TABLE I.—Distribution of Land Among the Several Sections of the Peasant Population.

Classes of peasantry by district, origin, and by title of possession.	Population.				Land (Dessiatines).
	Communities.	Households.	Persons (males and females).		Total.	Per cent.	To each male of the tenth census.	To each household of the census of 1882.[194]	To each person of the census of 1882.[194]
			Number.	Per cent.
District of Ranenburg:
I. Former serfs:
1. CorvÉe or taille	75	2547	16071	12	14797	9	2.4	6.2	1.0
2. Redemption	192	10310	63621	47.4	59509	36.2	2.4	6.1	1.0
3. Donation	5	90	553	0.4	119.5	0.1	0.1	0.5	0.3
4. Absolute Property	4	16	133	0.1	242	0.1	5.3	16.1	1.9
All to former serfs	276	12963	80378	59.9	74667	45.4	2.4	6.1	1.0
II. Former State peasants
1. Agrarian communism	27	6237	42297	31.5	68230	41.5	4.1	11.1	1.6
2. Quarterly possession	15	415	2940	2.2	6144	3.7	6.7	15	2.1
3. Mixed[195]	10	1224	8248	6.2	15092	9.2	4.5	12.4	1.8
All to former state peasants	52	7876	53485	39.9	89466	54.4	4.3	11.5	1.7
III. Former serfs, subsequently state peasants	12	36	236	0.2	228	0.2	2.3	6.5	1.0
Total	340	20875	134099	100	164361	100	3.1	8.2	1.3
District of Dankoff:
I. Former serfs:
1. CorvÉe or taille	75	2078	12923	13.2	13512	10.4	2.6	6.9	1.1
2. Redemption	172	7524	48126	49	50026	38.5	2.5	7	1.1
3. Donation	7	231	1376	1.4	551	0.4	0.8	2.7	0.4
4. Absolute property	6	69	511	0.5	947	0.7	4.8	14.1	1.9
All to former serfs	260	9902	62936	64.1	65036	50.0	2.7	6.9	1.1
II. Former state peasants
1. Agrarian communism	18	3082	19817	20.2	31756	24.4	4.1	10.4	1.6
2. Quarterly possession	18	1765	12131	12.4	27208	20.9	5.4	15.9	2.3
3. Mixed[195]	3	415	2789	2.8	5331	4.1	5.1	12.9	1.9
All to former state peasants	39	5262	34737	35.4	64295	49.4	4.6	12.4	1.9
III. Former serfs, subsequently state peasants[196]	14	87	551	0.5	751	0.6	4	9.1	1.4
Total	313	15251	98224	100	130082	100	3.3	8.9	1.4

TABLE I, a.

To make it clearer for the purposes of comparative study, some of these data are translated into English measures:

ACREAGE OF A PEASANT FARM OR HOUSEHOLD ON AVERAGE.

Classes.	Ranenburg.	Dankoff.
I. Former serfs:
1. CorvÉe or taille	16.8	18.7
2. Redemption	16.5	18.9
3. Donation	5.4	7.3
4. Absolute property	43.5	38.1
All to former serfs	16.5	18.7
II. Former state peasants:
1. Agrarian Communism	29.7	28.1
2. Quarterly possession	40.5	43.0
3. Mixed	33.5	34.9
All to former state peasants	31.1	33.5
III. Mixed	17.6	24.6
Total	22.2	24.1

TABLE II.—Taxation of the Peasantry.

