A preface to the Reader as touching the principall Voyages and discourses in this first part.

Hauing for the benefit and honour of my Countrey zealously bestowed so many yeres, so much trauaile and cost, to bring Antiquities smothered and buried in darke silence, to light, and to preserue certaine memorable exploits of late yeres by our English nation atchieued, from the greedy and deuouring lawes of obliuion: to gather likewise, and as it were to incorporate into one body the torne and scattered limmes of our ancient and late Nauigations by Sea, our voyages by land, and traffiques of merchandise by both: and hauing (so much as in me lieth) restored ech particular member, being before displaced, to their true ioynts and ligaments; I meane, by the helpe of Geographie and Chronologie (which I may call the Sunne and the Moone, the right eye and the left of all history) referred ech particular relation to the due time and place: I do this second time (friendly Reader, if not to satisfie, yet at least for the present to allay and hold in suspense thine expectation) presume to offer vnto thy view this first part of my threefold discourse. For the bringing of which into this homely and rough-hewen shape, which here thou seest; what restlesse nights, what painefull dayes, what heat, what cold I haue indured; how many long & chargeable iourneys I haue trauailed; how many famous libraries I haue searched into; what varietie of ancient and moderne writers I haue perused; what a number of old records, patents, priuleges, letters, &c. I haue redeemed from obscuritie and perishing; into how manifold acquaintance I haue entered; what expenses I haue not spared; and yet what faire opportunities of priuate game, preferment, and ease I haue neglected; albeit thyselfe canst hardly imagine, yet I by daily experience do finde & feele, and some of my entier friends can sufficiently testifie. Howbeit (as I told thee at the first) the honour and benefit of this common weale wherein I liue and breathe, hath made all difficulties seeme easie, all paines and industrie pleasant and all expenses of light value and moment vnto me.

For (to conteine myselfe onely within the bounds of this present discourse and in the midst thereof to begin) wil it not in all posteritie be as great a renowme vnto our English nation to haue bene the first discouerers of a Sea beyond the North cape (neuer certainly knowen before) and of a conuenient passage into the huge Empire of Russia by the bay of S. Nicholas and the riuer of Duina; as for the Portugales to haue found a Sea beyond the Cape of Buona Esperanza, and so consequently a passage by Sea into the East Indies; or for the Italians and Spaniards to haue discouered vnknowen landes so many hundred leagues Westward and Southwestward of the streits of Gibraltar, & of the pillers of Hercules? Be it granted that the renowmed Portugale Vasques de Gama trauersed the maine Ocean Southward of Africke: Did not Richard Chanceler and his mates performe the like Northward of Europe? Suppose that Columbus that noble and high-spinted Genuois escried vnknowen landes to the Westward of Europe and Africke: Did not the valiant English knight sir Hugh Willoughby; did not the famous Pilots Stephen Burrough, Arthur Pet, and Charles Iackman accoast Noua Zembia, Colgoieue, and Vaigatz to the North of Europe and Asia? Howbeit you will say perhaps, not with the like golden successe, not with such deductions of Colonies, nor attaining of conquests. True it is that our successe hath not bene correspondent vnto theirs: yet in this our attempt the vncertaintie of finding was farre greater, and the difficultie and danger of searching was no whit lesse. For hath not Herodotus (a man for his time, most skilfull and iudicial in Cosmographie, who writ aboue 2000. yeeres ago) in his 4. booke called Melpomene, signified vnto the Portugales in plaine termes; that Africa, except the small Isthmus between the Arabian gulfe and the Mediterran sea, was on all sides enuironed with the Ocean? And for the further confirmation thereof, doth he not make mention of one Neco an Ægyptian King, who (for trials sake) sent a fleet of Phoenicians downe the Red sea, who setting forth in Autumne and sailing Southward till they had the Sunne at noonetide vpon their sterbourd (that is to say hauing crossed the Æquinoctial and the Southerne tropique) after a long Nauigation directed their course to the North and in the space of 3. years enuironed all Africk, passing home through the Gaditan strait and arriuing in Ægypt. And doth not [Footnote: Lib. 2. nat. hist. cap. 67.] Plinie tell them that noble Hanno in the flourishing time and estate of Carthage sailed from Gades in Spaine to the coast of Arabia foelix, and put down his whole iournall in writing? Doth he not make mention that in the time of Augustus CÆsar the wracke of certaine Spanish ships was found floating in the Arabian gulfe? And, not to be ouer tedious in alleaging of testimonies, doth not Strabo in the 2. booke of his Geography, together with Cornelius Nepos and Plinie in the place beforenamed, agree all in one, that one Eudoxus fleeing from King Lathyrus, and sailing downe the Arabian bay, sailed along, doubled the Southern point of Africk, and at length arriued at Gades? And what should I speake of the Spaniards? Was not diuine [Footnote: In TimÆo] Plato (who liued so many ages ago and plainely described their West Indies vnder the name of Atlantis) was not he (I say) instead of a Cosmographer vnto them? Were not those Carthaginians mentioned by Aristotle lib. [Footnote: [Greek: peri thaumasion akousmaton]] de admirabil. auscult. their forerunners? And had they not Columbus to stirre them vp and pricke them forward vnto their Westerne discoueries; yea to be their chiefe loads man and Pilot? Sithens therefore these two worthy Nations had those bright lampes of learning (I meane the most ancient and best Philosophers, Historiographers and Geographers) to shewe them light; and the load starre of experience (to wit those great exploits and voyages layed vp in store and recorded) whereby to shape their course: what great attempt might they not presume to vndertake? But alas our English nation, at the first setting foorth for their Northeasterne discouery, were either altogether destitute of such cleare lights and inducements or if they had any inkling at all it was as misty as they found the Northren seas, and so obscure and ambiguous, that it was meet rather to deterre them then to giue them encouragement.

But besides the foresaid vncertaintie into what dangers and difficulties they plunged themselues, Animus meminisse horret, I tremble to recount. For first they were to expose themselues vnto the rigour of the sterne and vncouth Northren seas, and to make triall of the swelling waues and boistrous winds which there commonly do surge and blow: then were they to saile by the ragged and perilous coast of Norway, to frequent the vnhaunted shoares of Finmark, to double the dreadfull and misty North cape, to beare with Willoughbres land, to run along within kenning of the Countreys of Lapland and Corelia, and as it were to open and vnlocke the seuen-fold mouth of Duina. Moreouer, in their Northeasterly Nauigations, vpon the seas and by the coasts of Condora, Colgoieue, Petzora, Ioughoria, Samoedia, Noua Zembla, &c. and their passing and returne through the streits of Vaigats, vnto what drifts of snow and mountaines of yce euen in Iune, Iuly, and August, vnto what hideous ouerfals, vncertaine currents, darke mistes and fogs, and diuers other fearefull inconueniences they were subiect and in danger of, I wish you rather to learne out of the voyages of sir Hugh Willoughbie, Stephen Burrough, Arthur Pet and the rest, then to expect in this place an endlesse catalogue thereof. And here by the way I cannot but highly commend the great industry and magnanimity of the Hollanders, who within these few yeeres haue discouered to 78. yea (as themselues affirme) to 81. degrees of Northerly latitude [Footnote: This is wrong. The Austro-Hungarian Expedition of 1872-1874 only reached 81° in Franz Josef Land. Barentz certainly neuer penetrated beyond 77° or 78°] yet with this prouiso; that our English nation led them the dance, brake the yce before them, and gaue them good leaue to light their candle at our torch [Footnote: This refers to the expeditions of Willoughby (1553), Frobisher (1576-7), Pett, Jackman (1580), and Davis (1585)]. But nowe it is high time for vs to weigh our ancre, to hoise vp our sailes, to get cleare of these boistrous, frosty, and misty seas, and with all speede to direct our course for the milde, lightsome, temperate, and warme Atlantick Ocean, ouer which the Spaniards and Portugales haue made so many pleasant prosperous and golden voyages. And albeit I cannot deny, that both of them in their East and West Indian Nauigations haue indured many tempests, dangers, and shipwracks: yet this dare I boldly affirme; first that a great number of them haue satisfied their fame-thirsty and gold-thirsty mindes with that reputation and wealth, which made all perils and misaduentures seeme tolerable vnto them, and secondly, that their first attempts (which in this comparison I doe onely stand vpon) were no whit more difficult and dangerous, then ours to the Northeast. For admit that the way was much longer, yet was it neuer barred with ice, mist, or darknes, but was at all seasons of the yeere open and Nauigable; yea and that for the most part with fortunate and fit gales of winde. Moreouer they had no forren prince to intercept or molest them, but their owne Townes, Islands and maine lands to succour them. The Spaniards had the Canary Isles: and so had the Portugales the Isles of the Acores of Porto santo, of Madera, of Cape verd, the castle of Mina, the fruitfull and profitable Isle of S. Thomas, being all of them conueniently situated, and well fraught with commodities. And had they not continuall and yerely trade in some one part or other of Africa, for getting of slaues, for sugar, for Elephants teeth, graines, siluer, gold and other precious wares, which serued as allurements to draw them on by little and little, and as proppes to stay them from giuing ouer their attempts? But nowe let vs leaue them and returne home vnto ourselues.

