1 Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper Rhine from the wild black Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium). In its manufacture, fruit—flesh and kernels—is mashed into a pulp which is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur is obtained.

2 Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black Marasca cherry. The product comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province of Dalmatia, where it has been made and exported for over 200 years. Such accounts of the process of making maraschino as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a distillation of a compote made from the fruit and young leaves. When ripe the cherries are picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery where the stones are extracted by machinery. The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with sugar and alcohol. This mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then distilled maraschino. It is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets. In both Europe and America there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which neither fruit nor foliage of the Marasca nor any other cherry has any part.

According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca cherry by culture have failed. They say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the fruits and leaves lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of the variety. The poorer, sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the smaller and sourer the cherries, the better the maraschino liqueur—so the present makers say.

Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America in maraschino, or its imitation, and the manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board of Food and Drug Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from Food Inspection Decision 141, is of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries:

"In considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the Napoleon Bigarreau, or Royal Anne type, which are artificially colored and flavored and put up in a sugar sirup, flavored with various materials, the Board has reached the conclusion that this product is not properly entitled to be called 'Maraschino Cherries,' or 'Cherries in Maraschino.' If, however, these cherries are packed in a sirup, flavored with maraschino alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would not be misbranded, if labeled 'Cherries, Maraschino Flavor,' or 'Maraschino Flavored Cherries.' If these cherries are packed in maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase 'Cherries in Maraschino.' When these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino, even though the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the word 'Maraschino' in connection with the product unless preceded by the word 'Imitation.' They may, however, be labeled to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored and flavored.

"The presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any substitute for cane sugar, and the presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly stated upon the label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos. 52 and 104."

3 The leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of American plums; these species are intermediate between plums and cherries.

4 The species are given as classified by Koehne, Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:237-271. 1912. The liberty has been taken of changing the form of Koehne's citations to conform to that used at this Station. For the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been omitted. Space does not permit the publication of Koehne's system of classification. This may be found in Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:226-237. 1912.

Conservative botanists will hardly accept all of Koehne's species, in describing which the author tells us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material comes to hand there must, therefore, be revisions. These species are provisionally accepted in The Cherries of New York under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by giving names freely so that all forms to which reference may need to be made may thus be better identified.

The botanical student of Cerasus is referred to Schneider's comprehensive discussion of Prunus in his Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1:589-637. 1906 and 2:973-993; also Koehne's monographs of Cerasus, Sargent, C. S., Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:197-271. 1912. Profitable though it might be, space does not permit in The Cherries of New York a botanical discussion of other than the species cultivated for their fruits.

5 Koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 168-183. 1912.

6 Greene (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:55-60. 1905), preferring Cerasus to Prunus as a generic name for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: Cerasus californica (Fl. Francis. 50. 1891) from the hills of middle western California; Cerasus crenulata from the Mongolian Mountains, New Mexico; Cerasus arida inhabiting the borders of the desert at the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountain, California; Cerasus prunifolia found in the mountains of Fresno County, California; Cerasus rhamnoides collected at Mud Springs, Amador County, California; Cerasus kelloggiana from the middle Sierra Nevada Mountains in California; Cerasus padifolia collected in the foothills near Carson City, Nevada; Cerasus obliqua described from a single specimen from Oroville, California; Cerasus parviflora known only from Mt. Shasta, California; Cerasus obtusa from the arid interior of southeastern Oregon; and Cerasus trichopetala found at Columbia Falls, Montana. The type specimens of these eleven species are in the National Herbarium at Washington.

7 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:615. 1906.

8 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.

9 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.

10 See bulletins 87 (1904), 88 (1904), 108 (1908) and 130 (1911) from the South Dakota Experiment Station, Brookings, S. D.

11 Wilson, E. H. A Naturalist in Western China 2:27. 1913.

12 See quotation on page 45.

13 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 207. 1885.

14 Theophrastus, Book III, Chap. 13.

15 De Candolle, Alphonse Origin of Cultivated Plants 210. 1885.

16 Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 3:322. 1855.

