CHAPTER I.

The King and Bute.

		PAGE
25 Oct., 1760.	Accession of George III.	1
	National feeling	1
	The king's education and character	3
	His plan of government	6
	His first cabinet	8
	Influence of the Earl of Bute	11
	The civil list	13
1761.	The war in Germany	13
7 June.	Capture of Belle Ile	15
	The king's covert attack on the whig ascendency	15
	Opposing views with respect to the war	17
	The general election of 1761	19
25 Mar.	Bute secretary of state	20
8 Sept.	The king's marriage	21
	Bute's unpopularity	22

CHAPTER II.

The Peace of Paris.

1761.	Negotiations for a peace	23
	France and Spain act together in negotiation	25
	Pitt maintains British honour and interests	26
	Pitt and his colleagues	28
5 Oct.	Pitt resigns office	31
2 Jan., 1762.	The family compact. War declared against Spain	32
	Frederick of Prussia offended	33
25 April.	Newcastle's resignation. Bute succeeds to the treasury	34
	The war in Germany	35
	British conquests: Martinique, Havana, Manila	37
	Negotiations with France	38
	A majority in the commons secured	39
	The terms of peace	40
10 Feb., 1763.	Definitive treaty signed at Paris	42
Mar.	The cider tax	43
11 April.	Bute retires from office	44

CHAPTER III.

The Grenville Administration.

1763.	The new ministers	45
April.	The North Briton, No. 45, and the general warrant	46
Aug.	The king's attempts to strengthen the administration	48
Sept.	Changes in the administration	49
Nov.	Proceedings in parliament against Wilkes	50
19 Jan., 1764.	The commons expel Wilkes	51
	Violation of the privileges of parliament	52
	Grenville's economy	53
	Great Britain's colonial policy	54
1763.	Defence of the American colonies	58
10 Mar., 1764.	The stamp bill proposed	59
22 Mar., 1765.	The bill enacted	60
	American resistance	60
	The right of taxation	62
	Unstatesmanlike policy	63

CHAPTER IV.

The King, The Whigs, and Chatham.

1765.	The king and Grenville	64
April-May.	The regency bill	65
	The weavers' riot	66
16 July.	A whig administration formed under Rockingham	67
	Its weakness and difficulties	68
Jan., 1766.	Pitt on American taxation	69
	Burke, his character and political principles	70
Mar.	Repeal of the stamp act. The declaratory act	71
July.	Pitt forms an administration, and is created Earl of Chatham	73
	His foreign policy	74
Sept.-Nov.	"A forty days' tyranny"	76
Feb., 1767.	Chatham incapacitated by disease	76
June, 1763.	Revolt of MÍr KÁsim	77
23 Oct., 1764.	Battle of BaxÁr	78
June, 1767.	Parliamentary interference with the E. India Company	79
1767-69.	Haidar AlÍ's invasions of the Karnatic	80

CHAPTER V.

Growth of the King's Power.

1767.	C. Townshend and the new American duties	82
	The ministry in Chatham's absence	85
Jan., 1768.	Junction with the Bedford party	87
Feb.	The Nullum Tempus bill	87
	Massachusetts heads resistance to the revenue acts	88
1 May, 1769.	Partial repeal of the new duties decided on	90
1761.	Condition of Ireland. Rise of Whiteboyism	91
	The government of Ireland	93
1768-69.	Octennial act and augmentation of Irish army	94
1768.	The general election of 1768	94
	Wilkes returned for Middlesex	95
10 May.	Riot in St. George's Fields	96
1769.	Wilkes and the Middlesex electors	97
	French annexation of Corsica. Faltering policy of ministers	98
	Arrears of the civil list	99
	The Letters of Junius	99
	Chatham in opposition	100
28 Jan., 1770.	Grafton resigns. North forms an administration	102
	Triumph of the king's policy	103
	Discontent with the constitutional machinery	103
	Chatham and Burke differ on character of needful reforms	105

CHAPTER VI.

The King's Rule.

