Fig. 1,406.—Diagram of monocyclic system, showing monocyclic armature and transformer connections. The monocyclic system is a single phase system primarily intended for the distribution of lights with an incidental load of motors. The lighting load is entirely connected to one single phase circuit, and the motors are started and operated from this circuit with the assistance of the teazer wire. The long coil indicates the main winding of the armature, which is similar in its arrangement and size to the ordinary armature winding of a single phase alternator. The short coil which connects at one end to the middle point of the coil above mentioned, and at the other to a third collector ring is called the "teazer" coil. Its use is to generate a pressure in quadrature with that of the main coil. This pressure is combined with the main pressure of the alternator by transformers, so as to give suitable phase relations for operating induction motors. In the diagram the voltage has been assumed to be 2,080 volts, and the voltages marked to correspond with the generated pressure. The coils of the alternator armature are connected, as shown, to two main leads and to a teazer wire. Between each end of the main coil and the end of the teazer coils, a resultant pressure is generated. These resultants are about 12 per cent. larger than half the main pressure. They also have a phase difference.

Fig. 1,407.—Monocyclic system diagram showing transformer connections.

Fig. 1,408.—Diagram showing section of monocyclic alternator armature illustrating the armature winding. The main coils are wound on every other tooth, and the teazer coils are placed in quadrature with them, as shown.

Fig. 1,409.—Diagram showing connections of General Electric Monocyclic alternator. For 2,300 volt machine, connect as shown by solid lines. For 1,150 volt machine, omit connections A to B, C to D, E to F, and G to H, and connect as shown by dotted lines. The armature of a standard monocyclic alternator rotates in a counter clockwise direction facing the commutator. When the alternator is loaded, the voltage between the teazer coil and the two terminals of the main coil may be different; therefore, it is necessary to have the commutator connected in corresponding ends of the main coil. If the machine has not been arranged for clockwise rotation, the following change in the connections on the commutator-collector must be made if the machine is to be run in parallel with another. Fig. 1,410 shows the connections of monocyclic alternators. In fig. 1,409, the studs on the commutator-collector marked 1 and 6 are the terminals of the main coil. These should be reversed. The numbers are stamped on the ends of the stud and may be seen with the assistance of a mirror. By reference to this diagram it is a simple matter to trace out the connections with a magneto, after the armature leads are disconnected and the brushes raised.

Fig. 1,410.—Diagram showing connections of General Electric monocyclic alternator. The solid lines show standard connections for counter-clockwise rotation; the broken lines show connection changed for clockwise rotation.

Figs. 1,411 and 1,412.—Section of armature and field showing distorting effect of armature reaction on the field. When a coil is opposite a pole as in fig. 1,411, no current is flowing (assuming no self induction) and the field is undisturbed, but, as the inductors pass under a pole face as in fig. 1,412, current is induced in them, and lines of force are set up as indicated by the dotted lines. This distorts the main field so that the lines of force are crowded toward the forward part of the pole face as shown.

Fig. 1,413.—Section of armature and field showing weakening effect of armature reaction in the field. Self-induction being present (as it almost always is), the current lags more or less behind the pressure, so that when the coil is in the position of zero induction, as shown, the current has not yet come to rest. Accordingly, lines of force (indicated by the dotted lines) are set up by the current flowing through the coils which are in opposition to the field, thus weakening the latter. The dots and crosses in inductor sections, have their usual significance in defining the direction of current, representing respectively the heads and tails of arrows.

Fig. 1,414.—Section of armature and field showing strengthening effect of armature reaction when the current leads the pressure. If the circuit contain an excess of capacity the current will lead the pressure, so that when the coil is in the position of zero induction, as shown, the current will have come to rest and reversed. Accordingly, lines of force (indicated by the dotted lines) are set up by the current flowing through the coil and which are in the same direction as the lines of force of the field, thus strengthening the latter.

Fig. 1,415.—Fort Wayne separately excited belt driven alternator, a form adapted for installation in small plants where low power factor is to be encountered. This condition exists in a line where power is supplied to induction motors, transformers or other inductive apparatus. The type here shown is built in sizes from 37½ kw. to 200 kw., 60 cycles, two or three phases and voltages of 240, 480, 600, 1,150 or 2,300 volts. They may be operated as single phase alternators by using two of the phases and may then be rated at 70 per cent. of the polyphase rating. The field is excited by direct current at a pressure of 125 volts. These alternators may be used as synchronous motors and for this duty are fitted with amortisseur winding in the pole faces which does not interfere with their use as alternators.