In this first volume (Friendly Reader) besides our Northeasterne Discoueries by sea, and the memorable voyage of M. Christopher Hodson, and M. William Burrough, Anno 1570. to the Narue, wherein with merchants ships onely, they tooke fiue strong and warrelike ships of the Freebooters, which lay within the sound of Denmark of purpose to intercept our English Fleete: besides 1 all these (I say) thou maiest find here recorded, to the lasting honor of our nation, all their long and dangerous voyages for the aduauncing of traffique by riuer and by land to all parts of the huge and wide Empire of Russia: as namely Richard Chanceler his first fortunate arriuall at Newnox, his passing vp the riuer of Dwina to the citie of Vologda for the space of 1100. versts, and from thence to Yaruslaue, Rostoue, Peraslaue, and so to the famous citie of Mosco, being 1500. versts trauell in all. Moreouer, here thou hast his voiage penned by himselfe (which I hold to be very authentical, & for the which I do acknowledge my selfe beholding vnto the excellent Librarie of the right honorable my lord Lumley) wherein he describeth in part the state of Russia, the maners of the people and their religion, the magnificence of the Court, the maiestie, power, and riches of the Emperour, and the gracious entertainment of himselfe. But if he being the first man, and not hauing so perfect intelligence as they that came after him, doeth not fullie satisfie your expectation in describing the foresayd countrey and people; I then referre you to Clement Adams his relation next following, to M. Ienkinsons discourse as touching that argument to the smooth verses of M. George Turberuile, and to a learned and excellent discourse set downe pag. 536. of this volume, [Footnote: Refers to original edition.] and the pages following. Vnto all which (if you please) you may adde Richard Iohnsons strange report of the Samoeds pag. 316. But to returne to our voyages performed within the bounds of Russia, I suppose (among the rest) that difficult iourney of Southam and Sparke, from Colmogro and S. Nicholas Baie, vp the great riuer of Onega, and so by other riuers and lakes to the citie of Nouogrod velica vpon the West frontier of Russia, to be right woorthy of obseruation; as likewise that of Thomas Alcock from Mosco to Smolensko, and thence to Tirwill in Polonia, pag. 339. & that also of M. Hierome Horsey from Mosco to Vobsko, and so through Liefland to Riga, thence by the chiefe townes of Prussia and Pomerland to Rostok, and so to Hamburg, Breme, Emden, &c. Neither hath our nation bene contented onely throughly to search into all parts of the Inland, and view the Northren, Southerne, and Westerne frontiers, but also by the rulers of Moscua, Occa and Volga, to visite Cazan and Astracan, the farthest Easterne and Southeasterne bounds of that huge Empire. And yet not containing themselues within all that maine circumference they haue aduentured their persons, shippes, and goods, homewards and outwards, foureteene times ouer the vnknowen and dangerous Caspian sea; that valiant, wise, and personable gentleman M. Anthonie Ienkinson being their first ring-leader: who in Anno 1558. sailing from Astracan towards the East shore of the Caspian sea, and there arriuing at the port of Mangusla, trauelled thence by Vrgence and Shelisur, and by the riuers of Oxus and Ardok, 40. dayes iourney ouer desert and wast countreys, to Boghar a principall citie of Bactria, being there & by the way friendly entertained, dismissed, and safely conducted by certaine Tartarian kings and Murses. Then haue you a second Nauigation of his performance to the South shore of the foresayd Caspian sea, together with his landing at Derbent, his arriuall at Shabran, his proceeding vnto Shamaky, the great curtesie vouchsafed on him by Obdolowcan king of Hircan, his iourney after of 30. dayes Southward, by Yauate, Ardouil, and other townes and cities to Casben, being as then the seate imperiall of Shaugh Thamas the great Sophy of Persia, with diuers other notable accidents in his going foorth, in his abode there, and in his returne home. Immediately after you haue set downe in fiue seuerall voiages the successe of M. Ienkinsons laudable and well-begun enterprise, vnder the foresayd Shaugh Thamas, vnder Shally Murzey the new king of Hircan, and lastly our traffique with Osman Basha the great Turkes lieutenant at Derbent. Moreouer, as in M. Ienkinsons trauel to Boghar the Tartars, with their territories, habitations, maner of liuing, apparell, food, armour, &c. are most liuely represented vnto you: so likewise in the sixe Persian Iournals you may here and there obserue the state of that countrey, of the great Shaugh and of his subiects, together with their religion, lawes, customes, & maner of gouernment, their coines, weights and measures, the distances of places, the temperature of the climate and region, and the natural commodities and discommodities of the same.

Furthermore in this first Volume, all the Ambassages and Negociations from her Maiestie to the Russian Emperor, or from him vnto her Maiestie, seemed by good right to chalenge their due places of Record. As namely, first that of M. Randolph, 1568. then the emploiment of M. Ienkinson 1571. thirdly, Sir Ierome Bowes his honorable commission and ambassage 1582. and last of all the Ambassage of M. Doct. Fletcher 1588. Neither do we forget the Emperours first Ambassador Osep Napea, his arriuall in Scotland, his most honourable entertainment and abode in England, and his dismission into Russeland. In the second place we doe make mention of Stephen Tuerdico, and Pheodata Pogorella; thirdly, of Andrea Sauin; and lastly, of Pheodor Andrewich Phisemski. And to be briefe, I haue not omitted the Commissions, Letters, Priuileges, Instructions, Obseruations, or any other Particulars which might serue both in this age, and with all posteritie, either for presidents in such like princely and weightie actions to bee imitated, or as woorthy monuments in no wise to bee buried in silence. Finally that nothing should be wanting which might adde any grace or shew of perfection vnto this discourse of Russia; I haue prefixed before the beginning thereof, the petigree and genealogie of the Russian Emperors and Dukes, gathered out of their owne Chronicles by a Polonian, containing in briefe many notable antiquities and much knowledge of those partes as likewise about the conclusion, I haue signified in the branch of a letter the last Emperour Pheodor Iuanowich his death, and the inauguration of Boris Pheodorowich vnto the Empire.

But that no man should imagine that our forren trades of merchandise haue bene comprised within some few yeeres or at least wise haue not bene of any long continuance, let vs now withdraw our selues from our affaires in Russia, and ascending somewhat higher, let vs take a sleight suruey of our traffiques and negotiations in former ages. First therefore the reader may haue recourse vnto the 137 page [Footnote: This refers to the original edition] of this Volume & there with great delight and admiration, consider out of the iudicial Historiographer Cornelius Tacitus, that the Citie of London fifteene hundred yeeres agoe in the time of Nero the Emperour was most famous for multitude of merchants and concourse of people. In the pages folowing he may learne out of Venerable Beda, that almost 900. yeeres past, in the time of the Saxons, the said citie of London was multorum emporium populorum, a Mart towne for many nations. There he may behold, out of William of Malmesburie, a league concluded betweene the most renowned and victorious Germane Emperour Carolus Magnus, and the Saxon king Offa, together with the sayd Charles his patronage and protection granted vnto all English merchants which in those dayes frequented his dominions. There may hee plainly see in an auncient testimonie translated out of the Saxon tongue, how our merchants were often woont for traffiques sake, so many hundred yeeres since, to crosse the wide Seas and how their industry in so doing was recompensed. Yea, there mayest thou obserue (friendly Reader) what priuileges the Danish king Canutus obtained at Rome of Pope Iohn of Conradus the Emperour, and of king Rudolphus for our English merchants Aduenturers of those times. Then if you shall thinke good to descend vnto the times and ages succeeding the conquest, there may you partly see what our state of merchandise was in the time of king Stephen and of his predecessor, and how the Citie of Bristol (which may seeme somewhat strange) was then greatly resorted vnto with ships from Norway and from Ireland. There may you see the friendly league betweene king Henry the second, and the famous Germane Emperour Friderick Barbarossa, and the gracious authorizing of both their merchats to traffique in either of their dominions. And what need I to put you in mind of king Iohn his fauourable safe conduct, whereby all forren merchants were to haue the same priuileges here in England, which our English merchants enioied abroad in their seuerall countreys. Or what should I signifie vnto you the entercourse of league and of other curtesies betweene king Henry the third, and Haquinus king of Norway; and likewise of the free trade of merchandise between their subiects: or tell you what fauours the citizens of Colen, of Lubek, and of all the Hansetownes obtained of king Edward the first; or to what high endes and purposes the generall, large, and stately Charter concerning all outlandish merchants whatsoeuer was by the same prince most graciously published? You are of your owne industry sufficiently able to conceiue of the letters & negotiatios which passed between K. Edward the 2. & Haquinus the Noruagian king; of our English merchants and their goods detained vpon arrest at Bergen in Norway; and also of the first ordination of a Staple, or of one onely setled Mart towne for the vttering of English woolls & woollen fells instituted by the sayd K. Edward last before named. All which (Reader) being throughly considered, I referre you then to the Ambassages, Letters, Traffiques, and prohibition of Traffiques, concluding and repealing of leagues, damages, reprisals, arrests, complaints, supplications, compositions and restitutions which happened in the time of king Richard the 2. and king Henry the 4. between the said kings and their subiects on the one partie; and Conradus de Zolner, Conradus de Iungingen, and Vlricus de Iungingen, three of the great masters of Prussia, and their subiects, with the common societie of the Hans-townes on the other partie. In all which discourse you may note very many memorable things; as namely first the wise, discreet, and cautelous dealing of the Ambassadors and Commissioners of both parts, then the wealth of the foresaid nations, and their manifold and most vsuall kinds of wares vttered in those dayes, as likewise the qualitie, burthen, and strength of their shipping, the number of their Mariners, the maner of their combates at sea, the number and names of the English townes which traded that way, with the particular places as well vpon the coast of Norway, as euery where within the sound of Denmark which they frequented; together with the inueterate malice and craftie crueltie of the Hanse. And because the name, office, and dignitie of the masters generall or great Masters of Prussia would otherwise haue been vtterly darke and vnknowen to the greater part of Readers, I haue set downe immediatly before the first Prussian ambasasage, pagina 158 [Footnote: This means, of course, page 158 of original edition.] a briefe and orderly Catalogue of them all, containing the first originall and institution of themselues and of their whole knightly order and brotherhood, with the increase of reuenues and wealth which befell them afterward in Italy and Germany and the great conquests which they atchieued vpon the infidels of Prussia, Samogitia, Curland, Liefland, Lituania, &c. also their decay and finall ouerthrow, partly by the reuolt of diuers Townes and Castles vnder their iurisdiction, and partly by the meanes of their next mightie neighbour the King of Poland.

After all these, out of 2. branches of 2. ancient statutes, is partly shewed our trade and the successe thereof with diuers forren Nations in the time of K. Henry the sixth.