1770.	Two parties in the opposition	106
	The struggle in parliament	107
April.	The Grenville controverted elections act	108
5 Mar.	The "Boston massacre"	109
	Chatham and his city friends demand a dissolution	110
	They are foiled by the king	111
	Dispute with Spain concerning the Falkland islands	112
	England's foreign policy	114
1770-71.	Changes in the ministry	115
	The law of libel	116
	The house of commons and the printers	117
1772.	Religious toleration	118
	The royal marriage act and C. J. Fox	119
June, 1773.	Affairs of E. India Company. North's regulating act	121
May.	Clive's acquittal	122
	The king's political predominance	123

CHAPTER VII.

The Quarrel with America.

1772-73.	Resistance to law in America	124
16 Dec., 1773.	The Boston tea-riot	126
29 Jan., 1774.	Franklin before the privy council	126
	The penal acts	128
	The Quebec act	129
5 Sept.	First meeting of a continental congress	132
	The American loyalists	134
	The general election of 1774	135
	Opinion in England on the American crisis	136
Feb.-Mar., 1775.	Bills and resolutions for conciliation	138
	The Americans prepare for war	139
19 April.	Fighting at Lexington and Concord	140

CHAPTER VIII.

The Colonial Rebellion.

April, 1775.	The American army at Cambridge	143
May.	Americans seize Ticonderoga and Crown Point	144
	English opinion on the outbreak of war	144
15 June.	Washington appointed American commander-in-chief	146
17.	The battle of Bunker hill	147
	The invasion of Canada	151
31 Dec.	Defeat of the Americans at Quebec	152
	The king hires German troops	153
17.	The evacuation of Boston	155
May-June, 1776.	The Americans chased out of Canada	155
	Spread of the idea of separation	156
28 June.	Unsuccessful attempt on Charleston	157
4 July.	Declaration of American independence	158
1775.	The war generally popular in Great Britain	158
	The opposition in parliament	159
	The state of the navy	161
Nov.	North's prohibitory bill	162

CHAPTER IX.

Saratoga.

27 Aug., 1776.	The battle of Long Island	164
15 Sept.	British take New York	165
11, 13 Oct.	Carleton's victory on Lake Champlain	166
8 Dec.	Washington retreats across the Delaware	167
26.	The surprise of Trenton	168
	Partial secession of whigs from parliament	169
	Impressment for the navy	170
1777.	Arrears of the civil list	171
	Plan for co-operation between Howe and Burgoyne	172
June-Nov.	Howe's campaign. Battle of the Brandywine, Sept. 11	173
	American camp at Valley Forge	175
6 July.	Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga	176
	His difficulties, distress, and failure	177
17 Oct.	The convention of Saratoga	179
	Responsibility for the disaster	179
6 Jan., 1778.	Alliance between France and the Americans	181
	Why England had not yet subdued the Americans	183

CHAPTER X.

War with France and Spain.

1777-78.	The opposition and the war	186
Mar., 1778.	The king's refusal to allow Chatham to form a ministry	187
11 May.	Chatham's death	190
	Constitutional importance of the issue of the war	191
	Abuses in naval administration	191
27 July.	Naval action off Ushant	193
	Progress of the war in America	193
	Lord Howe and Count d'Estaing	194
	Mistaken naval policy of Great Britain	195
Aug., 1779.	Combined French and Spanish fleets in the Channel	196
	The war in various parts of the world	196
12 May, 1780.	The surrender of Charleston	198
Jan.-Feb.	Rodney's relief of Gibraltar	198
17 April.	His indecisive action off Dominica	199
	Ireland's grievances	200
1779.	The volunteers	202
	Removal of restrictions on Irish trade	202
1779-80.	Activity of the opposition in England	202
2-7 June.	The Lord George Gordon riots	205

CHAPTER XI.

Yorktown and the King's Defeat.

Mar., 1780.	The armed neutrality	208
20 Dec.	Dispute with the Dutch: war declared	209
	Defence of Gibraltar	210
5 Aug., 1781.	Battle of the Dogger Bank	212
1780.	General election and the new parliament	212
2 Oct.	The fate of Major AndrÉ	215
3 Feb., 1781.	Rodney takes St. Eustatius	216
July, 1780.	French squadron at Rhode island	218
16 Aug.	Cornwallis's campaign in the south: battle of Camden	219
17 Jan., 1781.	Battle of the Cowpens	221
15 Mar.	Battle of Guilford	222
May.	Cornwallis in Virginia	223
	How England lost command in the American waters	224
19 Oct.	The capitulation at Yorktown	225
	Causes of the disaster	225
	Reception of the news in England	226
	Events in the war with France and Spain	227
Mar., 1782.	The second Rockingham ministry; the king's defeat	229

CHAPTER XII.

