observations were made at Germantown, near Philadelphia, by Mr. Reuben Haines; from which the average temperature of that place during several months has been deduced and inserted for the sake of comparison, in the following tables.

Observations on the state of the weather were regularly made during the whole term of the expedition, but being too voluminous to be inserted in the work, it was thought best to select those of an entire year and reject the remainder.

{xliv} Meteorological Register {xlv} for the Month of JUNE, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 68 N.W. 76 N.N.W. 77 W. 73 — Windy during the day 29.40 29.26 29.32 Fair — Cs, Cms, — —
2 65 Calm 77 W.N.W. 75 N.W. 72 — 29.36 29.17 29.31
3 65 Calm 82 S.E. 80 S.S.E. 75 — 29.41 29.26 29.20
4 72 Calm 83 Sy. 81 S. 78 68 29.32 29.16 29.17
5 73 S. 85 S.E. 83 Sy. 80 — 29.25 29.10 29.18
6 73 Calm 85 S.E. 84 E.S.E. 80 79 29.29 29.15 29.16
7 79 S.W. 85 S.W. 84 Sy. 82 79 29.24 29.19 29.19
8 78 S.S.W. 83 S.S.W. 83 S. 81 — 29.20 29.15 29.16
9 75 S.W. 85 S.W. 80 W.S.W. 80 — 29.18 29.20 29.15
10 68 S.E. 83 E.S.E. 75 S.E. 75 71 29.28 29.21 29.20
11 64 S.S.E. 76 W.N.W. 72 N.W. 70 69 Thunder shower before daylight this morning 29.15 29.16 29.18
12 66 N.N.E. 73 N.N.W. 73 N.N.W. 70 69 29.36 29.27 29.28
13 68 Calm 78 S.S.E. 72 S.S.W. 72 — 29.40 29.26 29.20
14 72 S.E. by E. 81 S. by E. 80 S. 77 65 29.29 29.16 29.15
15 77 S. by E. 84 E. 75 S. 80 — Violent thunder gust commenced at 6 P.M. and continued till 7 29.21 29.22 29.23
16 72 S.E. 84 Calm 86 Calm 77 71 Sultry 29.26 29.21 29.18
17 80 Calm 87 Calm 86 Calm 84 76 Sultry 29.22 29.17 29.14
18 80 Calm 86 N.W. by N. 81 N.W. 82 79 Light breezes. Thermometer at 88½ at 11 o'clock, A.M. 29.16 29.13 29.14
19 69 N.E. by N. 74 N. by E. 73 N. by E. 72 78 Light breezes 29.29 29.27 29.14
20 66 W.S.W. 81 W. 80 Calm 75 68 Light breezes 29.35 29.22 29.20
21 70 S.W. 83 N.W. 83 N. by W. 78 71 Light breezes 29.21 29.16 29.11 —
22 70 E. by S. 83 E.N.E. 84 Calm 79 — Light breezes 29.22 29.19 29.13 Cs, — Cs. Cm, — Cs. —
23 72 Calm 82 E.S.E. 82 S. 78 — Light breezes 29.20 29.17 29.09 Fair — Cms. — Cms, —
24 71 Calm 84 Calm 86 S.W. 80 70 Light showers of rain in the afternoon 29.24 29.18 29.14 Fair — Ns, — Ns, —
25 75 Calm 85 N.E. 86 N. 82 69 Thermometer at 88 at 5 P.M. Light breezes. L. in evening 29.25 29.20 29.19 Fair — Cms, — Cm, Cml, —
26 77 N.W. 84 S. 87 W.N.W. 82 68 Light and variable breezes 29.25 29.15 29.15 Fair — Cms, Cs. — — —
27 70 N.W. by N. 84 N.N.E. 86 N.N.E. 80 73 Light breezes 29.29 29.09 29.10 — — — — — —
28 75 Calm 83 S. by W. 86 E. 81 76 Light breezes 29.15 29.08 29.06 Fair — Cml, — Fair —
29 71 Calm 88 N.W. 89 N.W. by W. 82 — Strong breezes 29.04 28.90 28.87 Cs. — Fair — Cml, W.
30 74 N.W. 81 W.N.W. 78 S.W. by S. 77 77 Strong gales of wind last night and also during this day 29.00 28.99 29.00 Fair — Cm. — Cm, Cm, —

{xlvi} Meteorological Register {xlvii} for the Month of JULY, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 69 Calm 83 W.S.W. 83 Calm 78 — Fresh gales in middle of the day 29.09 29.00 29.00 Cms, — Cml, — Cs. —
2 71 Calm 74 W. by S. 80 N.E. by N. 75 — Fresh gales in middle of the day 29.16 29.18 29.18 Cs. — Cs. — Cs. —
3 67 N.N.W. 80 N.W. by N 78 N.E. by E. 75 70 Fresh and variable brs.—night fair 29.33 29.20 29.20 Cs, — Cs, — Cs, —
4 64 N.N.W. 81 E.S.E. 77 E.S.E. 74 70 Fresh breezes 29.39 29.20 29.20 Cm, S. Cm, & C, S. C, & Cs, —
5 65 S.E. by E. 80 E. by N. 79 E.N.E. 74 69 Light breezes 29.25 29.08 29.07 Cmc. — Cm, Cms, Cs, S.E. Ns, —
6 76 Calm 81 W.S.W. 84 E.N.E. 80 69 Freq. showers of R. during the day 29.07 29.05 29.06 Ns. — Ns, — Cms, —
7 72 E.N.E. 86 N.W. by W. 86 S.E. by E. 81 65 Hard shower this forenoon 29.12 29.00 29.02 Cms, & Cs, — Cs, & Cms, — Cm, & Cs, —
8 76 Calm 90 S.W. 88 E.N.E. 84 67 Light brs.—mackerel sky in even. 29.04 28.96 28.96 Cs, E. Cm. & Cs. — Cml, —
9 78 E.N.E. 83 S.W. by S. 85 S.W. 82 77 Hard shower this forenoon. L. in the evening 29.04 29.00 28.98 Cs. — Cs. Cms, — Ns, Cms, N.W.
10 80 W.S.W. 85 N.W. 79 Rained greater part of forenoon 28.99 29.05 Ns. — Cms. — Cs. —
11 71 N.E. 85 N.W. by N. 82 S.W. 79 80 Fresh breezes this afternoon, N.N.W. horizon red after twilight. Lightning. Storm of wind 29.18 29.10 29.04 Cs. S.W. Ns. — Ns. —
12 76 Calm 87 N.W. 81 N.W. by N. 81 79 Lightning in the evening 29.00 28.97 29.04 Ns, Cs, S.W. Cs. — Ns. N.
13 79 S. 85 W. 86 Calm 83 81 Thunder shower and heavy wind from from N.W. about 1 o'clock this morning—rain 1½ inches 29.07 29.00 29.03 Cs, Ns, NW., NE. Cms, Ns. S.W. Ns, Cs, E.
14 77 W.S.W. 81 N.E. 82 Calm 80 78 Thunder showers and heavy wind this morning about 1 o'clk. rain ½ inch—noon L. ¼ inch rain 29.03 29.13 29.13 Cs, — Ns. — Ns, N.N.E.
15 75 W.S.W. 84 W.N.W. 82 80 81 Very light breezes 29.22 29.21 29.23 S. — Cs, Cm, — Cs, —
16 69 W.N.W. 77 N.W. 76 N.N.W. 74 78 Very light breezes 29.27 29.27 29.25 C, Cs, W.N.W. Cms, — Cs, —
17 54 N.N.E. 73 S.S.E. 72 N.W. 66 73 Very light breezes. Stratus at night 29.34 29.31 29.31 Cms, — Cms. — Cs, —
18 54 N.W. 73 E. by N. 74 N.N.W. 67 70 Pleasant wea. Even. S. in N.E. 29.34 29.34 29.31 S. — Cs, — Cs. —
19 54 N.N.E. 75 E. 76 S.S.E. 68 72 Pleasant weather 29.34 29.34 29.34 Cmc. — Cs. — Cs. —
20 64 S.E. 80 W.N.W. 73 E. by S. 72 72 Light breezes 29.34 29.30 29.24 Cs. — Cm, Cs, — Cs. —
21 68 E. by S. 75 E. by S. 70 S.S.E. 71 72 Light breezes 29.21 29.15 29.15 Ns. — Ns, Cm, S.W. — —
22 70 E. 80 S. by W. 77 S.E. 75 75 Fresh breezes. T. storm in even. 29.06 28.97 28.97 Ns. S. Cms, Cml, — Ns S.W.
23 68 Calm 73 S.S.E. 75 Several showers of rain to-day. L. incessant in the evening 29.00 29.00 Ns. — Cs, Cml, N.W., S. Cm, Ns, S.S.W.
24 72 Calm 83 S.E. 82 N.E. 79 75 Fr. brs. T. storm with R. in even. 29.02 29.10 29.12 Cm, Cs, — Cms, Cs, N.N.W. Ns, —
25 72 N.W. by N. 83 N.N.E. 80 N. by W. 78 76 Fresh breezes. Light rain this morning. L. in the evening 29.16 29.17 29.16 Cms, N.N.W. Cm, N.N.W. C, N.W.
26 65 Calm 83 N. 72 W. 73 76 Fresh breezes 29.20 29.20 29.13 C, Cml, — Fair — Fair —
27 64 N.W. 84 S.S.E. 75 E.S.E. 74 76 Thick fog over the river this morn. 29.13 29.13 29.06 S. — Fair — Fair —
28 69 E. 86 S. by E. 84 N.E. 79 78 Strong breezes in the afternoon. Evening L. and shower at night 29.10 29.10 29.06 C, — Cms, — Cms, —
29 72 E.N.E. 88 S.W. by S. 80 S. 80 77 Strong breezes 29.12 29.06 29.03 C, N. Cs, C, — Cs, Cms, —
30 74 W.S.W. 89 E.S.E. 83 S.E. by E. 82 82 Moderate brs. Noon T. Even. L. 29.08 29.01 29.00 Ns. — Cms, Cml, S.W. Cms, Cs, —
31 72 N.E. by N. 86 N.N.W. 82 E. by N. 80 86 Moderate breezes 29.00 28.90 28.88 Ns — Cms. Cs N.E., S.W. — —