Then followeth the true processe of English policie, I meane that excellent and pithy treatise de politia conseruatiua maris: which I cannot to any thing more fitly compare, then to the Emperour of Russia his palace called the golden Castle, and described by Richard Chanceller page 264. [Footnote: Ibidem.] of this volume: whereof albeit the outward apparance was but homely and no whit correspondent to the name, yet was it within so beautified and adorned with the Emperour his maiesticall presence, with the honourable and great assembly of his rich-attired Peers and Senatours, with an inualuable and huge masse of gold and siluer plate, & with other princely magnificence; that well might the eyes of the beholders be dazeled, and their cogitations astonished thereat. For indeed the exteriour habit of this our English politician, to wit, the harsh and vnaffected stile of his substantiall verses and the olde dialect of his wordes is such; as the first may seeme to haue bene whistled of Pans oaten pipe, and the second to haue proceeded from the mother of Euander; but take you off his vtmost weed, and beholde the comelinesse, beautie, and riches which lie hid within his inward sense and sentence, and you shall finde (I wisse) so much true and sound policy, so much delightfull and pertinent history, so many liuely descriptions of the shipping and wares in his time of all the nations almost in Christendome, and such a subtile discouery of outlandish merchants fraud, and of the sophistication of their wares, that needes you must acknowledge, that more matter and substance could in no wise be comprised in so little a roome. [Footnote: The poem here alluded to was written between 1416 and 1438, as appears from the lines:

"For Sigismond, the great Emperour
Wich yet reigneth, when he was in this land
With King Henryy the fifth" etc.

Sigismund died in 1438, and visited England in 1416.] And notwithstanding (as I said) his stile be vnpolished, and his phrases somewhat out of vse, yet, so neere as the written copies would giue me leaue, I haue most religiously without alteration obserued the same, thinking it farre more conuenient that himselfe should speake, then that I should bee his spokesman, and that the Readers should enioy his true verses, then mine or any other mans fained prose.

Next after the conclusion of the last mentioned discourse, the Reader may in some sort take a vieu of our state of merchandise vnder K. Edward the fourth, as likewise of the establishing of an English company in the Netherlands, and of all the discreet prouisoes, iust ordinations, & gratious priuileges conteined in the large Charter which was granted for the same purpose.

Now besides our voyages and trades of late yeeres to the North and Northeast regions of the world, and our ancient traffique also to those parts; I haue not bene vnmindefull (so farre as the histories of England and of other Countreys would giue me direction) to place in the fore-front of this booke those forren conquests, exploits, and trauels of our English nation, which haue bene atchieued of old. Where in the first place (as I am credibly informed out of Galfridas Monumetensis, and out of M. Lambert his [Greek: Archaionomia]) I haue published vnto the world the noble actes of Arthur and Malgo two British Kings. Then followeth in the Saxons time K. Edwin his conquest of Man and Anglesey, and the expedition of Bertus into Ireland. Next succeedeth Octher making relation of his doings, and describing the North Countreys, vnto his soueraigne Lord K. Ecfrid. After whom Wolstans Nauigation within the Sound of Denmark is mentioned, the voyage of the yong Princes Edmund and Edward into Sweden and Hungarie is recorded, as likewise the mariage of Harald his daughter vnto the Russian duke Ieruslaus. Neither is that Englishman forgotten, who was forced to traueile with the cruel Tartars into their Countrey, and from thence to beare them company into Hungary and Poland. And because those Northeasterne Regions beyond Volga, by reason of the huge deserts, the colde climate, and the barbarous inciuilitie of the people there inhabiting, were neuer yet throughly traueiled by any of our Nation, nor sufficiently knowen vnto vs: I haue here annexed vnto the said Englishmans traueile, the rare & memorable iournals of 2. Friers, who were some of the first Christians that trauailed farthest that way, and brought home most particular intelligence & knowledge of all things which they had seene. These Friers were sent as Ambassadours vnto the sauage Tartars (who had as then wasted and ouerrunne a great part of Asia, and had pierced farre into Europe with fire and sword) to mitigate their fury, and to offer the glad tidings of the Gospel vnto them. The former, namely Iohannes de Plano Carpini (whose iourney, because he road sixe moneths poste directly beyond Boristhenes, did, I thinke, both for length and difficultie farre surpasse that of Alexander the great, vnto the riuer of Indus) was in the yeere 1246. sent with the authoritie and commission of a Legate from Pope Innocentius the fourth: who passed through more garisons of the Tartars, and wandered ouer more vast, barren, and cold deserts, then (I suppose) an army of an hundred thousand good souldiers could haue done. The other, to wit, William de Rubricis, was 1253. by the way of Constantinople, of the Euxin sea, and of Taurica Chersonesus imployed in an ambassage from Lewis the French King (waging warre as then against the Saracens in the Holy land) vnto one Sartach a great duke of the Tartars, which Sartach sent him forthwith vnto his father Baatu, and from Baatu he was conducted ouer many large territories vnto the Court of Mangu-Can their Emperour. Both of them haue so well played their parts, in declaring what befell them before they came at the Tartars, what a terrible and vnmanerly welcomming they had at their first arriuall, what cold intertainment they felt in traueiling towards the great Can, and what slender cheere they found at his Court, that they seeme no lesse worthy of praise then of pitie. But in describing of the Tartars Countrey, and of the Regions adiacent, in setting downe the base and sillie beginnings of that huge and ouerspreading Empire, in registring their manifolde warres and bloody conquests, in making relation of their herds and mooueable Townes, as likewise of their food, apparell and armour, and in setting downe their vnmercifull lawes, their fond superstitions, their bestiall liues their vicious maners, their slauish subiection to their owne superiours, and their disdainfull and brutish inhumanitie vnto strangers, they deserue most exceeding and high commendation. Howbeit if any man shall obiect that they haue certaine incredible relations; I answere, first that many true things may to the ignorant seeme incredible. But suppose there be some particulars which hardly will be credited; yet thus much I will boldly say for the Friers, that those particulars are but few, and that they doe not auouch them vnder their owne names, but from the report of others. Yet farther imagine that they did auouch them, were they not to be pardoned as well as Herodotus, Strabo, Plutarch, Plinie, Solinus, yea & a great many of our new principall writers, whose names you may see about the end of this Preface; euery one of which hath reported more strange things then the Friers between the both? Nay, there is not any history in the world (the most Holy writ excepted) whereof we are precisely bound to beleeue ech word and syllable. Moreouer sithens these two iournals are so rare, that Mercator and Ortelius (as their letters vnto me do testifie) were many yeeres very inquisitiue, and could not for all that attaine vnto them; and sithens they haue bene of so great accompt with those two famous Cosmographers, that according to some fragments of them they haue described in their Mappes a great part of those Northeastern Regions; sith also that these two relations containe in some respect more exact history of those vnknowen parts, then all the ancient and newe writers that euer I could set mine eyes on; I thought it good if the translation should chance to swerue in ought from the originals (both for the preseruation of the originals themselues, and the satisfying of the Reader) to put them downe word for word in that homely stile wherein they were first penned. And for these two rare iewels, as likewise for many other extraordinary courtesies, I must here acknowledge my selfe most deepely bounded vnto the right reuerend, graue and learned Prelate, my very good lord the Bishop of Chichester, and L. high Almner vnto her Maiestie; by whose friendship and meanes I had free accesse vnto the right honor my L. Lumley his stately library, and was permitted to copy out of ancient manuscripts, these two iournals and some others also.

After these Friers (thought not in the next place) foloweth a testimonie of Gerardus Mercator, and another of M. Dee, concerning one Nicholas de Linna an English Franciscan Frier.

Then succeedeth the long iourney of Henry Earle of Derbie, and afterward king of England into Prussia & Lithuania, with a briefe remembrance of his valiant exploits against the Infidels there; as namely, that with the help of certaine his Associates, he vanquished the king of Letto his armie, put the sayd king to flight, tooke and slew diuers of his captains, aduanced his English colours vpon the wall of Vilna, & made the citie it selfe to yeeld. Then mention is made also of Tho. of Woodstock his trauel into Pruis, and of his returne home. And lastly, our old English father Ennius, I meane, the learned, wittie, and profound Geffrey Chaucer, vnder the person of his knight, doeth full iudicially and like a cunning Cosmographer, make report of the long voiages and woorthy exploits of our English Nobles, Knights, & Gentlemen, to the Northren, and to other partes of the world in his dayes.

