Author of the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. I. NATURE POWERS.1. Give any indications of the connection of the worship of the Deota or minor local deities with the lower races, as, for instance, where the village deity is served by a priest drawn from the lower castes. 2. Give any current beliefs about sun worship. How and at what periodical feasts is the worship conducted and what form of ritual is adopted? 3. Give any customs of moving round temples or sacred objects in the course of the sun in the heavens: cases in which women after childbirth are exposed to the sun: conception believed to be caused by exposure to the rays of the sun: the use of the Swastika as an emblem. 4. Give any legends or customs connected with moon worship: the spots on the surface of the moon: the moon as a healer of disease: the custom of drinking the moon’s rays: any ceremonies at new or full moon. 5. Give any legends and rites connected with eclipses. 6. Similarly for star worship; superstitions connected with the rainbow; the milky way. 7. Rites connected with worship of the earth mother: sacred things not to fall on earth: occasions when people sleep on the earth. 8. Superstitions connected with thunder and lightning. 9. Popular belief regarding earthquakes. 10. Collect instances of and ritual for worship of sacred rivers; springs; waterfalls; water spirits and goblins: prejudice against saving drowning people: ceremonies at digging and dedication of wells: well water as a cure for disease: instances of sacred lakes: palaces under the water. 11. Instances of sacred mountains and legends connected with them: dread of climbing mountains. 12. Name any deities supposed to control the weather, and describe the modes of causing or averting rain, of checking storms and hail. 13. Give instances of any rites in which women alone take part or from which they are excluded: any rites in which the worshipper must be nude. 14. Are there any sacred stones which are believed to influence the rain? 15. Note any superstitions in connection with aerolites and meteors. II. THE HEROIC GODLINGS.16. Describe the ritual and any legends or superstitions connected with the worship of Hanuman, Bhimsen, Bhishma. 17. Name and describe the local deities most generally worshipped in your neighbourhood. What legends are connected with them; who are their priests; what offerings and on what occasions are offerings made to them? 18. How is the local deity of a new settlement selected and installed? 19. What local deity is considered responsible for crops and cattle? When and how is he worshipped? 20. Describe the worship of Bhairon or Bhairava, Ganesa, the Matris or Mothers, the deities of the jungle, those who assist parturition. III. DISEASE DEITIES.21. Describe the worship of any deities who are believed to have the power of averting or causing disease, such as cholera, small pox, fever, etc. 22. Is epidemic disease attributed to witchcraft, and, if so, what precautions are taken? Give particulars of observances in connection with cattle disease. 23. What methods are in vogue for the exorcism of disease? Give examples of any rural charms used for this purpose. 24. Is dancing used in exorcism? If so, give instances of religious dances. 25. What are the position and functions of the village sorcerer and how is he appointed? 26. Give examples of the offering of rags, coins, etc., at sacred trees, wells, etc. 27. Give any methods of transferring disease to another person. 28. Give instances of the use of scapegoats. IV. THE WORSHIP OF ANCESTORS AND SAINTS.29. Give instances of worship of ancestors: the belief that spirits are mortal and that the spirits of the dead are re-born in children. 30. Give instances of miracle-working tombs, and of saints who have been deified in modern times. 31. Give instances of Muhammadan saints whose worship has been adopted by Hindus. 32. Give the rural methods in vogue for the cure of barrenness. V. THE WORSHIP OF THE MALEVOLENT DEAD.33. What are the current beliefs as to the cause of dreams and the omens derived from them? 34. Is it considered possible for the soul to leave the body temporarily? If so, give instances. 35. What is the popular conception of the character and functions of the Bhut or disembodied soul? 36. What beliefs are current as to the state of the soul after death; the path to the other world: the condition of souls in the other world: the possibility of the soul returning thence? 37. What belief is current as to the souls of those dying by a sudden or violent death? 38. What are believed to be the appearance and habits of the Bhut? 39. In what way do spirits enter or leave the body? 40. What is the current theory regarding sneezing and yawning? 41. What is known of the Rakshasa or malevolent demon? 42. Name and describe any other varieties of malignant spirits. 43. Do any evil spirits go about headless? 