Figs. 1,416 to 1,425.—Diagrams illustrating superposition of fields. In the figures magnetic curves representing the effect of the armature currents in several different cases are superposed upon the magnetic curves assumed to be due to the field magnet. The uppermost line shows the primary field due to the exciting coils on the magnet poles. They are shown passing into the armature teeth in two principal positions, where the middle of a pole is: 1, opposite a tooth, and 2, opposite a slot. In the second line is shown the field due to the armature currents assuming no lag, and that the magnets are not excited. If there be no lag, the places of strongest current will be opposite the poles. As shown in the right hand figure when the current in one phase C, is at its maximum, those in the other phases A and B will be of half strength. In the left hand figure when the current in one phase B, is at its zero value, those in the other phases will be of equal value, or 87 per cent. of the maximum. In the third line is shown the effect of superposing these fields due to the current upon those due to the magnets as depicted in the first line. Inspection of this resultant field shows how the armature current distorts the field without altering the total number of lines per pole. In the fourth and fifth lines are shown the effects of a lagging current. A lag of 90° is assumed; and in that case the maximum current occurs in any inductor one quarter period after the pole has passed, or at a distance of half a pole pitch behind the middle point of the pole, as in the fourth line. When these armature fields are superposed on those of the magnets in the first line the resultant fields are those depicted in the fifth line. On inspection it will be seen that in this case there is no distortion, but a diminution of the flux from each pole, as the lines due to the armature currents, tending to pass through the pole cores in the sense opposite to those of the primary magnetism, must be deducted from the total. The twelve lines per pole are correspondingly reduced to eight; and, of these eight, four go astray constituting a leakage field. This illustrates the effect of a lagging current in demagnetizing the field magnets and in increasing the dispersion.

Fig. 1,426.—Diagram showing lateral field between adjacent poles.

Figs. 1,427 and 1,428.—Diagram showing respectively the character of stray field between adjacent straight poles, and between adjacent poles with shoes. Across the slightly V-shaped spaces the stray field passes in lines that, save near the outer part, are nearly straight. Quite straight they would not be, even were the sides parallel, because the difference of magnetic pressure increases from the roots towards the pole ends. At the roots, where the cores are attached to the yoke, the magnetic pressure difference is almost zero. It would be exactly zero if there were not a perceptible reluctance offered by the joints and by the metal of the yoke. The reluctance of the joint causes a few of the lines to take paths through the air by a leakage which adds to the useful flux. At the tops of the cores there is a difference of magnetic pressure equal to the sum of the ampere turns on the two cores, tending to drive magnetic lines across. This difference of magnetic pressure increases regularly all the way up the cores from root to top; hence, the average value may be taken as equal to the ampere turns on one core. The stray field, therefore, will steadily increase in density from the bottom upwards. In addition to this stray field between the pole cores there is also a stray field between the projecting tips or edges of the pole shoes, as shown in fig. 1,428. In some machines the dispersion due to the pole shoes is greater than that between the flanks of the cores.

Fig. 1,429.—Lincoln revolving field alternator. The frame has openings for ventilation, the fanning action of the pole pieces causing a current of air to pass not only over the end of the windings, as is usual with other designs, but also through ventilating slots in the windings themselves. The armature core laminations are annealed after punching and before assembling to guard against the crystalizing effect of the punching. The armature coils are form wound and insulated before being placed in the slot. There is also slot insulation which is put in the slot previous to inserting the coil. When the winding is completed, it is tested with a pressure of 4 to 10 times the normal voltage of the machine. The bearings are self-aligning. The machine is normally designed to operate at a power factor of approximately 70 per cent., which means that at that power factor, the armature and fields at full load will heat equally. If it have a higher power factor than 70 per cent. it means that the field windings will run considerably cooler than the armature windings with full load. If the power factor be lower than this, it will mean that the field windings will run hotter than the armature on full load; however, the machine is designed so that harmful heating does not occur on full load with greater power factor than 40 per cent.

Fig. 1,430.—Western Electric armature for self-excited alternator. The main winding is placed at the bottom of the slots, each coil being surrounded by an armour of horn fibre. The exciter winding occupies a very small portion of the slot, being placed on top of the main winding, and connected to the commutator immediately in front of the core and between core and collector rings as shown.

Fig. 1,431.—Frame, bed plate and armature winding for Westinghouse bracket bearing polyphase alternator.

Fig. 1,432.—General Electric alternator with direct connected exciter mounted on shaft between field hub and bearing. In the smaller sizes, the magnet frame is bolted to the bearing bracket, but in the larger sizes special construction is used depending upon the conditions to be met. The exciters are capable of furnishing the desired excitation for low power factors.

Fig. 1,433.—Fort Wayne alternator with direct connected exciter mounted on the field shaft at such distance as to permit a pedestal and bearing to be mounted between the exciter and revolving field. In the view, the bearing is hidden by the exciter, only the foot of the pedestal being visible.

Fig. 1,434.—Diagram showing a Westinghouse 50 kva., 2,400 volt, three phase, 60 cycle revolving field separately excited alternator direct connected to a steam engine. The exciter is belted to the alternator shaft, the driving pulley being located outside the main bearing. The small pulley on the exciter gives an indication of its high speed as compared with that of the alternator.