Neither haue we comprehended in this Volume, onely our Trades and Voiages both new and old; but also haue scattered here and there (as the circumstance of times would giue vs leaue) certaine fragments concerning the beginnings, antiquities, and grouth of the classical and warrelike shipping of this Island: as namely, first of the great nauie of that victorious Saxon prince king Edgar, mentioned by Florentius Wigorniensis, Roger Houeden, Rainulph of Chester, Matthew of Westminster, Flores historiarum, & in the libel of English policie, pag. 224. and 225. of this present volume. [Footnote: Original edition.] Of which Authors some affirme the sayd fleet to haue consisted of 4800. others of 4000. some others of 3600. ships: howbeit (if I may presume to gloze vpon the text) I verily thinke that they were not comparable, either for burthen, strength, building, or nimble stirrage vnto the ships of later times, and specially of this age. But howsoeuer it be, they all agree in this, that by meanes of the sayd huge Fleet he was a most puissant prince; yea, and some of them affirme together with William of Malmesbury, that he was not onely soueraigne lord of all the British seas, and of the whole Ile of Britanne it selfe, but also that he brought vnder his yoke of subiection, most of the Isles and some of the maine lands adiacent. And for that most of our Nauigators at this time bee (for want of trade and practise that way) either vtterly ignorant or but meanely skilfull, in the true state of the Seas, Shoulds and Islands, lying between the North part of Ireland and of Scotland, I haue for their better encouragement (if any weightie action shall hereafter chance to drawe them into those quarters) translated into English a briefe treatise called A Chronicle of the Kings of Man. Wherein they may behold as well the tragical and dolefull historie of those parts for the space almost of 300. yeeres, as also the most ordinarie and accustomed nauigations through those very seas, and amidst those Northwesterne Isles called the Hebrides, so many hundred yeeres agoe. For they shall there read, that euen then (when men were but rude in sea causes in regard of the great knowledge which we now haue) first Godredus Crouan with a whole Fleet of ships throughly haunted some places in that sea; secondly, that one Ingemundus setting saile out of Norway, arriued vpon the Isle of Lewis; then, that Magnus the king of Norwau came into the same seas with 160. sailes, and hauing subdued the Orkney Isles in his way, passed on in like conquering maner, directing his course (as it should seeme) euen through the very midst, and on all sides of the Hebrides, who sailing thence to Man, conquered it also, proceeding afterward as farre as Anglesey; and lastly crossing ouer from the Isle of Man to the East part of Ireland. Yea, there they shall read of Godredus the sonne of Olauus his voiage to the king of Norway, of his expedition with 80. ships against Sumerledus, of Sumerled his expedition with 53. ships against him; of Godred his flight and second iourney into Norway, of Sumerled his second arriuall with 160. shippes at Rhinfrin vpon the coast of Man, and of many other such combates, assaults, & voyages which were performed onely vpon those seas & Islands. And for the bringing of this woorthy monument to light, we doe owe great thanks vnto the iudiciall and famous Antiquarie M Camden. But sithens we are entred into a discourse of the ancient warrehke shipping of this land the reader shall giue me leaue to borow one principall note out of this litle historie, before I quite take my leaue thereof, and that is in few words, that K. Iohn passed into Ireland with a Fleet of 500. sailes; so great were our sea-forces euen in his time. Neither did our shipping for the warres first begin to flourish with king Iohn, but long before his dayes in the reign of K. Edward the Confessor, of William the Conquerour, of William Rufus and the rest, there were diuers men of warre which did valiant seruice at sea, and for their paines were roially rewarded. All this and more then this you may see recorded, pag. 19. [Footnote: Of original edition.] out of the learned Gentleman M. Lambert his Perambulation of Kent; namely, the antiquitie of the Kentish Cinque ports, which of the sea-townes they were, how they were infranchised, what gracious priuileges and high prerogatiues were by diuers kings vouchsafed vpon them, and what seruices they were tied vnto in regard thereof; to wit, how many ships, how many souldiers mariners, Garsons, and for how many dayes each of them, and all of them were to furnish for the kings vse; and lastly what great exploits they performed vnder the conduct of Hubert of Burrough, as likewise against the Welshmen, vpon 200. French ships, and vnder the commaund of captaine Henry Pay. Then haue you, pag. 130, [Footnote: Of original edition.] the franke and bountifull Charter granted by king Edward the first, vpon the foresayd Cinque portes: & next thereunto a Roll of the mightie fleet of seuen hundred ships which K. Edward the third had with him vnto the siege of Caleis: out of which Roll (before I proceed any further) let me giue you a double obseruation. First that these ships, according to the number of the mariners which were in all 14151. persons, seeme to haue bene of great burthen; and secondly, that Yarmouth an hauen towne in Northfolke (which I much wonder at) set foorth almost twise as many ships and mariners, as either the king did at his owne costs and charges, or as any one citie or towne in England besides. Howbeit Tho. Walsingham maketh plaine and euident mention of a farre greater Fleete of the same king; namely, of 1100. shippes lying before Sandwich, being all of them sufficiently well furnished. Moreouer the Reader may behold, pag. 205, [Footnote: Of original edition.] a notable testimonie of the mightie ships of that valiant prince king Henry the 5. who (when after his great victory at Agincourt the Frenchmen to recouer Harflew had hired certain Spanish and Italian ships and forces, & had vnited their owne strength vnto them) sent his brother Iohn Duke of Bedford to encounter them, who bidding them battell got the victory, taking some of their ships and, sinking others, and putting the residue to dishonorable flight. Likewise comming the next yeere with stronger powers, and being then also ouercome, they were glad to conclude a perpetuall league with K. Henry: & propter eorum naues (saieth mine Author) that is for the resistance of their ships, the sayd king caused such huge ships to be built, quales non erant in mundo, as the like were not to be found in the whole world besides.

But to leaue our ancient shipping, and descend vnto later times, I thinke that neuer was any nation blessed of IEHOVAH, with a more glorious and wonderfull victory vpon the Seas, then our vanquishing of the dreadfull Spanish Armada, 1588. But why should I presume to call it our vanquishing; when as the greatest part of them escaped vs, and were onely by Gods out-stretched arme ouerwhelmed in the Seas, dashed in pieces against the Rockes, and made fearefull spectacles and examples of his iudgements vnto all Christendome. An excellent discourse whereof, as likewise of the honourable expedition vnder two of the most noble and valiant peeres of this Realme, I meane the renoumed Erle of Essex, and the right honorable the lord Charles Howard, lord high Admirall of England, made 1596. vnto the strong citie of Cadiz, I haue set downe as a double epiphonema to conclude this my first volume withall. Both of which, albeit they ought of right to haue bene placed among the Southerne voyages of our nation, yet partly to satisfie the importunitie of some of my special friends, and partly, not longer to depriue the diligent Reader of two such woorthy and long expected discourses, I haue made bold to straine a litle curtesie with that methode which I first propounded vnto my selfe.

And here had I almost forgotten to put the Reader in mind of that learned and Philosophical treatise of the true state of Iseland, and so consequently of the Northren Seas & regions lying that way, wherein a great number of none of the meanest Historiographers and Cosmographers of later times, as namely, Munster, Gemma Frisius, Zieglerus, Krantzius, Saxo Grammaticus, Olaus Magnus, Peucerus and others, are by euident arguments conuinced of manifold errors, that is to say, as touching the true situation and Northerly latitude of that Island, and of the distance thereof from other places, touching the length of dayes in Sommer and of nights in Winter, of the temperature of the land and sea, of the time and maner of the congealing, continuance, and thawing of the Ice in those Seas, of the first Discouerie and inhabiting of that Island, of the first planting of Christianitie there, as likewise of the continuall flaming of mountains, strange qualities of fountaines, of hel-mouth, and of purgatorie which those authors haue fondly written and imagined to be there. All which treatise ought to be the more acceptable, first in that it hath brought sound trueth with it, and secondly, in that it commeth from that farre Northren climate which most men would suppose could not affoord any one so learned a Patrone for it selfe.

And thus (friendly Reader) thou seest the briefe summe and scope of all my labours for the common-wealths sake, and thy sake, bestowed vpon this first Volume: which if thou shall as thankefully accept, as I haue willingly and freely imparted with thee, I shall bee the better encouraged speedily to acquaint thee with those rare, delightfull and profitable histories, which I purpose (God willing) to publish concerning the Southerne and Westerne parts of the World.

* * * * *

[Greek: EIS APODAEMIAS BRETTANON PONAEMA RIKARDOU TOU HAKLYITOU,

Hygon ho Brochthonos.

Ossoi gaian echousi Brotoi henos ekpephyasi
hos allaela horan ethnesi charma physei.
Hos de thaliplagktos metekiathen ethnea pleista,
hoikoi mimnazous axiagastos ephy.
Exocha Brettanoi d', alloin schisthentes erantai,
idmenai allothroun phyla polysperea.
Indous hesperious kai eoous, Aithiopas te
kai Moschous, kai pant eschatounta genae.
Touton d' oia malista, klyta, klytos Haklyutos
graphen ariphradeos, mnaem aei essomenon.]

* * * * *

In nauales RICHARDI HAKLUYTI Commentarios.

Anglia magnarum foecunda puerpera rerum,
siue solum spectes nobile, siue salum;
QuÆ quantum sumptis se nobilitauent armis,
siue domi gessit prÆlia, siue foris;
Multorum celebrant matura volumina: tantÆ
Insula materiem paruula laudis alit.
At se in quot, qualÉsque, & quando effuderit oras,
qua fidit ignotum peruia classis iter,
Solius Hakluyti decus est, prÆdiuite penna
ostendisse suis ciuibus ausa mari
QuÆcunque idcirco celeri gens Anglica naui,
Oceani tristes spernere docta minas,
A primi generÍsque & gentis origine gessit,
qua via per fluctus vlla pattre potest,
Siue decus laudÉmque secuta, vt & hostibus alas
demeret, atque suis lÆta pararet opes:
Hoc opus Hakluyti; cui debet patria multum,
cui multum, patriÆ quisquis amicus erit
Qui re nÁmque magis se nostra Britannta iactat,
quÀm quod sit prÆter cÆtera classe potens?
Quam prius obsessam tenebris sic liberat, vt nunc
quisque sciat quÀm sit nobile classis opus.
Quam si DÆdalicÈ vtemur surgemus in altum,
sin autem IcaricÈ, quod voret, Æquor habet.
RICH. MVLCASTER.

Eiusdem in eundem

Qui graui primus cecinit camoena
Aureum vellus, procerÉsque GrÆcos,
quos sibi adiunxit comites Ianson
Vectus in Argo
Naue, quÀm primÙm secuisse fluctus
prÆdicant salsos, sibi comparauit
Inde non vnquam moritura magnÆ
prÆmia famÆ
Tanta si merces calamum secuta
VnicÆ nauis referentis acta,
Quanta Rachardum manet Hakluytum
gloria? cuius
Penna descripsit freta mille, mille
InsulÆ nostrÆ celeres carinas,
QuÆ per immensi loca peruolarunt
omnia mundi
Senties gratam patriam, tuÆque
Laudis ÆternÙm memorem, & laboris:
QuÆ tua cura, calamÓque totum
ibit in orbem:
Quam doces omni studio fouere
Nauticum robur, validÁmque classem.
Hac luet quisquis violentus Anglo
vsserit hostis.

* * * * *

In eximium opus R. HAKLUYTI de Anglorum ad disiunctissimas regiones nauigationibus GVLIELMI CAMDENI Hexastichon.

Anglia quÆ penitÙs toto discluditur orbe,
Angulus orbis erat, paruus & orbis erat.
Nunc cÙm sepositos alios detexent orbes,
Maximus orbis honos, Orbis & orbis erit.
At quid Haklute tibi monstranti hÆc debeat orbis?
Laus tua, crede mihi, non erit orbe minor.

* * * * *

Di Marc' Antonio Pigafeta Gentilhuomo Vicentino

Ignota mi starei, con poco honore
Sepolta nell' oscure, antiche carte,
S'alcun de figli miei con spesa & arte
Non hauesse hor scoperto il mio splendore

Ramusio pria pieno d' ardente amore
Manifesto le mie piu riche parte,
Che son lÁ doue il Maragnon diparte,
E doue il Negro allaga, e'l Gange scorre,
Hakluyto poi senza verun risguardo
Di fatica o di danno accolt' hÀ insieme,
CiÒ c' hÀ potuto hauer da typhi Inglesi.
Onde vedrassie dove bella sguardo,
E la Dwina agghiaccia, e l' Obi freme,
Et altri membri miei non ben palesi.