The Rout of the Whigs.

1782.	Attack on the corrupt influence of the crown	>231
May.	Legislative independence conceded to Ireland	232
12 April.	The "battle of the Saints"	234
	Last scenes of the siege of Gibraltar	236
1780-84.	War in India and in the Indian waters	236
	Quarrel between Fox and Shelburne	238
July, 1782.	Shelburne forms a ministry	240
30 Nov.	Preliminaries of peace between Great Britain and America	241
	The American loyalists	242
3 Sept., 1783.	Definitive treaty of Versailles	242
	State of parties in parliament	243
	The coalition between Fox and North	244
April.	The Coalition ministry	245
May.	Pitt's motion for parliamentary reform	246
	Warren Hastings in India	247
Nov.-Dec.	Fox's India bills	249
Dec.	The Coalition ministry dismissed; Pitt prime minister	251
	Struggle on the question of a dissolution	251
25 Mar., 1784.	Parliament dissolved	254
	General election: "Fox's martyrs"	254

CHAPTER XIII.

Social and Economic Progress, 1760-1801.

	General character of the period	255
	Amusements, gambling, racing, the drama, etc.	256
	Travelling and the state of the roads	258
	Literature: poetry, fiction, and serious prose works	259
	The arts, architecture, painting, etc.	262
	Natural science	263
	Voyages of discovery	263
	Religion	264
	The criminal law	265
	The prisons and transportation	266
	The police system	267
	Increase of trade and manufactures	268
	The mercantile system and laissez-faire	269
	Steam and water power: iron manufacture	270
	Canals	271
	Manufacture of textile fabrics	271
	Failure of domestic industries	272
	Wages of agricultural labourers	273
	Regulation of corn trade	273
	Improvements in agriculture	274
	Enclosures	275
	Combinations of workmen to raise wages	277
	The poor law	277
	Sufferings of the poor and specially of factory children	278

CHAPTER XIV.

Early Years of Pitt's Administration.

1784.	Significance of Pitt's victory	280
	Change in office of prime minister and in house of lords	281
	Pitt's character and management of parliament	282
	The Westminster election	283
1784-85.	Pitt's finance	284
Aug., 1784.	His bill for the government of India	286
18 April, 1785.	His bill for parliamentary reform	287
May.	His resolutions on Irish trade	288
1786.	Establishment of the sinking fund	291
26 Sept.	Commercial treaty with France	293
1787.	Consolidation of customs and excise	294
	Bill for relief of dissenters	295
1788.	The slave trade question	295
	Foreign policy	296
1785.	Austrian aggression	297
1786-87.	French influence in the United Provinces	298
Oct., 1787.	Restoration of the stadholder	300
April, 1788.	Triple alliance—Great Britain, Prussia, and the United Provinces	301

CHAPTER XV.

The Regency Question.

1785.	Return of Hastings to England	302
1786.	Pitt and the charges against Hastings	303
13 Feb., 1788.	Trial of Hastings begun	304
1788-93.	Cornwallis as governor-general of India	305
Feb., 1788.	Pitt's (India) declaratory bill	305
May, 1787.	The Prince of Wales's debts paid	307
5 Nov., 1788.	The king's insanity	309
10 Dec.	Fox asserts the prince's right to the regency	311
	Pitt's resolutions	312
10 Mar., 1789.	The king's recovery announced	314
	The Irish parliament and the regency	314
	The French revolution begins	315
	English opinions on events in France	317
1790.	Dispute with Spain relating to Nootka Sound	319
28 Oct.	Convention with Spain	321

CHAPTER XVI.

Declaration of War by France.

1790.	General election	322
1795.	Acquittal of Hastings	323
1791-92.	Struggle for the abolition of the slave trade	323
1792.	Fox's libel bill	324
	Pitt's foreign policy	324
1791.	The Russian armament	326
Nov., 1790.	Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution	328
May, 1791.	Rupture between Burke and Fox	329
27 Aug.	The Declaration of Pilnitz	331
	Revolutionary propaganda	331
1792.	Dismissal of Thurlow	332
	A whig scheme of coalition	333
	French proposals	333
21 May.	Proclamation against seditious writings	335
Aug.	British ambassador recalled from Paris	336
	French conquest of Flanders	337
	The provocations received by England	338
Dec.	Disruption of the whig party	340
21 Jan., 1793.	Execution of Louis XVI.	342
1 Feb.	France declares war on England	342
	War necessary for the safety of Great Britain	342
	Conduct of C. J. Fox	343

CHAPTER XVII.

