There is no city in the whole world which fills so important a place in the Word of God as Jerusalem. There are several others which are more prominent in the world’s politics, but in the great economy of God, as revealed in Sacred Scripture, Jerusalem stands out pre-eminent above them all. We Englishmen think of London, with its vast population and enormous wealth, as the leading city of the world; but except in so far as it is the capital of one of the isles of the sea, it has no place in prophecy. The French look upon Paris as the most beautiful city of Europe, and the centre of European influence; but, unless it is the predicted seat of the Beast, which some persons are disposed to consider it, it is literally nowhere in the Word of God. And Rome, which all regard with something of awe and veneration, as being associated with the most thrilling histories of the past, is described in the Prophetic Word as the seven-hilled city on which is seated the mystic Babylon, the great whore of the Apocalypse. But the whole of Sacred Scripture abounds in allusions to Jerusalem. History, poetry, and prophecy are all full of it. It is described as ‘beautiful for situation,’ and ‘the joy of the whole earth.’ The people of God are taught to pray for it, and the promise is given that those who love it shall prosper. The sacred feet of the Son of God trod the pavement of its Temple, and we are assured that it will never disappear from God’s great dealings with mankind, until the New Jerusalem shall descend from heaven from our God, and there shall be new heavens and a new earth at the coming of the Lord of Glory.

It was the sight of this beautiful city, with its magnificent Temple crowning the heights of Mount Moriah, that drew from our blessed Saviour the remarkable prophecy contained in the 24th of St. Matthew and the 21st of St. Luke. The disciples had pointed out to Him the buildings of the Temple; and afterwards, as they sat together on the Mount of Olives, on the opposite side of the valley, He taught them the vanity of all earthly strength. He told them that of the beautiful Temple not one stone should be left upon another. And He also taught them that there would be a lengthened period of desolation and humiliation; for that Jerusalem should be ‘trodden under foot of the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles should be fulfilled.’ Jerusalem was to be not merely beaten down, but kept down, until a certain predicted period should expire. But while the words distinctly predict a long period of desolation, they no less clearly imply the assurance of an ultimate restoration. They teach that Jerusalem is not to be trodden down for ever, but only till the times of the Gentiles shall be fulfilled; implying, as clearly as words can, that when those times are expired, the Holy City shall rise again in its beauty. The words predict a desolation for a limited period, and at the close of that period, restoration.

I have not time to discuss what is meant by ‘the times of the Gentiles.’ Suffice it to say that I believe it to be this present Gentile dispensation; this time of Gentile power and Gentile opportunity; this time during which God is gathering out His elect people from the Gentile world, and is employing a Gentile Church in the sacred ministry of the Gospel of His grace. It seems to be the time of the ingathering of the Gentile Church, for it is to last, according to St. Paul, ‘until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in’; and it is clearly the time of the exercise of Gentile power, for they are Gentiles by whom Jerusalem is to be trodden under foot.But I do not wish to occupy time in any discussion of this period, but rather to invite your special attention to those Gentile powers which have trodden Jerusalem under foot. Which are they? and how do they now stand?

What, then, are the Gentile powers which have trodden down Jerusalem? In the course of the eighteen hundred years of her humiliation there have been times during which there have been short interruptions in the sway of the ruling powers. But, looking at the period as one great whole, and fixing our attention on the conspicuous outlines of history, we find that there are two powers which stand out conspicuous above all the rest as the great oppressors of the Holy City. These are Rome and the successive forms of that Mahommedan power of which the present head is Turkey. Rome trod her down at the siege of Jerusalem, and Turkey holds her down now. Rome cast her to the ground, and when she was down Turkey set its foot on her neck. Rome hurled her to the dust, and Turkey now tramples her in the mire. Rome destroyed God’s Temple, and actually ploughed up the sacred ground on which it stood. Turkey maintains on the sacred site the mosque of Omar; and on that holy hill where Abraham offered Isaac, where David offered the oxen of Araunah, where Solomon built his Temple, and where the Lord Jesus, the Son of David, cast out all that was unholy; there, by Turkish authority, now stands a Mahommedan mosque; and there no Jew is permitted to set his foot, the only privilege allowed him being to kneel in the Street of Wailing outside the enclosure, and there weep for the desolation of Jerusalem.

