TABLES and DATA

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N. Hawkins

Fig. 675.

TABLES AND DATA.

Miner’s Inch Measurement. The term miner’s inch is of California origin, and not known or used in any other locality, it being a method of measurement adopted by the various ditch companies in disposing of water to their customers. The term is more or less indefinite for the reason that the water companies do not all use the same head above the center of the aperture, and the inch varies from 1.36 to 1.73 cubic feet per minute each, but the most common measurement is through an aperture 2 inches high and whatever length is required, and through a plank 11/4 inches thick, as shown in the engraving, Fig. 675. The lower edge of the aperture should be 2 inches above the bottom of the measuring box, and the plank 5 inches high above the aperture, thus making a 6-inch head above the center of the stream. Each square inch of this opening represents a miner’s inch, which is equal to a flow of 11/2 cubic feet per minute. Time is not to be considered in any calculation based upon a miner’s inch measurement.

Explanation of Weir Dam Measurement. Place a board or plank edgewise across the stream to be measured as illustrated in Fig. 676.

This plank will be supported by posts sufficiently strong to resist the pressure likely to be brought upon it by the head of water which will form in the pond above this temporary dam, saw out a gap in the top of the dam whose length should be from two to four times its depth for small quantities of water and longer for larger quantities. The edges of this gap should be beveled toward the intake as represented. The over-fall below the bottom of gap should be not less than twice its depth, that is, twelve inches if the gap is six inches deep, etc.

Drive a stake above the dam at a distance of about six feet from the face of the plank and then obstruct the water until it rises precisely to the bottom of the gap and mark the water level on the stake. Complete the dam so that all the water will be compelled to flow through the gap and when the stream has assumed a regular flow mark the stake at this new level.

Some would prefer to drive the stake with its top precisely level with the bottom edge of gap in dam so that the depth of water in stream may be measured with a rule or steel square placed upon top of this stake at any time after the flow of water has reached its average depth over dam. However the marks upon the stake are preferred by most experts. After the stake has been marked it may be withdrawn and the distance between the first and last marks gives the theoretical flow according to the table, page 391.

Fig. 676.

Measurement in an open stream by velocity and cross section. Measure the depth of the water at from 6 to 12 places across the stream at equal distances apart. Add together all the depths in feet and divide by the number of measurements made; this will be the average depth of the stream, which, multiplied by its width, will give its area or cross section. Multiply this by the velocity of the stream in feet per minute which gives the cubic feet per minute of the stream.

Cubic Feet of water per minute that will flow over a Weir one-inch wide and from 1/8 to 207/8-inches deep.

INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
0 .00 .01 .05 .09 .14 .19 .26 .32
1 .40 .47 .55 .64 .73 .82 .92 1.02
2 1.13 1.23 1.35 1.46 1.58 1.70 1.82 1.95
3 2.07 2.21 2.34 2.48 2.61 2.76 2.90 3.05
4 3.20 3.35 3.50 3.66 3.81 3.97 4.14 4.30
5 4.47 4.64 4.81 4.98 5.15 5.33 5.51 5.69
6 5.87 6.06 6.25 6.44 6.62 6.82 7.01 7.21
7 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.01 8.21 8.42 8.63 8.83
8 9.05 9.26 9.47 9.69 9.91 10.13 10.35 10.57
9 10.80 11.02 11.25 11.48 11.71 11.94 12.17 12.41
10 12.64 12.88 13.12 13.36 13.60 13.85 14.09 14.34
11 14.59 14.84 15.09 15.34 15.59 15.85 16.11 16.36
12 16.62 16.88 17.15 17.41 17.67 17.94 18.21 18.47
13 18.74 19.01 19.29 19.56 19.84 20.11 20.39 20.67
14 20.95 21.23 21.51 21.80 22.08 22.37 22.65 22.94
15 23.23 23.52 23.82 24.11 24.40 24.70 25.00 25.30
16 25.60 25.90 26.20 26.50 26.80 27.11 27.42 27.72
17 28.03 28.34 28.65 28.97 29.28 29.59 29.91 30.22
18 30.54 30.86 31.18 31.50 31.82 32.15 32.47 32.80
19 33.12 33.45 33.78 34.11 34.44 34.77 35.10 35.44
20 35.77 36.11 36.45 36.78 37.12 37.46 37.80 38.15

Example showing the application of the above table

Suppose the Weir to be 66 inches long, and the depth of water on it to be 115/8 inches. Follow down the left hand column of the figures in the table until you come to 11 inches. Then run across the table on a line with the 11 until under 5/8 on top line you will find 15.85. This multiplied by 66, the length of Weir, gives 1046.10, the number of cubic feet of water passing per minute.