Classes of peasants and titles of possession.	District of Ranenburg.						District of Dankoff.
	Land in dessiatines.		Cattle.	Taxes in rubles.			Land in dessiatines.		Cattle.	Taxes in rubles.
	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 household.		To 1 dessiatine.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 male worker.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 household.		To 1 dessiatine.	To 1 male, 1858.	To 1 male worker.
I. Former serfs:
1. CorvÉe or taille	2.4	6.2	2.7	5.2	11.9	19.9	2.6	6.9	2.7	5.1	12.6	21.9
2. Redemption	2.4	6.1	2.5	4.5	10.8	17.9	2.5	7.0	2.5	4.3	11.1	18.7
3. Donation	0.5	1.9	1.8	6.8	3.6	6.2	0.8	2.7	1.6	4.6	4.0	8.1
4. Absolute property	5.3	16.1	4.2	0.8	4.6	5.1	4.8	14.1	4.3	1.1	5.8	8.9
II. Former serfs, subsequently state peasants	2.3	6.5	2.4	3.1	7.0	14.2	4.0	9.1	3.0	2.5	7.9	15.8
Total	2.4	6.1	2.6	4.6	11.0	18.2	2.7	6.8	2.5	4.4	11.2	19.1
III. Former state peasants:
1. Agrarian communism	4.1	11.1	2.9	2.4	10.1	16.2	4.1	10.4	2.6	2.2	9.4	15.6
2. Quarterly possession	6.7	15.0	4.0	1.9	13.2	18.0	5.4	15.9	3.3	1.9	10.8	18.1
3. Mixed	4.5	12.4	3.1	2.4	11.1	18.6	5.1	12.9	2.9	2.6	10.5	17.9
Total	4.3	11.5	3.0	2.4	10.4	16.7	4.6	12.4	2.9	2.6	10.0	16.7

TABLE III.—Arrears in Taxes.

Degree of indebtedness.	Former serfs.						Former state peasants.
	Communities.	Households.		Arrears in Rubles.			Communities.	Households.		Arrears in Rubles.
		Number.	Per cent.	Amount.	Per cent.	To 1 household.		Number.	Per cent.	Amount.	Per cent.	To 1 household.
District of Dankoff:
Without arrears	175	6107	61.2				17	2125	40.4
In arrears:
For not more than the land tax[197]	88	3541	35.4	6602	53.4	1.9	21	3119	59.3	4668	94.7	1.5
For not more than 1 year’s taxes	8	162	1.6	2432	19.7	15.0	1	18	0.3	263	5.3	14.6
For from 1 to 2 years’ taxes	3	179	1.8	3322	26.9	18.6
Total in arrears	99	3882	38.8	12356	100		22	3137	59.6	4931	100
Total in the district	274	9989	100				39	5262	100
District of Ranenburg:
Without arrears	41	1254	9.6				6	169	2.1
In arrears:
For not more than the land tax	138	6776	52.1	52891	30.1	7.8	34	5063	64.3	33869	47.9	6.7
For not more than 1 year’s taxes	76	3529	27.1	70814	40.3	20.1	13	2644	33.6	36857	52.1	13.9
For from 1 to 2 year’s taxes	29	1367	10.6	47392	26.9	34.7
For from 2 to 3 years’ taxes	3	73	0.6	4768	2.7	65.3
Total in arrears	246	11745	90.4	175865	100		47	7107	97.9	70726	100
Total in the district	287	12999	100				53	7876	100

TABLE IV.—Distribution of Rented Land.

A.—Classification with regard to ownership of land.

Households.	D. of Korotoyak.					D. of Nizhnedevitsk.					In all.
	Tenants, per cent.		Rented land.			Tenants, per cent.		Rented land.			Rented for money rental, per cent.	Rented for share in crops, per cent.
			Per cent.		To one tenant (dessiatines).			Per cent.		To one tenant (dessiatines).
Landless	0.2	}13.4	0.3	}9.2	5.4	0.3	}19.4	0.3	}14.9	3.4	0.3	0.2
Owning under 5 dessiatines	13.2		8.9		2.8	19.1		14.6		3.0	11.6	12.8
” from 5 to 15 dessiatines	49.0		38.9		3.3	49.7		41.7		3.3	39.8	50.0
” from 15 to 25 dessiatines	26.1	}37.6	27.5	}51.9	4.5	22.0	}30.9	24.6	}43.4	4.4	26.1	26.4
” over 25 dessiatines	11.5		24.4		9.0	8.9		18.8		8.2	22.2	10.6
Total	100		100		4.2	100		100		3.9	100	100

B.—Classification with regard to stock-breeding.

