LITERATURE CITED

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E. Raymond Hall

Abbot, C. C.

1884. A naturalist's rambles about home. D. Appleton and Co., New York, 485 pp.

Addy, E.

1939. A weasel trails a rabbit. Jour. Mamm., 20:372-373, August 14, 1939.

Aldous, S. E., and Manweiler, J.

1942. The winter food habits of the short-tailed weasel in northern Minnesota. Jour. Mamm., 23:250-255, August 13, 1942.

Allen, D. L.

1938. Notes on the killing technique of the New York weasel. Jour. Mamm., 19:225-229, May 14, 1938.

1940. Two recent mammal records from Allegan County, Michigan. Jour. Mamm., 21:459-460, November 14, 1940.

Allen, G. M.

1933. The least weasel a circumboreal species. Jour. Mamm., 14:316-319, November 13, 1933.

Allen, J. A.

1889. Notes on a collection of mammals from southern MÉxico, with descriptions of new species of the Genera Sciurus, Tamias, and Sigmodon. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:165-181, October 21, 1889.

1891. On a collection of mammals from southern Texas and northeastern MÉxico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:219-228, April 17, 1891.

1894. On the mammals of Aransas County, Texas, with descriptions of new forms of Lepus and Oryzomys. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:165-198, 1 map, May 31, 1894.

1896. On mammals collected in Bexar County and vicinity, Texas, by Mr. H. P. Attwater, with field notes by the collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:47-80, April 22, 1896.

1904. Mammals from southern MÉxico and Central and South America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:29-80, text figs. 1-18, February 29, 1904.

1906. Mammals from the states of Sinaloa and Jalisco, MÉxico, collected by J. H. Batty during 1904 and 1905. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 22:191-262, pls. 22-33, 3 figs. in text, July 25, 1906.

1908. Mammals from Nicaragua. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24:647-670, 12 figs. in text, October 13, 1908.

1911. Mammals from Venezuela collected by Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., 1909-1911. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 30:239-273, December 2, 1911.

1912. Mammals from western Colombia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31:71-95, April 19, 1912.

1916. The neotropical weasels. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:89-111, April 28, 1916.

1916A. List of mammals collected in Colombia by the American Museum of Natural History Expeditions, 1910-1915. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:191-238, 1 map, May 31, 1916.

Alston, A. R.

1879-1882. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Mammalia, xx + 220 pp., pls. 1-22.

Ameghino, F.

1889. ContribuciÓn al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la RepÚblica Argentina. Imprenta de Pablo E. Coni É Hijos, Especial para obras, xxxii + 1027 pp., pls. 1-94, numerous figures in text.

Anderson, R. M.

1945. Three mammals of the weasel family (Mustelidae) added to the Quebec list with descriptions of two new forms. Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc., 25th Anniversary, pp. 56-61, November 2, 1945.

Arthur, S. C.

1928. The fur animals of Louisiana. State of Louisiana, Dept. Conservation Bull., 18:1-433, illustrated, November, 1928.

Audubon, J. J., and Bachman, J.

1845-1853. The viviparous quadrupeds of North America: pls. in 3 vols., elephant folios, each of 50 pls., vol. 1, 1845; vol. 2, 1846; vol. 3, 1848. Text in 3 vols.: vol. 1, xiv + 389; vol. 2, 1-334; vol. 3, iv + 257.

1851. The quadrupeds of North America, vol. 2, pp. 1-334, pls. 51-100. Publ. by V. G. Audubon, New York.

1856. The quadrupeds of North America, vol. 2, pp. xiii-xiv + i-viii + 2-383, pls. 1-50. Publ. by V. G. Audubon, New York.

Bachman, J.

1839. Observations on the changes of colour in birds and quadrupeds. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 6:197-239.

Bailey, B.

1929. The mammals of Sherburne County, Minnesota. Jour. Mamm., 10:153-164, May 9, 1929.

Bailey, H. H.

1930. Correcting inaccurate ranges of certain Florida mammals and others of Virginia and the Carolinas. The Bailey Mus. and Library of Nat. Hist., Bull. no. 3; 4 pages (Miami, Florida), December 1, 1930.

Bailey, V.

1905. Biological survey of Texas. N. Amer. Fauna, 25:1-222, 16 pls., 24 figs. in text, October 24, 1905.

1928. Animal life of the Carlsbad Cavern. Monograph, Amer. Soc. Mammalogists, no. 3, pp. xiii + 195 pp., 67 figs. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore [Md.].

1932. Mammals of New Mexico. N. Amer. Fauna, 53:1-412, 22 pls., 58 figs. in text, March 1, 1932.

Baird, S. F.

1858. General report upon the zoÖlogy of the several Pacific Railroad Routes. Part I, Mammals, xlvii + 757 pp., 60 pls., July 14, 1858.

Bangs, O.

1896. A review of the weasels of eastern North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:1-24, 3 pls., February 25, 1896.

1899. Three new weasels from North America. Proc. New England ZoÖl. Club, 1:53-57, June 9, 1899.

1899B. Description of a new weasel from the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Proc. New England ZoÖl. Club, 1:81-82, December 27, 1899.

1902. ChiriquÍ Mammalia. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoÖl., 39:17-51, 27 figs. in text, April, 1902.

Barber, C. M., and Cockerell, T. D. A.

1898. A new weasel from New Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1898:188-189.

Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H.

1903. Abstract of a physiological hypothesis to explain the winter whitening of mammals and birds inhabiting snowy countries, and the more striking points in the distribution of white in vertebrates generally. Proc. Royal Irish Acad., 24:303-314.

1904. Notes and descriptions of some new species and subspecies of Mustelidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 13(ser. 7):388-395, May, 1904.

Bell, T.

1874. A history of British quadrupeds. John Van Voorst, London, xi + 474 pp., illustrated.

Belcher, E.

1843. Narrative of a voyage round the world, ... in her majesty's ship Sulphur, during the years 1836-1842.... London, H. Colburn, 2 vols.: v. 1, xxxviii + 387; v. 2, vi + 474, illustrated.

Bishop, S. C.

1923. Note on the nest and young of the small brown weasel. Jour. Mamm., 4:26-27, 1 pl., February 9, 1923.

Bissonnette, T. H., and Bailey, E. E.

1940. Den and runway system for weasels and other small mammals in the laboratory. Amer. Midland Nat., 24:761-763, November, 1940.

1944. Experimental modification and control of molts and changes of coat-color in weasels by controlled lighting. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 45:221-260, 7 pls., 1 fig., April 7, 1944.

Bonaparte, C. L.

1838. Remarks on the species of the genus Mustela. Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 2:37-38.

Booth, E. S.

1946. Account of a weasel in a tree. Jour. Mamm., 26:439, February 12, 1946.

Borell, A. E., and Ellis, R.

1934. Mammals of the Ruby Mountains region of northeastern Nevada. Jour. Mamm., 15:12-44, 6 pls., 1 fig. in text, February 15, 1934.

Boyer, R. H.

1943. Weasel versus squirrel in Sequoia National Park. Jour. Mamm., 24:99-100, February 20, 1943.

Brown, B.

1908. The Conard Fissure, a Pleistocene bone deposit in northern Arkansas: with descriptions of two new genera and twenty new species of mammals. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9(pt. 4):155-208, pls. 14-25, 3 figs. in text.

Brown, M.

1941. A gazetteer of entomological stations in Ecuador. Ann. Ento. Soc. Amer., 34:809-851, 10 figs. in text, December 19, 1941.