17 A very good translation of Varro on farming is one by Lloyd Starr-Best, published by G. Bell & Sons, London. 1912.

18 Athenaeus DipnosophistÆ Book II, Chap. XXXIV-V.

19 Tertullian Apologeticum Chap. XI.

20 Ammianus History of the Roman Emperors Book 22, Chap. XVI.

21 St. Jerome Epistulae Book I, Letter XXXV.

22 Quoted from MÜller, Hugo M. ObstzÜchter 8:3. 1910.

23 Ibid.

24 Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1771.

25 Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections 1st Ser. I:118.

26 Mass. Records I:24.

27 Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. 23:337.

28 Mass. Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI:499.

29 Abridgment 6:pt. II:341, in Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 14-15. 1829-1878.

30 Willich Domestic Encyclopaedia 105. 1804.

31 Bruce Economic History of Virginia 1:468. 1895.

32 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.

33 Records of York County vol. 1694-1697, p. 71, Va. State Library.

34 Letters of William Fitzhugh April 22, 1686.

35 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.

36 Beverley History of Virginia p. 260.

37 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.

38 Lawson History of Carolina 183. 1714. (Reprint of 1860.)

39 History of California 111. 1854.

40 Varro (B. C. 117-27), as we have seen on page 47, tells when to graft cherries and discusses the process as if grafting cherries were a common operation.

41 In The Country-Man's New Art of Planting and Grafting, written by Leonard Mascall, 1652, the writer says, "Sower Cherries ... will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small Cions which do come from the roots; then plant them.

"Ye must have respect unto the Healme Cherry, [a sweet cherry of the time] which is graft on the wild Gomire [Mazzard] which is another kind of great Cherry, and whether you do prune them or not, it is not materiall; for they dure a long time."

R. A. Austen, in his Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653, writes, "Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-trees, I account the black Cherry stock (Mazzard) the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon. Yet some say the red Cherry stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are goodly straight Plants full of sap and become greater trees than the red Cherry trees."

John Reid, The Scots Gard'ner, 1683, writes, "Dwarfe Cherries on the Morella, or on the common Red Cherrie. Or on that Red geen which is more Dwarffish than the black."

John Lawrence, The Clergyman's Recreation, 1714, declared that, "Black Cherries (Mazzard) are the only Stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of Cherries."

42 "The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of modern date. It was introduced by Mr. Prince, a native of New York, who erected a Nursery in its neighborhood about forty years ago. But since the late American revolution, others have been instituted in this and some other parts of the United States. Mr. Livingston has lately established one, not far from the city of New York, which can vie with some of the most celebrated ones in Europe. May he, and others, who have undertaken in that useful branch of business, meet with encouragement and success. Nothing in the extensive field of Horticulture can afford more agreeable amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage." Forsyth on Fruit Trees, Albany, N. Y., 1803:278.

43 "The cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting—from its disposition to throw out gum from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. The heart cherries do not succeed well on any but the black Mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries do as well on Morello stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the cracks in the bark, from frost and sun on the southwest side; this injury may be almost effectually prevented by planting on the east side of board fences or buildings, or by fixing an upright board on the southwest side of each tree in open situations.

"The best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. Stocks raised from suckers of old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens: diseases of old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for stocks." Coxe Fruit Trees 1817:253.

44 "The cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the variety of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on cherry stocks: budding is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing of the gum than when grafted. The stocks are obtained by planting the seeds in a nursery, and the seedlings are afterwards transplanted. Those kinds which are called heart cherries are said to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for the round kind, the Morello stocks are preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms, or to cracks in the bark, from frost and heat of the sun." Thacher American Orchardist 1822:212.

45 "So the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the Merisier, upon the Cerisier with round fruit, and upon the Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie [Mahaleb]. All the Cerisiers succeed well upon the Merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to the high-headed trees. It has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. The Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie has the same advantage. It receives very well the graft of all species of cherries and adapts itself to the worst soils." Duhamel Traite des Arbres Fruitiers 1:197. 1768.

46 "Varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild red cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds. Some graft on the Morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific; but the most effectual dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the generality of soils in Britain. Dubreuil of Rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of a light, sandy or chalky nature. The stones of the cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly, substituted for those of the wild sort, as being more easily procured." Loudon Enc. of Gard. 1824:924.

47 "When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks; or when very dwarf trees are wished the Perfumed Cherry, (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed; but as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in order to form lateral shoots near the ground." Downing Fruit Trees of America 1845:164.