Remarkable Phenomena.—On the 7th, 170 miles from mouth of Missouri river at 9 o'clock, P.M. discovered a comet bearing nearly N.W. Observed its distance from North Star to be 49° 38´.—8th, 57 minutes past 8 P.M. observed distance of comet from North Star 48° 46´, bearing at same time N. 43°, W. Altitude 7°.

17th—Franklin, Missouri—Magnetic intensity 26 oscillations per minute. 28th—At our Camp—Magnetic intensity 25 oscillations per minute.

{xlviii} Meteorological Register {xlix} for the Month of AUGUST, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 72 N.W. 85 N. 82 S.E. 79 88 Frequent showers of rain, ? of an inch rain since yesterday morn. 28.87 28.77 28.74 Ns. N.E. Cml. N.E. Cs.
2 69 Calm 78 E. by S. 74 E. by S. 73 86 28.72 28.68 28.68 Ns. Ns. Ns.
3 68 82 S.W. 74 W. by S. 74 78 28.68 28.70 28.74 Ns. Ns. Ns.
4 73 S. 84 S. 78 W. 78 76 Frequent showers of rain, ½ an inch of rain since yesterday morning 28.79 28.77 28.77 Ns. E. Cm, C, Cs.
5 68 S.S.W. 86 W. 76 S.W. 76 75 Light sprinkles of rain 28.83 28.80 28.80
6 71 W. 88 W. 80 W. 79 75 Cloudy all day 28.86 28.85 Cs. Cs. Cs.
7 71 S.W. 84 W.S.W. 81 W.S.W. 78 79 Light sprinkles of rain last night and this afternoon 28.90 28.82 28.82 Ns. Cs. Cms.
8 71 Calm 84 N.E. 80 S.W. by S. 78 82 Sprinkles of rain this forenoon 28.82 28.74 28.74 Ns. Cs. Cms.
9 70 S.S.W. 88 Calm 84 Calm 80 80 Sultry 28.75 28.74 28.74 Cs, Cms, Fair Cm,
10 70 S.S.E. 88 S. 84 E.S.E. 80 82 Sultry. Light in S.E. this evening 28.80 28.80 28.80 Fair Cm. S.S.W. Fair
11 72 E.N.E. 90 S.S.E. 85 E.S.E. 82 79 Pleasant brs. L. in N. this 28.86 28.86 28.78 Fair Cm, S.S.W. C, Cs,
12 72 Calm 92 W. 85 E.N.E. 83 81 Fresh breezes. Lightning in N.W. 28.84 28.80 28.74 Cs. Cs, Cms, Cs,
13 75 Calm 91 S.W. 86 S.S.E. 84 82 Fresh breezes. Night meteors shooting to the north 28.77 28.70 28.70 Cm, Cs, Cm, Cm, Cs,
14 77 Calm 93 S. 87 S. 85 82 Fresh breezes. No dew 28.70 28.63 28.62
15 76 S.E. 92 S. 86 S.S.W. 84 79 Fresh breezes. No dew 28.62 28.60 28.57
16 76 Calm 90 Calm 87 N. 84 72 Light breezes. Shower of rain in the morn. No dew in the even. 28.57 28.63 28.64 Ns. N.W. Ns. Ns, Cs,
17 74 E.N.E. 90 N.E. 86 N.N.E. 83 79 Light breezes 28.66 28.66 28.66 Cs, Cs, Cml, S.W., N.E.
18 73 W.S.W. 86 Calm 81 E.N.E. 89 72 Light brs. noon. Rain in the E. 28.70 28.67 28.67 Cs, Cs, Cm, S.W., N.E. Ns. E.
19 74 Calm 83 E.N.E. 80 E.N.E. 79 74 28.74 28.74 28.74 Ns. Cms. N.E.
20 76 S.S.E. 85 E. 81 E. 80 76 28.80 28.75 28.68 Fair Cm, Cs, C.
21 68 Calm 84 W.N.W. 78 N.W. 76 77 Hard shower of rain from North—3/16 of an inch of rain 28.68 28.63 28.66 Ns. Ns.
22 61 N.W. 76 N.N.E. 68 N.N.W. 68 78 Windy 28.84 28.85 28.88
23 50 W. 72 Calm 67 N.W. 63 70 29.18 28.85 28.85 Cs.
24 54 S.S.E. 73 S.S.E. 70 S.S.E. 65 66 Windy 28.85 28.77 28.77 Cs.
25 60 S.E. 83 S.S.E. S.S.E. 62 Strong gale of wind during the day 28.83 28.65 28.65 C, C, E. C, E.
26 68 S. 86 S.S.E. 80 S.S.E. 78 Strong gale of wind. Evening, rain 28.72 28.66 28.63 Cs, Cs, Cm, S.W. Ns.
27 71 E. 70 N. 69 N. 70 64 Strong gale of wind. Morn. rain 28.63 28.75 28.75 Ns. N.W. Cs, Cm, W., N.W.
28 50 N.W. 79 N.W. 66 E.N.E. 65 65 Strong gale of wind 28.94 28.78 28.79 Fair Cs.
29 50 N.N.E. 75 E.S.E. 70 Fresh breezes 29.00 28.84
30 50 E.S.E. 84 S.S.W. 71 S.W. 68 69 Fresh breezes 28.97 28.67 28.54
31 62 S. 93 W.S.W. 84 S.W. 79 71 Windy 28.57 28.44 28.45 Cs, Fair Fair

Remarkable Phenomena.—On the evening of the 2d, when the moon was about 8° above the horizon, brilliant rays of light appeared very distinctly to proceed from a point 5° or 6° to the north of the moon. Same phenomenon on the evening of the 3d.

Fort Osage, August 4th, magnetic intensity 26½.

Fall of rain on the 26th instant 3-16ths of an inch—27th ½ an inch.