EXTRACT FROM OLDYS'S LIBRARIAN, 1738.
(Article Hakluyt's Voyages.) p. 137.

Oldys (having given a list of the contents of the three volumes of Hakluyt) concludes,

This summary may sufficiently intimate what a treasury of maritime knowledge it is, wherefore we shall here take our leave of it, with referring only to a needful observation or two:

And first, As it has been so useful to many of our authors, not only in Cosmography, and Navigation, but in History, especially that of the glorious reign in which so many brave exploits were atchievcd; As it has been such a LEADING STAR TO THE NAVAL HISTORIES since compiled; and saved from the wreck of oblivion many exemplary incidents in the lives of our most renowned navigators; it has therefore been unworthily omitted in the English historical library. And lastly, though the first volume of this collection, does frequently appear, by the date, in the title page, to be printed in 1599, the reader is not thence to conclude the said volume was then reprinted, but only the title page, as upon collating the books we have observed, and further, that in the said last printed title page, there is no mention made of the Cadiz Voyage; to omit which, might be one reason of reprinting that page; for it being one of the most prosperous and honourable enterprizes that ever the Earl of Essex was ingaged in, and he falling into the Queen's unpardonable displeasure at this time, our author, Mr. Hakluyt, might probably receive command or direction, even from one of the patrons to whom these Voyages are dedicated, who was of the contrary faction not only to suppress all memorial of that action in the front of this book, but even cancel the whole narrative thereof at the end of it, in all the copies (far the greatest part of the impression) which remained unpublished. And in that castrated manner the volume has descended to posterity; not but if the castration was intended to have been concealed from us, the last leaf of the preface would have been reprinted also, with the like omission of what is there mentioned concerning the insertion of this Voyage. But at last, about the middle of the late King's reign, an uncastrated copy did arise, and the said Voyage was reprinted from it, whereby many imperfect books have been made complete.

EXTRACT FROM ZOUCH'S LIFE OF SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, page 317.

Every reader conversant in the annals of oar Naval transactions will cheerfully acknowledge the merit of Richard Hakluyt, who devoted his studies to the investigation of those periods of the English history, which regard the improvement of navigation and commerce. He had the advantage of an academical education. He was elected Student of Christ-Church in Oxford in 1570, and was therefore contemporary with Sidney at the University. To him we are principally indebted for a clear and comprehensive description of those noble discoveries of the English nation made by sea or over land to the most distant quarter of the earth. His incomparable industry was remunerated with every possible encouragement by Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney. To the latter, as to a most generous promoter of all ingenious and useful knowledge, he inscribed his first collection of voyages and discoveries, printed in 1582. Thus animated and encouraged, he was enabled to leave to posterity the fruits of his unwearied labours—an invaluable treasure of nautical information, preserved in volumes, which even at this day, affix to his name a brilliancy of reputation, which a series of ages can never efface or obscure.

argin-right: 0%">[Sidenote: Munst. Frisius.] Sunt in hac Insula montes elati in coelum, quorum vertices perpetua niue candent, radices sempiterno igne Æstuant. Primus Occidentem versus est, qui vocatur Hecla, alter crucis, tertius Helga. Item Zieglerus. Rupes siue promontorium Hecla Æstuans perpetuis ignibus. Item Saxo. In hac itidem Insula mons est, qui rupem sideream perpetuÆ flagrationis Æstibus imitatus, incendia sempiterna iugi flammarum eructatione continuat.

Miracula IslandiÆ Munsterus & Frisius narraturi mox in vestibulo, magno suo cum incommodo impingunt. Nam quod hic de monte Hecla asserunt, etsi aliquam habet veritatis speciem, tamen quod idem de duobus alijs montibus perpetuo igne Æstuantibus dicunt, manifestÈ erroneum est. Illi enim in Islandia non extant, nec quicquam, quod huic tanto scriptorum errori occasionem dederit, imaginari possumus. Facta tamen est, sed nunc demum Anno 1581. ex monte quodam australis IslandiÆ, maritimo, perpetuis niuibus & glacie obducto memorabilis fumi ac flammÆ eruptio, magna saxorum ac cineris copia eiecta. CÆterum ille mons longe est ab his tribus, quos authores commemorant, diuersissimus. Porro etsi hÆc de montibus ignitis maximÈ vera narrarent, annon naturaliter ista contingerent? An ad extruendam illam, quÆ mox in Munstero, Zieglero & Frisio sequitur, de orco Islandico opinionem aliquid faciunt? Ego sanÈ nefas esse duco, his vel similibus naturÆ miraculis ab absurda asserenda abuti, vel hÆc tanquam impossibilia cum quadam impietate mirari. Quasi verÒ non concurrant in huiusmodi incendijs causÆ ad hanc rem satis validÆ. Est in horum montium radicibus materia vri aptissima, nempe sulphurea & bituminosa. Accedit aËr per poros ac cauernas in terrÆ viscera ingressus, ac illum maximi incendij fomitem exsufflans vnÀ cum nitro, qua exsufflatione tanquam follibus quibusdam, ardentissima excitatur flamma. Habet siquidem ignis, his ita conacnientibus, quÆ tria ad vrendum sunt necessaria, materiam scilicet, motum, & tandem penetrandi facultatem: Materiam quidem pinguem & humidam ideoque flammas diuturnas alentem: Motum prÆstat per terrÆ cauernas admissus aËr: Penetrandi facultatem facit ignis vis inuicta, sine respiraculo esse nescientis, & incredibili conatu violenter erumpentis, atque ita (non secus ac in cuniculis machinisue seu tormentis bellicis, globi È ferro maximi, magno cum fragore ac strepitu, À sulphure & nitro, È quibus pyrius puluis conficitur, excitato, eijciuntur) lapides & Saxa in ista voragine ignita, ceu quodam camino, collique facta cum immodica arenÆ & cinerum copia, exspuentis & eiaculantis, idque vt plurimum, non sine terrÆmotu: qui si secundum profunditatem terrÆ fiat, succussio À Possidoneo appellatur vel hiatus erit, vel pulsus. Hiatu terra dehiscit: pulsu eleuatur intumescens, & nonunquam, vt inquit Plinius [Sidenote: Lib. 2. cap. 20.], motes magnas egerit: Cuiusmodi terrÆmotus iam mentionem fecimus, maritima IslandiÆ Australis Anno 1581 infestantis quÍque À Pontano his verbis scitissimÈ describitur.

Ergo incerta ferens raptim vestigia, anhelus
Spiritus incursat, nunc huc, nunc percitus illuc,
ExplorÁtque abitum insistens, & singula tentat,
Si qua forte queat victis erumpere claustris.
Interea tremit ingentem factura ruinam
Terra, suis quatiens latas cum moenibus vrbes:
Dissiliunt auulsa iugis immania saxa, &c.

HÆc addere libuit, non quÒd cuiquam hÆc ignota esse existimemus; sed ne nos alij ignorare credant, atque ideo ad suas fabulas, quas hinc extruunt, confugere velle.

CÆterum video quid etiamnum admirationem non exiguam scriptoribus moueat, in his, quos ignoranter fingunt, tribus IslandiÆ montibus, videlicet cum eorum basin semper ardere dicant, summitates tamen nunquam niue careant. PorrÒ id admirari, est prÆter authoritatem tantorum virorum, quibus ÆtnÆ incendium optimÈ notum erat, quÆ, cÙm secundum Plinium hybernis temporibus niualis sit, noctibus tamen, eodem teste, semper ardet. Quare etiam secundum illos, ille mons, cum adhac niuium copia obducitur, & tamen ardeat sordidarum animarum quoque erit receptaculum: id quod HeclÆ propter niues in summo vertice & basin Æstuantem, adscribere non dubitarunt. [Sidenote: Cardanus.] Vix autem mirum esse potest, quÒd ignis montis radicibus latens, & nunquam, nisi rarissimÈ erumpens, excelsa montis cacumina, quÆ niuibus obducuntur, non collique faciat. Nam & in Caira, altissima montis cacumina niuibus semper candentia esse perhibentur: & in Beragua quidem similiter, sed 5000 passuum in coelum elata, quÆ niuibus nunquam liberentur, cum tamen partibus tantum decem ab Æquatore distent. VtrÁmque hanc prouinciam iuxta Pariam esse sitam accepimus. Quid? quod illa TeneriffÆ (quÆ vna, est ex insulis Canarijs, quÆ & fortunatÆ) pyramis, secundum Munsterum, 8 aut 9 milliarium Germanicorum altitudine in aËra assurgens, atque instar ÆtnÆ iugiter conflagrans, niues, quibus media cingitur, teste Benzone Italo, IndiÆ occidentalis Historico, non resoluit. Quod ipsum in nostra Hecla quid est, quod magis miremur? Atque hÆc ita breuiter de incendijs montanis.

Nunc illud quoque castigandum arbitramur, quod hos montes in coelum vsque attolli scribant. Habent enim nullam prÆ cÆteris IslandiÆ montibus notabilem altitudinem. PrecipuÈ tertius ille Helga À Munstero appellatus, nobis Helgafel. i. Sacer mons, apud monasterium eiusdem nominis, nulla sui parts tempore Æstiuo nimbus obductus, nec montis excelsi, sed potius collis humilis nomen meretur, nunquam, vt initio huius sectionis dixi, de incendio suspectus. Nec verÒ perpetuÆ niues HeclÆ, vel paucis alijs adscribi debebant: Permultos enim habet eiusmodi montes niuosos Islandia, quos omnes vel toto anno, non facilÈ collegerit aut connumerarit, horum prÆdicator & admirator Cosmographus. Quin etiam id non negligendum, quod mons Hecla non occidentem versus, vt À Munstero & Zieglero annotatum est, sed inter meridiem & orientem positus sit. Nec promontorium est: sed mons ferÈ mediterraneus.

