PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

	PAGE
Introduction	1
1. The Idea of Christianity	1
2. The Fathers and Heterodoxies	10
3. Church and State	23

SECTION ONE

Arabian Philosophy	26
A. The Philosophy of the Medabberim	30
B. Commentators of Aristotle	34
C. Jewish Philosophers: Moses Maimonides	35

SECTION TWO

The Scholastic Philosophy	37
A. Relationship of the Scholastic Philosophy to Christianity	45
B. General Historical Points of View	60
1. The Building up of Dogmas on Metaphysical Grounds	61
a. Anselm	61
b. Abelard	67
2. Methodical Representation of the Doctrinal System of the Church	68
a. Peter Lombard	69
b. Thomas Aquinas	71
c. John Duns Scotus	72
3. Acquaintanceship with Aristotelian Writings	73
a. Alexander of Hales	73
b. Albertus Magnus	75
4. Opposition between Realism and Nominalism	77
a. Roscelinus	78
b. Walter of Mortagne	80
c. William Occam	82
d. Buridan	85
5. Formal Dialectic	86
a. Julian, Archbishop of Toledo	87
b. Paschasius Radbertus	88
6. Mystics	91
a. John Charlier	91
b. Raymundus of Sabunde	91
c. Roger Bacon	92
d. Raymundus Lullus	92
C. General Standpoint of the Scholastics	94

SECTION THREE

Revival of the Sciences	108
A. Study of the Ancients	109
1. Pomponatius	111
2. Bessarion, Ficinus, Picus	112
3. Gassendi, Lipsius, Reuchlin, Helmont	112
4. Ciceronian Popular Philosophy	113
B. Certain Attempts in Philosophy	115
1. Cardanus	116
2. Campanella	119
3. Bruno	119
4. Vanini	137
5. Petrus Ramus	143
C. The Reformation	146

PART THREE

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Introduction

157

SECTION ONE

Modern Philosophy in its First Statement	170
A. Bacon	170
B. Jacob Boehme	188

SECTION TWO

Period of the Thinking Understanding	217
Chapter I.—The Metaphysics of the Understanding	220
A. First Division	220
1. Descartes	220
2. Spinoza	252
3. Malebranche	290
B. Second Division	295
1. Locke	295
2. Hugo Grotius	313
3. Thomas Hobbes	315
4. Cudworth, Clarke, Wollaston	319
5. Puffendorf	321
6. Newton	322
C. Third Division	325
1. Leibnitz	325
2. Wolff	348
3. German Popular Philosophy	356
Chapter II.—Transition Period	360
A. Idealism and Scepticism	363
1. Berkeley	364
2. Hume	369
B. Scottish Philosophy	375
1. Thomas Reid	376
2. James Beattie	377
3. James Oswald	377
4. Dugald Stewart	378
C. French Philosophy	379
1. The Negative Aspect	388
2. The Positive Aspect	392
a. Materialism	393
b. Robinet	394
3. Idea of a Concrete Universal Unity	397
a. Opposition between Sensation and Thought	398
b. Montesquieu	399
c. Helvetius	400
d. Rousseau	400
D. The German Illumination	403

SECTION THREE

Recent German Philosophy	409
A. Jacobi	410
B. Kant	423
C. Fichte	479
1. The First Principles of Fichte’s Philosophy	481
2. Fichte’s System in a Re-constituted Form	505
3. The More Important of the Followers of Fichte	506
a. Friedrich von Schlegel	507
b. Schleiermacher	508
c. Novalis	510
d. Fries, Bouterweck, Krug	510
D. Schelling	512
E. Final Result	545
Index	555
Corrigenda in Vols. I. and II.	570