48 "The stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the "Perfumed Cherry" or Prunus Mahaleb, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts will usually grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes." Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 1849:351.

49 "The principal stocks used for the cherry are the mazzard for standard orchard trees, and the mahaleb for garden pyramids and dwarfs.

"The Mahaleb (Cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. The fruit is black, about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. It blossoms and bears fruit when about three years old. It is considerably cultivated in many parts of Europe, as an ornamental lawn tree. There are very few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the stocks used are imported, or grown from imported seeds." Barry The Fruit Garden 1851:115, 117.

50 "Dwarf Trees.—Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30) they should be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground." Elliott Fr. Book 1854:185.

51 Iowa Sta. Bul. 10:425. 1890.

52 Prunus virginiana was used as a stock in Oregon in 1850 as there were no other stocks available. The union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. Seth Lewelling N. W. Horticulturist Nov. 1887.

53 "I will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on Mazzard roots as we do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. In some cases since the appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the cherry than with the apple. This success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding rules, founded on the nature of cherry wood: (1) Keep the scions dry until used. If given an opportunity they will absorb water enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. In this condition they will fail to unite with the root. (2) After grafting, pack in boxes with sand or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool by opening at night and keeping closed during the day. If the buds start prior to the time of planting in nursery they will usually fail to grow. It may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set trees on Mazzard root will always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized for root cuttings, as noted on a future page." Ia. Sta. Bul. 10:424. 1890.

54 Gardner, V. R. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry, Ore. Sta. Bul. 116:36. 1913

55 Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight, Journ. Myc. 5:123-134. 1889. Quaintance, A. L. The Brown Rot, etc., Ga. Sta. Bul. 50:237-269, figs. 1-9. 1900.

56 Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, Bulletin Bussey Institution 440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D. Destroy the Black Knot, etc., N. J. Sta. Bul. 78:1-14. 1891.

57 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 185, fig. 68. 1909.

58 Higgins, B. B. Contributions to the Life History and Physiology of Cylindrosporium on Stone Fruits, Am. Jour. Bot. 1:145-173. 1914.

59 Aderhold, R. Mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die Perithecienform von Cercospora cerasella Sacc. und ihre Entwicklung, Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 18:246-249. 1900.

60 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 314. 1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond Trees, Jour. Myc. 7:66-67, Pls. 11-14. 1892.

61 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 226. 1909.

62 Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C. O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin, Science 25:671-673. 1907. Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown Gall, Ariz. Sta. Bul. 33:1-64, figs. 1-31. 1900. Hedgcock, G. C. Crown Gall, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 90:15-17, Pls. 3-5. 1906.

63 Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 353-355, Pl. 3. 1887.

64 Atkinson, Geo. F. Studies of Some Shade Tree and Timber Destroying Fungi, Cor. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 193:208-214. 1901. Schrenk, H. von. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl. 25:40-52, Pls. 11 (in part), 13. 1900.

65 Wilcox, E. M. A Rhizomorphic Root-Rot of Fruit Trees, Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49:1-32, Pls. 1-11. 1901.

66 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 473. 1909.

67 Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree, Ore. Sta. Bul. 45:68-72. 1897.

68 Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cor. Ag. Ex. Sta. 172: 1899.

69 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 1:50-56. 1869; 3:11-29. 1871.

70 Marlatt, C. L. The San JosÉ or Chinese Scale, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 62:1-89. 1906.

71 Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 136:583. 1897.

72 BeutenmÜller, W. Sesiidae of America, etc. 266-271. 1901.

73 Ibid. 291-292. 1901.

74 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entoml. Mo. 1:46-47. 1869.

75 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 180:112-128. 1900.

76 Wilson, W. F. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 68:91-108. 1909.

77 Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 152:279-293. 1898.

78 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 2:94-103. 1870.

79 Ibid. 7:83-90. 1875.

80 Little is known of the early life of Seth and Henderson Lewelling. They were of Welsh ancestry and both were born in Salem, North Carolina, Henderson on the 25th of April, 1809, and Seth on the 6th day of March, 1819. Henderson died in California December 28th, 1878, while Seth died in Milwaukee, continued: Oregon, February 21st, 1897. When the boys were still very young their parents moved from North Carolina to Ohio and founded the town of Salem in Ross County; later they moved to Indiana where their father established a nursery and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the West and here again they founded a town of Salem. We next hear of Henderson Lewelling in Salem, Henry County, Iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in 1837 he planted a small nursery of 35 varieties of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees.