There is something very remarkable in this fact, because these are the two powers especially connected with the two great predicted apostasies, Popery and Mahommedanism; Rome being the seat of the Popedom, and the Sultan of Turkey the recognised head of the Mahommedan apostasy.But I have no time now to examine that connexion, nor is it my present object to do so. The one fact I desire to leave perfectly clear on your mind is this, that Rome and the Mussulman power of which Turkey is now the head, are the two Gentile powers which for the last eighteen hundred years must be charged with having trodden down Jerusalem.

And now what is the present position of these two powers? And how do they stand in Europe? What is the condition, and what the prospect, of these two great oppressors of Jerusalem?

As for Rome, as a political power it has ceased to exist, for I need not say that the modern kingdom of Italy has nothing to do with it. It is not built on the old lines, but is altogether a new creation, an extension of the kingdom of Sardinia. Now there can be no doubt whatever that the vast, iron-footed, undivided Roman Empire, of which Titus was emperor at the time he trod down Jerusalem, has long since passed away. Different historians may assign different dates to its dissolution, but no one doubts for one moment that it is dissolved. The power that trampled down Jerusalem is broken up into ten kingdoms, and the Imperial head is no more. There is no successor to the throne of Titus, and the throne itself is in fragments.

It is very remarkable also that the Papal head which succeeded the Imperial has within the past few years come also to an end as a political power. After the division of the undivided empire the ten kingdoms were to a great extent held together by the Papal head which succeeded the Imperial. The Pope claimed to be the sole authority from which the kings derived their power, and before the Reformation, all Europe acknowledged his claims. He was supposed to hold all the crowns of Europe in his hand. But that is all over now. The kings have taken away his dominion. As a political power the Papal head has followed the Imperial. According to Sir G. Bowyer, in the Times of Nov. 10, 1874, ‘The Pope has been dethroned, and all his dominions and property have been reduced to a palace, a church, and a garden,’ it does not seem, therefore, very probable that Rome in either shape will ever again tread down Jerusalem. We may safely say that the first of the two oppressors is no more.

But what shall we say of the second? of that Turkey which is the only power now treading down Jerusalem? I would meet this by another question. Is there any politician in Europe who has the least expectation of Turkey remaining in its present position for another ten years? Whatever little political power it retains is dying out as fast as it can die. Its exchequer is bankrupt. Its credit is gone. Its character for good faith is at an end. Its armies are unpaid. Its subject populations are rising against the intolerable burdens of its injustice and oppression; and the Turks themselves have lost heart in the melancholy conviction that their days are numbered.

Thus of the two powers that have trodden down Jerusalem, one is already extinct and the head of the other at its last gasp. The foot of the Sick Man is the only foot now remaining on the neck of Jerusalem, and the Sick Man is dying. Surely it is not unreasonable to ask the question, ‘When he dies, why should not Jerusalem arise and be free’?

The result is that, without dwelling on any minute detail, we are brought by the great, long-continued facts of European history, to the most important conclusion that, in all probability, we are approaching the time when Jerusalem shall no longer be trodden down of the Gentiles, and when therefore, the times of the Gentiles shall be fulfilled. It is only reasonable to suppose that when the oppressors are taken out of the way the oppression will come to an end; and, therefore, as one of those two oppressors is already fallen, and the other falling so fast that all the powers of Europe seem unable to keep him in his place, there is surely good reason to hope that before long the captive will be free, and that the time may not be far distant when we shall hear the cry, ‘Shake thyself from the dust; arise and sit down, O Jerusalem: loose thyself from the bands of thy neck, O captive daughter of Zion.’

And it certainly is a most remarkable fact that, simultaneously with the consumption of Rome and the decay of Turkey, there has been a wonderful awakening of interest in Jerusalem and the Jews. The explorations in Palestine are very like a fulfilment of the prophecy, ‘Thy servants take pleasure in her stones, and favour the dust thereof’: and if they are, there is good reason to hope that ‘the time to favour her, yea, the set time, is come.’

