1 (return)
[ Even the most sturdy believers in the popular theory that the proper or titular names attached to the books of the Bible are those of their authors will hardly be prepared to maintain that Jephthah, Gideon, and their colleagues wrote the book of Judges. Nor is it easily admissible that Samuel wrote the two books which pass under his name, one of which deals entirely with events which took place after his death. In fact, no one knows who wrote either Judges or Samuel, nor when, within the range of 100 years, their present form was given to these books.]

2 (return)
[ My citations are taken from the Revised Version, but for Lord and God I have substituted Jahveh and Elohim.]

3 (return)
[ I need hardly say that I depend upon authoritative Biblical critics, whenever a question of interpretation of the text arises. As Reuss appears to me to be one of the most learned, acute, and fair-minded of those whose works I have studied, I have made most use of the commentary and dissertations in his splendid French edition of the Bible. But I have also had recourse to the works of Dillman, Kalisch, Kuenen, Thenius, Tuch, and others, in cases in which another opinion seemed desirable.]

4 (return)
[ See "Divination," by Hazoral, Journal of Anthropology, Bombay, vol. i. No. 1.]

5 (return)
[ See, for example, the message of Jephthah to the King of the Ammonites: "So now Jahveh, the Elohim of Israel, hath dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess them? Wilt not thou possess that which Chemosh, thy Elohim, giveth thee to possess?" (Jud. xi. 23, 24). For Jephthah, Chemosh is obviously as real a personage as Jahveh.]

6 (return)
[ For example: "My oblation, my food for my offerings made by fire, of a sweet savour to me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season" (Num. xxviii. 2).]

7 (return)
[ In 2 Samuel xv. 27 David says to Zadok the priest, "Art thou not a seer?" and Gad is called David's seer.]

8 (return)
[ This would at first appear to be inconsistent with the use of the word "prophetess" for Deborah. But it does not follow because the writer of Judges applies the name to Deborah that it was used in her day.]

9 (return)
[ Samuel tells the cook, "Bring the potion which I gave thee, of which I said to thee, Set it by thee." It was therefore Samuel's to give. "And the cook took up the thigh (or shoulder) and that which was upon it and set it before Saul." But, in the Levitical regulations, it is the thigh (or shoulder) which becomes the priest's own property. "And the right thigh (or shoulder) shall ye give unto the priest for an heave-offering," which is given along with the wave breast "unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons as a due for ever from the children of Israel" (Lev. vii. 31-34). Reuss writes on this passage: "La cuisse n'est point agitee, mais simplement prelevee sur ce que les convives mangeront."]

10 (return)
[ See, for example, Elkanah's sacrifice, 1 Sam. i. 3-9.]

11 (return)
[ The ghost was not supposed to be capable of devouring the gross material substance of the offering; but his vaporous body appropriated the smoke of the burnt sacrifice, the visible and odorous exhalations of other offerings. The blood of the victim was particularly useful because it was thought to be the special seat of its soul or life. A West African negro replied to an European sceptic: "Of course, the spirit cannot eat corporeal food, but he extracts its spiritual part, and, as we see, leaves the material part behind" (Lippert, Seelencult, p. 16).]

12 (return)
[ It is further well worth consideration whether indications of former ancestor-worship are not to be found in the singular weight attached to the veneration of parents in the fourth commandment. It is the only positive commandment, in addition to those respecting the Deity and that concerning the Sabbath, and the penalties for infringing it were of the same character. In China, a corresponding reverence for parents is part and parcel of ancestor-worship; so in ancient Rome and in Greece (where parents were even called [secondary and earthly]). The fifth commandment, as it stands, would be an excellent compromise between ancestor-worship and monotheism. The larger hereditary share allotted by Israelitic law to the eldest son reminds one of the privileges attached to primogeniture in ancient Rome, which were closely connected with ancestor-worship. There is a good deal to be said in favour of the speculation that the ark of the covenant may have been a relic of ancestor-worship; but that topic is too large to be dealt with incidentally in this place]

13 (return)
[ "The Scientific Aspects of Positivism," Fortnightly Review, 1869, republished in Lay Sermons.]

14 (return)
[ OEuvres de Bossuet, ed. 1808, t. xxxv. p. 282.]

15 (return)
[ I should like further to add the expression of my indebtedness to two works by Herr Julius Lippert, Der Seelencult in seinen Beziehungen zur alt-hebraischen Religion and Die Religionen der europaischen Culturvolker, both pubished in 1881. I have found them full of valuable suggestions.]

16 (return)
[ See among others the remarkable work of Fustel de Coulanges, La Cite antique, in which the social importance of the old Roman ancestor-worship is brought out with great clearness.]

17 (return)
[ Supposed to be "the finer or more aeriform part of the body," standing in "the same relation to the body as the perfume and the more essential qualities of a flower do to the more solid substances" (Mariner, vol. ii. p. 127).]

18 (return)
[ A kind of "clients" in the Roman sense.]

19 (return)
[ It is worthy of remark that [Greek] among the Greeks, and Deus among the Romans, had the same wide signification. The dii manes were ghosts of ancestors=Atuas of the family.]

20 (return)
[ Voyages aux iles du Grand Ocean, t. i. p. 482.]

21 (return)
[ Te Ika a Maui: New Zealand and its Inhabitants, p. 72.]

22 (return)
[ Compare: "And Samuel said unto Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me?" (I Sam. xxviii. l5)]

23 (return)
[ Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 238.]

24 (return)
[ See Lippert's excellent remarks on this subject, Der Seelencult, p. 89.]

25 (return)
[ Sciography has the authority of Cudworth, Intellectual System, vol. ii. p. 836. Sciomancy [Greek], which, in the sense of divination by ghosts, may be found in Bailey's Dictionary (1751: also furnishes a precedent for my coinage.]

26 (return)
[ "Kami" is used in the sense of Elohim; and is also, like our word "Lord," employed as a title of respect among men, as indeed Elohim was.]

27 (return)
[ [The Assyrians thus raised Assur to a position of pre-eminence.]]

28 (return)
[ I refer those who wish to know the reasons which lead me to take up this position to the works of Reuss and Wellhausen, [and especially to Stade's Geschichte des Volkes Israel.]]

29 (return)
[ Bunsen. Egypt's Place, vol. v. p.129, note.]

30 (return)
[ See Birch, in Egypt's Place, vol. v; and Brugsch, History of Egypt.]

31 (return)
[ Even by Graetz, who, though a fair enough historian, cannot be accused of any desire to over-estimate the importance of Egyptian influence upon his people.]

32 (return)
[ Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, Bd. i. p. 370.]

33 (return)
[ See the careful analsyis of the work of the Alexandrian philosopher and theologian (who, it should be remembered, was a most devout Jew, held in the highest esteem by his countrymen) in Siegfried's Philo von Alexandrien, 1875. (Also Dr. J. Drummond's Philo Judaeus, 1888.)]

34 (return)
[ I am not unaware of the existence of many and widely divergent sects and schools among the Jews at all periods of their history, since the dispersion. But I imagine that orthodox Judaism is now pretty much what it was in Philo's time; while Peter and Paul, if they could return to life, would certainly have to learn the catechism of either the Roman, Greek, or Anglican Churches, if they desired to be considered orthodox Christians.]

35 (return)
[ Dante's description of Lucifer engaged in the eternal mastication of Brutus, Cassius, and Judas Iscariot—

is quite in harmony with the Pisan picture and perfectly Polynesian in conception.]