The history of the Lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from Seth Lewelling81 (we spell the name as does he and not "Luelling" as do many in writing of him) that in March, 1847, Henderson Lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries and loaded them into two wagons and started to Oregon. This traveling nursery was on the road from March to November and one can imagine the labor of watering and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains and plains. Henderson Lewelling formed a partnership with William Meek under the firm name of Meek & Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. Seth joined his brother in the fall of 1850 bringing with him from the East a considerable quantity of fruit seed. For the next few years their nursery operations were on a large scale, over 100,000 grafts being planted in 1853. From time to time they made new importations of plants and fruit seeds from the East. Seth says that his brother quit the business and moved to California in 1853 and we hear no more of him until his death in 1878. In 1857, the partnership between Meek and Seth Lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter the owner of the Milwaukee nurseries. It was in 1860 that Seth Lewelling raised his first seedling cherry, the Republican, called by him Black Republican, which was sold to George Walling of Oswego and Mr. Hanson of East Portland, the proceeds bringing Lewelling $500. Mr. Lewelling counts the Republican and Bing cherries and the Golden Prune as his most notable contributions to pomology.

The Lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the settlement of all our states—men of for indomitable courage and will who have bred and grown fruits throughout their lives in spite of every adversity. Few other men labored longer and more devotedly to improve the cherry than Seth Lewelling.

81 Oregon St. Bd. Hort. An. Rpt. 2:242. 1893.

82 Elliott's American Fruit Growers Guide, published in 1858 and dedicated to Professor Jared P. Kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. Cherry growers, in particular, owe Elliott a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to Kirtland's cherries, having described in his book 20 of the sorts originated by Professor Kirtland. Beside his fruit book he published Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees (1868), Handbook for Fruit-growers (1876) and Handbook of Practical Landscape Gardening (1877). He also served pomologists well for many years, at various times, from 1850 to 1873, as the secretary of the American Pomological Society. Franklin Reuben Elliott was born in Guilford, Connecticut, April 27, 1817. We know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by Elliott, that he was a descendant of John Eliot, "The Apostle of the Indians." As a young man he engaged with a brother in New York as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million dollars. Financial ruin came through a disastrous fire and, in 1836, Elliott went to Newburgh and was employed by A. J. Downing from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his love for pomology and horticulture. A roving disposition and dissipated habits led him to leave Downing for a position with a relative near Cincinnati who was a market-gardener. A ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of livelihood for we find him successively in Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri, in newspaper work; after a few years in each place he wandered to Washington where he was employed in the Agricultural Department of the Patent Office illustrating American fruits. From his hand in the Patent Office reports and from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful representations of the fruits of this continent. It is probable that while in Washington he began work on his Fruit Growers Guide, the time for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten years. Social infirmities seem to have cost him his position in Washington and his last employment was with the Cleveland Herald, after which comes the record of his death and burial in a pauper's grave January 10, 1878. One of the most brilliant pomologists of his time, his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so, he rendered horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor.

83 Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was one of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches of natural history as well. Professor Kirtland was born at Wallingford, Connecticut, November 10, 1793, and died at East Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1877. For sixty years of a long life his avocation was the production of new varieties of fruits and flowers and, though a half century has passed since he ceased active work, the results of his labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole country. In pomology he gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries. He achieved success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias. Professor Kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft magnolias, an achievement which has made possible their cultivation under many conditions and to a degree of excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. He was the founder of the Cleveland Society of Natural History and was for many years its president. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the highest recognition for scientific work to be obtained in his time in this country. He served as professor in several medical schools and filled other places of honor and trust. From his boyhood we are told that he was interested in natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals of Ohio, having special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies. In pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties described in The Cherries of New York having come from his breeding grounds. Among these are Wood, Pontiac, Powhatan, Tecumseh, Osceola, Kirtland and Red Jacket, sorts scarcely surpassed for high quality and grown commonly in America and to some extent wherever Sweet Cherries will thrive. His 84 years seem to have been well ordered, given almost wholly for the good of the public, and his name should be cherished by pomologists among those who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent.

