Footnotes

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FrEdEric Houssay

  1. See, for example, RÉaumur, MÉmoires pour l’histoire des Insectes, t. i., pp. 23-25. Return

  2. Philosophie zoologique, 2e Édition, Paris, 1830; Histoire des Animaux sans VertÈbres, Introduction, 1835. Return

  3. Philosophie anatomique, 1818; Zoologie gÉnÉrale, 1841. Return

  4. Le RÈgne Animal, 1829; LeÇons d’Anatomie comparÉe, 2e Édition, 1835-46. Return

  5. J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, Paris, 1879, pp. 275 et seq. Return

  6. It should perhaps be added that while the boy’s action is not consciously intelligent, it is by no means purposeless, and is therefore not quite parallel with the insect’s. By vigorously irritating the sensory nerves of the hand the boy imparts a stimulus to his muscular system. His act belongs to a large group which has been especially studied by FÉrÉ. See his Sensation et Mouvement (1887), and Pathologie des Emotions (1892). Return

  7. “Étude sur l’Instinct et les Metamorphoses des SphÉgiens,” Ann. Sc. Nat., iv. SÉrie, t. 6, 1856. Return

  8. P. Marchal, “Observations sur l’Ammophila affinis,” Arch. de Zool. expÉr. et gÉnÉr., ii. SÉrie, t. 10, 1892. Return

  9. J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, pp. 225 et seq. Return

  10. “Étude sur l’Instinct du Cerceris ornata,” Archives de Zoologie expÉrimentale, ii. SÉrie, t. 5, 1887. Return

  11. C. St. John, Wild Sports, etc., chap. xx. Return

  12. Lamarck, Histoire des Animaux sans VertÈbres, 2e Édition, 1835, p. 676. Return

  13. See e.g. Tennent, Ceylon, vol. i. p. 252. Also RÉaumur, MÉmoires pour d’histoire des Insectes, t. i. p. 14, and t. vi. p. 333. Return

  14. LacepÈde, Histoire des Poissons, 1798-1803. Return

  15. Huber, Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, t. ii. p. 291. Return

  16. F. von TschÜdi, Les Alpes, Berne and Paris, 1859. Return

  17. Zoologist, October 1892. Return

  18. C. St. John, Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, chap. xi. Return

  19. Wodzicki, “Ornithologische Miscell.,” Journ. f. Ornithol., 1856. Return

  20. The combat was minutely described by Le Vaillant (Hist. Nat. des Oiseaux d’Afrique, Paris, 1798, t. i. p. 177), whose account has been confirmed by many subsequent observers. Return

  21. Cuvier et Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, Paris, 1831, t. vii. p. 231. Return

  22. Tennent, Ceylon, vol. i. p. 171. Return

  23. Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds, 1892, p. 319. Return

  24. LinnÆan Society, 1st June 1893. Return

  25. Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds, p. 315. Return

  26. For a discussion of this subject, see P. van Beneden, Commensaux et Parasites, Paris, 1875. Return

  27. W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, p. 73. Return

  28. Naumann, Naturgeschichte der VÖgel Deutschlands, etc., Stuttgart, 1846-53. Return

  29. Gratien de Semur, TraitÉ des erreurs et des prÉjugÉs, Paris, 1848, p. 70. Return

  30. W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, 1892, p. 189. Return

  31. L. BÜchner, Aus d. Geistesleben d. Thiere, Berlin, 1879. Return

  32. P. Huber, Recherches sur les Moeurs des Fourmis indigÈnes, Paris and GenÈve, 1810, chap. ix. Return

  33. Belt points out that blindness is an advantage in the particular mode of hunting adopted by these ants, enabling them to keep together. Those species of Eciton which hunt singly have very well developed eyes. Return

  34. Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons (edition of 1892), pp. 355-363. Return

  35. See Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1888, pp. 17-29. Return

  36. P. Huber, Moeurs des Fourmis indigÈnes, chap. ix. Many of the chief observations — given in the words of the original observers — as well as a summary of the facts known regarding the social activities of ants generally, will be found in the useful volume by Romanes in the International Scientific Series, Animal Intelligence, 1882. Return