{l} Meteorological Register {li} for the Month of SEPTEMBER, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 75 N.W. 92 S.S.E. 88 S.W. 85 75 Windy 28.45 28.40 28.40 C, — C, Cm, — Cs, —
2 75 N.W. 88 E.S.E. 74 Calm 79 78 Light breezes. Lightning in S.W. at midnight 28.41 29.20 29.20 Fair — Fair — Fair —
3 63 S.S.E. 90 S.W. 78 S.W. 77 80 Hard thunder shower from W.S.W. this afternoon, lightning in N.W. in the evening 28.70 28.47 28.47 C, Cs, S.W., W. Cs. N.W. Ns. S.W.
4 76 S.W. 90 S.S.E. 82 S.S.E. 82 78 Some rain last night 28.47 28.47 28.47 C, S.W. Fair — Cs, W.
5 71 N.N.W. 70 N.N.W. 71 N.N.W. 70 79 Rain and lightning last night, and a shower at noon 28.63 28.58 28.58 Cs. Cml, W., N.W. Ns. S.E. Ns. S.
6 66 S.E. 84 N.W. 72 N.W. 74 79 Thunder storm from S.E. last night, and another from N.W. this afternoon, and during part of the night, with rain, and some hail in the night 28.58 28.50 28.50 Cs. Cml, N.W., S. Cs, — Ns. —
7 70 N.W. 85 E.S.E. 78 N.N.W. 77 80 Violent thunder storm from N.N.W. with a little hail this afternoon 28.50 28.44 28.44 Ns, — Cm. — Ns. —
8 65 N.E. 85 E.S.E. 76 E.S.E. 75 80 28.56 29.60 29.60 Fair — Fair — Cs, —
9 65 E.S.E. 92 S.E. 75 S.E. 74 77 Thunder in the W. and some appearance of rain this afternoon—evening lightning in the N. 28.65 28.55 28.55 C, Cm, — C, Cm, — Ns, —
10 70 Calm 87 S.S.E. 80 S.E. 79 70 28.68 28.68 28.68 Fair — Cm, — Cm.Cs, —
11 72 Calm 77 S. 76 S.E. 75 65 Frequent light sprinkles of rain to-day, rain in the morning 28.66 28.66 28.63 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
12 74 S.S.E. 82 S. 76 Calm 77 68 28.63 28.64 28.64 Ns. — Ns. — Fair —
13 62 N. 74 N.N.W. 67 N.N.W. 67 62 Very windy and squally all day 28.76 28.84 28.84 Ns. — Cs. — Fair —
14 50 W. 69 E.N.E. 60 E.N.E. 59 59 Cool breezes. S. from river at night 29.10 28.92 28.86 Fair — Cm, — Fair —
15 50 S.W. 74 S.S.W. 68 S.S.W. 64 64 Remarkably clear sky all this day 28.92 28.70 28.68 Fair — Fair — Fair —
16 56 N.E. 78 S. 71 S. 68 65 Remarkably clear sky all this day 28.75 28.64 28.65 Fair — Fair — Fair —
17 55 S. 85 E.N.E. 78 E.N.E. 72 65 Remarkably clear sky all this day 28.75 28.60 28.60 Fair — Fair — Fair —
18 58 Calm 90 S.E. 75 S.E. 74 66 28.60 28.50 28.50 Fair — Cs, N.W. Fair —
19 56 N.N.W. 84 S.E. 72 S.E. 70 66 28.70 28.68 28.68 Fair — Fair — Fair —
20 58 S.E. 70 S.E. 69 S.S.W. 65 60 Night S. from the river and nimbus in N.W. horizon 28.80 28.70 28.70 S, Ns, — S, Cml, — S. —
21 56 E.S.E. 80 E.S.E. 74 S.E. 70 56 Fresh gales of wind 28.70 28.54 28.54 S, Cs, — Cs, N.W. Cs, —
22 60 E.S.E. 76 S.E. 72 Calm 69 62 Atmosphere thick and smoky 28.56 28.46 28.56 C, C, — Cs, — Cs, N.W.
23 54 N. 64 N.N.W. 58 N.W. 58 68 Windy 28.66 28.66 28.66 Cs, N.W. Cs, N.W. Fair —
24 41 N. 64 N. 55 Calm 53 68 Windy 28.78 28.57 28.57 Fair — Fair — S, —
25 34 Calm 70 Calm 59 Calm 54 66 Frost last night 28.80 28.54 28.54 Fair — Fair — Fair —
26 45 S.E. 82 S.E. 71 S.E. 66 62 Atmosphere very smoky, occasioned by the neighbouring prairies being on fire 28.50 28.37 28.37 Fair — Fair — Fair —
27 54 Calm 80 S.E. 67 S.E. 67 61 28.37 28.43 28.43 Fair — Fair — Fair —
28 54 E.S.E. 77 S.E. 70 S.E. 67 60 28.70 28.64 28.64 Fair — Fair — Fair —
29 54 E.S.E. 85 S.E. 80 S.E. 73 60 28.65 28.50 28.50 — — — — — —
30 62 Calm 86 N.W. 73 N.W. 73 66 28.50 28.54 28.50 Cs, — Fair — Cs, N.W.

Note. The Expedition arrived at Engineer Cantonment, their wintering post, on the 17th instant.

September 3d, fall of rain 7-8 inch—4th, 1-8 inch—5th, 5-8 inch—7th, 3-8 inch—8th, 5-8 inch.

{lii} Meteorological Register {liii} for the Month of OCTOBER, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 46 Calm 86 N.W. 74 N.W. 68 65 Atmosphere thick with smoke 28.73 28.54 28.56 Cml, N.W. Fair — Fair —
2 50 Calm 73 E. 65 E. 62 — Atmosphere thick with smoke 28.74 28.62 28.62 Fair — Fair — Fair —
3 54 S.E. 75 S.E. 72 Calm 67 — Atmosphere thick with smoke 28.54 28.45 28.38 Fair — Fair — Fair —
4 64 E.S.E. 90 S.E. 86 S.E. 80 56 Atmosphere thick with smoke 28.38 28.28 28.28 Fair — Fair — C, S.W.
5 72 S.E. 88 S.S.E. 82 S.S.E. 80 60 Windy and squally. Atmosphere thick with smoke 28.38 28.35 28.35 Cml, — Cm, — C, —
6 68 S.E. 71 S.E. 47 N.W. 62 66 Light rain this morning 28.40 28.33 28.40 Ns. S.W. Ns. — Ns. —
7 36 N.W. 39 N.W. 38 N.W. 37 66 Windy 28.70 28.80 28.87 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
8 32 N.W. 38 N.W. 36 N.W. 35 67 A little ice and snow last night. Windy and light snow this even. 28.96 28.94 28.94 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
9 31 N.W. 48 N.W. 44 N.W. 41 70 Frost last night—windy to-day 28.88 28.83 28.72 Fair — C, — Fair —
10 38 S.E. 68 N.N.W. 55 N.N.W. 53 58 Windy 28.71 28.66 28.67 C, — C, Cml, — Ns. —
11 35 56 E.S.E. 52 E.S.E. 47 53 Light sprinkles of rain to-day 28.88 28.88 28.96 Fair — Ns. — Ns. W.N.W.
12 43 Calm 53 N.E. 49 Calm 48 54 Fresh breezes of wind all this day 29.21 29.20 29.23 Ns. — Cs, N.W. Cml, —
13 28 Calm 57 S.E. 47 Calm 44 46 Frost last night 29.45 29.28 29.25 Fair — Fair — Fair —
14 42 S.E. 70 S.E. 62 Calm 58 47 29.16 28.90 28.83 Fair — Fair — Fair —
15 44 N.N.E. 58 N.N.E. 53 N.W. 51 52 28.69 28.64 28.65 C, N. Cml, — Cml, —
16 30 N.W. 53 N.W. 42 W. 41 57 Frost last night 28.87 28.78 28.78 Fair — Fair — Fair —
17 26 S.E. 59 E.S.E. 51 S.E. 45 49 Frost last night—water also froze in a vessel left out 28.90 28.75 28.75 Fair — C, W. C, N.W.
18 43 N.N.W. 57 W.N.W. 53 W.N.W. 51 46 Windy 28.64 28.61 28.61 C, N.W. Cm, N.W. Ns, N.W.
19 40 N.W. 53 N.W. 45 N.W. 46 46 High wind this day 28.76 28.76 28.76 Cm, N.W. Cm, N.W. Ns. —
20 29 Calm 53 N.W. 45 W.N.W. 42 47 Hail last night 28.95 28.95 29.00 Cm, — Cm, — Cm. —
21 28 Calm 49 S.E. 46 S.E. 41 48 Heavy frost last night 29.16 29.00 28.88 Cs, N.W. Cs, N.W. Fair —
22 38 Calm 74 Variable 65 N.W. 59 42 High wind this afternoon. Fog on the river this morning 28.66 28.35 28.45 C, N.W. C, — Fair —
23 40 N.W. N.W. N.W. 46 High winds 28.78 C, — C, — C, —
24 N.W. N.W. N.W. 48 High winds Cs. — C, — C, —
25 S.S.W. S.S.W. S.S.W. 39 High winds C, — Fair — Fair —
26 29 Calm 56 S.E. 54 S.E. 46 42 28.92 28.88 28.90 C, N.W. C, — Fair —
27 32 Calm 59 Calm 56 Calm 49 50 28.94 28.88 28.88 C, N.W. C, N.W. C N.W.
28 32 Calm 68 S.S.W. 66 S.S.W. 55 53 28.96 28.73 28.67 Fair — Fair — Fair —
29 39 Calm 61 N. 57 N. 51 52 Frost last night, smoky atmosphere to-day 28.83 28.74 28.69 — — — — — —
30 31 Calm 52 S.E. 54 S.E. 45 52 Atmosphere filled with dense smoke 28.88 28.73 28.64 — — — — — —
31 50 N.W. 77 N.W. 61 N.W. 62 43 Atmosphere filled with dense smoke 28.48 28.48 28.48 C, N.W. C, N.W. C, N.W.

