[1] This was close to where is now the Kutchuk Aya Sofia (church of S. Sergius and S. Bacchus).

[2] Van Millingen, "Walls of Constantinople," p. 41.

[3] Themistius, Oratio xviii., quoted by Van Millingen, p. 42.

[4] Van Millingen, pp. 44, 45.

[5] Van Millingen, p. 46.

[6] The very interesting little book of M. Antonin Debidour, L'ImpÉratrice ThÉodora (1885), should be read by all who are attracted by the wonderful career of this extraordinary Empress.

[7] Church of the Sixth Century, pp. 259, 260.

[8] Byzant. Zeitschrift, i. 69.

[9] See Curtis, Broken Bits of Byzantium, ii. 54, 56.

[10] Later Roman Empire, ii. 352.

[11] Vol. ii., p. 423.

[12] The Church and the Eastern Empire, pp. 106-108.

[13] Vol. ii., p. 446.

[14] Vol. ii., pp. 497-498.

[15] Van Millingen, p. 168.

[16] History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 191.

[17] Gibbon, vol. v., pp. 525, appendix II., a most important and thorough investigation of a very interesting period of legal history.

[18] On Nicephorus Phocas see the brilliant book of M. Schlumberger, "Un Empereur Byzantin au X^iÈme SiÈcle."

[19] In modern times the greeting of a bishop at his entrance by a special anthem is still retained in the Greek Church; as also the greeting of cardinals when they enter S. Peter's—"Ecce sacerdos" etc.

[20] The first part of the reign of these sovereigns, and the reign of John Tzimisces, are described with abundance of illustrative detail in M. Schlumberger's charming book, "L'EpopÉe byzantine À la fin du dixiÈme siÈcle."

[21] "History of Greece," vol. iii., p. 4.

[22] This was the suburb named after the church of SS. Cosmas and Damian. The monastery was fortified, and stood on the top of the hill overlooking the Golden Horn. It was granted by Alexius to Bohemond.

[23] His reign was really only a little over twenty-four years and a half.

[24] Van Millingen, Walls of Constantinople, p. 157.

[25] Pean, Conquest of Constantinople, p. 403.

[26] There are many different estimates given by the different writers. La JonquiÈre, perhaps the latest, decides on 200,000 (p. 158).

[27] M. Mijatovich in his "Constantine the last Emperor of the Greeks," gives a vivid account of the siege, but he is far from accurate in dealing with the topography.

[28] Mr Oman, History of the Art of War, Middle Ages, pp. 526-7, speaks of three walls; but the scarp was quite low, and there were only two walls behind it.

[29] There is much dispute as to the route taken by the ships and as to almost every point connected with the passage. I would only say that it seems to me that the view of Professor Van Millingen, which I have followed in the text, is the most satisfactory.

[30] Quoted by M. Chedomil Mijatovich, from a Slavonic MS.

[31] See Van Millingen, pp. 89 and 99.

[32] The icons were hewn down, the ornaments everywhere torn off, the altar stripped of its coverings, the lamps and sacred vessels stolen; everything, says Ducas, of silver and gold or other precious substance was taken away, and the church was left naked and desolate.

[33] These are Finlay's figures.

[34] Sandys' Travels, pp. 48, 49, ed. 1627.

[35] The form "Sultana" is only a Western one. The Turks use the word Sultan for both sexes, placing it after the name in the case of a female.

[36] Quoted by Ranke, Ottoman and Spanish monarchies [Eng. trans.], p. 12.

[37] Ranke, quoting Barbaro, the Venetian ambassador.

[38] Finlay, vol. v. p. 92. See Von Hammer, viii. 134, 317.

[39] Ranke, p. 25.

[40] Pp. 31-32.

[41] Travels, vol. ii., pp. 127-128.

[42] Constantinople in 1828, by C. MacFarlane, p. 306.

[43] Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, by Stanley Lane Poole, 1 volume edition, p. 18.

[44] "Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe," by Stanley Lane Poole, 1 volume edition, p. 19.

[45] Life, pp. 137-138.

[46] Life, p. 139.

[47] Life, pp. 164-165.

[48] See the correspondence respecting the rights and privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, presented to Parliament 1854.

[49] Eothen, pp. 30, 31.

[50] Pears, Conquest of Constantinople.

[51] See especially "Les DÉbuts du Monachisme À Constantinople" (Pargoire) in Revue des questions historiques, Jan. 1899, pp. 133, sqq.

[52] In 1896 and 1899 application was made on my behalf by the British Ambassador; on the last occasion the Sultan granted an irardÉ.

[53] This can be reached from the Hippodrome by a road going southwards, and easy to find.

[54] Aedif. I. i.—The translation here used is that of Mr Aubrey Stewart, published by the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, with alterations by the late Mr Harold Swainson, as published in the admirable work of Mr W. R. Lethaby and himself, Sancta Sophia, Constantinople, a Study of Byzantine Building, 1894 (pp. 24-29). Messrs Lethaby and Swainson insert explanatory divisions of the description, thus 'The Apse,' etc. I have inserted the Greek words where they have transliterated them, and made an occasional slight alteration. The value of Messrs Lethaby and Swainson's work as an architectural translation is great.

[55] Evagrius, Hist. Eccl., iv. 31.

[56] It may be read in Migne's Patrologia GrÆca, lxxxvi. (2), and in the translation in Messrs Lethaby and Swainson's book.

[57] Quoted from Lethaby and Swainson, p. 45.

[58] Kraus, Geschichte der Christlichen Kunst, i. 361, 362.

[59] See Lethaby and Swainson, pp. 21 and sqq.

[60] See Lethaby and Swainson.

[61] Murray's "Guide" gives a complete list of the subjects.

[62] Inscription formerly on the outer wall between the fourth and fifth towers south of the Golden Gate.

[63] These figures, and all the others, came from Professor Van Millingen's exhaustive book.

[64] I.e. where the Mihrab shows the direction of Mecca.

[65] It is simply that of an English clergyman with high waistcoat and straight collar—and a fez!

[66] Church of the Sixth Century, pp. 298-301.

[67] Forchheimer and Strygowski (quoted by Lethaby and Swainson, p. 248).

[68] De Ædif., i. 11.

[69] Grosvenor, Constantinople, vol. i., p. 399.

[70] Ball's Translations, 1729, pp. 147-8.

[71] De Aedif., i. 4.

[72] Walls of Constantinople, pp. 109, 110.

[73] I must here admit that in the Church of the Sixth Century I wrongly suggested that these lions came from outside S. Sophia. Further study convinced me of my error.