FRICTION-LOSS IN POUNDS PRESSURE, FOR EACH 100 FEET OF LENGTH IN DIFFERENT SIZE CLEAN IRON PIPES DISCHARGING GIVEN QUANTITIES OF WATER PER MINUTE. ALSO VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPE, IN FEET PER SECOND.

G. A. Ellis, C. E.

Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 1/2 Inch. 3/4 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
5 8.17 24.6 3.63 3.3
10 16.3 96.0 7.25 13.0
15 ... ... 10.9 28.7
20 ... ... 14.5 50.4
25 ... ... 18.1 78.0
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 1 Inch. 11/4 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
5 2.04 0.84 1.31 0.31
10 4.08 3.16 2.61 1.05
15 6.13 6.98 3.92 2.38
20 8.17 12.3 5.22 4.07
25 10.2 19.0 6.53 6.40
30 12.3 27.5 7.84 9.15
35 14.3 37.0 9.14 12.04
40 16.3 48.0 10.4 16.1
45 ... ... 11.7 20.2
50 ... ... 13.1 24.9
75 ... ... 19.6 56.1
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 11/2 Inch. 2 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
5 0.91 0.12 ... ...
10 1.82 0.47 1.02 0.12
15 2.73 0.97 ... ...
20 3.63 1.66 2.04 0.42
25 4.54 2.62 ... ...
30 5.45 3.75 3.06 0.91
35 6.36 5.05 ... ...
40 7.26 6.52 4.09 1.60
45 8.17 8.15 ... ...
50 9.08 10.0 5.11 2.44
75 13.6 22.4 7.66 5.32
100 18.2 39.0 10.2 9.46
125 ... ... 12.8 14.9
150 ... ... 15.3 21.2
175 ... ... 17.1 28.1
200 ... ... 20.4 37.5
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 21/2 Inch. 3 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
25 1.63 0.21 1.13 0.10
50 3.26 0.81 2.27 0.35
75 4.90 1.80 3.40 0.74
100 6.53 3.20 4.54 1.31
125 8.16 4.89 5.67 1.99
150 9.80 7.00 6.81 2.85
175 11.4 9.46 7.94 3.85
200 13.1 12.47 9.08 5.02
250 16.3 19.66 11.3 7.76
300 19.6 28.06 13.6 11.2
350 ... ... 15.9 15.2
400 ... ... 18.2 19.5
450 ... ... 20.4 25.0
500 ... ... 22.7 30.8
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 4 Inch. 6 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
50 1.28 0.09 ... ...
75 ... ... ... ...
100 2.55 0.33 1.13 0.05
150 3.83 0.69 1.70 0.10
200 5.11 1.22 2.27 0.17
250 6.39 1.89 2.84 0.26
300 7.66 2.66 3.40 0.37
350 8.94 3.65 3.97 0.50
400 10.2 4.73 4.54 0.65
450 11.5 6.01 5.11 0.81
500 12.8 7.43 5.67 0.96

Note.—The quantity of a fluid discharged through a pipe or an orifice is increased by heating the liquid: because heat diminishes the cohesion of the particles, which exists to a certain degree, in all liquids.

FRICTION LOSS IN POUNDS PRESSURE, FOR EACH 100 FEET OF LENGTH IN DIFFERENT SIZE CLEAN IRON PIPES DISCHARGING GIVEN QUANTITIES OF WATER PER MINUTE. ALSO VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPE, IN FEET PER SECOND.