Remarkable Phenomena.—The Aurora Borealis appeared in N.N.E. at 8 o'clock on the evening of the 12th, near the horizon, and continued but a short time.

The atmosphere has been very thick with smoke during this month generally, occasioned by the burning of the prairies. This appearance has generally been near the horizon, but at some times, particularly in the latter part of the month, the whole of the sky has been obscured by smoke, bearing much resemblance in the morning, when there was little wind, to a thick fog.

6th—Fall of rain 3-16ths of an inch.

{liv} Meteorological Register {lv} for the Month of NOVEMBER, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 52 N.W. 63 N.W. 54 N.W. 56 — Windy and boisterous 28.70 28.63 28.73 Fair — Fair — Fair —
2 33 S.E. 65 Var. 60 N.W. 52 50 Strong winds. Gust at 2 P.M. 28.75 28.45 28.50 C. N.W. C, N.W. C, —
3 44 N.W. 54 N.W. 53 N.W. 50 49 Windy 28.65 28.67 28.66 C, N.W. C, N.W. C, N.W.
4 32 Calm 64 N.W. 58 N.W. 51 47 Windy 28.53 28.49 28.49 Cms, N.W. C, — C, —
5 44 S.E. 54 S.E. 57 S.E. 51 44 Windy. Atmos. dense with smoke 28.50 28.18 28.09 C, W. — — — —
6 46 N.W. 50 N.W. 47 N.W. 47 43 Very windy and boisterous 28.65 28.71 28.82 C, — C, — C, —
7 30 S.E. 54 S.E. 56 S.E. 46 50 Windy 28.95 28.64 28.48 Cs, N.W. — — — —
8 47 S.E. 68 S.E. 56 S.E. 57 — Light wind. Atmos. very smoky 28.35 28.22 28.30 — — — — — —
9 30 Calm 40 N.W. 44 N.W. 38 47 Light wind. A little rain at evening, with thunder and lightning 28.68 28.60 28.60 — — — — Ns. —
10 57 S. 58 S. 54 S. 56 48 Rainy until noon 28.35 28.13 28.13 Ns. — Ns. S.S.E. Cml, S.S.E.
11 36 Var. 53 S. 52 S. 47 49 Light brs. Atmosphere very clear 28.53 28.53 28.47 Fair — Fair — Fair —
12 38 N.W. 40 N.W. 36 N.W. 38 56 A little rain last night 28.59 28.80 28.80 Ns, N.W. Ns. — Ns. —
13 38 S.E. 41 S.E. 43 S.E. 40 50 Fresh breezes 28.89 28.70 28.56 Ns, S.E. Cs, — C, —
14 38 S.E. 64 Calm 48 Calm 50 41 Mild weather 28.41 28.33 28.35 C, — C, N.W. Cs, —
15 45 S.E. 56 S.E. 50 N.W. 50 37 Mild. At sunset wind N.W. 28.10 27.90 28.10 Cs, W.N.W. C, — Cs, W.
16 33 Calm 52 N.W. 50 N.W. 45 50 Frost last night. Light winds 28.44 28.43 28.47 Fair — C, N.W. Cms, —
17 34 S.E. 46 S.E. 43 Calm 41 59 Frost last night 28.60 28.46 28.51 C, N.W. Cs, N.W. Cs, N.W.
18 24 Calm 42 Sy. 43 S.E. 36 47 Heavy frost last night. 28.90 28.70 28.56 Cs, N.W. Ns, N.W. Ns, N.W.
19 44 S.E. 61 Sy. 61 Sy. 55 43 Moderate wind 28.30 28.21 28.31 Cs, W. Cs, W. C, W.N.W.
20 39 N. 43 N. 41 N. 41 — Windy 28.75 28.76 28.80 Cs. — C, W.N.W. Cs, —
21 36 S.E. 38 S.E. 39 S.E. 37 47 Rain before daylight 28.94 28.83 28.76 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
22 40 N.W. 42 N.W. 40 N. 40 38 Rain last night 28.83 28.92 28.97 Ns, N.W. Ns, N.W. Ns. N.W.
23 37 E. 39 S.E. 42 S.E. 39 46 Rain last night. Ground covered with sleet in the morning 28.95 28.69 28.57 Ns. S.E. Ns. — Ns. —
24 35 W. 43 W. 44 W. 40 — Rainy last night 28.54 28.55 28.62 C, S.W. Fair — Fair —
25 36 S.E. 39 S.E. 43 S.E. 39 48 Heavy frost last night. Lit. rn. even. 28.72 28.60 28.55 Ns. S.W. Ns. — Ns. —
26 18 N.W. 22 N.W. 23 N.W. 21 48 Snow ? in. Little ice in river 29.13 29.08 29.13 Cml, N.W. Cml, N.W. Cml, N.W.
27 10 Calm 20 S.E. 25 S.E. 18 51 Much floating ice in river 29.43 29.25 29.21 Fair — Fair — Fair —
28 20 S.E. 34 S.E. 36 S.E. 30 39 Frost last night 29.14 29.08 28.95 Fair — Fair — Fair —
29 29 S.E. 40 S.E. 40 S.E. 36 — Floating ice increasing in river 29.02 28.91 28.87 Fair — Cml, N.W. Cs, —
30 30 Calm 55 Calm 42 Calm 42 35 Floating ice increasing in river Fair 28.85 28.77 28.77 Fair — C, N.W. C, N.W.

Remarkable Phenomena.—The atmosphere continued its smoky appearance until the 11th, appearing to be produced by southerly and south-easterly winds, and carried off by north and north-westerly ones.

November 10th, fall of rain ½ inch—23d, ¾ inch—24th, ½ inch.

