1. This sum includes an allowance for the part of the wage of domestic servants, shop-attendants, &c. paid in kind.

2. Leone Levi's Wages and Earnings of the Working-Classes, p. II.

3. Labour and Life of the People, vol. i. p. 38.

4. Poverty: A Study of Town Life. (Macmillan & Co.)

5. By Mr P.H. Mann in Sociological Papers. (Macmillan.)

6. Cf. An Inquiry into the Conditions and Occupations of the People in Central London, R. A. Valpy.

7. This statement is borne out by A Return of Expenditure of Working-Men, for 1889, published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade.

8. See two interesting papers, "Our Farmers in Chains," by the Rev. Harry Jones (National Review, April and July, 1890).

9. Arnold White: The Problems of a Great City, p. 159.

10. Marshall's Principles of Economics, II. ch. iv. §2.

11. De Tocqueville, Ancient RÉgime, ch. xvi.

12. Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference, 1886, p. 429.

13. Cannan's Elementary Political Economy, part ii. § 15.

14. Industrial Remuneration Congress Report, p. 153. Mr. W. Owen.

15. Economics of Industry, p. 111.

16. Principles of Economics, pp. 314, 316.

17. Kirkup, Inquiry into Socialism, p. 72.

18. Booth's Labour and Life of the People, vol. i. Part. III. ch. ii. Influx of Population, by H. Llewellyn Smith. A most valuable paper, from which many of the facts here stated have been drawn.

19. The official estimate is not precise, since our statistics of emigration refer only to non-European countries.

20. Labour and Life of the People, vol. i. p. 237.

21. Labour and Life of East London, vol. i. p. 224.

22. Report on the Sweating System, p. 14.

23. Labour and Life of the People, p. 271.

24. Final Report on the Sweating System, § 68.

25. Lords' Committee on the Sweating System; Last Report, p. 184.

26. Labour and Life in London, vol. i. p. 489.

27. Howell, Conflicts of Capital and Labour, p. 128. Second Edition, Macmillan & Co.

28. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. ii. p. 480.

29. Labour and Life in East London, vol. i. p. 112.

30. Cf. Howell's Conflicts of Capital and Labour, p. 207.

31. The State in Relation to Labour, p. 106.

32. Problems of Greater Britain, vol. ii. p. 314.

33. Labour and Life of the People, vol. i, p. 167.

34. The match-box trade, however, is chiefly in the hands of home-workers.

35. Labour and Life of the People, vol, i p. 427.

36. Roscher's Political Economy, § 242.

37. Fabian Essays in Socialism, p. 48.

38. Quoted by G. Gunton: Political Science Quarterly, Sept. 1880.

39. G. Gunton: Political Science Quarterly, Sept. 1888.

40. p. 17.