Burroughs, J.

1900. Squirrels and other fur-bearers. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 149 pp., illustrated.

Burroughs, R. D.

1939. New York weasel preying on the cottontail rabbit. Jour. Mamm., 20:253, May 14, 1939.

Cabrera, A.

1913. Sobre algunas formas del gÉnero "Mustela." Bol. d. l. Real Soc. EspaÑol d. Hist. Nat., 13:429-435, November, 1913.

1914. Sobre algunas formas del gÉnero "Mustela." Bol. d. l. Real Soc. EspaÑol d. Hist. Nat., 14:175-176, 1 pl., March, 1914.

1928. Sobre Lyncodon patagonicus con descripciÓn de una nueva subespecie. Revista Chilean d. Hist. Nat., 32:259-263.

1940. Sobre carnÍvoros Sudamericanos. Inst. d. Mus. d. l. Univ. Nac. d. La Plata, 5(no. 29):1-22.

Chapman, F. M.

1917. The distribution of bird-life in Colombia; a contribution to a biological survey of South America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36: x + 729 pp., 41 pls., 21 figs. in text.

1926. The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55: xiii + 784 pp., 30 pls., 20 figs. in text.

1931. The upper zonal bird-life of mts. Roraima and Duida. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 63:1-135, 42 figs.

1937. The Phelps Venezuela Expedition. Nat. Hist., 40(no. 5):760-761, December, 1937.

Coues, E.

1877. Fur-bearing animals: A monograph of North American Mustelidae. Dept. Int., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Miscl. Publ., No. 8, xiv + 348 pp., 20 pls., 1 fig. in text.

Criddle, N., and Criddle, S.

1925. The weasels of southern Manitoba. Canadian Field-nat., 39:142-148, September, 1925.

Criddle, S.

1926. The habits of Microtus minor in Manitoba. Jour. Mamm., 7:193-200, August 9, 1926.

1930. The prairie pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides rufescens. Jour. Mamm., 11:265-280, 1 pl., August 9, 1930.

1947. A nest of the least weasel. Canadian Field-nat., 61:69, April, 1947.

Dalquest, W. W.

1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:1-444, 140 figs. in text, April 9, 1948.

Danforth, C. N.

1925. Hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. Amer. Med. Assoc., N Dearborn St., Chicago, Illinois, 152 pp., 64 figs.

Davenport, C. B.

1905. Evolution without mutation. Jour. Exp. ZoÖl., 2:139-143, April, 1905.

1906. The mutation theory in animal evolution. Science, N. S., 24:556-558, November 2, 1906.

Davis, W. B.

1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 25:370-403, 1 fig. in text, December 12, 1944.

Davis, W. B., and Robertson, J. L., Jr.

1944. The mammals of Culberson County, Texas. Jour. Mamm., 25:254-273, September 8, 1944.

Deanesly, R.

1944. The reproductive cycle of the female weasel (Mustela nivalis). Proc. ZoÖl. Soc. London, 114(pt. 3):339-349.

Dearborn, N.

1932. Foods of some predatory fur-bearing animals in Michigan. Univ. Michigan School Forestry and Conservation, Bull. No. 1:1-52, 8 figs. in text, 22 charts, 10 maps.

1932B. Occurrence of the least weasel in Michigan. Jour. Mamm., 13:277, August 9, 1932.

DegerbØl, M.

1935. Mammals. Part 1. Systematic notes. Rept. 5th Thule Exped...., 2(no. 4):1-67, 12 figs. in text.

Desmarest, A. G.

1818. Nouveau Dictionnaire d' Histoire Naturelle.... Tome XIX, 619 pp., Paris.

Dice, L. R.

1921. Notes on the mammals of interior Alaska. Jour. Mamm., 2:20-28, February 21, 1921.

Dixon, J.

1931. Pikas versus weasel. Jour. Mamm., 12:72, February 12, 1931.

Dunk, F. A.

1946. Least weasel in Saskatchewan. Jour. Mamm., 27:392, November 25, 1946.

Elliot, D. G.

1905. Descriptions of apparently new species and subspecies of mammals from MÉxico and San Domingo. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18:233-236, December 9, 1905.

Errington, P. L.

1935. Food habits of mid-west foxes. Jour. Mamm., 16:192-200, August 12, 1935.

1936. Food habits of a weasel family. Jour. Mamm., 17:406-407, November 14, 1936.

Farurick, B.

1873. Ein Albino des kleiner Wiesels (Mustela vulgaris). Der Zool. Garten, 14:17-18.

Feilden, H. W.

1878. See as included under Nares, G. S., 1878.

Flintoff, R. J.

1935. Stoats and weasels, brown and white. North Western Naturalist [England], 10:214-229, September 30, 1935.

Follett, W. I.

1937. Prey of weasel and mink. Jour. Mamm., 18:365, August 14, 1937.

Fremont, J. C.

1856. A narrative of the exploring expedition to Oregon and North California, pp. 190-493, in The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont, and his narrative of Explorations and Adventures, in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California. By Samuel M. Smucker, New York and Auburn.

Glover, F. A.

1942. Spring color change of the New York weasel. Pennsylvania Game News, 13(no. 7):18, 32, October, 1942.

1943A. Killing techniques of the New York weasel. Pennsylvania Game News, 13(no. 10):11, 23, January, 1943, issue.

1943B. A study of the winter activities of the New York weasel. Pennsylvania Game News, 14(no. 6):8, 9, September, 1943.

Goeldi, E. A.

1897 (for 1898). Ein erstes authentisches Exemplar eines echten Wiesels aus Brasilien. ZoÖl. Jahrb., Abt. f. systematik, geogr. u. Biol., 10:556-562, pl. 21, September 15, 1897.

1901. O primeiro exemplar authentico deuna genuina dominha do Brazil. Bol. do Mus. Paraense, 3:195-203, August, 1901.

1904. Catalogo de mammiferos. Bol. do Mus. Goeldi, 4:41-122, 6 pls., February, 1904.

Goble, F. C.

1942. The Guinea-worm in a Bonaparte weasel. Jour. Mamm., 23:221, June 3, 1942.

Goldman, E. A.

1912. A new weasel from Costa Rica. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25:9-10, January 23, 1912.

1920. Mammals of PanamÁ. Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., 69(no. 5):1-309, pls. 1-39, 1 map.

Gray, J. E.

1844A. The zoÖlogy of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B., F. R. G. S., etc., during the years 1836-42. Mammalia, pp. 9-36, pls. 1-18.

1864. Description of a new Mustela from Quito. Proc. ZoÖl. Soc. London, 1864:55, pl. 8.

1865. Revision of the genera and species of Mustelidae contained in the British Museum. Proc. ZoÖl. Soc. London, 1865:100-154, 1 pl., 2 figs. in text.

1874. Notes on the varieties of the western-American weasels. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 14(ser. 4):374-375.

Green, C. V.

1936. Observations on the New York weasel. Jour. Mamm., 17:247-249, August 14, 1936.

Grinnell, J.

1913. A distributional list of the mammals of California. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3(ser. 4):265-390, pls. 15, 16, August 28, 1913.

1917. Field tests or theories concerning distributional control. Amer. Nat., 51:115-128, February, 1917.

1917A. The niche-relationships of the California Thrasher. Auk, 34:427-433, October, 1917.

1922. A geographical study of the kangaroo rats of California. Univ. California Publ. ZoÖl., 24:1-124, pls. 1-7, text figs. A-X, June 17, 1922.