G. A. Ellis, C. E.

Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 6 Inch. 8 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
250 2.84 0.26 1.59 0.07
500 5.67 0.98 3.19 0.25
750 8.51 2.21 4.79 0.53
1,000 11.3 3.88 6.38 0.94
1,250 .... .... 7.97 1.46
1,500 .... .... 9.57 2.09
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 10 Inch. 12 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
250 1.02 0.03 0.71 0.01
500 2.04 0.09 1.42 0.04
750 3.06 0.18 2.13 0.08
1,000 4.08 0.32 2.84 0.13
1,250 5.10 0.49 3.55 0.20
1,500 6.12 0.70 4.26 0.29
1,750 7.15 0.95 4.96 0.38
2,000 8.17 1.23 5.67 0.49
2,250 .... .... 6.38 0.63
2,500 .... .... 7.09 0.77
3,000 .... .... 8.51 1.11
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 14 Inch. 16 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
500 1.04 0.017 0.80 0.009
1,000 2.08 0.062 1.60 0.036
1,500 3.13 0.135 2.39 0.071
2,000 4.17 0.234 3.19 0.123
2,500 5.21 0.362 3.99 0.188
3,000 6.25 0.515 4.79 0.267
3,500 7.29 0.697 5.59 0.365
4,000 8.34 0.910 6.38 0.472
4,500 .... .... 7.18 0.593
5,000 .... .... 7.98 0.730
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 18 Inch. 20 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
500 0.63 0.005 .... ....
1,000 1.26 0.020 1.02 0.012
1,500 1.89 0.040 .... ....
2,000 2.52 0.071 2.04 0.042
2,500 3.15 0.107 .... ....
3,000 3.78 0.150 3.06 0.091
3,500 4.41 0.204 .... ....
4,000 5.04 0.263 4.08 0.158
4,500 5.67 0.333 .... ....
5,000 6.30 0.408 5.11 0.244
6,000 7.56 0.585 6.13 0.348
7,000 .... .... 7.15 0.472
8,000 .... .... 8.17 0.612
Gallons
discharged
per
minute.		 24 Inch. 30 Inch.
Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.		 Veloc. in Pipe
per second.		 Friction Loss
in pounds.
1,000 0.72 0.005 0.45 0.002
2,000 1.44 0.020 0.91 0.006
3,000 2.16 0.047 1.36 0.012
4,000 2.88 0.067 1.82 0.022
5,000 4.60 0.102 2.27 0.035
6,000 4.32 0.146 2.72 0.048
7,000 5.04 0.196 3.18 0.065
8,000 5.76 0.255 3.63 0.083
9,000 6.47 0.323 4.08 0.105
10,000 7.19 0.398 4.54 0.131

Note.—The velocity with which a liquid issues from an infinitely small orifice in the bottom or sides of a vessel that is kept full is equal to that which a heavy body would acquire by falling from the surface level to the level of the orifice.

TABLE SHOWING FRICTIONAL HEADS AT GIVEN RATES OF DISCHARGE IN CLEAN CAST IRON PIPES FOR EACH 1000 FEET OF LENGTH, condensed from elaborate tables prepared by Messrs. Geo. A. Ellis and A. H. Howland, Civil Engineers, Boston, Mass.