[Sidenote: Annales IslandiÆ.] Incendia perpetua ragi, &c. Quicunque perpetuam flammarum cructationem HeclÆ adscripserunt, toto coelo errarunt, adeÒ, vt quoties flammas eructarit, nostrates in annales retulerint, viz. anno Christi 1104. 1157. 1222. 1300. 1341. 1362. & 1389. Neque enim ab illo de montis incendio audire licuit, vsque ad annum 1558. quÆ vltima fuit in illo monte eruptio. Interea non nego, fieri posse, quin mons infernÈ latentes intus flammas & incendia alat, quÆ videlicet statis interuallis, vt hactenus annotatum est, eruperint, aut etiam forte posthac erumpant.

The same in English.

THE SIXTH SECTION

[Sidenote: Monsterus. Frisius.] There be in this Iland mountaines lift vp to the skies, whose tops being white with perpetuall snowe, their roots boile with euerlasting fire. The first is towards the West, called Hecla: the other the mountaine of the crosse: and the third Helga. Item Zieglerus. The rocke or promontone of Hecla boileth with continuall fire. Item: Saxo. There is in this Iland also a mountaine, which resembling the starrie firmament, with perpetuall flashings of fire, continueth alwayes burning, by vncessant belching out of flames.

Munster and Frisius being about to report the woonders of Island doe presently stumble, as it were, vpon the thresholde, to the great inconuenience of them both. For that which they heere affirme of mount Hecla, although it hath some shew of trueth: notwithstanding concerning the other two mountaines, that they should burne with perpetuall fire, it is a manifest errour. For there are no such mountaines to be found in Island, nor yet any thing els (so farre foorth as wee can imagine) which might minister occasion of so great an errour vnto writers. Howbeit there was seene (yet very lately) in the yeere 1581 out of a certaine mountaine of South Island lying neere the Sea, and couered ouer with continuall snow and frost, a marueilous eruption of smoke and fire, casting vp abundance of stones and ashes. But this mountaine is farre from the other three, which the sayd authours doe mention. Howbeit, suppose that these things be true which they report of firie mountaines: is it possible therefore that they should seeme strange, or monstrous, whenas they proceed from naturall causes? What? Doe they any whit preuaile to establish that opinion concerning the hell of Island, which followeth next after in Munster, Ziegler, and Frisius? For my part, I thinke it no way tollerable, that men should abuse these, and the like miracles of nature, to auouch absurdities, or, that they should with a kinde of impietie woonder at them, as at matters impossible. As though in these kindes of inflammations, there did not concurre causes of sufficient force for the same purpose. There is in the rootes of these mountaines a matter most apt to be set on fire, comming so neere as it doeth to the nature of brimstone and pitch. There is ayer also which insinuating it selfe by passages, and holes, into the very bowels of the earth, doeth puffe vp the nourishment of so huge a fire, together with Salt-peter, by which puffing (as it were with certeine bellowes) a most ardent flame is kindled. [Sidenote: Three naturall causes of firie mountaines.] For, all these thus concurring fire hath those three things, which necessarily make it burne, that is to say, matter, motion, and force of making passage: matter which is fattie and moyst, and therefore nourisheth lasting flames: motion which the ayer doeth performe, being admitted into the caues of the earth: force of making passage, and that the inuincible might of fire it selfe (which can not be without inspiration of ayre, and can not but breake foorth with an incredible strength) doeth bring to passe: and so (euen as in vndermining trenches and engines or great warrelike ordinance, huge yron bullets are cast foorth with monstrous roaring, and cracking, by the force of kindled Brimstone, and Salt-peeter, whereof Gunne-powder is compounded) chingle and great stones being skorched in that fiery gulfe, as it were in a furnace, together with abundance of sande and ashes, are vomitted vp and discharged, and that for the most part not without an earthquake which, if it commeth from the depth of the earth, (being called by Possidonius, Succussio) it must either be either an opening or a quaking. Opening causeth the earth in some places to gape, and fall a sunder. By quaking the earth is heaued vp and swelleth, and sometimes (as Plinie saith) [Sidenote: Lib. 20. cap. 20.] casteth out huge heaps: such an earth-quake was the same which I euen now mentioned, which in the yere 1581 did so sore trouble the South shore of Island. And this kinde of earth-quake is most clearkely described by Pontanus in these verses:

The stirrng breath runnes on with stealing steppes,
vrged now vp, and now enforced downe:
For freedome eke tries all, it skips, it leaps,
to ridde it selfe from vncouth dungeon.
Then quakes the earth as it would burst anon,
The earth yquakes, and walled cities quiuer.
Strong quarries cracke, and stones from hilles doe shiuer.

I thought good to adde these things, not that I suppose any man to be ignorant thereof: but least other men should thinke that we are ignorant, and therefore that we will runne after their fables, which they do from hence establish. But yet there is somewhat more in these three famed mountaines of Island, which causeth the sayd writers not a little to woonder, namely whereas they say that their foundations are alwayes burning, and yet for all that, their toppes be neuer destitute of snowe. Howbeit, it beseemeth not the authority and learning of such great clearks to marueile at this, who can not but well know the flames of mount Aetna, which (according to Plinie) being full of snowe all Winter, notwithstanding (as the same man witnesseth) it doth alwayes burne. Wherefore, if we will giue credit vnto them, euen this mountaine also, sithens it is couered with snowe, and yet burneth, must be a prison of vncleane soules: which thing they haue not doubted to ascribe vnto Hecla, in regard of the frozen top, and the fine bottome. And it is no marueile that fire lurking so deepe in the roots of a mountaine, and neuer breaking forth except it be very seldome, should not be able continually to melt the snowe couering the toppe of the sayd mountaine. [Sidenote: Cardanus] For in Caira (or Capira) also, the highest toppes of the mountaine are sayd continually to be white with snowe: and those in Veragua likewise, which are fiue miles high, and neuer without snowe, being distant notwithstanding but onely 10 degrees from the equinoctiall. We haue heard that either of the forsayd Prouinces standeth neere vnto Paria. What, if in Teneriffa (which is one of the Canarie or fortunate Islands) the Pike [Footnote: The Peak.] so called, arising into the ayre, according to Munster, eight or nine Germaine miles in height, and continually flaming like Aetna: yet (as Benzo an Italian, and Historiographer of the West Indies witnesseth) is it not able to melt the girdle of snowe embracing the middest thereof. Which thing, what reason haue we more to admire in the mountaine of Hecla? And thus much briefly concerning firie mountaines.

Now that also is to be amended, whereas they write that these mountaines are lifted vp euen vnto the skies. For they haue no extraordinarie height beyond the other mountaines of Island, but especially that third mountaine, called by Munster Helga, and by vs Helgafel, that is the holy mount, standing iust by a monastery of the same name, being couered with snowe, vpon no part thereof in Summer time, neither deserueth it the name of an high mountaine, but rather of an humble hillocke, neuer yet as I sayd in the beginning of this section, so much as once suspected of burning. Neither yet ought perpetuall snowe to be ascribed to Hecla onely, or to a few others; for Island hath very many such snowy mountaines, all which the Cosmographer (who hath so extolled and admired these three) should not easily find out, and reckon vp in a whole yere. And that also is not to be omitted, that mount Hecla standeth not towards the West, as Munster and Ziegler haue noted, but betweene the South and the East: neither is it an headland, but rather a mid-land hill.

[Sidenote: The chronicles of Island.] Continueth alwayes burning &c. whosoeuer they be that haue ascribed vnto Hecla perpetuall belching out of flames, they are farre besides the marke: insomuch that as often as it hath bene enflamed, our countreymen haue recorded it in their yerely Chronicles for a rare accident: namely in the yeeres of Christ 1104, 1157, 1222, 1300, 1341, 1362, and 1389: For from that yeere we neuer heard of the burning of this mountaine vntill the yeere 1558, which was the last breaking foorth of fire in that mountaine. In the meane time I say not that is impossible, but that the bottome of the hill may inwardly breed and nourish flames, which at certaine seasons (as hath bene heretofore obserued) haue burst out, and perhaps may do the like hereafter. [Footnote: The surface of the country is very mountainous, but there are no definite ranges, the isolated volcanic masses being separated by elevated plateaux of greater or less size. The whole centre is, in fact, an almost continuous desert fringed by a belt of pasture land, lying along the coast and running up the valleys of several of the greater riuers. This desert is occupied partly by snow mountains and glaciers, partly by enormous lava streams, partly by undulating plains of black volcanic sand, shingle, and loose stones. This region is of course without verdure, and entirely uninhabited. The rocks are all of igneous origin, but of very different ages, traps, basalts, amygdaloids, tufas, ochres, and porous lavas. The number of active volcanoes is, at present, not great, but hot springs and mud volcanoes testify to the existence of volcanic action along a line running from the extreme south west at Cape Reykjanes to the north coast near Husavik. The only recent well ascertained eruptions have been from Hecla, Aotlugja, Skaptar Vokul, and (in 1874-5) from the mountains to the south-east of Myratu Lake. The eruption of Skaptar in 1783 is the greatest anywhere on record in respect of the quantity of lava and ashes ejected. Earthquakes are not unfrequent. The greatest mountain group is the Vatna or Klofa Yokul, on the south coast, a mass of snow and ice covering many hundred square miles, and sending down prodigious glaciers which almost reach the sea. From one of these a torrent issues, little more than a hundred yards long, and a mile and a half broad. The line of perpetual snow ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The loftiest summits of this great mountain mass have never been ascended, but the highest point is believed to be the Orefa Yolcal, 6,405 feet. The other considerable peaks in different parts of the island are Herdubreidr (an extinct volcano), 5,290 feet, Eyjafjalla Yokul, 5,579 feet, SnÆfels Yokul, 5,965 feet, and Hecla, 5,095 feet.]