The First Coalition.

1793.	Change in Pitt's domestic policy	345
	Pitt as a war minister	346
	Loans raised by Pitt	348
	Formation of the coalition	349
April.	The conference at Antwerp	349
	Success of the allies	350
	Their discordant aims	351
Aug.	The surrender of Toulon	352
8 Sept.	York before Dunkirk: the battle of Hondschoote	353
Dec.	Attempted co-operation with the Vendeans	354
	Siege and evacuation of Toulon	355
Mar.	Traitorous correspondence bill	357
1793-94.	Repressive proceedings	357
1794.	The opposition in parliament	359
	Selfish conduct of Prussia and Austria	360
	The British retreat through Holland	362
	The coalition in a shattered state	363
Aug.	British conquest of Corsica	363
28 May-1 June.	Naval victory: the glorious First of June	364
	Portland whigs coalesce with government	366
1791.	Ireland. Society of United Irishmen founded	367
1793.	Catholic relief act	368
1794.	Catholic emancipation question	368
Feb., 1795.	The recall of Fitzwilliam	370

CHAPTER XVIII.

England's Darkest Days.

1795.	A desire for negotiation	372
8 April.	Marriage of the Prince of Wales	373
	Difference between Pitt and Grenville	373
5 April.	Treaty of Basle	374
	Treaties with Austria and Russia	374
	Feeble conduct of war in the Mediterranean	375
June.	The expedition to Quiberon	376
	War in the West Indies	377
	Scarcity, riots, and democratic agitation	378
Nov.	Repressive legislation	379
1796.	Bonaparte's campaign in Italy	380
	British fleet evacuates the Mediterranean	381
	Overtures and unsuccessful negotiations for peace	382
	Financial difficulties: the Loyalty loan	384
	Ireland—United Irishmen adopt a military organisation	386
Dec.	French attempt an invasion of Ireland	386
27 Feb., 1797.	Suspension of cash payments	387
14.	Battle of Cape St. Vincent	388
18 April.	Preliminaries of peace between France and Austria signed at Leoben	390
	The mutinies in the navy	391
	Negotiations at Lille	396
17 Oct.	Treaty of Campo Formio	397
11.	Battle of Camperdown	398
	A partial secession of whigs from parliament	399
Nov.	The triple assessment	400

CHAPTER XIX.

Irish Rebellion and Naval Supremacy.

1798.	Threatened invasion of England	401
	The Irish peasantry look to France for help	404
1797-98.	Rebellion in Ulster averted by severities	405
12 Mar., 1798.	Arrest of rebel leaders in Dublin	407
	Cruel measures adopted in midland and southern counties	407
23 May.	Outbreak of rebellion in Kildare	408
	Rebellion in Wexford	409
21 June.	Rebels routed on Vinegar hill	411
20 Aug.	French under Humbert land in Killala bay	413
27.	"The race of Castlebar"	413
	Other attempts at invasion	414
1 Aug.	The Battle of the Nile	416
Mar.-May, 1799.	The defence of Acre	418
4 May.	Storming of Seringapatam and death of TipÚ	420
1798.	Paul of Russia proposes a coalition	421
Dec., 1798. - Jan., 1799.	The second coalition formed	423
1798.	British troops withdrawn from San Domingo	424

CHAPTER XX.

Isolation in Europe and the Irish Union.