U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 4-Inch Pipe. 6-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds Feet. Pounds
25 36000 .64 .59 .26 .28 .11 .05
50 72000 1.28 2.01 .87 .57 .32 .14
100 144000 2.55 7.36 3.19 1.13 1.08 .47
150 216000 3.83 16.05 6.95 1.70 2.28 .99
200 288000 5.11 28.09 12.17 2.27 3.92 1.70
250 360000 6.37 43.47 18.83 2.84 6.00 2.60
300 432000 7.66 62.20 26.94 3.40 8.52 3.69
350 504000 8.94 84.26 36.50 3.97 11.48 4.97
400 576000 10.21 109.68 47.50 4.54 14.89 6.45
450 648000 11.49 138.43 59.96 5.11 18.73 8.11
500 720000 12.77 170.53 73.87 5.67 23.01 9.97
600 864000 15.32 244.76 106.02 6.81 32.89 14.25
700 1008000 17.87 332.36 143.98 7.94 44.54 19.08
800 1152000 ... ... ... 9.08 57.95 25.10
900 1290000 ... ... ... 10.21 73.12 31.67
1000 1440000 ... ... ... 11.35 90.05 38.99
1200 1728000 ... ... ... 13.61 129.20 55.96
1400 2016000 ... ... ... 15.88 175.38 75.97
1600 2304000 ... ... ... 18.15 228.62 99.0
1800 2592000 ... ... ... 20.42 288.90 125.14
2000 2880000 ... ... ... 22.69 356.22 154.30
U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 8-Inch Pipe. 10-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds Feet. Pounds
25 36000 .16 .04 .02 .10 .02 .01
50 72000 .32 .10 .04 .20 .04 .02
100 144000 .64 .29 .13 .41 .11 .05
150 216000 .96 .60 .26 .61 .22 .10
200 288000 1.28 1.01 .44 .82 .36 .16
250 360000 1.60 1.52 .66 1.02 .54 .23
300 432000 1.91 2.13 .92 1.23 .75 .32
350 504000 2.23 2.85 1.24 1.43 .99 .43
400 576000 2.55 3.68 1.59 1.63 1.27 .55
450 648000 2.87 4.61 2.00 1.83 1.58 .69
500 720000 3.19 5.64 2.44 2.04 1.93 .84
600 864000 3.83 8.03 3.48 2.45 2.72 1.18
700 1008000 4.47 10.83 4.69 2.86 3.66 1.58
800 1152000 5.09 14.05 6.08 3.27 4.73 2.05
900 1290000 5.74 17.68 7.69 3.68 5.93 2.57
1000 1440000 6.38 21.74 9.41 4.08 7.28 3.15
1200 1728000 7.66 31.10 13.47 4.90 10.38 4.50
1400 2016000 8.94 42.13 18.25 5.72 14.02 6.07
1600 2304000 10.21 54.84 23.75 6.53 18.22 7.89
1800 2592000 11.47 69.22 29.98 7.35 22.96 9.95
2000 2880000 12.77 85.27 36.93 8.17 28.25 12.34
2500 3600000 15.96 132.70 57.49 10.21 43.87 19.00
3000 4320000 ... ... ... 12.25 62.92 27.25
U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 12-Inch Pipe. 14-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds Feet. Pounds
25 36000 .07 .01 ... ... ... ...
50 72000 .14 .02 .01 .10 .01 ...
100 144000 .28 .05 .02 .21 .03 .01
150 216000 .43 .10 .04 .31 .05 .02
200 288000 .57 .16 .07 .42 .08 .04
250 360000 .71 .24 .10 .52 .12 .05
300 432000 .85 .32 .14 .63 .16 .07
350 504000 .99 .43 .18 .73 .21 .09
400 576000 1.13 .54 .23 .83 .27 .12
450 648000 1.28 .67 .29 .94 .33 .14
500 720000 1.42 .81 .35 1.04 .40 .17
600 864000 1.70 1.14 .49 1.25 .55 .24
700 1008000 1.98 1.52 .66 1.46 .73 .32
800 1152000 2.27 1.96 .85 1.67 .94 .41
900 1290000 2.55 2.45 1.06 1.88 1.17 .51
1000 1440000 2.84 3.00 1.30 2.08 1.43 .62
1200 1728000 3.40 4.26 1.85 2.50 2.02 .88
1400 2016000 3.97 5.74 2.49 2.91 2.72 1.18
1600 2304000 4.54 7.44 3.22 3.33 3.51 1.52
1800 2592000 5.11 9.36 4.06 3.75 4.41 1.91
2000 2880000 5.67 11.50 5.00 4.17 5.41 2.34
2500 3600000 7.09 17.82 7.72 5.21 8.35 3.62
3000 4320000 8.51 25.51 11.05 6.25 11.93 5.17
3500 5040000 9.93 34.58 14.98 7.29 16.14 6.99
4000 5760000 ... ... ... 8.34 21.00 9.10
4500 6480000 ... ... ... 9.38 26.49 11.47

Note.—There seems to be no form of water pipe so perfect as to make it fit for use in any and all cases and open to no improvement, but, in the present state of knowledge, tarred cast iron seems to come the nearest to this desideratum.

TABLE SHOWING FRICTIONAL HEADS AT GIVEN RATES OF DISCHARGE IN CLEAN CAST IRON PIPES FOR EACH 1000 FEET OF LENGTH, condensed from elaborate tables prepared by Messrs. Geo. A. Ellis and A. H. Howland, Civil Engineers, Boston, Mass.