f Holen
—The houses are built of fishes' bones
—Men and beasts all live in one house
—The habits of the inhabitants
—Their morals
—A yearly governor sent from Denmark
—Community of property
—Their want of love for their children
—The status of the bishops
—Food
—Ancient trade with England
ICELANDIC clergy, defended
IERUSLAUS. (See Jeruslaus)
ILSING, mentioned
INDIAN (Ocean), discovered by Portuguese
INDIES (West) first visited by Englishmen
—Mentioned
—Described by Plato
INDUS (River), mentioned
INGEMUNDUS lands in Lewes
—Sent to Man
INGULPH colonizes Iceland
INNOCENTIUS IV, mentioned
IONA, mentioned
IOUGHORIA, mentioned
IPSWICH, mentioned
IRELAND, invaded by Bertus
—Invaded by Magnus
—Conquered by John
—By Arthur
—Sends Ambassadors
—Mentioned
—Conquered by Malgo
ISOCRATES, quoted
IUNGINGEN, Conrad de, mentioned
IUNGINGEN, Ulrich de, mentioned

JACKMAN, Charles, mentioned
JAMES, Doctor, assists Hakluyt
JAPAN, mentioned
JAPANESE in England
JAVA, treaties with
JENKINSON, Anthony, mentioned
—Assists Hakluyt
—His narrative
JERUSALEM, Britains at Siege of
JERUSLAUS, marries Harold's daughter
JOHN, King, confers privileges on foreigners
—Conquers
Ireland
—Mentioned
JOHN, Pope, confers privileges on Canute
JOHNSON, Richard, mentioned
JONAS, Arngrimus, HIS COMMENTARIE OF ICELAND
—Biographical notice
JOSEPH of Arimathea, buried at Glastonbury
JUSTUS, Bishop
JUTLAND, mentioned

KENT, mentioned
KERWARY, Isle of, mentioned
KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, Guild of Navigation founded at
—Mentioned
KIRKWALL, Haco buried at
KNEVETT, Sir Henry, Agent for Henry VIII
KRANTZIUS, mentioned
—Confuted

LACY, Hugo de, invades Ulster
LACY, Walter de, defeats De Courcy
LAGMAN, mentioned
LAMBERT'S [Greek: Archaionomia] quoted
—His Perambulations of
Kent quoted
—The History of the Cinque Ports
LANGLAND, mentioned
LAPLAND coasted
—Mentioned
LATHYRUS, mentioned
LAYLAND, mentioned
LEINSTER, mentioned
LEO, Joachim, criticised
LETTO, King of, conquered
LEWES, Isle of, conquered
—Mentioned
LIBEL, Law of, in Iceland
LIEFLAND, visited by Horsey
—Mentioned
LINNA, Nicholas de, mentioned
—ACCOUNT OF HIS
VOYAGES TO THE NORTH
LISTER, Christopher, mentioned
LITHUANIA, mentioned
—Described
LIVERE DE REIS DE ENGLETERRE, MS., quoted
LOGLEN, Deputy in Man
LOMBARDS, mentioned
LOMBARDY, mentioned
LONDON, famous for Commerce
—Its importance
under the Saxons
—Under Stephen
LOT, King, submits to Arthur
LUMLEY, Lord, his Library
LUZONES, Englishmen landing on
LYNN (Norfolk), mentioned
MACMARRAS, slain
MADEIRA, mentioned
MÆLSTROM, described
MAGELLAN, Straits of, Englishmen passing through
MAGNUS, King of Norway
—Opens coffin of St Olave
MALCOLM, King of Scotland, dies
MALGO, mentioned
—THE CONQUESTS OF
MALMESBURY, William of, quoted
—His ACCOUNT OF THE TREATY BETWEEN CHARLEMAGNE AND OFFA
—HIS ACCOUNT OF LONDON UNDER STEPHEN
MALTA, English at
MALVASIUS, King, sends Ambassadors to Arthur
MAN, Isle of, conquered
—Chronicles of, mentioned
—CONQUEST OF, BY EDWIN
—CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF
—Transferred to Scotland
MANCHESTER, mentioned
MANGUCAN, Emperor of Tartary
MANGUSLA, mentioned
MARE'S Milk
MARGARET of Scotland, mentioned
MARY, Queen, grants patent to Muscovy Company
MEDIA, English in
MEDITERRANEAN, mentioned
MEERE, mentioned
MELLITUS, Bishop of East Saxons
MERCATOR, mentioned
—Quoted
MERCHANTS, raised in rank for thrice crossing the sea
—Ancient customs of
—Arrested by Haco
MEXICO, English in
MEXICO, Gulf of, visited by Hawkins
MICHÆL, Bishop of the Isles
MOLLINEUX, his map mentioned
MOLUCCAS, Treaties with
—Sir Francis Drake visits
MONMOUTH, Geoffrey de, quoted
—His ACCOUNT OF ARTHUR
—HIS ACCOUNT OF MALGO
MOROCCO, English in
MORSES
MOSCOW, English at
MOSKOWA (River), mentioned
MULCASTER, Richard, Eulogy of Hakluyts Collection
MUNCH, P. A., quoted
MUNSTER, mentioned
—Confuted
MUSCOVY Company, mentioned
—Receives patent from Queen Mary

NADDODR, mentioned
NAVARRE, mentioned
NAVIGATION, Lecture on, suggested
—Founded by Charles V.
NECO, King of Egypt, mentioned
NEPOS, Cornelius, mentioned
NERO, mentioned
NETHERLANDS Company formed
NEWCASTLE-UPON TYNE, Guild of Navigation founded at
—Mentioned
NIALUS, mentioned
NICHOLAS, Bishop of the Isles
NOBLE (coin)
NOMBRE DE BIOS, visited by Drake
NORTHBERN, mentioned
NORTH CAPE, doubled
NORTHUMBERLAND, mentioned
NORTH WEST PASSAGE
NORWAY, mentioned
—Submits to Arthur
—Conquered by Malgo
—Described
NOVA ZEMBLA, mentioned
NOVGOROD, mentioned

OBDOLOWCAN, King of Hircan, mentioned
OBI (River), mentioned
O'BRIEN, Murecardus, King of Ireland
—Forced to carry
shoes of Magnus
OCCA (River), mentioned
OCCLEVE, Thomas, THE EPISTLE OF CUPID attributed to
OCTHER, mentioned
—His VOYAGE TO THE NORTH EAST
—HIS VOVAGE INTO THE SOUND Of DENMARK
OFFA, TREATY WITH CHARLEMAGNE
O'FOGOLT, Viscount of Man
OLAVE, mentioned
—His coffin opened
—Appears to Magnus
OLAVUS MAGNUS, mentioned
—Confuted
OLAVUS, son of Godred Crouan
—King of Man
—Detailed biography
OLDYS, quoted
ONEGA (River) mentioned
ORKNEYS, conquered by Magnus
—Submit to Arthur
—Conquered by Malgo
—Mentioned
ORMOND, Earl of, mentioned
ORMUZ, Englishmen at
ORTELIUS, quoted
—Mentioned
OSEP NAPEA, Russian Ambassador
OSMAN, Basha, mentioned
OSWALD, Bishop, mentioned
OTHOR, Earl, slain
OTTO Frisingensas, quoted
OVID, quoted
OXNAM, John, crosses Isthmus of Darien
OXUS (River), visited by Jenkinson

PACIFIC, first visited by English
PAGORELLA, Pheodata, Russian Ambassador
PAULINUS, converts Northumbrians
PAY, Henry, defeats the French
PECHORA (Gulf), mentioned
PEEL (Man), mentioned
PEMBROKE, Richard, Earl of, invades Ireland
PEROSLAF, English at
PERSIA, Elizabeth's communications with
PERSIAN GULF, Englishmen on
PERU, Englishmen in
PETT, Arthur, mentioned
PETZORA. (See Pechora).
PEUCER, Casper, mentioned
—Quoted
PEVENSEY, mentioned
PHOENICIANS, circumnavigate Africa
PHEODOR, Emperor of Russia
PHILLIPPINES, inhabitants at, in England
—Mentioned
PHISEMSKI, Pheodor, Russian Ambassador
PIGAFETTA, Marco Antonio, his eulogy of Hakluyt
PLATE (River), Englishmen at
PLATO, quoted
PLINY, quoted
—Mentioned
PLUTARCH, quoted
—Mentioned
POLAND, mentioned
POLICY, THE PROCESS OF THE LIBEL OF
—Eulogised
—Quoted
POLITIA, (See Policy)
POMERANIA, mentioned
POMERLAND, (See Pomtrenia)
PONTANUS, quoted
POPILINIERE, quoted
PORTO SANTO, mentioned
PORTUGAL, mentioned
PREFACE, Editors
—To first edition, To second edition
PRISAGE
PROPERTIUS, quoted
PROUENCE, mentioned
PRUSSIA, mentioned
—Grand Masters of
PTOLOMY, quoted

QUENELAND, mentioned

RADEVIEUS Frisingensis, quoted
RALEIGH, Sir Walter, assists in compiling this Collection
—Plants colonies in Virginia
RAMSEY (Man), taken by Godred Crouan
—Conspiracy at
—Battle of
RANDOLPH, Ambassador to Russia
REGINALD, Bishop of the Isles
REGINALD, Son of Eacmarcat, invades Man
REGINALD, Son of Olavus, usurps Kingdom of Man
—King of Man
—Detailed biogragraphy
REIN-DEER
RHINFRIN, or RENFREW, mentioned
RICHARD, Bishop of Sodor
RICHARD II, his treaties with the Great Masters of Prussia
RICHMOND (Yorkshire), mentioned
RIGA, visited by Horsey
ROCHESTER, mentioned
ROE, mentioncd
ROGNOLPWAHT (See Peel)
ROMNEY
ROMULUS, mentioned
ROSTOFF, English at
ROSTOK, visited by Horsey
—Mentioned
ROYAL Exchange, founded
RUBRIEIS, William de, his journey
RUDULPH, King, confers pnvileges on Canute
RUSHEN or Russin, Abbey of, founded
—Grant of land to
—Removed to Douglas
RUSSIA, mentioned, 11, 17, 24
RYE