Households.	D. of Korotoyak.				D. of Nizhnedevitsk.				In all.
	Tenants, per cent.	Rented land, per cent.	Tenants, percentage within the class.	Dessiatines to 1 tenant.	Tenants, per cent.	Rented land, per cent.	Tenants, percentage within the class.	To 1 tenant, dessiatines.	Rented for money rental, per cent.	Rented for share in crops, per cent.
Without horses	3.5	1.9	11.5	2.1	1.1	0.4	3.5	1.3	1.1	0.6
With 1 horse	28.4	16.5	37.9	2.3	21.4	10.6	28.8	2.1	13.3	16.4
” from 2 to 3 horses	54.1	46.7	49.6	3.4	63.0	50.3	54.9	3.4	48.0	59.5
” 4 or more horses	14.0	34.9	78.5	9.7	14.5	38.7	81.6	11.3	37.6	23.5
Total	100	100	43.0	3.9	100	100	41.9	4.2	100	100

TABLE V.
BUDGETS OF TYPICAL PEASANT HOUSEHOLDS.

Translated from the Statistical Reports for the District of Borisoglebsk, Gubernia of Tamboff (Appendix I., pp. 28-32, 88-97).[198]

I. Gabriel Michea’s (son) Trupoff, village Sukmanka, bailiwick (volost) Sukmanka.

The family selected is one of medium standing, getting along well with its farming. The figures refer to 1879, when the crops were good, the yield being in the ratio of 10:1 to the seed.

Members of the Family.

1. The housefather, 60 year old, doing all kinds of farm work.

2. His wife, of the same age, keeping the house.

3. Their son, aged 27.

4. Their daughter-in law, aged 26, and,

5-7. The son and daughter-in-law’s three children, between 3 and 8 years of age.

Schedule of Property Owned by the Family.

1. Wooden house, straw roof:

Dimensions.	Yards.	Feet.	Inches.
a. Length	9	1
b. Breadth	4	2
c. Height	2	2	2

Add thereto sheds, etc., used for various farming purposes.

2. Land, 15 dessiatines (= 40 acres).

3. Stock:

a. Horses	4
b. Cow	1
c. Calf	1

[172]
[174]

Income in Rubles.

Dr.	Price.	In Kind.	In Money.	Total.
1. Farm and house:
Rye, 40 Russian quarters, @	4.00	90.00	70.00	160.00
Oats, 60 Russian quarters, @	2.00	40.00	80.00	120.00
Millet, 5 Russian quarters, @	5.00	25.00		25.00
Potatoes, 40 Russian measures, @	0.15	6.00		6.00
Flaxseed, 5 quarters, @	10.00		50.00	50.00
Flax and hemp, fibre		30.00		30.00
Hemp seed, 2½ quarters, @	8.00	20.00		20.00
Hay, 100 poods, @	0.10	10.00		10.00
Straw		40.00		40.00
Two slaughtered pigs, @	5.00	10.00		10.00
One calf, @	20.00	20.00		20.00
Sold: ducks, @			4.00
3 geese, @	1.00		3.00
1 colt, @	23.00		23.00	30.00
Total from farm and house		291.00	230.00	521.00
II. Rented grass land: 3 dessiatines (8 acres):
Hay, 180 poods, @	0.10	18.00		18.00
III. Odd jobs:
(Farm work and driving)			52.00	52.00
Grand total		309.00	282.00	591.00

[173]
[175]

Expenses in Rubles.