  37. Naturgeschichte der VÖgel Deutschlands, etc. Return

  38. Audubon, Ornithological Biography, New York and Edinburgh, 1831-49. Return

  39. J. Gould, The Mammals of Australia, London, 1845-60. Return

  40. Sammlung physiologischer Abhandlungen, Zweite Reihe, Erster Heft, 1878. Return

  41. H. C. McCook, American Spiders (1889, etc.), vol. ii. pp. 437-445. Romanes has an interesting discussion of the habit of feigning death among animals, and cautiously reaches the conclusion that it is very largely due, not to kataplexy, but to intelligent action. — Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 303-316. And for some remarks on this subject by Darwin in his Essay on Instinct, see the same volume, pp. 365, 366. Also Alix, Esprit de nos BÊtes, 1890, pp. 543-548. Return

  42. Illustrations of Instinct, 1847. Return

  43. W. H. Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata, p. 203. Return

  44. Waterton, Wanderings in South America (First Journey), ch. iii. Return

  45. Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxviii.), 1892, p. 64. Return

  46. E. Poppig, Fragmenta zoologica itineris Chilensis, 1829-30. Return

  47. Naumann, Naturgeschichte der VÖgel Deutschlands, etc. Return

  48. Pallas, Ueber d. am Volgastrome bemerkten Wanderungen der grossen WassermÄuse (Arvicola amphibius), Nord­-Beitr., vol. i., 1781, p. 335. Return

  49. Centralblatt f. Bak. u. Parasitenkunde, July 1892, and Zoologist, September 1892. Return

  50. Zoologist, May 1893. It may be added that the Scottish Vole, which was so destructive about the same time, does not burrow to a depth like the Thessaly Vole, but lives in shallow runs amongst the roots of herbage. Its exploits are recorded in a Report on the Plague of Field-Mice in Scotland, made by a committee appointed by the President of the Board of Agriculture, 1893. Return

  51. See, for instance, Nature, 20th July 1871; also A. L. Heermann, “Notes on the Birds of California,” Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 2nd Series, vol. ii., 1853, p. 259. Return

  52. Henri de Saussure, “Observations sur les moeurs de divers oiseaux du Mexique,” Arch. Sci. phys. et natur., 1859, pp. 21-41. Return

  53. H. C. McCook, The Honey Ants of the Garden of the Gods, and the Ants of the American Plains, Philadelphia, 1882. Return

  54. J. H. Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques, 1879. Return

  55. In captivity also, as Mrs. Brightwen found, the ScarabÆus always attempts to bury its ball in the earth. Return

  56. See chapter on “The Ancient Belief in Harvesting Ants,” in McCook’s Agricultural Ants. Return

  57. J. Treherne Moggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders, London, 1873, pp. 16-60. Return

  58. Lincecum’s most important published paper on the habits of the Myrmica molefaciens appeared in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. xviii., 1866, p. 323-331. See also Darwin, Proceedings of the LinnÆan Soc., 1861. Return

  59. H. C. McCook, Natural History of the Agricultural Ants of Texas, Philadelphia, 1879, pp. 33-39. Return

  60. McCook, Agricultural Ants of Texas, pp. 105-107. Return

  61. Nature, 11th June 1874. And see Appendix. Return

  62. Naturalist in Nicaragua, 2nd edition, 1888, pp. 71-84. Return

  63. For a brief discussion of the relation of ants to plants generally, see Lubbock’s Ants, Bees, and Wasps, 1882, chap. iii. Return

  64. Ph. W. J. MÜller, “BeitrÄge zur Naturgeschichte der Gattung Claviger,” Germer u. Zincken’s Magaz. d. Entomol., iii., 1881, pp. 69-112. Return

  65. There is little doubt, however, that some species of Aphides and allied CoccidÆ would be liable to extermination if not protected by their ant masters. See, for instance, Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud., 1876. Mr. Cockerell in Jamaica has noted an interesting Coccid, Icerya rosÆ, which is protected by ants; “at the present moment some of these IceryÆ are enjoying life, which would certainly have perished at my hands but for the inconvenience presented by the numbers of stinging ants.” — Nature, 27th April 1893. Mr. Romanes (Nature, 18th May 1893) quotes as follows from a letter addressed to him by the Rev. W. G. Proudfoot: — “On looking up I noticed that hundreds of large black ants were going up and down the tree, and then I saw the aphides…. But what struck me most was that the aphides showered down their excretions independently of the ants’ solicitations, while at other times I noticed that an ant would approach an aphis without getting anything, and would then go to another. I was struck with this, because I remembered Mr. Darwin’s inability to make the aphides yield their secretion after many experiments. A large number of hornets were flying about the tree, but seemed afraid of the ants; for when they attempted to alight, an ant would at once rush to the spot, and the hornet would get out of its way.” Return