{lvi} Meteorological Register {lvii} for the Month of DECEMBER, 1819

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 34 Calm 51 N.W. 46 N.W. 43 37 Thawing 28.94 28.80 28.88 Cs, N.W. C, W. Fair
2 32 S.E. 41 S.E. 43 S.E. 38 34 No floating ice in river 28.90 28.85 28.72 Cs, Cs, Fair
3 32 S.E. 53 S.E. 49 S.E. 44 30 Thawing 28.56 28.55 28.63 Fair Fair Fair
4 34 E. 39 E. 39 E. 37 39 Frost last night 28.88 28.78 28.80 C, N.W. C, Cs,
5 33 S. 40 Calm 43 Calm 38 32 Rain at mid-day 28.85 28.61 28.61 Ns, S. Ns. Ns.
6 42 S.E. 45 S. 42 S. 43 34 Drizzling, A.M. 28.74 28.63 28.70 Ns. Ns. N. & S. Ns,
7 36 S.E. 44 Calm 43 Calm 41 43 Frost last night 28.87 28.73 28.74 C, W.N.W. Cs, W.N.W. Cs,
8 38 N.W. 42 N.W. 39 N.W. 39 45 Light winds 28.84 28.89 29.02 Ns. W. Ns. Cml, N.W.
9 23 S.E. 32 S.E. 32 S.E. 29 42 Heavy frost last night 29.28 29.00 28.97 C, N.W. C, N.W. C, N.W.
10 32 S.E. 34 S.E. 34 S.E. 33 — Windy 28.77 28.60 28.58 Ns. S.E. Ns. Ns,
11 31 S.E. 36 S.E. 34 S.E. 33 27 Windy 28.75 28.70 28.70 Ns. S.E. Ns. S.E. Ns. S.E.
12 34 Calm 36 Calm 36 Calm 35 29 A little snow, hail, and rain last night. Float. ice this morn. 28.57 28.44 28.44 Ns. Ns. Ns.
13 28 N.W. 32 N.W. 26 N.W. 28 30 Floating ice/river 28.47 28.36 28.46 Cml. W.N.W. Ns. N.W. Ns. N.W.
14 20 N.W. 28 N.W. 24 N.W. 24 34 Floating ice/river 28.78 28.80 28.83 Ns. N.W. Ns. N.W. Ns. N.W.
15 15 N.W. 20 N.W. 19 N.W. 18 33 Frost last night. Much floating ice this morn. 29.25 29.14 29.08 Fair Cml, N.N.W. Ns.
16 14 S.E. 24 S.E. 21 S.E. 19 34 A little snow in flakes at noon 29.09 29.04 28.91 Ns, Ns. Ns. N.W.
17 21 S.W. 35 S.W. 37 S.W. 31 34 Frost last night 28.72 28.62 28.50 Fair C, Cml, NW., SW. C, S.W.
18 29 N.W. 28 N.W. 27 N.W. 28 33 Very windy 28.49 28.54 28.50 Ns. Ns. Ns.
19 11 N.W. 38 N.W. 24 N.W. 24 45 Snow ¼ inch last night 28.72 28.60 28.60 Fair Fair C,
20 17 S.E. 55 S.E. 42 S.E. 38 39 Thawing 28.56 28.50 28.40 C, Cs, W.N.W. Ns,
21 35 S.E. 19 N.W. 17 N.W. 23 35 Very high wind 28.14 28.30 28.49 Cml, N.W. Ns, N.W. Cs, N.W.
22 1 N.W. 3 N.W. 1 N.W. 1 35 Ice made across river last night 29.00 28.73 28.83 Ns. Ns. Ns.
23 -10 N.W. 3 N.W. 1 N.W. -2 40 A little snow fell yesterday 29.32 29.02 29.00 Cs, S.W. Cs, S.W. C, S.W.
24 -8 S.W. 15 S.W. 19 S.W. 9 43 River entirely closed with ice 28.93 28.80 28.50 Fair C, Cs, N.W.
25 18 Calm 28 Stratus in horizon at midnight 28.64 C, N.W. C, C,
26 20 N.W. 43 N.W. 35 N.W. 32 28 Frost last night 28.58 28.31 28.51 Fair Fair Fair
27 9 Calm 32 Frost last night 28.68 C, Cs. Cs.
28 12 N.W. 21 N.W. 11 N.W. 14 25 Windy, slight snow. Icy particles in air 28.80 28.57 28.84 Ns. Fair Fair
29 4 S.E. 25 Calm 16 Calm 15 24 Frost last night 28.84 28.80 28.66 Cs, N.W. C, N.W. Cs, N.
30 -4 N.W. 2 N.W. -1 N.W. -1 16 A little snow last night 28.98 28.95 28.95 Ns, N. Ns, N.
31 -4 S.E. 15 S.E. 19 N.W. 10 14 Snow ¼ inch to-day 28.83 28.50 28.54 Ns. Ns. Cml, N.W.

Remarkable Phenomena.—December 30th. This morning at sunrise there appeared two images of the sun about 22° or 23° N. and S. of, and in a horizontal line with the sun; the whole sky being obscured by dense cloud: neither the images nor the sun appeared very distinct, but presented the appearance of luminous spots. The appearance continued until about 11 o'clock.—This evening at half past five o'clock, a similar phenomenon accompanied the moon.—Around her there was a halo or luminous circle of about 45° in diameter. In the circumference of this circle, on each side the moon and in a horizontal line with her, there appeared an image similar to those described of the sun, though not quite so distinct. They did not continue long.

December 5th, fall of rain 1-16th of an inch.

{lviii} Meteorological Register {lix} for the Month of JANUARY, 1820

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 16 N.W. 22 N.W. 20 N.W. 19 12 Little snow fell to-day 28.58 28.77 28.87 Ns. — Ns. — Cs. —
2 13 N.W. 24 N.W. 18 N.W. 18 21 29.00 28.91 29.00 Ns, — C, N.W. Cs, —
3 4 S.E. 35 S.E. 28 N.W. 22 — Mild and fair 28.98 28.76 28.87 C, N.W. C, N.W. Fair —
4 13 N.E. 31 N.W. 21 N.W. 21 26 29.04 28.97 29.03 Cs. — Cs. — C, W.
5 0 S.E. 24 S.E. 19 S.E. 14 25 Fresh winds 29.19 29.02 29.04 C, N.W. Fair — Fair —
6 20 S.E. 32 S.E. 28 S.E. 26 18 A little snow at evening 28.88 28.74 28.66 Cs. N. Ns. — Ns. —
7 16 N.W. 40 Calm 35 N.W. 30 23 Thawing 28.60 28.44 28.57 Cs, — C, — Cs, —
8 24 N.W. 32 N.N.E. 27 N.W. 27 35 Snow in flakes at evening 28.80 28.74 28.85 Cs. — Ns. N.E. Ns. —
9 7 N.N.W. 14 N.W. 14 N.W. 11 35 Windy. Snow ½ inch last night 29.14 29.04 29.10 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
10 -8 N.W. 3 N.W. -3 N.W. -3 27 Windy. Slight snow last night 29.15 29.12 29.21 Fair — Fair — Fair —
11 -16 N.W. -2 N.W. -3 N.W. -7 29 Moderate wind 29.48 29.27 29.21 Fair — Fair — Fair —
12 7 S.E. 32 S.E. 36 N.W. 25 22 Strong wind, A.M. Little rain and snow, P.M. 28.63 28.58 28.62 Ns. W.N.W. Ns. — Ns. —
13 10 N.W. 17 N.W. 13 N.W. 13 17 Snow, P.M. 28.77 28.75 28.78 Ns N.W. Ns. — Ns. —
14 2 N.W. 21 N.W. -1 N.W. 8 26 Fresh wd. Snow 6 inches last night 28.97 28.97 29.13 Ns. — Ns. — C, —
15 -14 N.W. -5 N. -5 N. -8 31 Fresh wind 29.40 29.40 29.40 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
16 -9 N.W. 4 N.W. 1 N.W. -1 25 29.22 28.98 28.96 Ns. — Cml. — — —
17 -9 S.E. 11 S.E. 11 Sy. -4 35 Snow ¼ inch at night 28.82 28.76 28.86 Cs, — Ns. — Ns. —
18 -13 N.W. 9 N.W. 1 N.W. -1 25 Light wind 29.06 28.93 28.90 Fair — Fair — Hazy —
19 1 N.N.E. 9½ N.E. 2 N.W. 4 27 Snow 1 inch last night 28.83 28.83 28.86 Ns. — Ns. — Cs. —
20 -5 S.E. 9 S.E. 11 S.E. -5 22 Windy. Snow storm from 9 A.M. 28.70 28.59 28.60 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
21 10 N.W. 13 N.W. 1 N.W. 8 25 Snow till 3 P.M. Snow 5 inches on 19th & 20th 28.85 28.99 29.15 Ns. — Ns. — Cml, —
22 -15 N.W. 11 N.W. -8 N.W. -4 33 Light winds 29.33 29.27 29.26 Fair — Fair — Fair —
23 -9 S.E. 11 S.E. 12 S.E. 5 29 Windy. Thermom. at 17°, P.M. 29.05 28.95 28.96 Cs, W.N.W. Cml, — Cs, W.N.W.
24 19 N.W. 34 N.W. 19 N.W. 20 20 29.19 29.15 29.19 Cs. — Cs. — Cs. W.
25 -5 S.E. 23 S.E. 23 S.E. 13 30 Windy 29.08 28.95 28.84 Ns. S.W. Cml, S.S.W. Cml, S.S.W.
26 26 N.W. 33 N.W. 21 N.W. 26 23 Snow last night 4½ inches 28.42 28.42 28.61 Ns. — Cs. — Cs. —
27 19 N.W. 23 N.W. 4 N.W. 15 32 Light breezes. Snow 28.78 28.85 28.96 Ns. — Ns. — Cs, —
28 -15 S.E. 9 S.E. 5 S.E. 0 36 Windy 28.90 28.77 28.80 C, S.W. C, S.W. Cs, —
29 6 S.E. 12 N.W. -3 N.W. 5 21 Windy. A lit. snow, A.M. 28.75 28.71 28.95 Cml, S.E. Cs, N. Cs, —
30 -26 S.E. -2 S.E. 0 N.W. -9 32 29.07 28.95 28.93 C, — C, — Cs, —
31 -2 N.W. -3 N.W. -11 N.W. -5 30 Windy, A.M. 29.30 29.38 29.41 Cs, W.N.W. Cs. — Cs. —

Remarkable Phenomena.—January 18th. This morning a parhelion appeared around the sun as he rose, consisting of a mock sun, or image of the sun on each side of him in a horizontal line. From the image northward of the sun there issued a cone of light, the vertex of which was directed from the sun. There was no halo, and the mock suns were not well defined by any outline, though the morning was fair, and the sun shone bright. At eight o'clock the distance of the mock suns from each other, measured by a sextant, was found to be 44° 40´. At half past eight they had assumed the appearance of extended planes perpendicular to the horizon, and about 5° or 6° in length; breadth a little more than sun's diameter; soon after which they disappeared. N. B. See Remarkable Phenomena continued, on page lxviii [our page 288], at the conclusion of the Meteorological Register.