U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 16-Inch Pipe. 18-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds. Feet. Pounds.
500 720000 .80 .22 .09 .63 .13 .06
1000 1440000 1.60 .76 .34 1.26 .44 .19
1500 2160000 2.39 1.63 .71 1.89 .93 .40
2000 2880000 3.19 2.82 1.22 2.52 1.60 .69
2500 3600000 3.99 4.34 1.88 3.15 2.45 1.06
3000 4320000 4.79 6.19 2.68 3.78 3.48 1.51
3500 5040000 5.59 8.37 3.63 4.41 4.70 2.03
4000 5760000 6.38 10.87 4.71 5.04 6.09 2.64
4500 6480000 7.18 13.70 5.93 5.67 7.67 3.32
5000 7200000 7.98 16.85 7.30 6.30 9.43 4.08
5500 7920000 8.78 20.33 8.71 6.93 11.38 4.92
6000 8640000 ... ... ... 7.57 13.49 5.84
U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 20-Inch Pipe. 24-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds. Feet. Pounds.
500 720000 .51 .08 .04 .35 .04 .02
1000 1440000 1.02 .27 .12 .71 .12 .05
1500 2160000 1.53 .56 .24 1.06 .24 .10
2000 2880000 2.04 .96 .42 1.42 .41 .18
2500 3600000 2.55 1.47 .64 1.77 .62 .27
3000 4320000 3.06 2.09 .90 2.13 .87 .38
3500 5040000 3.57 2.81 1.22 2.48 1.16 .50
4000 5760000 4.08 3.64 1.58 2.84 1.50 .65
4500 6480000 4.59 4.58 1.98 3.19 1.88 .82
5000 7200000 5.11 5.62 2.43 3.55 2.31 1.00
5500 7920000 5.62 6.77 2.93 3.90 2.77 1.20
6000 8640000 6.13 8.03 3.48 4.26 3.28 1.42
7000 10080000 7.15 10.86 4.71 4.96 4.43 1.92
8000 11520000 ... ... ... 5.67 5.75 2.49
9000 12960000 ... ... ... 6.38 7.25 3.14
U. S.
gallons
discharged
per minute.		 U. S. gallons
discharged
per
twenty-four
hours.		 30-Inch Pipe. 36-Inch Pipe.
Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.		 Velocity
in
Feet.		 Friction
Head.
Feet. Pounds. Feet. Pounds.
500 720000 .23 .01 .00 .16 .01 .00
1000 1440000 .45 .04 .02 .32 .02 .01
1500 2160000 .68 .09 .04 .47 .04 .02
2000 2880000 .91 .15 .06 .63 .06 .03
2500 3600000 1.13 .22 .09 .79 .09 .04
3000 4320000 1.36 .30 .13 .95 .13 .06
3500 5040000 1.59 .40 .17 1.10 .17 .07
4000 5760000 1.82 .52 .22 1.26 .22 .09
4500 6480000 2.04 .64 .28 1.42 .27 .12
5000 7200000 2.27 .78 .34 1.58 .33 .14
5500 7920000 2.50 .94 .41 1.73 .39 .17
6000 8640000 2.72 1.11 .48 1.89 .46 .20
7000 10080000 3.18 1.49 .65 2.21 .62 .27
8000 11520000 3.63 1.93 .84 2.52 .80 .35
9000 12960000 4.08 2.43 1.05 2.84 1.00 .43
10000 14400000 4.54 2.98 1.29 3.15 1.23 .53
11000 15840000 5.00 3.59 1.55 3.46 1.47 .64
12000 17280000 5.44 4.25 1.84 3.78 1.74 .75
13000 18720000 5.90 4.97 2.15 4.09 2.03 .88
14000 20160000 6.36 5.75 2.49 4.41 2.35 1.02
15000 21600000 6.80 6.58 2.85 4.73 2.69 1.17
16000 23040000 ... ... ... 5.05 3.46 1.32
17000 24480000 ... ... ... 5.36 3.43 1.49
18000 25920000 ... ... ... 5.68 3.83 1.66
20000 28800000 .... .... .... 6.30 4.71 2.04

Note.—A pressure of one lb. per sq. in. is exerted by a column of water 2.3093 feet or 27.71 inches high at 62° F.; and a pressure of one atmosphere, or 14.7 lbs. per sq. in. is exerted by a column of water 33.947 feet high, or 10.347 meters at 62° F.

Table.

The pressure of water in pounds per square inch for every ft. in height to 300 feet and then by intervals to 1,000 feet head. By this table, from the pounds pressure per square inch, the feet head is readily obtained and vice versa.