But the interest in the people is more remarkable than that in the country. Before the great Evangelical revival at the commencement of this century no one seemed to have any idea that the Jews had any part in their own Messiah. They were treated as an outcast people, and as for their conversion, no one seems to have thought of attempting it until the formation of the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, in the year 1808. But now there are Christian missionaries labouring amongst them in most of the principal towns of Europe, and, indeed, in almost all the leading centres of their scattered population. The New Testament has been translated into Hebrew, and very nearly twenty-five thousand copies are being annually circulated amongst the Jews. The state of feeling towards them has passed through a complete revolution, so that of England it was said not long since by a learned and influential Italian Jew, ‘God has blessed, and will bless, England; because her great men, both in Church and State, take an interest in the children of Jacob.’ Such facts are most important in themselves; but when it is borne in mind that this interest in Jerusalem has been awakened just at the time of the consumption of the political power of Rome, and has been going on side by side with the decay of Turkey, it certainly ought to lead all students of the Word of God to consider carefully whether the times of the Gentiles may not be drawing to a close, and the day of redemption may not be beginning to dawn on Jerusalem.

But some may be disposed to say, How are we concerned with Jerusalem, and what does it matter to us whether Jerusalem is trodden under foot, or free? I fear this is a very common feeling throughout society, and that there are thousands and tens of thousands of professing Christians who are perfectly indifferent as to the condition of Jerusalem. But it ought not so to be, for if it be a place cared for by the Lord, it ought to be also cared for by His people. Besides which, even on selfish principles, we should take an interest in Jerusalem; for, as our position as Gentiles in Christ Jesus is most intimately connected with the fall of Jerusalem, so our brightest hopes in Him are bound up with its recovery. In proof of this I would ask you to turn to Ps. cii. 16, where you read, ‘When the Lord shall build up Zion he shall appear in glory!’ The return of the Lord is, therefore, connected with the rebuilding of Jerusalem, and, whenever we see His hand restoring the city, we should begin to look out in confident hope for the glorious and happy day when He Himself will come to take the Kingdom. As a student of the Word of God, I should be very much surprised if He were to come before Jerusalem is raised from the dust; but when it is raised, it seems clear from Scripture that there will be nothing in the great prophetic series any longer to delay His appearing. [102]So in our Lord’s discourse, as recorded by St. Matthew and St. Luke, we are taught the same thing. The object of the discourse is not, as has been sometimes thought, to confound the taking of Jerusalem with the Second Coming, but to distinguish them, and to warn the disciples against the danger of mistaking the siege of Jerusalem for the coming of the Lord. It is the restoration of Jerusalem, not the fall, which is connected with the Advent. Our Lord, therefore, distinguishes between the fall and the recovery and describes the various signs that shall precede each. So up to Luke xxi. 24, we find the description of the desolation, concluding with the prophecy, ‘Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles until the time of the Gentiles be fulfilled.’ But in ver. 28 we find the promise of the glorious recovery in those sacred words, ‘When these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads, for your redemption draweth nigh.’ The 24th verse describes the desolation, the 28th the restoration, and the whole long period described as the times of the Gentiles, with the signs of the latter days, intervenes between the two. Now look at the account of the redemption. It includes clearly a release from the captivity and the rise of Jerusalem, when the time of its treading down shall have come to an end. But that is not all, or nearly so. The redemption there described is identified with the return of the Lord Himself; for in ver. 27 we read, ‘Then shall they see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory.’ Those then who pray for the peace of Jerusalem will rejoice for Jerusalem’s sake in its recovery. Those servants of God who take pleasure in her stones, and favour the dust thereof, will have their hearts gladdened when they see her rebuilt. But that is not all, or nearly all, for whenever that happens, the whole Church of God, and every member of it in every nation under heaven, may look up and lift up their heads, for the Lord Himself will soon appear. Once more, then, are we taught our deep interest in the decay of Turkey. When Turkey falls there is every hope that Jerusalem will rise; and when Jerusalem rises, the next thing for us to look out for will be the Advent of the Lord. All Christians, therefore, should rejoice in the decline of the Ottoman Empire, for the fall of the Mussulman is the hope of the Jew, and the return of the Jew will be the blessed harbinger of the triumphant advent of her glorious King. Rome beat down Jerusalem, and Rome, as a political power, is no more. Turkey is now treading her down; but its decay is begun, and its days are numbered: so that we may earnestly hope it will be but a little while, possibly a very little while—within the lives of many present—when the great promise of God shall be fulfilled, and, according to the prophecy, ‘The moon shall be confounded, and the sun ashamed, when the Lord of Hosts shall reign in Mount Zion, and in Jerusalem, and before his ancients gloriously.’ God grant that all the readers of this little book may be found looking for His appearing, and ready to welcome Him with their lamps burning brightly, when the cry is heard, ‘The Bridegroom cometh!’

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