  66. “Recherches sur quelques ColeoptÈres aveugles,” Ann. Sc. Nat., v. SÉrie, t. ix., 1868, p. 71. Return

  67. P. Huber, Recherches sur les Moeurs des Fourmis indigÈnes, pp. 176-200. Return

  68. In Central America, Belt has described how the Leaf-hoppers are milked for their honey by various species of Ants, and also by a Wasp. He considered that some species of Leaf-hopper would be exterminated if it were not for the protection they received from Ants. — Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1888, pp. 227-230. Return

  69. P. Huber, Recherches, etc., pp. 210-250; Lubbock, “On the Habits of Ants,” Wiltshire Arch. and Nat. Hist. Mag., 1879, pp. 49-62. Return

  70. Lubbock has a brief discussion on the relations of Ants to their domestic animals and to their slaves, Ants, Bees, and Wasps, chap. iv. Return

  71. “Hypermetamorphoses et Moeurs des MeloÏdes,” Ann. Sc. Nat., iv. SÉrie, t. 7, 1857, p. 299; also “Nouvelles observations sur l’hypermetamorphose et les Moeurs des MeloÏdes,” ibid., t. 9, 1858, p. 265. Return

  72. “Étude sur l’instinct et les metamorphoses des SphÉgiens,” Ann. Sci. Nat., 1856. Return

  73. For some remarks on the action of the Sphex, and for Darwin’s opinion on the matter, see Romanes’ Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 299-303. Return

  74. Paul Marchal, “Observations sur l’Ammophila affinis,” Arch. de Zool. exp. et gÉnÉr., ii. SÉrie, t. x., 1892. Return

  75. RÉaumur, Memoires pour servir À l’histoire des Insectes, Paris, 1742, t. vi., pp. 282-284. Return

  76. “Histoire des Cerceris,” Ann. Sc. Nat., ii. SÉrie, t. xv., 1841, pp. 353-370. Return

  77. Arch. de Zool. exp., 1887. Return

  78. Souvenirs entomologiques, 1879, pp. 225 et seq. Return

  79. A Wasp found in La Plata, the Monedula punctata, as described by Hudson (Naturalist in La Plata, pp. 162-164), is an adroit fly-catcher, and thus supplies her grub with fresh food, carefully covering the mouth of the hole with loose earth after each visit; as many as six or seven freshly-killed insects may be found for the use of one grub. Return

  80. “Observations pour servir À l’histoire de quelques Insectes,” Ann. Soc. entomol. de France, t. 8, 1839, p. 541. Return

  81. P. L. Sclater and W. H. Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, 1888, vol. i. pp. 72-86. A brief summary of the facts regarding parasitism among birds will be found in Girod’s Les SociÉtÉs chez les Animaux, 1891, pp. 287-294. Return

  82. Voyage of the Beagle. Return

  83. J. T. Moggridge, Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders, contained in two elaborately illustrated volumes, London, 1873-74. Return

  84. Science, 20th January 1893. Return

  85. The Trap-door Spiders of various parts of the world have been carefully studied, and the gradual development of their skill traced through various species, by EugÈne Simon; see, for example, Actes de la Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, 1888. Return

  86. The Vizcacha has been carefully studied by Mr. W. H. Hudson, whose account has here been closely followed, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1872, and Naturalist in La Plata, 1892, pp. 289-313. Return

  87. RÉaumur, Memoires pour servir À l’histoire des Insectes, pp. 97 et seq. Return

  88. Brehm, Édition FranÇaise, CrustacÉs, p. 738. Return

  89. RÉaumur, Memoires pour servir À l’histoire des Insectes, pp. 97 et seq. Return

  90. Life Histories of North American Birds, 1892, p. 265. Return

  91. Life Histories of American Birds, p. 275. Return

  92. Savage, “Observations on the External Characters and Habits of the Troglodytes niger,” Boston Journal Nat. Hist., 1843, pp. 362-376. Return