{xlviii} Meteorological Register {lxi} for the Month of FEBRUARY, 1820

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 -12 S.E. -3 S.E. -3 S.E. -6 8 A little snow, A.M. and windy 29.06 28.87 28.81 Ns. — Cs, — Cs. —
2 0 N.W. 7 N.W. -2 N.W. 2 21 Fresh winds 28.80 28.77 28.88 Cs. — Cml, — Fair —
3 -5 S.E. 13 S.E. 20 S.E. 9 33 Windy 28.85 28.69 28.67 C, N.W. Cs, — Cs, —
4 4 S.E. 30 S.E. 33 S.E. 22 28 Windy. Thermom. 34°, P.M. Snow melting 28.84 28.65 28.60 C, N.W. C, W.N.W. C, W.N.W.
5 39 S.E. 45 S.E. 19 N.W. 34 24 Thawing at noon 28.32 28.22 28.72 Cs, W. Cs, — Cml, —
6 7 S.E. 35 S.E. 29 S.E. 23 40 Fresh wind. Thawing 29.00 28.87 28.72 Cs, — Cs. — Cml, W.S.W.
7 4 S.E. 33 S.E. 34 S.E. 23 32 Damp & foggy. Light winds. 28.95 28.76 28.83 C, — Fair — C, —
8 21 N.W. 33 N.E. 31 N.W. 28 35 Damp and foggy. Icy particles falling all day 28.75 28.60 28.69 Ns. S. — Ns. — Ns. —
9 23 S.E. 41 S.E. 31 S.E. 31 31 Snow and ice melting 28.86 28.83 28.79 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
10 12 S.E. 31 S.E. 38 S.E. 27 22 Snow and ice melting 28.84 28.58 28.66 C, — C, N.W. Fair —
11 31 S.E. 44 W.N.W. 34 N.N.W. 36 31 Snow and ice melting 28.60 28.33 28.50 C, — C, — C, —
12 26 N.W. 35 S.E. 31 S.E. 30 33 Little rain and snow 28.80 28.50 28.60 Cs. — Fair — C, —
13 33 S.E. 46 S.E. S.E. 49 Rain & hail last night. Windy and warm to-day 28.33 28.16 Cs, — C, — C, —
14 34 N.W. 35 N.W. 37 N.W. 35 42 Violent wind all day with a little snow 28.24 28.26 28.33 Cs, — Ns. — Ns. —
15 33 S.E. 39 S.E. 44 S.E. 38 51 Snow chiefly melted A little snow fell 28.24 28.00 27.80 Cs, Cml, SSW, SSE Ns. S.S.E. Cm, —
16 32 N.W. 33 N.W. 29 N.W. 34 41 Violent wind last night & to-day, with some snow 27.96 28.21 28.43 Ns. N.N.W. Ns. — Cs, —
17 20 N.W. 34 S.E. 31 S.E. 28 49 Moderate winds 28.76 28.55 28.66 Fair — C, — C, —
18 27 S.E. 30 S.E. 30 S.E. 29 38 Windy 28.86 28.73 28.55 Cs. N.N.W. Cs, — Cs. —
19 26 N.W. 23 N.W. 25 N.W. 24 29 Violent wind last nt. 28.44 28.69 28.89 Ns. — Cml, N.N.W. C, —
20 20 N.W. 34 N.W. 30 N.W. 28 37 Moderate wind 28.96 28.86 28.87 Fair — Fair — Fair —
21 33 S.E. 51 S.E. 47 S.E. 43 32 Thermometer at 55° Ice rapidly melting 28.74 28.50 28.42 Fair — Fair — Fair —
22 35 N.W. 45 S.E. 37 S.E. 39 39 Fresh brs. Ice melting 28.53 28.47 28.49 C, — C, N.W. C, N.W.
23 33 N.W. 47 N.W. 38 N.W. 39 44 Windy and squally Geese flying north 28.16 28.19 28.40 Cs, — Cms, — Fair —
24 30 S.E. 54 S.E. 39 N.W. 41 53 Light breezes. Geese passing northwardly 28.30 28.07 28.08 Cs. W.N.W. Cs. W.N.W. C, Cs, —
25 33 N.W. 44 N.W. 35 N.W. 37 45 Light breezes. Ducks passing down river 28.11 27.96 28.05 Cs, — Cs, Cml, S.W., N.W. Ns, —
26 25 N.W. 39 N.W. 35 N.W. 33 48 Snow last night ?th inch 28.21 28.25 28.38 Ns, N.W. Cs, Cml, W., NNW. Cs, —
27 21 N.W. 44 N.W. 40 N.W. 35 51 Frost last night 28.67 28.58 28.63 C, — Cs, — C, —
28 34 Calm 57 S.E. 49 W.N.W. 46 41 Frost last night 28.87 28.73 28.73 Fair — C, — Fair —
29 22 N.W. 60 S.E. 55 W.N.W. 45 32 Frost abundant. River begins to open 28.90 28.65 28.57 Fair — Fair — Fair —

Remarkable Phenomena.—15th, Lightning in N.E. this evening between 7 and 8 o'clock—clear sky—fresh S.E. wind. During the violent wind to-day the rain gauge was blown from its station and broken.

22d.—Halo around the moon this evening at 40´ past 6—ascertained its diameter to be 45° 8´. Cirrus cloud all over the sky.

23d.—Halo around the moon this evening also.