Cr.	Price.	In Kind.	In Money.	Total.
I. Productive Consumption:
1. Forage for cattle[199]:
Hay		28.00
Oats		40.00
Straw		40.00
All to forage		108.00		108.00
2. Wages to the communal shepherd:
The family’s share		3.00
3. Wear and tear of implements		30.00
Total productive consumption		108.00	33.00	141.00
II. Personal Consumption:
1. Food:
Rye flour, 15 poods a month @	0.50	90.00
Salt, 4½ poods a year @	0.70		3.15
Hemp oil		20.00
Wheat flour, 217 lbs. a year			12.00
Corn		25.00
Potatoes		6.00
Meat and lard
a. On holidays 72 lbs.			5.60
b. On workdays 430 lbs.		30.00
Total meat 502 lbs.
Salted fish and herring			5.00
Brandy, 4 pails (400 glasses)			16.00
All to food[200]		171.00	41.75	212.75
2. Shoes:
One pair a year to each member of the family			13.00
Felt boots for all			3.00
All for shoes			16.00	16.00
3. Clothing:
One fur to each father and son, once in 5 years @	10.00		4.00
One coat to each, once in 2 years @	5.00		5.00
One gird to each, once in 10 years @	0.16		0.80
One cap to each, once in 5 years @	2.00		10.00
One holiday coat to each, once in 3 years @	6.00		4.00
One overcoat for the son, once in 2 years @	5.00		2.50
Dresses for two women			16.00
Dresses for children			10.00
Linen from own flax and seed		30.00
All to clothing		30.00	42.46	72.46
4. Sundries:
Lard candles, 10 lbs. a year			1.60
Kerosene, 36 lbs. a year			2.40
Expenses of worship			5.50
Soap			1.50
Tar			2.50
Moulding of rye, etc.			10.00
Unexpected			10.00
All to sundries			33.50	33.50
Total personal consumption		201.00	133.71	334.71
III. Taxes			37.50	37.50
All to ordinary expenses		309.00	204.21	513.21
IV. Rent for 3 dessiatines grass land, @	5.00		15.00	15.00
Total expenditures		309.00	219.21	528.21
Balance:
1. Net income from farm and house				7.79
2. Net income from rented land				3.00
3. Income from sundry jobs				52.00
Grand total				591.00

II. Kosma Abramoff, village MichaÏlovka, bailiwick Nicholo-KabaÑ yevskaya.

The family counts as one of the “strong” economically.

Members.

3	male workers.
3	female workers.
3	children.
1	elder.
10

Schedule of Property.

1. 1 house (with appurtenances):

	Yards.	Inches.
a. Length	6	8
b. Breadth	6	8

2. Land, 3 dessiatines (8 acres).

3. Stock:

a. Horses	5
b. Cow	1
c. Calves	2
d. Sheep	11
e. Lambs	7
f. Pigs	2

Income in Rubles.

Dr.
I. Farming on the allotted land (garden, house and appurtenances)	181.00
II. Domestic industry for domestic use	177.80
Total farm and house	358.80	358.80
Deficit to cover the expenses		660.45
Total		1019.25
III. Farming on rented land:
Gross income	640.00
Rent		282.00
Net product		358.00
Total		640.00
IV. Odd jobs:
Farm work, tailoring, carrying trade, wage work, etc.	245.00
Total income	1243.80	1243.80
Balance (deficit)		57.45
Grand Total		1301.25

Expenses[201] in Rubles.

Cr.	In Kind.	In Money.	Total.
I. Productive consumption	154.00	127.00	281.00
II. Personal Consumption:
Food[202]	255.00	137.05	392.05
Clothing	170.00	60.00	230.00
Shoes and stockings	7.80	51.50	59.30
Miscellaneous		40.90	40.90
All to personal consumption	432.80	289.45	722.25
III. Taxes		16.00	16.00
Total ordinary expenditure	586.80	432.45	1019.25
IV. Rent: For 20 dessiatines		282.00	282.00
Grand total	586.80	714.45	1301.25

III. Capiton Popoff, village Pavlovka, bailiwick Pavlodarovka.

The family is considered one of the “powerless.”

Members.

1. Father.

2. Mother.

3. Son.

4. Daughter-in-law.

5. Girl of 16.

6. Girl of 13.

7-8. Two little boys.

Schedule of Property.

1. House, 14×14 square feet.

2. Land, 1½ dessiatines (4 acres).

3. Stock:

a. Horse	1
b. Cow	1
c. Sheep	3

Yearly Income in Rubles.

Dr.
Farm and house	27.80
Rented land	74.00
Wage labor	74.80
Total	176.60
Balance, deficit	65.20
Grand total	241.80

Yearly Expenses in Rubles.