1926. Geography and evolution in the pocket gopher. Univ. California Chronicle. July, 1926, pp. 247-262, 1 pl., 3 figs. in text.

Grinnell, J., and Dixon, J.

1919. Natural history of the ground squirrels of California. California State Comm. Hortic., Monthly Bull., 7:4 + 597-708, 5 col. plates, 30 figs. in text, January 27, 1919.

Grinnell, J., Dixon, J., and Linsdale, J. M.

1937. Fur-bearing mammals of California.... Univ. California Press, 2 vols., xii + 375 pp., pls. 1-7, figs. 1-138, xiv + 377-777 pp., pls. 8-13, figs. 139-345, July 22, 1937.

Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. S.

1913. An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto Area of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of geographic races on the margins of their habitats. Univ. California Publ. ZoÖl., 10:197-406, pls. 6-10, 3 text figs., October 31, 1913.

Grosjean, M. S.

1942. A persistent weasel. Jour. Mamm., 23:443, December 30, 1942.

Gunn, C. K.

1932. Color and primeness in variable mammals. Amer. Nat, 66:546-559, 4 figs. in text, December, 1932.

Hadwen, S.

1929. Color changes in Lepus americanus and other animals. Pp. 1-12, pls. 1-5. Reprint, Canad. Jour. Research, 1:189-200, July, 1929.

Hall, E. R.

1926. Systematic notes on the subspecies of Bassariscus astutus with description of one new form from California. Univ. California Publ. ZoÖl., 30:39-50, pls. 2 and 3, September 8, 1926.

1926A. Changes during growth in the skull of the rodent Otospermophilus grammurus beecheyi. Univ. California Publ. ZoÖl., 21:355-404, 43 figs. in text, March 9, 1926.

1927. A new weasel from Louisiana. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 40:193-194, December 2, 1927.

1930. Three new genera of Mustelidae from the Later Tertiary of North America. Jour. Mamm., 11:146-155, 2 pls., May 9, 1930.

1936. Mustelid mammals from the Pleistocene of North America with systematic notes on some Recent members of the genera Mustela, Taxidea and Mephitis. Carnegie Institution Publ., no. 473:41-119, 5 pls., 6 figs. in text, November 20, 1936.

1937. Mustela cicognanii, the short tailed weasel, incorrectly ascribed to Ohio. Amer. Midland Nat., 18:304, March, 1937.

1944. Classification of the ermines of eastern Siberia. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 23(ser. 4):555-560, 1 fig. in text, August 22, 1944.

1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 710, frontispiece, colored, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, unnumbered silhouettes, July 1, 1946.

Hamilton, W. J., Jr.

1928. Weasels eat shrews. Jour. Mamm., 9:249-250, August 9, 1928.

1933. The weasels of New York. Amer. Midland Nat., 14:289-344, 2 maps, 3 figs., 4 pls., July, 1933.

Handley, C. O., Jr.

1949. Least weasel, prey of barn owl. Jour. Mamm., 30:431, November 14, 1949.

Harper, J.

1927. The mammals of the Okefinokee Swamp region of Georgia. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 38(7):191-396, pls. 4-7, March, 1927.

Heller, H. H.

1924. Peruvian pets. Natural History, 24:479-493, 14 figs. in text, July-August, 1924.

Henninger, W. F.

1921. Two mammals new for Ohio. Jour. Mamm., 2:239, November 29, 1921.

Hensel, R.

1881. Craniologische Studien. Nova Acta d. Ksl. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akad. d. Nat., 42:127-195, pls. 6-13, tables A-T.

Hodgson, B. H.

1841. Classified catalogue of mammals of Nepal (corrected to end of 1841, first printed in 1832). Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 10:907-916.

Hollister, N.

1913. A synopsis of the American minks. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 44:471-480, April 18, 1913.

1914. Descriptions of four new mammals from tropical America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28:141-144, July 10, 1914.

Holmes, S. J.

1925. "Age and Area" in relation to extinction. Science, N. S., 61:77-79, January 23, 1925.

Howard, W. J.

1935. Apparently neutral relations of weasel and squirrel. Jour. Mamm., 16:322-323, November 15, 1935.

Howell, A. B.

1943. An apparent mustelid trait. Jour. Mamm., 24:98-99, February 20, 1943.

Huxley, J. S.

1939. Ecology and taxonomic differentiation. Jour. Ecology, 27:408-420, August, 1939.

Ingles, L. G.

1939. Observations on a nest of the long-tailed weasel. Jour. Mamm., 20:253-254, May 14, 1939.

1942. Observations on the short-tailed weasel in California. Jour. Mamm., 23:446-448, 1 pl., December 30, 1942.

Jackson, H. H. T.

1913. Two new weasels from the United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:123-124, May 21, 1913.

JÄckel, A. J.

1873. Ueber Leucismen unter den Mustelen. Der Zool. Garten, 14:456-459.

Jaeckel, O.

1902. Uber verschiedene Wege phylogenetischer Entwicklung [original not seen—only pp. 289-290 of V. L. Kellogg's Darwinism today].

Kellogg, V. L.

1907. Darwinism today. Henry Holt and Co., New York, xii + 403 pp.

Kennicott, R.

1859. The quadrupeds of Illinois, injurious and beneficial to the farmer. Agric. Rept. for 1858, U. S. Patent Office Rept., pp. 241-256.

Kirk, G. L.

1921. Shrews and weasels. Jour. Mamm., 2:111, May 2, 1921.

Lantz, D. E.

1905. A list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:171-178.

Leche, W.

1915. Zur Frage nach der stammesgeschichtlichen Bedeutung des Milchgebisses bei den SÄugetieren. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Syst., 38:275-370, 126 figs. in text.

Leopold, A.

1937. Killing technique of the weasel. Jour. Mamm., 18:98-99, February 14, 1937.

Lichtenstein, M. H. C.

1832. Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter SÄugethiere, pl. 42 and corresponding text (unpaged), 1832 [not seen].

Llewellyn, L. M.

1942. Notes on the Alleghenian least weasel in Virginia. Jour. Mamm., 23:439-441, December 30, 1942.

Long, W. S.

1938. The weasel an enemy of the pika. Jour. Mamm., 19:250, May 14, 1938.

LÖnnberg, E.

1913. Mammals from Ecuador and related forms. Arkiv fÖr Zool., 8(no. 1):1-36, 1 pl., 1 text fig., July 12, 1913.

1921. A second contribution to the mammalogy of Ecuador with some remarks on Caenolestes. Arkiv fÖr Zool., 14(no. 4):1-104, pl. 1, 8 figs. in text.

Lyman, C. P.

1943. Control of coat color in the varying hare Lepus americanus Erxleben. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoÖl., 93:393-461, 11 pls., December, 1943.

Lyon, M. W., Jr., and Osgood, W. H.

1909. Catalogue of the type-specimens of mammals in the United States National Museum, including the Biological Survey Collection. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 62: ix + 325.

Macgillivary, W.

1848? The naturalists library, Vol. XVII. Mammalia, pp. 1-309, J. Ogden and Co., London.

Manniche, A. L. V.

1910. The terrestrial mammals and birds of northeast Greenland. Meddelelser om GrØnland, 45:1-200, 6 pls., 20 figs. in text, 1910.

Manning, T. H.

1943. Notes on the mammals of south and central west Baffin Island. Jour. Mamm., 24:47-59, 1 fig. in text, February 20, 1943.