Feet Head. Pressure per sq. in.
1 0.43
2 0.86
3 1.30
4 1.73
5 2.16
6 2.59
7 3.03
8 3.46
9 3.89
10 4.33
11 4.76
12 5.20
13 5.63
14 6.06
15 6.49
16 6.93
17 7.36
18 7.79
19 8.22
20 8.66
21 9.09
22 9.53
23 9.96
24 10.39
25 10.82
26 11.26
27 11.69
28 12.12
29 12.55
30 12.99
31 13.42
32 13.86
33 14.29
34 14.72
35 15.16
36 15.59
37 16.02
38 16.45
39 16.89
40 17.32
41 17.75
42 18.19
43 18.62
44 19.05
45 19.49
46 19.92
47 20.35
48 20.79
49 21.22
50 21.65
51 22.09
52 22.52
53 22.95
54 23.39
55 23.82
56 24.26
57 24.69
58 25.12
59 25.55
60 25.99
61 26.42
62 26.85
63 27.29
64 27.72
65 28.15
66 28.58
67 29.02
68 29.45
69 29.88
70 30.32
71 30.75
72 31.18
73 31.62
74 32.05
75 32.48
76 32.92
77 33.35
78 33.78
79 34.21
80 34.65
81 35.08
82 35.52
83 35.95
84 36.39
85 36.82
86 37.25
87 37.68
88 38.12
89 38.53
90 38.98
91 39.42
92 39.85
93 40.28
94 40.72
95 41.15
96 41.58
97 42.01
98 42.45
99 42.88
100 43.31
101 43.75
102 44.18
103 44.61
104 45.05
105 45.48
106 45.91
107 46.34
108 46.78
109 47.21
110 47.64
111 48.08
112 48.51
113 48.94
114 49.38
115 49.81
116 50.24
117 50.68
118 51.11
119 51.54
120 51.98
121 52.41
122 52.84
123 53.28
124 53.71
125 54.15
126 54.58
127 55.01
128 55.44
129 55.88
130 56.31
131 56.74
132 57.18
133 57.61
134 58.04
135 58.48
136 58.91
137 59.34
138 59.77
139 60.21
140 60.64
141 61.07
142 61.51
143 61.94
144 62.37
145 62.81
146 63.24
147 63.67
148 64.10
149 64.54
150 64.97
151 65.40
152 65.84
153 66.27
154 66.70
155 67.14
156 67.57
157 68.00
158 68.43
159 68.87
160 69.31
161 69.74
162 70.17
163 70.61
164 71.04
165 71.47
166 71.91
167 72.34
168 72.77
169 73.29
170 73.64
171 74.07
172 74.50
173 74.94
174 75.37
175 75.80
176 76.23
177 76.67
178 77.10
179 77.53
180 77.97
181 78.40
182 78.84
183 79.27
184 79.70
185 80.14
186 80.57
187 81.00
188 81.43
189 81.87
190 82.30
191 82.73
192 83.17
193 83.60
194 84.03
195 84.47
196 84.90
197 85.33
198 85.76
199 86.20
200 86.63
201 87.07
202 87.50
203 87.93
204 88.36
205 88.80
206 89.21
207 89.66
208 90.10
209 90.53
210 90.96
211 91.39
212 91.83
213 92.26
214 92.69
215 93.13
216 93.56
217 93.99
218 94.43
219 94.86
220 95.30
221 95.73
222 96.16
223 96.60
224 97.03
225 97.46
226 97.90
227 98.33
228 98.76
229 99.20
230 99.63
231 100.00
232 100.49
233 100.93
234 101.36
235 101.79
236 102.23
237 102.66
238 103.09
239 103.53
240 103.96
241 104.39
242 104.83
243 105.26
244 105.69
245 106.13
246 106.56
247 106.99
248 107.43
249 107.86
250 108.29
251 108.73
252 109.15
253 109.59
254 110.03
255 110.46
256 110.89
257 111.32
258 111.76
259 112.19
260 112.62
261 113.03
262 113.49
263 113.92
264 114.36
265 114.79
266 115.22
267 115.66
268 116.09
269 116.52
270 116.96
271 117.39
272 117.82
273 118.26
274 118.69
275 119.12
276 119.56
277 119.99
278 120.42
279 120.85
280 121.29
281 121.73
282 122.15
283 122.59
284 123.02
285 123.45
286 123.89
287 124.32
288 124.75
289 125.18
290 125.62
291 126.05
292 126.48
293 126.92
294 127.35
295 127.78
296 128.22
297 128.65
298 129.08
299 129.51
300 129.95
310 134.28
320 138.62
330 142.95
340 147.28
350 151.61
360 155.94
370 160.27
380 164.61
390 168.94
400 173.27
500 216.58
600 259.90
700 303.22
800 346.54
900 389.86
1000 433.18

TABLE OF FRICTION HEADS IN FEET IN SMALL PIPES 100 FEET LONG UNDER GIVEN DISCHARGE.

Contents of cylinders, in cubic feet and in U. S. gallons, for one foot of length.