  93. Gould first accurately described the habits of the Bower-birds, Proceed. Zool. Soc.; London, 1840, p. 94; also Handbook to the Birds of Australia (1865), vol. i. pp. 444-461. See also Darwin’s Descent of Man (1881), pp. 381 and 413-414. Return

  94. Gould, Introduction to the TrochilidÆ, 1861, p. 19. Return

  95. Baldamus, BeitrÄge zur Oologie und Nidologie, 1853, pp. 419-445. Return

  96. H. O. Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago, 1885, pp. 56-58. Return

  97. An early description of this bird is to be found in W. Paterson’s Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots, 1789; also in Le Vaillant’s Second Voyage dans l’intÉrieur de l’Afrique, 1803, t. iii., p. 322. Return

  98. Catalogue of Birds, etc., p. 16. Return

  99. Tristram, “On the Ornithology of Northern Africa,” Isis, 1859-60. Return

  100. McCook describes, and gives good illustrations of, these nests in various stages of progress, American Spiders, vol i. p. 302. Return

  101. Latreille, “Observations sur l’abeille parietine (Anthophora parietina),” Annales du MusÉum d’Hist. Nat., t. iii., 1804, p. 257. Return

  102. P. L. Sclater and W. H. Hudson, Argentine Ornithology, 1888, vol. i. pp. 168, 169. See also Burmeister, “Ueber die Eier und Nester einiger brasilianischen VÖgel,” Cabani’s Journal fÜr Ornith., 1853, pp. 161-177. Return

  103. The earliest comprehensive account of the Termites and their industries was by Smeathman in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. lxxi., 1781, pp. 139-192. Later they were studied by LespÈs: “Recherches sur l’organisation et les moeurs du Termite lucifuge,” Ann. des Sci. Nat., 4me SÉrie, t. v., fasc. 4 and 5, Paris, 1856. For a description of the South American Termitarium see also Bates’s Naturalist on the Amazons (unabridged edition, 1892), pp. 208-214; and for the African Termites of Victoria Nyanza, a chapter in H. Drummond’s Tropical Africa, 1888, pp. 123-158; while Forbes has briefly described them in Java, Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago, pp. 73, 74. Return

  104. For a discussion of the methods of communication among Ants, tending to the conclusion that these methods “almost amount to language,” see Lubbock’s Ants, Bees, and Wasps, chap. vi. And for a general discussion of language among animals, see Alix, L’esprit de nos BÊtes, pp. 331-367. Return

  105. Recherches sur les Moeurs des Fourmis indigÈnes, pp. 47, 48. Return

  106. Ebrard, Études de Moeurs, GenÈve, 1864, p. 3. Return

  107. American Spiders, vol. i. p. 228. Return

  108. L. H. Morgan, The American Beaver and his Works, Philadelphia, 1868, pp. 82-86. Return

  109. The Beaver has been fully studied by Lewis H. Morgan, The American Beaver, 1868. See also Horace T. Martin’s recent work, Castorologia, or the History and Traditions of the Canadian Beaver, 1892; in an appendix to this work will be found Samuel Hearne’s classical account of the Beaver, written nearly two hundred years ago, and free from the many exaggerations and superstitions which have grown up around this animal. Return

  110. Bendire, Life Histories of North American Birds, 1892, p. 301. Return

  111. Bernstein, “Ueber Nester und Eier einiger Javaschen VÖgel,” Cabani’s Journ. f. Ornith., 1859. Return

  112. H. C. McCook, Agricultural Ants of Texas, 1879, chapter on “Toilet, Sleeping, and Funeral Habits,” p. 125. Return

  113. Huber, Nouvelles observations sur les Abeilles. Return

  114. These facts have recently been observed and recorded afresh by Mr. Clifford in Nature Notes, January 1893. Return

  115. “Notes on the Indian Glow-fly,” Nature, 23rd June 1881. Return

  116. Science et Nature, t. iv. (1885), No. 94, p. 232. Return

  117. P. Dutertre, Hist. des Antilles franÇaise, 1667. Return

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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