Matthew, W. D.

1902. On the skull of Bunaelurus, a musteline from the White River Oligocene. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:137-140, April 7, 1902.

Mearns, E. A.

1891. Description of a new species of weasel, and a new subspecies of the gray fox, from Arizona. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 3:234-238, June 5, 1891.

Merriam, C. H.

1896. Synopsis of the weasels of North America. N. Amer. Fauna, 11:1-33, 5 pls., 16 figs. in text, June 30, 1896.

1902. Five new mammals from MÉxico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:67-69, March 22, 1902.

1906. Is mutation a factor in the evolution of higher vertebrates. Science, N. S., 23:241-257, February, 1906.

1919. Criteria for the recognition of species and genera. Jour. Mamm., 1:6-9, November 28, 1919.

Metchnikoff, E.

1901. On the process of hair turning white. Proc. Royal Soc. London, 69:156.

Miller, F. W.

1930. The spring molt of Mustela longicauda. Jour. Mamm., 11:471-473, November 11, 1930.

1931A. The fall moult of Mustela longicauda. Jour. Mamm., 12:150-156, 1 fig. in text, May 14, 1931.

1931B. A feeding habit of the long-tailed weasel. Jour. Mamm., 12:164, May 14, 1931.

Miller, G. S., Jr.

1912. Catalogue of the mammals of western Europe.... British Museum of Natural History, London, xv + 1019 pp., 213 figs. in text.

1924. List of North American Recent mammals, 1923. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 128: xvi + 673 pp., April 29, 1924.

Moore, J. C.

1945. Life history notes on the Florida weasel. Proc. Florida Academy of Science, 7(no. 4):247-263, for 1944.

Morse, M.

1939. A local study of predation upon hares and grouse during the cyclic decimation. Jour. Wildlife Management, 3:203-211, July, 1939.

Mulaik, S.

1938. Notes on Mustela frenata frenata. Jour. Mamm., 19:104, February 14, 1938.

Murie, A.

1935. A weasel goes hungry. Jour. Mamm., 16:321-322, November 15, 1935.

Nares, G. S.

1877. Arctic Expedition/1875-6/Journals and Proceedings/of the/Arctic Expedition, 1875-6,/under the command of/Captain Sir George S. Nares, R. N., K. C. B/[in continuation of Parliamentary Papers C 1153 of 1875, and C 1560 of 1876.]/presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty, 1877/London:/printed for her Majesty's stationary office, by/Harrison & Sons, printers in ordinary to her majesty,/St. Martin's Lane,/[c.-1636.] Price £1 1s.

1878. Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-6 in H. M. ships "Alert" and "Discovery" by Captn. Sir G. S. Nares, R. N.... commander of the expedition with notes on the Natural History edited by H. W. Feilden, F. G. S., ... naturalist to the expedition. In 2 vols., 2 ed., London, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1878. Vol. 1, xl + 395 pp.; vol. 2, vii + 378 pp., both vols. illustrated.

Nelson, A. W.

1934. Notes on Wisconsin mammals. Jour. Mamm., 15:252-253, August 10, 1934.

Nelson, E. W.

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Transmitted May 22, 1950.

Plate 2. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of nine subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 178405, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tanana, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? sad., 6499, Carnegie Mus., Southhampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 107496, U. S. N. M., Kodiak Island, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 133847, U. S. N. M., Ft. Franklin, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 53788, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Lopez, Pennsylvania.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 18130, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Aitkin, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90759, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Pilot Creek, Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74665, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Windham, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74641, M. V. Z., Mole Harbor, Admiralty Id., Alaska.

Plate 3. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in ventral view of nine subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 178405, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tanana, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? sad., 6499, Carnegie Mus., Southampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 107496, U. S. N. M., Kodiak Island, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 133847, U. S. N. M., Ft. Franklin, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 53788, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Lopez, Pennsylvania.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 18130, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Aitkin, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90759, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Pilot Creek, Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74665, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Windham, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74641, M. V. Z., Mole Harbor, Admiralty Id., Alaska.

Plate 4. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in lateral view of ten subspecies Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 178405, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tanana, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? sad., 6499, Carnegie Mus., Southampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 107496, U. S. N. M., Kodiak Island, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 133847, U. S. N. M., Ft. Franklin, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 53788, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Lopez, Pennsylvania.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 18130, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Aitkin, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90759, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Pilot Creek, Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74665, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Windham, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74641, M. V. Z., Mole Harbor, Admiralty Id., Alaska.

j. Mustela erminea initis, ? ad., 289, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Saook Bay, Alaska.

Plate 5. Photos, retouched, of skulls of 9 subspecies of Mustela erminea, × 1.

a. Mustela erminea initis, ? ad., 289, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Saook Bay, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea celenda, ? ad., 1053, Los Angeles Mus., Craig, Alaska.

c. Mustela erminea seclusa, ? ad., 31232, M. V. Z., Port Santa Cruz, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 230777, U. S. N. M., Graham Island, B. C.

e. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13508, Nat. Mus. Canada, Cape Scott, V. I., B. C.

f. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7096, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

g. Mustela e. olympica, ? ad., 90738, U. S. N. M., near head of Soleduc Riv., Wash.

h. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 133, Coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

i. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 82177, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

Plate 6. Photos, retouched, of skulls of 9 subspecies of Mustela erminea, × 1.

a. Mustela erminea initis, ? ad., 289, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Saook Bay, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea celenda, ? ad., 1053, Los Angeles Mus., Craig, Alaska.

c. Mustela erminea seclusa, ? ad., 31232, M. V. Z., Port Santa Cruz, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 230777, U. S. N. M., Graham Island, B. C.

e. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13508, Nat. Mus. Canada, Cape Scott, V. I., B. C.

f. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7096, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

g. Mustela e. olympica, ? ad., 90738, U. S. N. M., near head of Soleduc Riv., Wash.

h. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 133, Coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

i. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 82177, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

Plate 7. Photos, retouched, of skulls, of subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea celenda, ? ad., 1053, Los Angeles Mus., Craig, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea seclusa, ? ad., 31232, M. V. Z., Port Santa Cruz, Alaska.

c. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 230777, U. S. N. M., Graham Island, B. C.

d. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13508, Nat. Mus. Canada, Cape Scott, V. I., B. C.

e. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7096, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

f. Mustela erminea olympica, ? ad., 90738, U. S. N. M., near head of Soleduc Riv., Wash.

g. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 133, Coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

h. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 82177, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

i, j, k. Mustela erminea muricus, ? ad., 41501, M. V. Z., Baker Creek, 8675 ft., Nev.

l, m. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, sad., 12437, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

n. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, ad., 12441, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

Plate 8. Photos, retouched, of Mustela erminea angustidens. All in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., from Conard Fissure, Arkansas. Pleistocene in age, × 1.

a. Adult, probably male, 12441.

b. Subadult, probably male, 12437.

c. Adult, probably male, 12444.

d. Adult, probably male, 12441.

e. Subadult, probably male, 12437.

f. Young, probably male, 12438.

g, h. Adult, type, probably female, 12432.

i. Adult, probably female, 12433.

Plate 9. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of 9 subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 35895, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Point Barrow, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? ad., 6600, Carnegie Mus., Southhampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 98042, U. S. Nat. Mus., Kadiak, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 129703, U. S. N. M., Fort Resolution, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 7460, Carnegie Mus., Pymatuning Swamp, Pa.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 8679, Univ. Wisconsin, T. 61N, R. 26W, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90820, M. V. Z., 1-1/2 mi. W Iron Mtn., Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Juneau, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74655, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Mole Harbor, Alaska.