Diameter in
Inches.		 Diameter in
Decimals of a
Foot.		 For 1 Foot in Length.
Cubic Feet.
Also area in
square feet.		 Gallons of
231 Cubic
Inches.
1/4 .0208 .0003 .0026
5/16 .0260 .0005 .0040
3/8 .0313 .0008 .0057
7/16 .0365 .0010 .0078
1/2 .0417 .0014 .0102
9/16 .0469 .0017 .0129
5/8 .0521 .0021 .0159
11/16 .0573 .0026 .0193
3/4 .0625 .0031 .0230
13/16 .0677 .0036 .0270
7/8 .0729 .0042 .0312
15/16 .0781 .0048 .0359
1. .0833 .0055 .0408
1/4 .1042 .0085 .0638
1/2 .1250 .0123 .0918
3/4 .1458 .0168 .1250
2. .1667 .0218 .1632
1/4 .1875 .0276 .2066
1/2 .2083 .0341 .2550
3/4 .2292 .0413 .3085
3. .2500 .0491 .3673
1/4 .2708 .0576 .4310
1/2 .2917 .0668 .4998
3/4 .3125 .0767 .5738
4. .3333 .0878 .6528
1/4 .3542 .0985 .7370
1/2 .3750 .1105 .8263
3/4 .3958 .1231 .9205
5. .4167 .1364 1.020
1/4 .4375 .1503 1.124
1/2 .4583 .1650 1.234
3/4 .4792 .1803 1.349
6. .5000 .1963 1.469
1/4 .5208 .2180 1.594
1/2 .5417 .2305 1.724
3/4 .5625 .2485 1.859
7. .5833 .2673 1.999
1/4 .6042 .2868 2.144
1/2 .6250 .3068 2.295
3/4 .6458 .3275 2.450
8. .6667 .3490 2.611
1/4 .6875 .3713 2.777
1/2 .7083 .3940 2.948
3/4 .7292 .4175 3.125
9. .7500 .4418 3.305
1/4 .7708 .4668 3.492
1/2 .7917 .4923 3.682
3/4 .8125 .5185 3.879
10. .8333 .5455 4.081
1/4 .8542 .5730 4.286
1/2 .8750 .6013 4.498
3/4 .8958 .6303 4.714
11. .9167 .6600 4.937
1/4 .9375 .6903 5.163
1/2 .9583 .7213 5.395
3/4 .9792 .7530 5.633
12. 1 Foot. .7854 5.876
1/2 1.042 .8523 6.375
13. 1.083 .9218 6.895
1/2 1.125 .9940 7.435
14. 1.167 1.069 7.997
1/2 1.208 1.147 8.578
15. 1.250 1.227 9.180
1/2 1.292 1.310 9.801
16. 1.333 1.396 10.44
1/2 1.375 1.485 11.11
17. 1.417 1.576 11.79
1/2 1.458 1.670 12.50
18. 1.500 1.767 13.22
1/2 1.542 1.867 13.97
19. 1.583 1.969 14.73
1/2 1.625 2.074 15.52
20. 1.666 2.182 16.32
1/2 1.708 2.292 17.15
21. 1.750 2.405 17.99
1/2 1.792 2.521 18.86
22. 1.833 2.640 19.75
1/2 1.875 2.761 20.65
23. 1.917 2.885 21.58
1/2 1.958 3.012 22.53
24. 2.000 3.142 23.50
25. 2.083 3.409 25.50
26. 2.166 3.687 27.58
27. 2.250 3.976 29.74
28. 2.333 4.276 31.99
29. 2.416 4.587 34.31
30. 2.500 4.909 36.72
31. 2.583 5.241 39.21
32. 2.666 5.585 41.78
33. 2.750 5.940 44.43
34. 2.833 6.305 47.17
35. 2.916 6.681 49.98
36. 3.000 7.069 52.88
37. 3.083 7.468 55.86
38. 3.166 7.876 58.92
39. 3.250 8.296 62.06
40. 3.333 8.728 65.29
41. 3.416 9.168 68.58
42. 3.500 9.620 71.96
43. 3.583 10.084 75.43
44. 3.666 10.560 79.00
45. 3.750 11.044 82.62
46. 3.833 11.540 86.32
47. 3.916 12.048 90.12
48. 4.000 12.566 94.02

231 cubic inches equal one gallon, and 7.4805 gallons equal one cubic foot.

For the contents of a greater diameter than any in the table, take the quantity opposite one-half said diameter and multiply it by 4. Thus, the number of cubic feet in one foot length of a pipe 80 inches in diameter, is equal to 8.728 × 4 = 34.912 cubic feet. So also with gallons and areas.

SCHEDULE OF STANDARD FLANGES.

Adopted July 18, 1894, by a Committee of the Master Steam and Hot Water Fitters’ Association, a Committee of the Society of Mechanical Engineers of the United States, and the leading valve and fitting manufacturers of the United States.

Pipe
size,
Inches.		 Pipe thickness,
(P + 100)
.4S
d + .333(1 - d/100)
S-18,000 lbs.		 Thickness
nearest
fraction,
inches.		 Stress on
pipe per
square inch
at 200 lbs.		 Radius
of
fillet,
inches.
2 .409 7/16 460 1/8
21/2 .429 7/16 550 1/8
3 .448 7/16 690 1/8
31/2 .466 1/2 700 1/8
4 .486 1/2 800 1/8
41/2 .498 1/2 900 1/8
5 .525 1/2 1,000 1/8
6 .563 9/16 1,060 1/8
7 .60 5/8 1,120 1/8
8 .639 5/8 1,280 1/8
9 .678 11/16 1,310 3/16
10 .713 3/4 1,330 3/16
12 .79 13/16 1,470 3/16
14 .864 7/8 1,600 3/16
15 .904 15/16 1,600 3/16
16 .946 1 1,600 3/16
18 1.02 11/16 1,690 3/16
20 1.09 11/8 1,780 3/16
22 1.18 13/16 1,850 1/4
24 1.25 11/4 1,920 1/4
26 1.30 15/16 1,980 1/4
28 1.38 13/8 2,040 1/4
30 1.48 11/2 2,000 1/4
36 1.71 13/4 1,920 1/4
42 1.87 2 2,100 1/4
48 2.17 21/4 2,130 1/4

DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON PIPE, FLANGES, ETC.

