ÆMILIUS, PAULUS, Roman general, B.C. 230–157. Defeated Perseus of Macedonia.

AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse, born circa B.C. 361, died 289.

ALCIBIADES, Athenian general and statesman, born B.C. 450, died B.C. 404. A disciple of Socrates, and noted for dissoluteness.

ALEXANDER the Great, born B.C. 356, died 323.

ANACHARSIS, Scythian philosopher, B.C. 600. Much esteemed by Solon.

ANTHONY, MARK, Triumvir, born circa B.C. 85, died B.C. 30. Best known through his association with Cleopatra.

ANTIGONUS, one of the greatest generals of Alexander the Great. Slain in 301 at Ipsus.

ANTIPATER, minister of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great, died B.C. 319.

APPIANUS (Appian), belonged to the time of Trajan, and wrote the history of Rome in Greek.

ARATUS, general of the AchÆan League, born B.C. 271, died 213.

ARBUTHNOT, JOHN, physician, born 1675, died 1735. Associate of Pope and Swift, and wrote on ancient measures, weights, and coins.

ARISTOTLE, philosopher, the Stagirite, born B.C. 384, died 332. Tutor of Alexander the Great.

ARRIANUS, Greek historian, resided at Rome in the second century, a disciple of Epictetus, died circa B.C. 160.

ATHENÆUS, grammarian, born in Egypt in the third century.

ATTALUS, King of Pergamus, died B.C. 197.

AUGUSTUS, first Roman Emperor, born B.C. 63, grandnephew of Julius CÆsar, died B.C. 14.

CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS, B.C. 100–44, Roman warrior and administrator, known to every schoolboy from his Commentaries. {p254}

CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, died B.C. 365, Roman warrior, six times military tribune and five times dictator.

CARACALLA, brother of Geta, whom he murdered B.C. 212.

CATALINA, LUCIUS SERGIUS (Catiline), died B.C. 62, noted for his depraved habits and his conspiracy that drew from Cicero his famous orations.

CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS, surnamed from Utica, his birthplace, Uticensis, died B.C. 46.

CATO, the elder, born B.C. 234, died 149, noted for his courage and temperance.

CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS, Roman orator, born B.C. 106, died 43.

CLAUDIUS, Roman Emperor, born B.C. 9, died B.C. 54. Visited Britain B.C. 43.

CLEOMENES, King of Sparta, died B.C. 220.

CLODIUS, enemy of Cicero, died B.C. 52. Used to go about Rome with an intimidating band of gladiators.

COLUMELLA, native of Spain, resided at Rome in the reign of Claudius, B.C. 41–54.

COMMODUS, Roman Emperor, son of Marcus Aurelius, born B.C. 161, died 192.

CTESIPHON. In his defence Demosthenes delivered his famous oration “On the Crown” in B.C. 330.

DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS, Greek orator and statesman, born B.C. 345, died circa 283.

DEMOSTHENES, Greek orator, B.C. 385–322, whose speeches against the encroachments of Philip of Macedon have given the general term “philippics” to powerful invective.

DION CASSIUS, circa 200–250, wrote history of Rome in Greek.

DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSÆUS, Greek rhetorician and historian, born B.C. 29, died B.C. 7. Chief work, Roman ArchÆology.

DIONYSIUS, the elder, tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 430–367; besides being a warrior, was a patron of literary men and artists. Built LautumiÆ, the famous prison, called also the “Ear of Dionysius.”

DIODORUS SICULUS, wrote a universal history, flourished circa B.C. 50.

DRUSUS, Roman consul, born B.C. 38.

EPAMINONDAS, Theban statesman and general, died B.C. 362.

FLORUS, Roman historian, lived in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.

FOLARD, JEAN CHARLES, military tactician, born at Avignon 1669, died 1752, published an edition of Polybius. {p255}

GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA, called the Inca because descended from the royal family of Peru (1530–1620), wrote History of Peru and History of Florida.

GEE, JOSHUA, eighteenth-century London merchant, wrote Trade and Navigation of Great Britain (1730).

GERMANICUS, son of Nero, died B.C. 19, aged 34.

GETA, second son of Emperor Severus, born B.C. 189, died 212.

GUICCIARDINI, FRANCISCO, Italian historian (1482–1540).

HANNIBAL, great Carthaginian general, born B.C. 247, died 183.

HELIOGABALUS, Roman emperor, born circa B.C. 205, died 222.

HERODIAN, flourished in the third century, wrote in Greek a history of the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius to 238.

HESIOD, one of the earliest Greek poets, supposed to have flourished in the eighth century B.C. “Works and Days” is his best known poem.

HIERO II., King of Syracuse, died B.C. 215, aged 92. Archimedes lived in his reign.

HIRTIUS, Roman consul, contemporary with CÆsar and Cicero; is said to be the author of the eighth book of CÆsar’s Commentaries.

HYPERIDES, Athenian orator, died B.C. 322, disciple of Plato.

ISOCRATES, Greek orator, born B.C. 436, died 338.

JUSTIN, a Latin historian, lived in second or third century, epitomized HistoriÆ PhilippicÆ of Trogus Pompeius, a native of Gaul.