Plate 10. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of 9 subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 35895, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Point Barrow, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? ad., 6600, Carnegie Mus., Southhampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 98042, U. S. Nat. Mus., Kadiak, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 129703, U. S. N. M., Fort Resolution, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 7460, Carnegie Mus., Pymatuning Swamp, Pa.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 8679, Univ. Wisconsin, T. 61N, R. 26W, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90820, M. V. Z., 1-1/2 mi. W Iron Mtn., Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Juneau, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74655, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Mole Harbor, Alaska.

Plate 11. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in lateral view of twelve subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea arctica, ? ad., 35895, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Point Barrow, Alaska.

b. Mustela erminea semplei, ? ad., 6600, Carnegie Mus., Southhampton Island.

c. Mustela erminea kadiacensis, ? ad., 98042, U. S. Nat. Mus., Kadiak, Alaska.

d. Mustela erminea richardsonii, ? ad., 129703, U. S. Nat. Mus., Fort Resolution, MacK.

e. Mustela erminea cicognanii, ? ad., 7460, Carnegie Mus., Pymatuning Swamp, Pa.

f. Mustela erminea bangsi, ? ad., 8679, Univ. Wisconsin, T. 61N, R. 26W, Minn.

g. Mustela erminea invicta, ? ad., 90820, M. V. Z., 1-1/2 mi. W Iron Mtn., Idaho.

h. Mustela erminea alascensis, ? ad., 74422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Juneau, Alaska.

i. Mustela erminea salva, ? ad., 74655, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Mole Harbor, Alaska.

j. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 100624, U. S. Nat. Mus., Moresby Island, B. C.

k. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13673, Nat. Mus. Canada, Cape Scott, V. I., B. C.

l. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7284, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

Plate 12. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of eight subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 100624, U. S. N. M., Moresby Island, B. C.

b. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13673, N. M. Canada, Cape Scott, V. I., B. C.

c. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7284, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

d. Mustela erminea olympica, ? ad., 242133, U. S. Nat. Mus., Hayes Creek, Wash.

e. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 9040, D. R. Dickey Coll., Blaine, Oregon.

f. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 77370, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

g. Mustela erminea muricus, ? ad., 41502, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Baker Creek, Nevada.

h. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, ad., 12435, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

i. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, ad., 11766, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

Plate 13. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in ventral view of eight subspecies of Mustela erminea. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea haidarum, ? ad., 100624, U. S. N. M., Moresby Island, B. C.

b. Mustela erminea anguinae, ? ad., 13673, Nat. Mus. Canada, Cape Scott, B. C.

c. Mustela erminea fallenda, ? ad., 7284, Nat. Mus. Canada, Huntingdon, B. C.

d. Mustela erminea olympica, ? ad., 242133, U. S. Nat. Mus., Hayes Creek, Wash.

e. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 9040, D. R. Dickey Coll., Blaine, Oregon.

f. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 77370, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

g. Mustela erminea muricus, ? ad., 41502, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Baker Creek, Nevada.

h. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, ad., 12435, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

i. Mustela erminea angustidens, ??, ad., 11766, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

Plate 14. Photographs, retouched, of M. erminea and M. minuta. Natural size.

a. Mustela erminea olympica, ? ad., 242133, U. S. Nat. Mus., Hayes Creek, Wash.

b. Mustela erminea streatori, ? ad., 9040, D. R. Dickey Coll., Blaine, Oregon.

c. Mustela erminea gulosa, ? ad., 77370, U. S. Nat. Mus., Trout Lake, Wash.

d. Mustela erminea muricus, ? ad., 41502, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Baker Creek, Nevada.

e. Mustela erminea angustidens, adult, probably female, type, 12432, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., with lower jaw, Conard Fissure, Ark.

f. M. e. angustidens, ??, ad., 12435, A. M. N. H., Conard Fissure, Ark.

g. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., 43288, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Barrow, Alaska.

h. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., 40059, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Barrow, Alaska.

i. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? ad., 11743, Nat. Mus. Canada, Shaunavon, Sask.

j. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? ad., 12679, Nat. Mus. Canada, south of Shaunavon, Sask.

k. Mustela r. allegheniensis, ? ad., 35381, Field M. N. H., Portage Twp., Ohio.

l. Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, ? ad., 33021, Field M. N. H., Stryker, Ohio.

Plate 15. Photographs, retouched, of Mustela rixosa. Natural size.

a. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., 43288, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Barrow, Alaska.

b. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? ad., 11743, Nat. Mus. Canada, Shaunavon, Saskatchewan.

c. Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, ? ad., 33581, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Portage Township, Wood County, Ohio.

d. Mustela rixosa campestris, ? ad., 261830, U. S. Nat. Mus., shore of Sand Lake, South Dakota.

e. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., same specimen shown in a.

f. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? same specimen shown in b.

g. Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, ? ad., same specimen shown in c. c.

h. Mustela rixosa campestris, ? ad., same specimen shown in d.

i. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., 40059, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Barrow, Alaska.

j. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? ad., 12679, Nat. Mus. Canada, south of Shaunavon, Saskatchewan.

k. Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, ? ad., 33021, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Stryker, Ohio.

l. Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, ? ad., same specimen shown in k.

m. Mustela rixosa eskimo, ? sad., same specimen shown in i.

n. Mustela rixosa rixosa, ? ad., same specimen shown in j.

o. Mustela rixosa campestris, ? ad., same specimen shown in d and h.

Plate 16. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of nine subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata noveboracensis, ? ad., 77112, U. S. Nat. Mus., Wilmington, Massachusetts.

b. Mustela frenata occisor, ? ad., 7267, Mus. Comp. Zool., Moosehead Lake, Maine.

c. Mustela frenata primulina, ? ad., 3325, Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Clinton, Kansas.

d. Mustela frenata arthuri, ? sad., 37515, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., type, Remy, Louisiana.

e. Mustela frenata olivacea, ? ad., 180802, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Biological Surveys Collection, Autaugaville, Alabama.

f. Mustela frenata peninsulae, ? ad., 49387, Florida State Mus., Apopka, Florida.

g. Mustela frenata spadix, ? ad., 53745, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Elk River, Minnesota.

h. Mustela frenata longicauda, ? ad., 15875, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Red Deer, Alberta.

i. Mustela frenata oribasa, ? ad., 43817, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Isaacs Lake, British Columbia.

Plate 17. Photos, retouched, of skulls of males, in ventral view, of 9 subspecies of Mustela frenata, × 1. Data for a to i are given on Plate 18.

a. M. f noveboracensis

b. M. f. occisor

c. M. f. primulina

d. M. f. arthuri

e. M. f. olivacea

f. M. f. peninsulae

g. M. f. spadix

h. M. f. longicauda

i. M. f. oribasus

Plate 18. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in lateral view of ten subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata noveboracensis, ? ad., 77112, U. S. Nat. Mus., Wilmington, Mass.

b. Mustela frenata occisor, ? ad., 7267, M. C. Z., Moosehead Lake, Maine.

c. Mustela frenata primulina, ? ad., 3325, Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Clinton, Kans.

d. Mustela frenata arthuri, ? ad., 37515, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., type, Remy, Louisiana.

e. Mustela frenata olivacea, ? ad., 180802, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Biological Surveys Collection, Autaugaville, Alabama.

f. Mustela frenata peninsulae, ? ad., 49387, Florida State Mus., Apopka, Florida.

g. Mustela frenata spadix, ? ad., 53795, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Elk River, Minnesota.

h. Mustela frenata longicauda, ? ad., 15875, Amer. Mus. N. H., Red Deer, Alberta.

i. Mustela frenata oribasus, ? ad., 43817, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Isaacs Lake, B. C.

j. Mustela frenata alleni, ? ad., 7440/9136, A. M. N. H., Hill City, S. D.