44. What special evil spirits infest burial or cremation grounds, and what are the other haunts of such spirits? 45. Does any special class of evil spirit infest mountains, jungles, trees? 46. What fiends attack the young mother and her child? 47. What belief prevails as to the spirits of those killed by tigers or other wild beasts? 48. What form does the ghost of a woman dying at childbirth or during her menses assume? 49. Is there any belief that the father has to take special precautions at the birth of his child? 50. Is there any belief in a connection of the bat or owl with spirits of the dead? 51. Describe the evil spirits which haunt ruins and guard buried treasure: or occupy caves and mines. VI. THE EVIL EYE AND THE SCARING OF GHOSTS.52. Describe the belief in the Evil eye and the modes of evading it. 53. Does the belief in giving opprobrious names to children prevail, and if so, how is it accounted for? 54. Can you give instances of change of sex? 55. Illustrate the value of the following protection against evil spirits—iron and other metals: coral and shells: precious stones: blood: incense: spittle: salt: water: grain: colours: grasses: tattooing: leather: garlic: glass. 56. Describe the amulets generally used. 57. Illustrate the sacred circle as a protective. 58. Illustrate the belief in omens, numbers, lucky and unlucky days. 59. What means are adopted to help the spirit to the other world, to prevent it from returning and to secure its good-will to the survivors? 60. Illustrate the prevalence of earth burial and cremation: the customs of shaving the hair: placing food or other articles for the use of the dead. 61. Does the spirit reappear in the form of insects and animals? 62. Are the earthen vessels of the household broken at death: if so, why? Describe rites connected with mourning. 63. What spirits are benevolent? 64. Illustrate the belief in tree spirits. 65. What spirits are special protectors of crops and cattle? 66. What spirits are invoked to frighten children? VII. TREE AND SERPENT WORSHIP.67. Name any sacred groves in your neighbourhood and describe any prejudice against cutting trees. 68. Are any trees specially connected with any local deity or saint? 69. Name any trees which receive particular respect or devotion and note any legends or superstitions in connection with them. 70. Does the custom of marrying a bride or bridegroom to a tree prevail? Any instances of marriage to a god: religious prostitution. 71. Give instances of snake worship and shrines of serpent deities: of deified snake heroes. 72. Does the belief prevail that snakes guard treasure? Give details. 73. What snake festivals are observed? Describe the ritual. 74. What is the village treatment of snake-bite? 75. The snake has a jewel in his head: he is connected with the rainbow: he has a palace under the water: he weds mortal girls: he protects the household—illustrate these beliefs. VIII. TOTEMISM AND FETISHISM.76. Can you quote any beliefs which are suggestive of Totemism? Are any clans named after or do they claim descent from animals or plants? What animals are treated with special respect by particular tribes? Do special castes refuse to eat any special food? 77. Are any local deities specially associated with animal worship? 78. Illustrate the worship of stocks and stones. Is any respect shown to perforated stones? 79. Are there any modern survivals of human sacrifice? 80. Are fetish stones supposed to cure disease or to be the abode of spirits? 81. Are any fetishes peculiar to particular families or castes? 82. Is special respect shown to the corn sieve, the winnowing basket, the broom, the rice pounder, the plough? 83. Give instances of fire worship. Is the sacred fire maintained in any shrine? Is fire made by friction for special rites? IX. ANIMAL WORSHIP.84. Illustrate from local examples the worship or respect paid to the horse, ass, lion, tiger, dog, goat, cow, buffalo, antelope, elephant, cat, rat and mouse, squirrel, bear, jackal, hare, crow, fowl, dove and pigeon, swan, and other birds, alligators, fish and insects, and give any legend or superstition in connection with them. X. WITCHCRAFT.85. How far does the belief in witches and their powers prevail? Do they appear as animals and have they special haunts and seasons? 86. What ordeals are used to test a witch and what means to guard against her witchcraft? XI. GENERAL.87. Describe the rural ceremonies in connection with ploughing, sowing the various crops, reaping and harvesting. 88. Rites intended for the protection of cattle; to ensure sunshine and favourable weather: to scare noxious animals or insects: to protect special crops: illustrate these from local custom. 89. Are there any rites in which secrecy and silence are essential? 90. Describe the observances at the Holi. 91. Give details of any rites performed when boys or girls attain puberty. |