84 Charles Downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at Newburgh, New York, July 9, 1802. He spent his life in the place of his birth, dying January 18, 1885. His parents were natives of Lexington, Massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of Charles Downing, the eldest son, came to Newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon abandoned to become a nurseryman. Here, in the first successful nursery established in the region, were trained Charles and Andrew Downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge of the business and of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomologists of their day. With the death of the father in 1822, before Charles had obtained his majority, the responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him. Andrew J., the younger brother, in 1834, at the age of 19, united with Charles in the management of the nursery business under the firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, a partnership which lasted only until 1839. Charles continued in the nursery business for many years during which time he became the foremost pomologist in the United States and eventually, about 1850, sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varieties of fruits and the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. This great pomological book was projected and published by Andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was done by Charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. It is and has long been, as all know, the highest authority on American fruits. Naturally of an inquiring turn of mind Charles Downing studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his observation and seldom described without the fruit in hand. His variety orchard is said to have contained at one time 1,800 varieties of apples and 1,000 pears with lesser numbers of the other fruits. A few trees of this wonderful collection still stand. Charles Downing was one of the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the things of which his brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his brother's death when he became a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature "C. D." He was never known to make a public speech. He earned his high distinction in American pomology by his accurate and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits.

85 Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh on the Hudson, the town in which he always lived and which he loved, October 30, 1815. He perished while trying to save other passengers in the burning of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hudson River, July 28, 1852, at the age of 37. Andrew Downing's education was largely acquired from self instruction although he attended the schools of his native town and the academy in the adjoining village of Montgomery. His father, a nurseryman, whose work was mentioned in the sketch of Charles Downing, elder brother of Andrew, gave the younger son every opportunity to cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. When but a youth he joined his brother Charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained for but a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening and pomological subjects. His first publication was a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening adapted to North America, with a view to the Improvement of Country Residences, with Remarks on Rural Architecture, a book published in 1841, the author being but 26 years of age. The work passed into instant popularity and is the word of authority which has told thousands of Americans what to do to make their grounds beautiful. Within a few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response to the demand he published his Cottage Residences, a companion book which was received with equal favor, thus giving Andrew Downing first rank as an authority on rural art. In 1845 the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was printed simultaneously in London and New York, a second edition coming out in 1850. In 1846 Andrew Downing became the founder and editor of the Horticulturist, which he continued to publish until his death. In 1849 he wrote Additional Notes and Hints about Building in the Country, published in Wightwick's Hints to Young Architects. The summer of 1850 was spent in England in the study of landscape gardening and rural architecture from the result of which came his Architecture of Country Houses. His last work was the editing of Mrs. Loudon's Landscape Gardening for Ladies though Rural Essays appeared after his death as a collection of his writings with a memoir by George William Curtis and a Letter to his Friends by Frederika Bremer. He was employed in planting the public grounds of the Capitol, the White House and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington when he met his untimely death. Downing is the creator of American landscape gardening and shares with his brother Charles the honor of being the most distinguished pomologist of the country. In the epoch-making Fruits and Fruit Trees of America Andrew Downing was the real genius, Charles Downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked out the details.

86 Oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, Seth Lewelling and C. E. Hoskins, the subject of this sketch. Cyrus Edwin Hoskins was born on a farm in Clinton County, Ohio, July 3, 1842, and there he grew to manhood. Almost at the first call for men to defend the Union in the Civil War, Mr. Hoskins responded and joined the 13th Ohio regiment, serving until the close of the war. Returning to Ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing many varieties of several fruits and producing some new grapes and berries. In 1877 Mr. Hoskins moved to Newberg, Yamhill County, Oregon, settling on new land and thus becoming a pioneer in the Northwest. His first pomological venture in Oregon was in growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having built one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in America. For some years he maintained his prune ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest reputation in prune markets and made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the United States. Early in his orchard work in Oregon Mr. Hoskins began to produce new varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of promising seedlings of which Vesta, Lake, Occident, Stryker and Hoskins were most worthy. Unfortunately, ill health in the family compelled Mr. Hoskins to move from Yamhill County, to which place, after having spent several years in Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Hawaiian Islands, he returned with the expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, August 18, 1908, occurred before his work had been again well begun. The Pacific Northwest owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Hoskins for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry of that region and pomologists the country over owe him much for his labors in breeding cherries.