Plate 19. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view of nine subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata alleni, ? ad., 7440/9136, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Hill City, South Dakota.

b. Mustela frenata arizonensis, ? ad., 55211, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Government Prairie, Arizona.

c. Mustela frenata nevadensis, ? ad., 22116, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Chinquapin, California.

d. Mustela frenata effera, ? ad., 33637, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ironside, Oregon.

e. Mustela frenata washingtoni, ? ad., 226758, U. S. Nat. Mus., Gotchen Creek, Washington.

f. Mustela frenata saturata, ? ad., 65930, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Siskiyou, Oregon.

g. Mustela frenata altifrontalis, ? ad., 391, Coll. Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

h. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? sad., 43828/32019, U. S. Nat. Mus., Grants Pass, Oregon.

i. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 5459, Mus. Comp. Zool., type, Point Reyes, California.

Plate 20. Photos, retouched, of skulls of males in ventral view of 9 subspecies of Mustela frenata, × 1. Data for a to i on Plates 18 and 21.

a. M. f. alleni

b. M. f. arizonensis

c. M. f. nevadensis

d. M. f. effera

e. M. f. washingtoni

f. M. f. saturata

g. M. f. altifrontalis

h. M. f. oregonensis

i. M. f. munda, 5459.

Plate 21. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in lateral view, of nine subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata arizonensis, ? ad., 55211, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Government Prairie, Ariz.

b. Mustela frenata nevadensis, ? ad., 22116, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Chinquapin, California.

c. Mustela frenata effera, ? ad., 33637, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ironside, Oregon.

d. Mustela frenata washingtoni, ? ad., 226758, U. S. Nat. Mus., Gotchen Creek, Wash.

e. Mustela frenata saturata, ? ad., 65930, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Siskiyou, Oregon.

f. Mustela frenata altifrontalis, ? ad., 391, Coll. Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

g. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? sad., 43828/32019, U. S. N. M., Grants Pass, Ore.

h. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 5459, M. C. Z., type, Point Reyes, Calif.

i. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 19722, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Point Arena, Calif.

j. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 1440, Coll. Alex Walker, 5 mi. W Fresno, Calif.

Plate 22. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in dorsal view, of nine subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 19722, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Point Arena, California.

b. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 1440, col. Alex Walker, 5 mi. W Fresno, California.

c. Mustela frenata nigriauris, ? ad., 487, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, California.

d. Mustela frenata latirostra, ? ad., 52702, U. S. Nat. Mus., El Cajon, California.

e. Mustela frenata pulchra, ? ad., 16668, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., type, Buttonwillow, California.

f. Mustela frenata inyoensis, ? ad., 25907, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., 2 mi. N Independence, California.

g. Mustela frenata neomexicana, ? ad., 1485, Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ., Kansas, Liberal, Kansas.

h. Mustela frenata texensis, ? ad., 14821, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Kerr County, Texas.

i. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 50826, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tlalpam, MÉxico, D. F.

Plate 23. Ventral views of same skulls shown in Plate 22.

a. munda;

b. xanthogenys;

c. nigriauris;

d. latirostra;

e. pulchra;

f. inyoensis;

g. neomexicanus;

h. texensis;

i. frenata.

Plate 24. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in lateral view, of ten subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata nigriauris, ? ad., 487, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, California.

b. Mustela frenata latirostra, ? ad., 52702, U. S. Nat. Mus., El Cajon, California.

c. Mustela frenata pulchra, ? ad., 16668, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., type, Buttonwillow, Calif.

d. Mustela frenata inyoensis, ? ad., 25907, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., type, 2 mi. N Independence, California.

e. Mustela frenata neomexicana, ? ad., 1485, M. N. H., Univ. Kansas, Liberal, Kansas.

f. Mustela frenata texensis, ? ad., 14821, A. M. N. H., Kerr County, Texas.

g. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 50826, U. S. Nat. Mus., Tlalpam, MÉxico, D. F.

h. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 125972, U. S. N. M., Los Reyes, MichoacÁn.

i. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., [14063,] Field Mus. N. H., type, Achotal, Veracruz.

j. Mustela frenata goldmani, ? ad., 77519, U. S. Nat. Mus., Pinabete, Veracruz.

Plate 25. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in dorsal view of nine subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural Size.

a. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 125972, U. S. Nat. Mus., Los Reyes, MichoacÁn.

b. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., 14063, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Achotal, Veracruz.

c. Mustela frenata goldmani, ? ad., 133253, U. S. Nat. Mus., 20 mi. SE Teopisca, Chiapas.

d. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54994, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Jico, Veracruz.

e. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 100041, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Teapa, Tabasco.

f. Mustela frenata nicaraguae, ? sad., 30754, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Matagalpa, Nicaragua.

g. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? ad., 3.2.1.6., British Mus. Nat. Hist., San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

h. Mustela frenata panamensis, ? ad., 18848, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Boquete, PanamÁ.

i. Mustela frenata meridana, ? ad., 123341, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, MÉrida, Venezuela.

Plate 26. Ventral views of same skulls shown in Plate 25.

a. leucoparia;

b. macrophonius;

c. goldmani;

d. tropicalis;

e. perda;

f. nicaraguae;

g. costaricensis;

h. panamensis;

i. meridana.

Plate 27. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in lateral view of ten subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54994, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Jico, Veracruz.

b. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 100041; U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Teapa, Tabasco.

c. Mustela frenata nicaraguae, ? sad., 30754, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Matagalpa, Nicaragua.

d. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? ad., 3.2.1.6., British Mus. Nat. Hist., San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

e. Mustela frenata panamensis, ? ad., 18848, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Boquete, PanamÁ.

f. Mustela frenata meridana, ? ad., 24309, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., MÉrida, Venezuela.

g. Mustela frenata aureoventris, ? yg., 34677, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Gualea, Ecuador.

h. Mustela frenata helleri, ? ad., 24133, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Rio Chinchao, PerÚ.

i. Mustela frenata macrura, ? ad., 561, Mus. Polonais d' Hist., Nat., type, JunÍn, PerÚ.

j. Mustela frenata agilis, ? ad., 8.1.10.1., British Mus. Nat. Hist., Lima, PerÚ.

Plate 28. Photographs, retouched (except f), of skulls, in dorsal view of nine kinds (species and subspecies) of Mustela. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata aureoventris, ? yg., 34677, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Gualea, Ecuador.

b. Mustela frenata helleri, ? ad., 24133, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Rio Chinchao, PerÚ.

c. Mustela frenata macrura, ? ad., 561, Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type, JunÍn, PerÚ.

d. Mustela frenata agilis, ? ad., 8.1.10.1., British Mus. Nat. Hist., Lima, PerÚ.

e. Mustela frenata boliviensis, ? ad., 72587, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Nequejahuira, Bolivia.

f. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 43.6.4.55., British Mus., Nat. Hist., type, California.

g. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? yg., 37149, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

h. Mustela frenata panamensis, ? yg., 178970, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mt. Pirre, PanamÁ.

i. Mustela africana africana, ? yg., 37475, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., ParÁ, Brazil.