LIVIUS, TITUS (Livy), historian of Rome (B.C. 59–17). Of his 142 books, only 35 have been preserved.

LONGINUS, DIONYSIUS, Greek philosopher, died B.C. 273. His extensive knowledge earned him the title of “The living library.”

LUCIAN, Greek writer, lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius.

LYCURGUS, Spartan lawgiver, whose severe regulations made the Spartans a race of warriors, is said to have flourished in the ninth century B.C.

LYSIAS, Greek orator, born B.C. 458, died 373, wrote 230 orations, of which only 35 remain.

MACHIAVELLI, Florentine statesman and historian, born 1469, died 1527.

MAILLET, French writer, born 1656, died 1738, consul in Egypt and at Leghorn.

MARTIAL, Roman poet, born B.C. 43.

MASSINISSA, King of Numidia, born B.C. 238, died 148.

MAZARIN, JULES, cardinal, and first minister of Louis XIV. (1602–61). {p256}

NABIS, Spartan tyrant, died B.C. 192, noted for his cruelty.

NERO, Roman emperor, born B.C. 37, died 67.

OCTAVIUS, became Emperor Augustus.

OVIDIUS PUBLIUS NASO (Ovid), Roman poet, B.C. 43–B.C. 18, enjoyed the patronage of Augustus until banished B.C. 8. Chief works—Amores, De Arte Amandi, Fasti.

PATERCULUS, Roman historian, born circa B.C. 19, died B.C. 31.

PAUSANIAS, Greek writer, flourished circa B.C. 120–140.

PERSEUS, or PERSES, last King of Macedonia. Ascended the throne B.C. 178.

PESCENIUS NIGER, became Roman Emperor in 193.

PETRONIUS, died B.C. 66, Roman author, lived at the court of Nero, and acquired celebrity for his licentiousness.

PHILIP of Macedon, born 382, assassinated 336.

PLATO, born B.C. 429, died 347.

PLAUTUS, Roman comedy writer, born circa B.C. 255, died 184.

PLINY. There were two Plinys—one born B.C. 23, the other, nephew of the preceding, B.C. 62. The former was a naturalist; the latter a pleader and soldier, whose chief writings are his account of the Christians and Epistles.

PLUTARCH, celebrated biographer, died circa B.C. 120.

POLYBIUS, Greek historian, B.C. 204–122. His history deals with Greece and Rome during the period 220–146, and is of great importance.

POMPEY the younger, born B.C. 75.

PRUSIAS, King of Bithynia, circa B.C. 190.

PYRRHUS, King of Epirus, B.C. 318–272, one of the greatest warriors of ancient days.

SALLUSTIUS, CRISPUS CAIUS, Roman historian, B.C. 86–35, excluded from the Senate on account of his debauchery.

SENECA, LUCIUS ANNÆUS, Roman philosopher, B.C. 3–65, belonged to the Stoic school, and was believed to have been acquainted with St. Paul.

SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth King of Rome, changed the constitution so that the plebs obtained political power.

SEVERUS, Roman Emperor, born B.C. 146, died at York 211. Wrote history of his own reign.

SOLON, celebrated Athenian legislator, died circa B.C. 558, aged eighty. Established the principle that property, not birth, should entitle to state honours and offices.

STRABO, Greek historian and geographer, born circa B.C. 50, died circa B.C. 20. His chief work in seventeen books gives a description of different countries, manners and customs, particulars of their history, and eminent men. {p257}

SUETONIUS, Roman historian, born circa B.C. 75, died circa 160.

TACITUS, Roman historian, born circa B.C. 54. His Annales cover the period B.C. 14–68.

THEOCRITUS, Greek poet, lived third century B.C., considered the father of pastoral poetry. Visited the court of PtolemÆus Soter.

THRASYBULUS, Athenian naval commander, died B.C. 389.

THUCYDIDES, Greek historian, born B.C. 471, died circa 401. His great work, the history of the Peloponnesian War, is the first example of philosophical history.

TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS NERO, Roman Emperor, B.C. 42–B.C. 37, succeeded Augustus B.C. 14.

TIMOLEON, Greek general, born in Corinth circa B.C. 400, died 337. Resided at Syracuse.

TISSAPHERNES, Persian satrap, died B.C. 395. An intimate friend of Alcibiades.

TRAJANUS, MARCUS ULPIUS (Trajan), Roman Emperor, B.C. 52–117. Succeeded to the throne in 98, and surnamed by the Senate “Optimus.”

VARRO, Roman writer, born B.C. 116, died 28. Reputed the most learned among the Romans, and wrote 490 books.

VAUBAN, SÉBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE, Marshal of France and great military engineer, 1633–1707. Published works on sieges, frontiers, etc., and left twelve folio volumes of MS., and was pronounced the most upright, simple, true, and modest man of his age.

VESPASIAN, TITUS FLAVIUS, Roman Emperor, born B.C. 9, died 79.

VOPISCUS, Syracusan, flourished circa B.C. 304. Wrote histories.

XENOPHON, Greek historian, born circa B.C. 450, a disciple and friend of Socrates.