relationship, in most cases at least, in respect of some particulars.

Nos. Refs. Families—Notes

I —. PulicidÆ: fleas regarded as flies with atrophied or undeveloped wings. About 30 native species.

II 3. CecidomyidÆ: mostly gall-gnats, minute and midge-like, or very frail, slender and gnat-like. Cecidomyia destructor is the notorious Hessian-fly, injurious to cereal crops.

III 10. MycetophilidÆ: fungus-gnats; 34 genera; many common species. The marvellous "army-worm," the larvÆ of Sciara militaris, which (being not a feeder on fungi) may be classified either separately or as belonging to this family, has been observed travelling in Continental forests in millions, described as massed together with a viscous mucus in bands said to be as large as 5 or 6 inches wide, 1 inch deep, and 50 or more feet long!

IV 11. BibionidÆ: 40 species of small and medium sizes; commonly the males are black, but the females of some species coloured; Bibio marci, of a largish size, pubescent, and black, sometimes appears in great numbers on fine spring days, as likewise do some smaller black species of the same genus; ocelli absent; semi-blind.

V 13. SimulidÆ: midge-like flies, mostly with wings, limbs, and bodies of short length; the largest, Simulium reptans, only 2-3 mm., is common; its larvÆ are aquatic. Some foreign species are called sand-flies and are much dreaded poisonous blood-suckers.

VI 14. ChironomidÆ: midges and many small, slender and gnat-like flies; Ceratopogon pulicaris, C. bipunctatus, and C. varius are our commoner native blood-sucking midges, of which the larvÆ have been found under the damp bark of decadent trees; the larvÆ of some others are aquatic, as also are all those of the long slender non-blood-sucking species, including those of the very common harlequin-fly, Chironomus plumosus, as also of several congerers, including Ch. dorsalis, of which the larvÆ are known as "pond blood-worms."

VII 19b. OrphnephilidÆ (darkness-loving): all foreign flies, except one rare.

VIII 16. PsychodidÆ: minute moth-like flies; they have been named owl-midges from a peculiar manner of holding their wings in repose.

IX 18. CulicidÆ: the true gnats or mosquitoes; 5 genera, 18 native species; three common, including Culex pipiens; larvÆ abundant about marshy land and everywhere in water from which fish are absent, even in brackish water, but particularly in the stagnant water of small pools and vessels.

X 19a. DixidÆ: a few small and gnat-like flies; larvÆ aquatic.

XI 21. PtychopteridÆ: larvÆ in shallow muddy pools.

XII 23. LimnobidÆ: 32 genera and more than 100 species; generally marsh and fen slender flies, large and small, rather resembling "crane-flies"; the larvÆ live some in decaying vegetable matter, some in fungi, some are aquatic, and some are unknown; two species called "winter-gnats," genus Trichocera, are very common.

XIII 24. TipulidÆ: true crane-flies or daddy-long-legs; about 60 species; larvÆ (leather-jackets) underground in turf, or in decadent matter.

XIV 8. RhyphidÆ: three native species; slender and of medium size; larvÆ in rotting vegetable matter.

XV 28. StratiomyidÆ: 12 genera, 40 or more species; proboscis imperfect; wings rather small in comparison with the body, which is free from hairiness; a few are those large and conspicuously bright-coloured flies, which are called "soldier-flies"; the larvÆ of the genus Stratiomys are known as "star-tailed" maggots.

XVI 30. TabanidÆ: breeze-flies; ocelli absent; the short well-developed proboscis of the blood-sucking female pierces the skin of mammalia; the abdomen is somewhat pubescent, never hairy; semi-blind; larvÆ in damp earth, predaceous.

XVII 31, 37. LeptidÆ: a family of few species resembling some EmpidÆ rather than the flies of any preceding family. Leptis scolopacea is a large fly, common in meadows, yellowish body with black spots.

XVIII 40. AsilidÆ: the "robber-flies," which are more boldly voracious than any other raptorial flies, preying on winged insects, large and small; terrestrial predaceous larvÆ.

XIX 42. BombylidÆ: furry, hovering, bee-like flies, mostly very long-tongued; bodies very rotund but with legs singularly thin; larvÆ, some parasitic on the larvÆ of ground bees, some unknown.

XX 43. TherevidÆ: non-raptorial flies; smaller, shorter, and more feeble than AsilidÆ; though differing much in wing-pattern superficially like some LeptidÆ or some EmpidÆ.

XXI 44. ScenopinidÆ: a very limited family of smallish flies. Scenopinus fenestralis, the "window-fly" was formerly thought to breed amidst old carpets and musty neglected clothing, but its larvÆ have been found to be therein predaceous devourers of the larvÆ of clothes-moths and fleas; larvÆ of other species feed on fungi.

XXII 38. CyrtidÆ: quite unlike any of the preceeding or succeeding families; flies with diminutive heads and large rotund abdomens; proboscis very short or obsolete; the larvÆ of some are said to be parasitic on spiders.

XXIII 45, 49, 66a. EmpidÆ: an extensive family; about 200 species, mostly of small sizes; of slender habit, and of dull colours; there are 30 genera and the characteristics of some are peculiar; the life-history and habits of most are unrecorded; though with bodies of feeble appearance, some have the proboscis well developed and are predaceous on small insects. Amongst the most curious are some species of the genus Hilara, of which the males have the first tarsal joint of the fore-leg thickened and flattened; some species of this genus, not very uncommon, fly and float about carrying "veils" or small cob-web-like attachments.