Plate 29. Photographs, retouched, of skulls, in ventral view, of nine kinds (species and subspecies) of Mustela. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata aureoventris, ? yg., 34677, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Gualea, Ecuador.

b. Mustela frenata helleri, ? ad., 24133, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Rio Chinchao, PerÚ.

c. Mustela frenata macrura, ? ad., 561, Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type, JunÍn, PerÚ.

d. Mustela frenata agilis, ? ad., 8.1.10.1., British Mus. Nat. Hist., Lima, PerÚ.

e. Mustela frenata boliviensis, ? ad., 72587, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Nequejahuira, Bolivia.

f. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 47179/34914, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, PÁtzcuaro, MichoacÁn.

g. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? yg., 37149, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

h. Mustela frenata panamensis, ? yg., 178970, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mt. Pirre, PanamÁ.

i. Mustela africana africana, ? yg., 37475, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., ParÁ, Brazil.

Plate 30. Photographs, retouched (except e and q) of skulls and lower jaws of Mustela.

a. Mustela frenata boliviensis, ? ad., 72587, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Nequejahuira, Bolivia.

b. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 43.4.6.55, British Mus. Nat. Hist., type, California.

c. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? yg., 37149, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

d. Mustela frenata panamensis, ? yg., 178970, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mt. Pirre, PanamÁ.

e. Mustela frenata affinis, ? ad., 54.6.3.4, British Mus. Nat. Hist., type, New Granada [= Colombia].

f. Mustela africana africana, ? yg., 37475, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., ParÁ, Brazil.

g. Mustela frenata saturata, ? ad., 65930, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Siskiyou, Oregon.

h. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? ad., 43828/32019, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Grants Pass, Oregon.

i. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 5459, Mus. Comp. Zool., type, Point Reyes, California.

j. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 47179/34914, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, PÁtzcuaro, MichoacÁn.

k. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., 14963, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Achotal, Veracruz.

l. Mustela frenata goldmani, ? ad., 77519, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Pinabete, Chiapas.

m. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54994, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Jico, Veracruz.

n. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 100041, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, Teapa, Tabasco.

o. Mustela frenata nicaraguae, ? sad., 30754, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Matagalpa, Nicaragua.

p. Mustela frenata costaricensis, ? yg., 37149, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, San JosÉ, Costa Rica.

q. Mustela frenata affinis, ? ad., 54.6.3.4, British Mus. Nat. Hist., type, New Granada [= Colombia].

r. Mustela frenata macrura, ? ad., 561., Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type, JunÍn, PerÚ.

Plate 31. Photos, retouched, of skulls of 9 subspecies of M. frenata, x 1.

a. Mustela frenata noveboracensis, ? ad., 64687, U. S. N. M., Wilmington, Mass.

b. Mustela frenata occisor, ? ad., 9101, Mus. Comp. Zool., Bucksport, Maine.

c. Mustela frenata primulina, ? ad., 3638, U. K. M. N. H., 7 mi. SW Lawrence, Kans.

d. Mustela frenata olivacea, ? ad., 41024, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Sinkola Plantation, Ga.

e. Mustela frenata spadix, ? ad., 188410, U. S. Nat. Mus., Elk River, Minn.

f. Mustela frenata longicauda, ? ad., 75483, U. S. Nat. Mus., Wingard, Sask.

g. Mustela frenata oribasus, ? ad., 9058, M. C. Z., type, source of Kettle River, B. C.

h. Mustela frenata alleni, ??, ad., 7441, A. M. N. H., Black Hills, S. D.

i. Mustela frenata arizonensis, ? ad., 1886, A. M. N. H., type, S. F. Forest, Ariz.

Plate 32. Photos, retouched, of skulls of 9 subspecies of M. frenata, × 1.

a. Mustela frenata noveboracensis, ? ad., 64687, U. S. N. M., Wilmington, Mass.

b. Mustela frenata occisor, ? ad., 9101, Mus. Comp. Zool., Bucksport, Maine.

c. Mustela frenata primulina, ? ad., 3638, U. K. M. N. H., 7 mi. SW Lawrence, Kans.

d. Mustela frenata olivacea, ? ad., 41024, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Sinkola Plantation, Ga.

e. Mustela frenata spadix, ? ad., 188410, U. S. Nat. Mus., Elk River, Minn.

f. Mustela f. longicauda, ? ad., 75483, U. S. Nat. Mus., Wingard, Sask.

g. Mustela frenata oribasus, ? ad., 9058, M. C. Z., type, source of Kettle Riv., B. C.

h. Mustela frenata alleni, ??, ad., 7441, A. M. N. H., Black Hills, S. D.

i. Mustela frenata arizonensis, ? ad., 1886, A. M. N. H., type, S. F. Forest, Ariz.

Plate 33. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in lateral view of ten subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata noveboracensis, ? ad., 64687, U. S. N. M., Wilmington, Mass.

b. Mustela frenata occisor, ? ad., 9101, Mus. Comp. Zool., Bucksport, Maine.

c. Mustela frenata primulina, ? ad., 3638, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 7 mi. SW Lawrence, Kansas.

d. Mustela frenata olivacea, ? ad., 41024, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Sinkola Plantation, Ga.

e. Mustela frenata spadix, ? ad., 188410 (2196), U. S. Nat. Mus., Elk River, Minn.

f. Mustela frenata longicauda, ? ad., 75483, U. S. Nat. Mus., Wingard, Sask.

g. Mustela frenata oribasus, ? ad., 9058, Mus. Comp. Zool., type, source of Kettle River, British Columbia.

h. Mustela frenata alleni, ??, ad., 7441, Amer. Mus. N. H., Black Hills, S. D.

i. Mustela frenata arizonensis, ? ad., 1886, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, San Francisco, Forest, Arizona.

j. Mustela frenata nevadensis, ? ad., 41503, M. V. Z., type, 3 mi. E Baker, Nev.

Plate 34. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in dorsal view, of eight subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata nevadensis, ? ad., 41503, M. V. Z., type, 3 mi. E Baker, Nevada.

b. Mustela frenata washingtoni, ? sad., 81953, U. S. N. M., Trout Lake, Wash.

c. Mustela frenata altifrontalis, ? ad., 392, coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

d. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? ad., 244520, U. S. Nat. Mus., Medford, Oregon.

e. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 91764, U. S. Nat. Mus., Point Reyes, California.

f. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 19723, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Point Arena, California.

g. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 2626, coll. of W. E. Snyder, Selma, California.

h. Mustela frenata nigriauris, ? ad., 3761, M. V. Z., San Francisco, California.

i. Mustela frenata neomexicana, ? ad., 36482, U. S. N. M., Tombstone, Arizona.

Plate 35. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in ventral view, of eight subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata nevadensis, ? ad., 41503, M. V. Z., type, 3 mi. E Baker, Nevada.

b. Mustela frenata washingtoni, ? sad., 81953, U. S. N. M., Trout Lake, Wash.

c. Mustela frenata altifrontalis, ? ad., 392, coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

d. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? ad., 244520, U. S. Nat. Mus., Medford, Oregon.

e. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 91764, U. S. N. M., Point Reyes, California.

f. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 19723, M. V. Z., Point Arena, California.

g. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 2626, coll. of W. E. Snyder, Selma, Calif.

h. Mustela frenata nigriauris, ? ad., 3761, M. V. Z., San Francisco, California.

i. Mustela frenata neomexicana, ? ad., 36482, U. S. N. M., Tombstone, Arizona.