Fig. 1,435.—Crocker-Wheeler 350 kva., slow speed alternator direct connected to a Corliss engine. In front is seen a belted exciter driven from a pulley on the main shaft between the alternator and the large band wheel. The latter serves to give the additional fly wheel effect needed for close speed regulation.

Fig. 1,436.—Three Crocker-Wheeler 75 kva., slow speed alternators direct connected to high speed engines. The alternator is styled slow speed although connected to a high speed engine, because what is considered high engine speed is slow speed for alternator operation. The alternators have direct connected exciters which are plainly seen in the illustration placed on an extension of bearing pedestal. Direct connected exciters on units of this kind do not, as a rule, assume too bulky proportions, because of the high engine speed.

Fig. 1,437.—General Electric 48 pole 750 kw., three phase fly wheel type alternator. It runs at a speed of 150 revolutions per minute, giving a frequency of 60 cycles per second and a full load pressure of 2,300 volts. The slip rings and leads to the field winding are clearly shown in the figure. The field magnets are mounted directly on the rim of the spider, which resembles very closely a fly wheel, and which in fact it is—hence the name "fly wheel alternator."

Fig. 1,438.—Allis-Chalmers high speed belted type alternator. The small pulley at the right and the angle of the belt suggest the high speed at which such alternators are run, a 50 kva. machine turning 1,200 revolutions per minute.

Fig. 1,439.—Allis-Chalmers 5,000 kva., 450 R. P. M., 6,600 volt, 60 cycle, 3 phase, horizontal water wheel alternator. The shaft is extended for the reception of a flange coupling for direct connection to water wheel. Owing to the wide range in output of the generating units and also in the speed at which they must operate to suit varying conditions of head, types of wheels used, and other features pertaining to water power developments, it has been necessary to design a very complete line of machines for this work. The bearings are of the ring oiling type with large oil reservoirs.

Fig. 1,440.—Stator of 500 k.w. Allis-Chalmers alternator for direct connection to vertical shaft hydraulic turbine.

Fig. 1,441.—Allis-Chalmers revolving field for water wheel alternator. In this type of alternator it is essential that the rotating part be designed to have a liberal factor of safety not only at the ordinary operating speed, but also at speeds much in excess of normal. Frequently machines are required to operate safely at a speed 50 to 75 per cent. in excess of normal, so that there may be no danger in case the water wheel races. In most machines the field spider is of steel cast in a single piece for the smaller alternators and in two or more parts for the larger sizes. For alternators running at high peripheral speed, the rim is built up of steel laminations supported by a cast steel spider; the latter serves merely to rotate the rim, which is in itself able to withstand all stresses due to the high speed. The field poles are laminated, being built up of steel punchings held between malleable iron or bronze end plates, the latter being used on high speed machines. With but very few exceptions the poles are attached by dovetail projections that fit into corresponding slots. Steel tapered keys are driven in alongside the dovetails, and the pole pieces cannot become loose. All field coils, except on a few of the smallest machines, are of edgewise wound copper strip. This style of coil is essential for revolving field alternators where the pressure on the insulation, due to centrifugal force, is so great that cotton insulation on round wire will not stand. Current is led into the rings by means of carbon brushes, the number of brushes being such that the current density at the rubbing contact is kept within conservative limits. At least two brushes per ring are always provided so that one can be removed for inspection without interrupting the exciting current. In large machines the brush holder studs are mounted on a stand supported from the base; in small alternators they are usually fastened to the cap of one of the bearing pedestals.

Figs. 1,442 to 1,444.—Diagram of turbine alternator windings for revolving armature. Fig. 1,442 illustrates a two pole design in which all overlapping is avoided. It has 72 slots of which only 48 are filled, giving 8 slots per phase. The projecting claws from the brass end shield which hold the coils in position are shown in section. Fig. 1,443 shows a four pole design having 48 slots or 4 slots per phase per pole, the coils being made up of 8 inductors per slot taped together, the end bends forming two ranges. Fig. 1,444 shows a two pole design for a two phase armature with 18 slots per pole per phase. The core discs are spaced out as for 108 slots, but of these, 4 lots of 7 each are not stamped out, and 8 of those stamped are left empty, so that there are 72 slots filled.

Fig. 1,445.—5,000 kw. Curtis turbine alternators installed for the New York Central R. R. at Yonkers, N. Y. The illustration shows also the auxiliary apparatus consisting of condensers, vacuum augmenters, circulating pumps, air pumps, etc. The augmenter of the first machine is plainly seen between the condenser and centrifugal circulating pump.

Fig. 1446.—Diagram of constant pressure image current alternator connections. The image or reproduced currents are characteristic of all types of asynchronous machines, and are called image currents because they are actually the reflection from the load currents delivered by the armature circuit. The principle of operation is explained in the accompanying text.