{lxii} Meteorological Register {lxiii} for the Month of MARCH, 1820

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town Rise or fall of Mis­sour­i in last 24 hours REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Inc. Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 20 N.W. 32 N.W. 21 N.W. 24 40 -12 Violent winds 29.27 29.27 29.50 Fair — Fair — Fair —
2 16 N.W. 26 S.E. 26 Calm 22 24 + 1 Frost last night. Icy particles falling in the morning 29.42 29.10 29.00 C, N.W. Cs, — C, —
3 21 N.W. 28 N.W. 24 N.W. 24 24 + 5½ Strong wind. A little snow 28.90 28.90 28.94 Ns, N.N.E. Cml, N.N.E. Cml, —
4 32 S.W. 50 S.E. 48 N.W. 43 31 + 5 Frost last night. Fresh wind 28.67 28.84 28.84 C, — C, — Cs, —
5 30 N.W. 28 N.W. 25 N.W. 27 41 - 2 Very clear sky all day 28.88 28.75 28.86 Fair — C, N.W. Cs, N.
6 5 N.W. 13 N.W. 9 N.W. 9 44 + 2½ Snow ¾ inch last night 29.14 29.04 29.12 Cs. — Cml, N.E. C, —
7 6 N.W. 15 N.W. 14 N.W. 11 26 +27½ Frost last night 29.16 29.10 29.16 Fair — Fair — Fair —
8 15 N.W. 16 N.N.E. 12 N.W. 14 28 +20 Frost last night 29.32 29.18 29.20 Fair — Fair — Fair —
9 24 N.W. 23 E.S.E. 24 S.E. 23 31 + 4 Frost last night 29.14 28.96 28.98 Fair — Fair — Cs, —
10 20 Calm 35 S.E. 34 S.E. 29 33 - 5 Fresh wind. No geese, few ducks flying 29.20 29.18 29.18 Cs, S.E. Ns. — Ns. —
11 28 S.E. 23 S.E. 25 S.E. 25 27 - 1½ Violent winds. Snow ¾ inch 29.20 29.14 29.00 Ns — Ns. — Ns. —
12 31 S.E. 42 S.E. 37 S.E. 36 27 + 7 Moderate winds 28.95 28.80 28.74 Ns. S — Ns. — Ns. —
13 32 N.W. 46 N.W. 40 N.W. 39 34 + ½ Rain last night 28.74 28.62 28.55 Ns. S — Cs, — Ns, —
14 19 N.W. 33 N.W. 32 Calm 28 46 - 6 Frost last nt. Riv. break. up 28.76 28.67 28.67 Cml, N.N.W. Cml, N.N.W. Cml, N.N.W.
15 22 N.W. 39 N.W. 34 N.W. 31 36 - 5 Frost last night 28.89 28.81 28.84 Cs. W.N.W. Cs. W.N.W. Cs, W.N.W.
16 21 S.E. 51 N.W. 43 N.W. 38 40 - 3 Do. Moderate winds 28.94 28.72 28.77 Fair — Cml, — Cml, —
17 24 N.W. 45 N.W. 36 Calm 35 43 - 3¼ Do. Light and var. winds 29.05 28.90 28.90 Cs N.N.W. Cs, N.N.W. Cs, —
18 34 S.E. 61 S.E. 58 S.E. 51 40 -14¼ River open. Geese, swans, ducks, &c. flying up 28.82 28.60 28.50 Fair — C, — Cs, —
19 39 N.W. 48 N.W. 41 N.W. 42 39 - 1½ A little rain, A.M. 28.75 28.75 28.88 Ns. — Ns. — Cml, W.
20 25 Calm 48 N.W. 41 Calm 38 44 - 1½ A little rain, P.M. 29.10 28.90 28.83 Fair — Cml. N. Cml, N.
21 25 Calm 58 N.W. 49 N.W. 44 42 + 5 Frost. Geese, &c. flying Nly. 28.88 28.74 28.48 Fair — C, — C, —
22 34 Calm 67 N.W. 58 N.W. 53 43 +10 Moderate wind 28.38 28.25 28.49 C, N.W. C, W. Cml, —
23 38 S.E. 65 S.E. 68 S.E. 57 48 +42 Violent wind all day 28.58 28.26 28.20 Cs. — Cs. S.E. Cs, W.
24 55 S.E. 65 S. 53 S. 57 54 +40 High wind, A.M. Showers P.M. Light in N.E. even. 28.30 28.30 28.40 Cs, S.W. Ns. — Cml, —
25 38 N.W. 51 N.W. 46 N.W. 45 56 +10 Drizzly, A.M. 28.62 28.52 28.50 Ns. — Ns. — Cs, S.
26 38 N.W. 40 N.W. 42 N.W. 40 57 -12 Heavy rain till 7 A.M. Some rain and snow afterwards 28.31 28.37 28.60 Ns. — Ns. — Cml, —
27 29 Calm 56 S.E. 45 S.E. 43 57 +10 Frost last nt. A lit. rain P.M. 28.90 28.90 28.90 Cs, — Cs. — Cs. —
28 39 S.E. 45 E. 38 N.E. 40 50 - 4½ Rain occas. through the day 28.87 28.91 29.02 Cml, — Ns, E. Cs. —
29 28 N.W. 34 N. 32 N.E. 31 51 - 6 Fresh winds 29.27 29.30 29.28 Cml, N.W. Cml, — Cml, —
30 28 S.E. 56 S.E. 52 S. 45 34 - 2 Heavy frost last night 29.03 28.89 28.72 C, N.W. Fair — Cml, W.
31 35 Calm 57 N.E. 40 N.E. 44 34 + 6 Windy P.M. and all night 28.53 28.60 28.34 Fair — C, Cs, — Cs. —

Remarkable Phenomena.—Halo around the moon on the evening of the 21st.—Continued several hours. Same on the evening of the 23d, from 7 till 11 o'clock.

The ice on the Missouri broke and commenced moving on the 29th February; but a few days after it blocked up and continued stationary until the 14th of the present month, when it began to move again; and on the 18th it was entirely open and clear of ice. In this register an extra column is added, containing the daily rise or fall of the river. The sign—denotes the fall of the water during the last twenty-four hours, and the sign + denotes its rise during the same length of time. When the register was commenced the river was three feet above the low-water mark, or its lowest stage in the winter. Therefore on the 25th, when it was highest this month, it was thirteen feet five inches above its lowest stage in the winter.

{lxiv} Meteorological Register {lxv} for the Month of APRIL, 1820

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Mean Temp. at Ger­man­town Rise or fall of Mis­sour­i in last 24 hours REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Inc. Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 29 N.N.E. 28 N.W. 20 N.W. 25 52 + 5 A light snow fell to-day 29.00 29.03 29.10 Ns. — Ns. — Cs. —
2 15 N.N.E. 38 N.W. 27 N.W. 24 32 - 7 Geese, &c. flying S. to-day 29.16 29.08 29.10 Fair — Cs. — Fair —
3 14 Calm 41 S.E. 46 E. 33 — - 3 Large frost last night 29.08 28.90 28.70 Fair — Fair — Cs, —
4 40 W.N.W. 64 N.W. 51 N.W. 51 — + 12 Strong wind 28.30 28.38 28.56 Cs, — Cml, N.W. Fair —
5 29 N.W. 59 N.W. 49 Calm 45 — + 22 Strong wind 28.56 28.70 28.80 Fair — Cml, — C, N.W.
6 41 S.E. 65 N.W. 55 N.W. 53 — + 5 Very windy. Large hail fell before sunrise 28.60 28.30 28.40 Cs. — Cs. — Cs. —
7 41 N.W. 65 N.W. 52 N.W. 52 44 - 9 Windy. Light sprinkle of rain this afternoon 28.45 28.56 28.73 Fair — Cm, N.W. Ns. —
8 32 Calm 57 N.W. 47 N.W. 45 46 0 Strong wind 28.94 28.75 28.84 Fair — C, — Cs, —
9 40 S.E. 76 S.E. 70 S.E. 62 47 0 Windy 28.66 28.36 28.10 C, — Fair — Fair —
10 50 S. 79 S. 69 N.W. 66 57 + 28 Geese flying N. Strong wind 28.00 27.44 27.50 C, Cm, W.N.W. C, N.W. Cml, N.W.
11 49 N.W. 69 N.W. 59 N.W. 59 — + 12 Strong wind 28.32 28.32 28.39 C, — Cs, — Cs, N.W.
12 35 S.E. 65 S.E. 64 Calm 54 56 + 14 Very strong wind 28.48 27.94 28.35 Cml, — Cml, S.W. Cml, S.W.
13 48 S.E. 80 S.E. 72 S.E. 66 52 - 12 Lt. in N. and N.W. Windy 28.30 28.00 28.00 Cml, N.W. — — Cs, Cm, S.W.
14 50 S.E. 68 S.E. 70 Calm 62 54 - 16 Rain and thunder in aftern. 28.25 28.05 27.90 Ns, S. Ns. — Cs, —
15 51 S.E. 71 S.E. 72 S.E. 64 55 - 7½ Fresh wind. Lightn. in N. W 28.20 28.10 28.10 Cml, S.W. Cml, — Ns. —
16 49 S.E. 62 S.E. 64 S.E. 58 49 - 4 Rainy 28.40 28.25 28.20 Ns. N.E. Ns. N.E. Cs. —
17 50 S.E. 66 S.E. 79 S.E. 65 - 4½ Lightning last night 28.23 28.05 27.96 Ns. — Ns. — Cml, —
18 53 S.E. 82 S.E. 82 S. 72 - 5½ Fresh wind 28.03 27.60 27.72 Fair — Fair — Cml, S.W.
19 63 S. 79 S.E. - 3 Strong wind 27.40 27.40 Cs. — Cs. — Cml, —
20 59 S. 65 S.E. 62 Calm 62 - 2½ Strong wind 28.30 28.30 28.33 Cs, — Cs, — Cs, —
21 54 S.E. 71 N.W. 74 N.W. 66 - 3 Fresh breeze 28.40 28.20 28.10 Fair — Cml, — Cs, —
22 55 N.W. 76 S.E. 70 N.W. 67 - 3 Wind very strong at mid-day 28.40 27.94 28.08 Fair — Cs, — Cs, —
23 58 S.E. 84 S.E. 83 S.E. 75 0 Strong wind 28.25 27.60 27.15 C, — — — Cml, —
24 65 S.E. 79 S.E. 80 E.S.E. 74 - 2 Fresh wind. Violent rain and hail storm after sunset, ? inch rain in one hour 27.97 27.76 27.77 Cml, Cs, — Cs, — Cs. —
25 50 N.W. 52 N.W. 57 N.W. 53 - ½ Rain to-day 28.54 28.60 28.50 Cs. — Cs, — C, —
26 42 N.W. 63 N.W. 67 N.W. 57 - 3 Fresh breeze 28.62 28.41 28.26 Fair — — — — —
27 49 N.W. 67 E.N.E. 69 E. 61 - 2½ 28.59 28.31 28.24 C, — — — — —
28 53 S.E. 59 S.E. 64 S.E. 58 - 1½ Fresh wind in morning 28.68 28.50 28.52 Cs. — Fair — Fair —
29 53 S.E. 65 E.S.E. 67 E.S.E. 61 - ½ 28.76 28.54 28.50 Cs. — Fair — Fair —
30 56 S.E. 68 E. 70 E.S.E. 64 - 8½ 28.89 28.65 28.53 Cml, — — — — —

Remarkable Phenomena.—20th, Halo and Corona around the moon.