(J. E. Codman, Engineers’ Club of Philadelphia, 1889.)

Diameter
of Pipe.		 Diameter
of Flange.		 Diameter
of Bolt
Circle.		 Diameter
of Bolt.		 Number
of Bolts.
2 61/4 43/4 3/4 4
3 71/2 57/8 3/4 4
4 9 7 3/4 6
5 93/4 8 3/4 6
6 103/4 91/8 3/4 8
8 131/4 113/8 3/4 8
10 151/4 131/4 3/4 10
12 173/4 153/4 7/8 12
14 20 18 7/8 14
16 22 20 7/8 16
18 24 221/4 7/8 16
20 27 241/2 1 18
22 283/4 261/2 1 20
24 311/4 283/4 1 22
26 331/4 31 1 24
28 351/2 331/4 1 24
30 38 351/2 1 26
32 40 371/2 11/8 28
34 421/4 40 11/8 30
36 45 42 11/8 32
38 47 44 11/8 32
40 49 46 11/8 34
42 511/4 481/4 11/8 34
44 531/2 501/4 11/4 36
46 553/4 523/4 11/4 38
48 58 55 11/4 40
Diameter
of Pipe.		 Thickness
of Flange.		 Thickness
of Pipe.		 Weight
per foot
without
Flange.		 Weight of
Flange
and Bolts.
Frac. Dec.
2 5/8 3/8 .373 6.96 4.41
3 5/8 13/32 .396 11.16 5.93
4 11/16 7/16 .420 15.84 7.66
5 3/4 7/16 .443 21.00 9.63
6 3/4 15/32 .466 26.64 11.82
8 13/16 1/2 .511 39.36 16.91
10 7/8 9/16 .557 54.00 23.00
12 15/16 19/32 .603 70.56 30.13
14 1 21/32 .649 89.04 38.34
16 11/16 11/16 .695 109.44 47.70
18 11/8 3/4 .741 131.76 58.23
20 13/16 25/32 .787 156.00 70.00
22 11/4 27/32 .833 182.16 83.05
24 15/16 7/8 .879 210.24 97.42
26 13/8 15/16 .925 240.24 113.18
28 17/16 31/32 .971 272.16 130.35
30 19/16 1 1.017 306.00 149.00
32 15/8 11/16 1.063 341.76 169.17
34 111/16 11/8 1.109 379.44 190.90
36 13/4 15/32 1.155 419.04 214.26
38 113/16 13/16 1.201 460.56 239.27
40 17/8 11/4 1.247 504.00 266.00
42 115/16 15/16 1.293 549.36 294.49
44 2 111/32 1.339 596.64 324.78
46 21/16 13/8 1.385 645.84 356.94
48 21/8 17/16 1.431 696.96 391.00

FLANGE SIZES FOR EXTRA HEAVY PIPE.

Adopted by a Conference of Manufacturers, June 28, 1901.

Size of
Pipe.		 Diam. of
Flange.		 Thickness
of Flange.		 Diameter of
Bolt Circle.		 Number of
Bolts.		 Size of
Bolts.
Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
2 61/2 7/8 5 4 5/8
21/2 71/2 1 57/8 4 3/4
3 81/4 11/8 65/8 8 5/8
31/2 9 13/16 71/4 8 5/8
4 10 11/4 77/8 8 3/4
41/2 101/2 15/16 81/2 8 3/4
5 11 13/8 91/4 8 3/4
6 121/2 17/16 105/8 12 3/4
7 14 11/2 117/8 12 7/8
8 15 15/8 13 12 7/8
9 16 13/4 14 12 7/8
10 171/2 17/8 151/4 16 7/8
12 20 2 173/4 16 7/8
14 221/2 21/8 20 20 7/8
15 231/2 23/16 21 20 1
16 25 21/4 221/2 20 1
18 27 23/8 241/2 24 1
20 291/2 21/2 263/4 24 11/8
22 311/2 25/8 283/4 28 11/8
24 34 23/4 311/4 28 11/8

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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