XXIV 50, 65. DolichopodidÆ: long-legged; a large family of 42 genera; some species of medium size but mostly small, amongst which latter bright metallic colours, often golden green, are common. The life-history of only a few is known.

XXV 51. LonchopteridÆ: a few small slender flies with long pointed wings.

XXVI 53. PlatypezidÆ: small flies; the peculiar broad flat larvÆ of some of the genus Platypeza have been found in fungi.

XXVII 58. PipunculidÆ: small and uncommon flies with abnormally large eyes.

XXVIII 59. SyrphidÆ: a most interesting group of 51 genera; "hover-flies," and other various, conspicuous, large and medium sized flies (only a few small), very distinctly characterised and differentiated; the wings show the "vena spuria," and the face is without a "frontal suture." The larvÆ are very diversified; some are terrestrial, some aquatic, some insectivorous, some parasitic or commensal in the nests of Hymenoptera.

XXIX 54, 60. ConopidÆ: the wings show no "vena spuria"; the known larvÆ are parasitic on Hymenoptera and Orthoptera.

XXX 62. ŒstridÆ: a few very distinct species; proboscis and mouth parts atrophied; very hairy except one very rare; parasites of mammalia.

XXXI 72. TachinidÆ: 100 genera, more than 250 native species; with great difficulty classed in divisions, which may rank as separate families; stoutness of body and abundance of strong hairs, or rather bristles, are so generally apparent that many species may be guessed to belong to this family rather than to the closely related MuscidÆ. Many of the larvÆ are parasitic on various insects.

XXXII 73. MuscidÆ: 15 genera, comprising 36 native species, mostly very common, and many superabundant throughout summer by reason of rapid breeding.

XXXIII 74. AnthomyidÆ: 4 sub-families (MydÆinÆ, AnthomyinÆ, HomalomyinÆ, CoenosinÆ), 36 genera, and nearly 300 native species; difficult to characterise, but many rather resemble the lesser house-fly in size, and more or less in appearance, habit, and life-history, but some seem attracted rather more to flowers and others drawn only towards dung.

XXXIV 82. CordyluridÆ: 29 genera; absence of squamÆ apparent; otherwise generic features and general sizes and bodily shapes of species vary considerably. The yellow cow-dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, is the commonest species of this large family.

XXXV 89, 116. PhycodromidÆ: sea-shore flies.

XXXVI 80. HelomyzidÆ: 8 genera; the costa of wings very "pectinate"; wings large and abdomen small.

XXXVII 78. HeteroneuridÆ: 3 native species; smallish elongated wings; the larvÆ, which live in rotten wood, can jump, somewhat like the cheese-hopper maggots.

XXXVIII 86, 95. SciomyzidÆ: 11 genera; slender flies with tinted brownish wings; larvÆ aquatic.

XXXIX 101, 135. PsilidÆ: 4 genera.

XL 103, 109. MicropezidÆ: 6 native species.

XLI 87, 104. OrtalidÆ: about 20 species; smallish flies; some common in pastures; legs short and stout.

XLII 97. TripetidÆ: numerous small species; larvÆ in stems of plants, or galls thereon, some leaf-miners.

XLIII 92. LonchÆidÆ: some are of a plump figure and a dark metallic blue or green, others more slender and yellow, grey, or black.

XLIV 93. SapromyzidÆ: 21 species.

XLV 139. OpomyzidÆ: 5 species; life-history unknown.

XLVI 83, 102, 121, 136. SepsidÆ: several are common small dung-flies, with black bodies, somewhat ant-like.

XLVII 120. PiophilidÆ: the "cheese-hopper" maggots are larvÆ of Piophila casei; seven other species.

XLVIII 132. GeomyzidÆ: 12 species.

XLIX 113. EphydridÆ: nearly 100 species; life-history of few known.

L 114, 131. DrosophilidÆ: larvÆ leaf-miners. The pale yellow "fruit-fly," Drosophila fenestrarum, loves the cider-press and fermenting fruit.

LI 111. ChloropidÆ: numerous family; in the genus Chlorops are many beautiful little flies.

LII 129. MichilidÆ: 2 native species.

LIII 127, 138. AgromyzidÆ: some are leaf-miners.

LIV 68, 125. PhytomyzidÆ: leaf-miners.

LV 126. AstiadÆ: 2 species; life-history unknown.

LVI 106. BorboridÆ: first tarsal joint (C, 1, 5) of hind leg conspicuously thick and short; small species of the genera Borborus and Spherocera often abound in the dung-pits of mews. The larvÆ of some have been found on rotting potatoes and on confervÆ.

LVII 140. PhoridÆ: a numerous family of small flies; 6 genera.

LVIII 144. HippoboscidÆ: the females of some shed their wings, and all live a lice-like life attached to animals.

LIX 143. BraulidÆ: eyeless and with strangely atrophied body appendages; found in bee-hives.

LX 145. NycteribidÆ: wingless parasites on bats; with small heads held in a curious posture.