Cr.
I. Rent	57.00
II. Taxes	8.00
III. Food:
Meat at Easter, 11 pounds @ 9 copecks	0.99
at St. Peter’s day, 10 pounds @ 8 cop.	0.80
at Christmas, @ 5 cop. (of own produce)	1.75
All to meat	3.54
5 chickens and 50 eggs	1.05
18 pounds very bad salted fish at the carnival, @ 4 cop.	0.72
Rye bread, cabbage, potatoes, salt, butter, corn, pickles, and apples for the children	106.61
All to food	111.92
IV. Clothing[203]	23.10
V. Shoes[203]	27.00
VI. Sundries[204]	15.78
Grand total	241.80

TABLE VI.—Wages of the Peasant in Industrial Employment.

(Compiled from the Appendices to the Statistical Reports for the Gubernia of RyazaÑ, 1882.)

A.—Local.

No.	Trade.	Season.	Board.	Wages in rubles.									No.
				Per day.		Per week.		Per month.		Per term.		Per year.
				From	To	From	To	From	To	From	To
1	Brickmakers	Spring and Summer.	Without board.	0.50	1.00					50.00	80.00		1
2	Charcoal burning			0.50	0.70					40.00			2
3	Clearing of the soil (from stumps)							7.00	12.00
4	Diggers			0.60	0.70			8.00	10.00	40.00	50.00		4
5	Masons							7.00	12.00	40.00	80.00		5
6	Potters									45.00			6
7	Quarries—												7
	a. Independent craftsmen.									75.00	100.00		a
	b. Working for contractors.									35.00	60.00		b
8	Carpenters		With board.							55.00	70.00		8
		All through the year.										100.00
			Without board.					7.00	13.00
9	Water flour mills	Winter.						5.00					9
		Spring and Summer.						8.00	15.00
10	Felt boot-makers	Fall.	With board.	0.40	0.60								10
11	Furriers			0.40	0.60								11
12	Tailors					1.50	2.50						12
	Apprentices					0.50
13	Timber sawing	Winter.				1.00							13
			With board.	0.50	0.70
14	Coal miners			0.30	0.50								14
15	Distilleries			0.25				5.00	9.00				15
16	Sugar Factories							6.00	8.00				16
17	Railways—												17
	a. Males			0.30	0.45
		Summer.		0.70	1.00
		All through the year.						9.00	12.00
	b. Females			0.20	0.40
18	Steam flour mills			0.40	0.50								18
19	Carrying			0.60	1.00								19
20	Day laborers (in town)			0.30	0.40								20
	In all: full workers, males	With board.		0.40	0.60	1.00	2.50			55.00	70.00	100.00
		Without board.		0.25	1.00			5.00	15.00	35.00	60.00

B.—Outside.

No.	Trade.	Gubernias.	Season.	Wages in rubles.										No.
				Per month.				Per term.				Per year.
				With board.		Without board.		With board.		Without board.		With board.
				From	To	From	To	From	To	From	To	From	To
1	Diggers	Moscow.	Spring and Summer.							60	75			1
2	Quarries							40	50					2
3	Brickmakers	Moscow and Orel.						40	50					3
4	Turf Cutters	Moscow and Vladimir.												4
	May to July							30	50
	May to August						50	70
5	Railways					14	20							5
			Winter.			9	10
6	Cabmen	Moscow.	All through the year.	6	9									6
7	Drivers			7	12	15	18					90	150	7
8	Housekeepers					15	18							8
9	Janitors,servants,etc.											75	100	9
10	Flour mills											50	70	10
11	Factory Hands	Moscow and St. Petersburg.					10	18						11
	In all, in Moscow and vicinity			6	12	10	18	30	70	60	75	50	150

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TABLE VII.—Average Yields of Wheat (District of Voronezh).

Estates of over 50 dessiatines.	Period of experience (years).	Dessiatines under wheat.	Chetverts from 1 dessiatine.
			Fertilized.	Not fertilized (or mixed).
Series I.
No. 81	19	300	8.4	5.6
” 197	5	30	8
” 32	10	51	?	6.3
” 103	9	113		5.2
” 81	6	110		5.2
” 189 bis.	7	90		4.7
” 192 bis.	7	103		4
Average on 7 estates.	12	797
		330	8.4
		767		[205]5.4
Series II.
13 estates		596	7.9
5 estates		86.5		5.4
Total 18 estates		682.5

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