Plate 36. Photographs, retouched, of skulls in lateral view, of eight subspecies of Mustela frenata. Natural size.

a. Mustela frenata washingtoni, ? sad., 81953, U. S. N. M., Trout Lake, Wash.

b. Mustela frenata altifrontalis, ? ad., 392, coll. of Alex Walker, Blaine, Oregon.

c. Mustela frenata oregonensis, ? ad., 244520, U. S. N. M., Medford, Oregon.

d. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 91764, U. S. N. M., Point Reyes, California.

e. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 19723, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., Point Arena, Calif.

f. Mustela frenata xanthogenys, ? ad., 2626, coll. of W. E. Snyder, Selma, Calif.

g. Mustela frenata nigriauris, ? ad., 3761, Mus. Vert. ZoÖl., San Francisco, Calif.

h. Mustela frenata neomexicana, ? ad., 36482, U. S. N. M., Tombstone, Ariz.

i. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 58685, U. S. Nat. Mus., Brownsville, Texas.

j. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 991, Berlin Zool. Mus., type, MÉxico City, D. F.

k. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 26153, Amer. Mus. N. H., Artenkiki, Jalisco.

l. Mustela frenata perotae, ? ad., 54278, U. S. Nat. Mus., type, 12500 ft., Cofre de Perote, Veracruz.

Plate 37. Photos, retouched, of skulls of 8 subspecies of Mustela frenata, × 1.

a. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 58685, U. S. Nat. Mus., Brownsville, Texas.

b. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 991, Berlin Zool. Mus., type, MÉxico City, D. F.

c. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 26153, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Artenkiki, Jalisco.

d. Mustela f. perotae, ? ad., 54278, U. S. N. M., type, Cofre de Perote, Veracruz.

e. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., 132528, U. S. Nat. Mus., PÉrez, Veracruz.

f. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54993, U. S. Nat. Mus., Jico, Veracruz.

g. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 65422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Catemaco, Veracruz.

h. Mustela frenata meridana, ? ad., 143665, U. S. N. M., MÉrida, Venezuela.

i. Mustela f. macrura, ? ad., 564, M. P. H. N., type of Mustela jelskii, Cutervo, PerÚ.

Plate 38. Photos, retouched, skulls in ventral view, 8 subspecies of M. frenata, × 1.

a. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 58685, U. S. Nat. Mus., Brownsville, Texas.

b. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 991, Berlin Zool. Mus., type, MÉxico City, D. F.

c. Mustela frenata leucoparia, ? ad., 26153, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Artenkiki, Jalisco.

d. Mustela f. perotae, ? ad., 54278, U. S. N. M., type, Cofre de Perote, Veracruz.

e. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., 132528, U. S. Nat. Mus., PÉrez, Veracruz.

f. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54993, U. S. Nat. Mus., Jico, Veracruz.

g. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 65422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Catemaco, Veracruz.

h. Mustela frenata meridana, ? ad., 143665, U. S. N. M., MÉrida, Venezuela.

i. Mustela f. macrura, ? ad., 564, M. P. H. N., type of Mustela jelskii, Cutervo, PerÚ.

Plate 39. Figs. a-h. Photos, retouched, of 10 kinds Mustela, × 1.

a. Mustela frenata macrophonius, ? ad., 132528, U. S. Nat. Mus., PÉrez, Veracruz.

b. Mustela frenata tropicalis, ? ad., 54993, U. S. Nat. Mus., Jico, Veracruz.

c. Mustela frenata perda, ? sad., 65422, U. S. Nat. Mus., Catemaco, Veracruz.

d. Mustela frenata meridana, ? ad., 143665, U. S. Nat. Mus., MÉrida, Venezuela.

e. Mustela f. macrura, ? ad., 564, M. P. H. N., type of Mustela jelskii, Cutervo, PerÚ.

f. Mustela frenata agilis, ? sad., 21147, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Macate, PerÚ.

g. Mustela frenata gracilis, ??, ad., 12431, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type, Conard Fissure, Arkansas, Pleistocene.

h. Mustela a. stolzmanni, ? sad., 24.12.12.24, Brit. M. N. H., Myobamba, PerÚ.

Figs. i-l. Mustela frenata nevadensis, all males, from Colorado, showing seasonal change in color, × approximately 1/9. Note the sharply marked molt line in the pelage of spring and the absence of any definite molt line in autumn.

i. No. 151415 U. S. Nat. Mus., Coventry, December 27, 1907.

j. No. 202741 U. S. Nat. Mus., Pierce Place, April 18, 1913.

k. No. 201681 U. S. Nat. Mus., Jefferson, June 23, 1913.

l. No. 41997 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Navajo River, October 29, 1913.

Plate 40. Photos, retouched, of skulls and lower jaws of Mustela, × 1.

a. Mustela frenata agilis, ? sad., 21147, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Macate, PerÚ.

b. Mustela frenata gracilis, ??, ad., type, 12431, A. M. N. H., Conard Fiss., Ark.

c. Mustela africana stolzmanni, ? sad., 24.12.12.24, Brit. M. N. H., Myobamba, PerÚ.

d. Mustela frenata agilis, ? sad., 21147, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Macate, PerÚ.

e. Mustela frenata gracilis, ??, ad., type, 12431, A. M. N. H., Conard Fiss., Ark.

f. Mustela africana stolzmanni, ? sad., 24.12.12.24, Brit. M. N. H., Myobamba, PerÚ.

g. Mustela africana stolzmanni, ? ad., 563, Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type, Yurimaguas, PerÚ. The palate is broken longitudinally and the two maxillae are slightly out of normal position.

h. Mustela frenata oribasus, ? ad., 9058, M. C. Z., type, source of Kettle Riv., B. C.

i. Mustela frenata munda, ? ad., 91764, U. S. Nat. Mus., Point Reyes, Calif.

j. Mustela frenata frenata, ? ad., 991, Berlin Z. M., type, MÉxico City, D. F.

k. Mustela f. macrura, ? ad., 564, Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type of Mustela jelskii.

l. Mustela africana stolzmanni, ? ad., 563, Mus. Polonais d' Hist. Nat., type, Yurimaguas, PerÚ. Right half of lower jaw reversed.

Plate 41. Photographs, approximately 1/2, of stuffed study-skins of the four species of American weasels. For each pair the male is at the left and the female at the right. Photo. by W. C. Matthews.

Mustela erminea arctica, both in U. S. B. S., from Mts. near Eagle, Alaska, ? 131256 and ? 131245.

Mustela erminea invicta, both in U. S. B. S., from Tungsten Mine, Washington, ? 235236 and ? 235235.

Mustela erminea muricus, both in M. V. Z., from Baker Creek, 8675 ft., Nevada, ? 41501 and ? 41502.

Mustela frenata nigriauris, both in M. V. Z., from California, ? 51666 from Concord and ? 73109 from Berkeley.

Mustela africana africana, ? 37475 A. M. N. H., from ParÁ, Brazil.

Mustela rixosa allegheniensis, both in M. Z. U. M., from Michigan, ? 83260 Swan Creek Farm and ? 88079 from Unadilla.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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