In the hail storm of the 24th, hail stones fell of a very large size. One of the largest seen here was of the following dimensions, viz. length 2 inches, breadth 1½ inches, depth 1? inches.

April 16th, fall of rain 3-10 inch.

{lxvi} Meteorological Register {lxvii} for the Month of MAY, 1820

Day of Month MORNING MID-DAY EVENING Mean Temp. Rise or fall of Mis­sour­i in last 24 hours REMARKS BAROMETER MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS
Morn­ing Mid-Day Eve­ning
Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Tem­per­a­ture Wind Inc. Morn­ing Noon Eve­ning Clouds Courses Clouds Courses Clouds Courses
1 57 N.W. 74 N.W. 71 N.W. 67 +1 P.M. few drops of rain 28.80 28.46 28.44 Cs. — Cms. Cs. — Cs. —
2 54 S.E. 76 S.E. 75 S.E. 68 0 28.66 28.20 28.18 Cs. — Cm, — Cs, —
3 59 S.E. 71 S.E. 67 S.E. 65 -2½ Fresh wind 28.41 28.07 28.07 Cs. — Cms. — Cs. —
4 64 S.E. 64 N.W. 61 N.W. 63 +4½ Violent storm last night with thunder and lightning 27.70 27.74 28.03 Ns. — Ns, — Ns. —
5 50 N.W. 69 N.W. 70 S.S.E. 64 0 28.03 28.38 28.33 Cs, C, — Cm. — Cs, —
6 54 S.E. 68 S.E. 70 S.E. 64 +19 28.59 28.31 28.03 Cs. — Cs, — Cs, —
7 40 N.W. 55 N.W. 51 N.W. 48 +26 Rain last night, with thunder and lightning. Strong wind 28.23 28.29 28.81 Cm, — Cm, — Fair —
8 45 S.E. S.E. 59 S.E. -6 28.72 28.53 Cs, — C, W.N.W. Cs, —
9 51 S.E. 77 N.W. 65 N.W. 64 -9 28.60 28.08 28.37 Cs, — Cm, — Cml, —
10 53 S.E. 59 N.W. 52 N.W. 54 +19 28.57 28.41 28.50 Ns. — Ns. — Ns. —
11 46 N.W. 61 N.W. 63 Calm 56 +15 28.63 28.40 28.40 Ns — Cml, — Cs, N.W.
12 56 N.W. 70 N.W. 64 N.W. 63 +8 28.25 28.40 28.58 Cs, N.W. Cs, N.W. Cml, N.W.
13 54 N.W. 67 N.W. 62 N.W. 61 -5 28.26 28.70 28.75 Fair — Fair — Fair —
14 50 N.W. 69 N.W. 64 N.W. 61 -5 28.91 28.65 28.61 Fair — Fair — C, N.W.
15 58 S.E. 67 S.E. 66 S.E. 63 -7 28.80 28.63 38.70 Cs. — Cml. — Cs, N.W.
16 59 S.E. 65 S.E. 61 S.E. 61 -7 Storm last night of wind, rain, and hail 28.80 28.73 28.73 Ns, S.E. Ns. S.E. Ns. E.S.E.
17 61 S.E. 70 S.E. 68 S.E. 66 -6 Rain last night, with much wind, thunder and lightning 28.60 28.25 28.30 Ns. — Ns, S.E. Cml. S.E.
18 59 S.E. 66 S.E. 66 S.E. 63 -5 28.37 28.30 28.24 Ns. — Cml. S.E. Cml. S.E.
19 56 S.E. 72 S.E. 68 S.E. 65 -7 29.47 28.18 28.26 C, — Ns, S.E. C, —
20 54 S.E. 68 S.E. 69 S.E. 63 -3 Rainy 28.47 28.33 28.27 Ns. S.E. Ns. — Ns. —
21 56 S.E. 76 S.E. 71 S.E. 67 -6 28.27 28.14 28.21 C, — C, Cm, S. C, Cm, S.
22 60 S.E. 77 S.E. 75 S.E. 70 0 Light breezes 28.00 28.08 28.15 Fair — Cm, S.W. Cm, —
23 60 S.E. 83 S.E. 77 Calm 73 +5½ 28.22 27.70 27.82 Fair — Cm. — Cm, Cs, —
24 67 S.E. 69 S.E. E. +14 Rain with high wind this evening. Thunder and lightning 28.02 28.07 C, — C. Cs. — Ns, —
25 53 E. 67 N.E. N.E. 59 -64 28.57 28.57 28.65 Ns. — Cml, — Cs, —
26 57 N.W. 68 N.W. 62 N.W. 62 -12 28.55 28.68 28.60 Cs, — Cml, N.W. Fair —
27 50 N.W. 76 N.W. 72 N.W. 66 +1 28.66 28.13 28.22 Fair — Cml, N.W. Cs, Cm, —
28 58 N.W. 79 N.W. 68 N.W. 68 +40 Light winds 28.48 28.00 28.29 Cml, — Cm. N.W. Cm, —
29 +30 Light winds Fair — Cs. — Cm, —
30 59 S.E. 73 S.E. 71 S.E. 67 +15 Light winds 28.49 28.21 28.31 C, — Cms, — Cs. —
31 58 S.E. 66 S.E. 63 S.E. 62 -24 Light winds 28.76 28.47 28.66 C, — Cs. — Cs, —

May 4th, fall of rain, ½ inch—10th, 1 inch—20th, ? inch—24th, ¾ inch.

[Pg 287]
[Pg 288]

{lxviii} Meteorological Register
[Remarkable Phenomena continued from page lix [our page 279].]

January 29th. Parhelion around the sun this afternoon, consisting of a halo circumscribing the sun, in the circumference of which appeared the mock suns, and in a horizontal line with the sun. The diameter of the halo was observed to be 45° 20´. To the N.E. of the sun there also appeared a luminous arch inverted, or having its convex part towards the sun, and its extremities directed from it. It was about 60° of a circle of a smaller periphery than the halo, and well defined. The part nearest the sun was found to be 48° 17´ distant from that luminary, so that it did not come in contact with the halo, but the points of their nearest approach were 25° 37´ apart. The halo was indistinct, except in the vicinity of the mock suns, where it was well defined. Time of making observations half past three o'clock, P.M. Thermometer at the same time 5°, Barometer 28.88, atmosphere hazy, thin light clouds about sun, fresh N.W. wind.

This evening soon after the moon rose, there being a thick haze or mist in the atmosphere about her, there appeared two luminous cones of a reddish cast, whose bases coincided with the moon's disc; the one extending with its vertex above the moon directed towards the zenith, and the other with its vertex below her approaching the horizon. At six o'clock the paraselene appeared complete, consisting of the halo of the same diameter as that around the sun this afternoon, the mock moons or images, and the inverted arch to the S.W. of the moon, and of the same size and distance from the moon as that which appeared with the parhelion above mentioned. From each mock moon there projected a cone of light, whose vertices were directed from the moon. Soon after these appeared two more cones issuing from the moon, one on each side of her in a horizontal direction. The length of the one projecting downwards was 8° 40´; that of the other three 2° 30´, they being equal in length. Thermometer when the observations on the moon were made stood at 5°, Barometer 29.00, fresh N.W. breeze, atmosphere hazy, no clouds visible about moon.

January 31st. Parhelion around the sun this morning, consisting of the mock suns only, which appeared soon after sunrise, the distance between them measured 44° 30´.

On the 12th the ice in the river was found to be 28 inches thick. Very little current where the measurement was made.

FOOTNOTES:

[98] The matter from this point to the end of the present volume, is reprinted from vol. ii of the Philadelphia edition (1823), where it appears as part ii.—Ed.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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