1799.	Campaign of Suvorov	425
	A French fleet in the Mediterranean	426
June.	Nelson and the Neapolitan jacobins	427
Aug.-Oct.	The expedition to the Helder	429
	Paul of Russia deserts the coalition	431
9 Oct.	Bonaparte returns to France	432
Jan., 1800.	The convention of El Arish	432
25 Dec, 1799.	Bonaparte's letter to the king	433
April.	Payment of the income tax	434
	Scarcity of wheat	435
April, 1800.	Investment of Genoa	436
14 June.	The battle of Marengo	437
	Bonaparte proposes a naval armistice	438
	Unprofitable expeditions	439
9 Feb., 1801.	The Treaty of LunÉville: isolation of England	440
	Paul's anger against England	440
Dec., 1800.	The armed neutrality	441
	Great Britain's maritime supremacy	443
	Scarcity and desire for peace	443
	Irish independence a source of weakness	445
Oct., 1798.	Pitt contemplates union on a protestant basis	446
1799.	Hopes of the catholics excited	447
	How the government secured a majority	448
1 Aug., 1800.	The union enacted	450
Sept.	Pitt proposes catholic emancipation	451
Feb., 1801.	The king refuses his assent: Pitt will resign	452
20.	The king's insanity	453
Mar.	Pitt's promise to the king	454
14.	Pitt resigns office	455

Appendix I.	On Authorities	459
II.	Administrations of Great Britain, 1760-1801	470
III.	The Grenvilles	476

MAPS.

(At the End of the Volume.)

1.	Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation.
2.	The United States of America (northern section)	}	illustrating the War of Rebellion and the Treaty of Sept. 3, 1783.
3.	The United States of America (southern section)

ERRATA.

[Transcribers' Note: These corrections to errata have been applied to the e-book]

Page 4, line 25, for "George" read "William".

" 10, note, for "From about 1760" read "From the Revolution".

" 49, line 23, for "of state in Egremont's place" read "and took the northern department".

" 55 " 4, for "1657" read "1660".

" " " 9, for "cotton" read "grain".

" 71, lines 8, 9, omit comma after "matters," and for "including taxation. The court party" read "whatsoever. Some of the king's household".

" 115, line 23, for "northern" read "southern".

" " " 24, for "southern" read "northern".

" 121 " 3, for "cousin" read "aunt".

" 130, lines 11, 12, for "French laws and customs were swept away" read "The administration of the law was confused".

" 135, line 7, for "astride on iron rails" read "to ride upon a rail".

" 144 " 29, for "up" read "down".

" 220 " 29, for "stony" read "strong".

" 245 " 36, for "1788" read "1778".

" 259 " 33, for "1774" read "1770".

" 263 " 5, for "steel" read "copper".

" 282 " 12, for "than" read "to".

" 351 " 31, for "1,500 (Austrians)," read "11,000".

" 394 " 27, for "Commander" read "captain".

" 467 " 40, for "Karl von Martens" read "F. de Martens".

" 468 " 41, for "Clerque" read "Clergue".

" 470. Newcastle's administration, secs. of state, E. of Egremont, for "succ. March, 1761," read "succ. Oct., 1761"; for E. of Bute, "succ. Oct., 1761", read "succ. March, 1761". Ld. privy seal, after "E. Temple" read "D. of Bedford succ. Nov., 1761".

" 471. Grenville's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. for "E. of Sandwich" read "E. of Halifax, succ. Sept., 1763"; n. dept. for "E. of Halifax" read "E. of Sandwich, succ. Sept., 1763".

Rockingham's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. after Conway read "D. of Richmond, succ. May, 1766"; n. dept. for "D. of Richmond" read "H. S. Conway, succ. May, 1766".

" 473. North's administration, secs. of state, s. dept. for "E. of Sandwich, E. of Halifax, E. of Suffolk, Visct. Stormont" read "E. of Rochford, succ. Dec, 1770, Viscount Weymouth, succ. Nov., 1775, E. of Hillsborough, succ. Nov., 1779"; n. dept. for "Viscount Weymouth, E. of Hillsborough," read "E. of Sandwich, succ. Dec, 1770, E. of Halifax succ. Jan., 1771, E. of Suffolk succ. June, 1771, Viscount Stormont succ. Oct., 1779".

" 475. Pitt's administration, admiralty, for "Hood" read "Howe".

" 478, col. 1, line 32, for "afterwards" read "previously".

" " " 2 " 50, Bridgewater, for "Earl of" read "Duke of".

" 481 " 1 " 27, Cumberland, for "George" read "William".

" 482 " 1 " 26, Emmet, for "Robert" read "Thomas".

" 487 " 1 " 51, Lincoln, for "Earl of (Clinton), 195, 197, 198" read "American general, 195, 198".

" 491 " 2 " 25, Queensberry, for "Earl of" read "Duke of".

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