SAINT DUNSTAN, mentioned
SAINT HELENA, English at
—Mentioned
SAINT JAMES, Legend of
SAINT LOUIS, mentioned
SAINT MARY'S, Abbey of, founded
SAINT NICHOLAS (Bay), mentioned
SAINT PATRICK (Armagh), burial place of Magnus
SAINT PATRICK, Isle of, taken by Magnus
SAINT THOMAS, Isle of, mentioned
SALOMON, a mistake for Stephen, King of Hungary
SALT, scarcity of, in Iceland
SAMOEDIA, mentioned
SAMOGITIA, mentioned
SANDERSON, William, mentioned
SANDWICH, mentioned
SANTA CRUZ, English at
SANTWAT (Man), battle of
SARTACH, Duke of Tartary
SAXO GRAMMATIEUS, mentioned
—HIS ACCOUNT OF THE
MARRIAGE OF HAROLD'S DAUGHTER TO JERUSLAUS
—Confuted
SAXONS, cross the seas
—Mentioned
SCACAFELL (Man)
SCARBOROUGH, mentioned
SCIPIO AFRICANUS, mentioned
SCIPIO (the Elder), quoted
SCIRINGS HALI, mentioned
SCONIE, mentioned
SCOTLAND, mentioned
SEALS, Capture of, in Iceland
SEMELAND, mentioned
SENECCA, quoted
SENEGAL, English in
SEVILLE, Lecture on Navigation at
SHAHRAM, visited by Jenkinson
SHALLY MURZEY, mentioned
SHAMAKY, visited by Jenkinson
SHEFFIELD, Lady, mentioned
SHELISUR, mentioned
SIDNEY, Sir Philip, fellow-student of Hakluyt
SIGISMUND, Emperor
SILLAND, mentioned
SMOLENSK, visited by Alcock
SOLIMUS, mentioned
SOUTHAM, mentioned
SOUTHAMPTON, mentioned
SPAIN, mentioned
SPARKE, mentioned
STAFFORD, Sir Edward, mentioned
STAMFORD BRIDGE, Battle of
STAPER, Richard, assists Hakluyt
STAPLE ordained for wool
STEPHEN, trade under
STEPHEN the Holy
STILYARD, the, mentioned
STRABO, quoted
—Mentioned
SUETONIUS, mentioned
SUEZ, Isthmus of, mentioned
SUMERLED, his wars with Godred
—Marries his daughter
—His sons quarrel
SUN, eclipsed
SWEDEN, mentioned
SWERRO, mentioned
SYRRIE, mentioned

TACITUS, quoted
TARTARS take an Englishman prisoner
—Visited by two friars
TAURICA CHERSONESUS, mentioned
TENERIFFE, mentioned
THAMAS, Shah, mumoned
THEOPHRASTUS, quoted
THORLACIUS GUDBRANDUS, Introduction to Arngrinus Jonas's Commentary on
Iceland
—A LETTER TO THE REV HUGH BRANCHAIN
THULE, identical with Iceland
TINGUALLA, (See Tynwald Mount)
TIRIVIL, mentioned
TITUS, mentioned
TONESBERG, mentioned
TOSTI mentioned
TOULOUSE, mentioned
TRIPOLIS, Elizabeth's communications with
TRUSCO, mentioned
TUERDICO, Stephen, Russian Ambassador
TUNIS, English at
TURBEVILLE, George, mentioned
TURKEY, Elizabeths communications with
—Mentioned
TYCHO BRAHE, mentioned
TYNE (River)
TYNEMOUTH CASTLE, mentioned
TYNWALD MOUNT, Battle of

URGENCE, mentioned
URRY, quoted,

VAIGATZ, Isles of, mentioned
VANDALS, mentioned
VENICE, mentioned
VESPASIAN, mentioned
VESUVIUS, mentioned
VIRGIL, quoted
VIRGINIA, English colonies in
VIVIANUS, marries Godred to Rhingola
VOBSKO, visited by Horsey
VOLGA, English on the
VOLOGDA, English at
VORTIPORIUS, mentioned

WALES, Princce of, voyage to North West
WALPOLE, Horace mentioned
WALSINGHAM, Sir Francis, portrait
—Dedication to Biographical Notice
—Mentioned
WALSINGHAM, Thomas quoted
—HIS ROLE OF THE FLEET OF EDWARD III
—Biographical Notice
—THE VOYAGE OF HENRY, EARL OF DERBY
—VOYAGE OF THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK
WARD, Luke, mentioned
WENFDLAND, (See Prussia)
WESTMINSTER ABBEY mentioned
WESTMINSTER, Matthew of quoted
WEXEL or WIXEL (River) mentioned
WEXELMOUTH or WIXELMOUTH
WEYMOUTH, mentioned
WHALES, Hunting of
—In Iceland
WHITTINGTON, Richard
WILLIAM I, mentioned
WILLIAM II, mentioned
WILNA, taken
WILLOUGHBY, Sir Hugh, mentioned
WlLLOLGHBY'S LAND, visited
WINCHELSEA
WINDLAND, mentioned
WIRELND, mentioned
WISMER, mentioned
WITHRINGTON, Robert, mentioned
WITLAND, mentioned
WOLSIAN, HIS NAVIGATION
—Mentioned
WOODSTOCK, Thomas of, his journey
WOOL, Staple for
WORCESTER, Foundation Charter of Cathedral quoted
WORCESTER, Florence of, quoted
—HIS ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE OF THE SONS OF EDMUND IRONSIDE

YARMOUTH, mentioned
YAVATE, mentioned
YELL or YLE (Island), mentioned
YENO, Abbot of Furness
YEROSLAV, English at
YORK, taken by Harold and Tosti

ZAMORANO, Rodengo, mentioned
ZEELAND, mentioned
ZIEGLER, J., mentioned
—Confuted
—Map of Northern Europe from his Schndta
ZOLNER, Conrad de, mentioned
ZOUCH'S eulogy of Hakluyt

LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS

1. MAP OF NORTHERN EUROPE FROM J. ZIEGLER's Schodia, 1532 2. PORTRAIT Of QUEEN ELIZABETH after WHITE—Facsimile 3. PORTRAIT OF SIR FRANCIS WALSIGHAM, after VIRTUE 4. MAP OF ICELAND

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Editor's Preface
II. Facsimile Title-Page
III. Dedication to First Edition
IV. Preface to First Edition
V. Dedication to Second Edition
VI. Preface to Second Edition
VII. [Greek: Eis Apodaemias Brettanon ponaema Richardon tou Haklitou]
VIII. In Nauales Richardi Hakluyti Commentarios, R. Mulcaster
IX. Ejusdem in eundem
X. In eximium opus R. Hakluyti Gulielmi Camdeni Hexastichon
XI. Marco Antonio Pigafeta ad Hakluytum
XII. Extract from Oldys's Librarian, 1738.
XIII. Extract from Zouch's Life of Sir Philip Sidney

1. The Conquests of Arthur, from Geoffrey of Monmouth

2. A Testimonie of the Right and Appendances of the Crowne of the Kingdome
of Britaine, taken out of Mr. Lambard, his [Greek: Archaionomia]

3. A Testimonie concerning the Conquests of Malgo, King of England, from
Geofrrey of Monmouth

4. The Conquest of the Isles of Anglesey and Man, by Edwin, King of
Northumberland, from Bede's Ecclesiastical History

5. Another Testimonie by Bede to the same purpose

6. The Voyage of Bertus, Generall of an Armie sent into Ireland by
Ecfridus, King of Northumberland, from Bede's Ecclesiastical History

7. The Voyage of Octher, made to the North-East parts beyond Norway,
reported by himselfe unto Alfred

8. The Voyage of Octher out of his countrey of Halgoland into the Sound of
Denmarke

9. Wolstan's Navigation in the East Sea (Baltic), from Hetha to Trusco,
which is about Dantzig

10. The Navigation of King Edgar, from Florence of Worcester, Hoveden, and
Dr. Dee

11. The Voyage of Edmund and Edward, the Sonnes of King Edmund Ironside,
into Hungarie, from Florence of Worcester

12. A Chronicle of the Kings of Man from Camden's Chorographia

13. The Marriage of the Daughter of Harold to Jeruslaus, Duke of Russia, from Saxo Grammaticus

14. The State of the Shipping of the Cinque Ports from Edward the
Confessour and William the Conqueror, and so downe to Edward I., from
Lambert's Perambulations of Kent

15. The roll of the huge Fleete of Edward III. before Calice, from
Thomas Walsingham

16. The Voyage of Nicholas de Linna, a Franciscan Frier, and an excellent Mathetician, of Oxford, to all the regions situate under the North Pole, in the yeere 1360

17. A Testimonie of the learned Mathematician Master John Dee, touching the foresaid Voyage of Nicholas de Linna

18. The Voyage of Henry, Earle of Derbie, after Duke of Hereford, and lastly King of England, by the name of Henry IV., into Prussia and Lettowe, against the Infidels, from Thomas of Walsmgham

19. The Voyage of Thomas of Woodstocke, Duke of Gloucester, into Prussia, written by Thomas Walsingham

20. The verses of Geoffrey Chaucer, showing that the English Knights were wont in his time to travaile into Prussia and other heathen lands

The original proceedings and successe of the northren, domestical, and
forren trades and traffiques of this Isle of Britain, from the time of
Nero the Emperor, who deceased in the yeere of our Lord 70, under the
Romans, Britons, Saxons, and Danes, till the Conquest; and from the
Conquest untill this present time, gathered out of the most authenticall
histories and records of this Nation, viz.:

21. A Testimonie out of Cornelius Tacitus, proving London to have bene a famous Mart Town in the Reigne of Nero the Enperour

22. A Testimome out of Venerable Beda, proving London to have bene a citie of great Trafficke, not long after the beginning of the Saxons Reigne

23. The League betweene Carolus Magnus and Offa, concerning safe trade
of English Merchants

24. An ancient Testimonie as to the rank of Merchants, from Lambert's
Perambulation of Kent

25. A Testimonie of certaine privileges obtained for English and Danish
Merchants, of Conrad the Emperor, and John, Bishop of Rome, by
Canutus the Kinmg, extracted out of a Letter of his

26. The flourishing state of the citie of London, in the Reigne of King
Stephen, from William of Malmsbury

27. The Traffike of Bristow with Norway and Ireland, from William of
Malmsbury

28. The League betwecne Henry II., and Frederick Barbarossa, from
Radevicus and Otto Frisingenses

29. A generall safe-conduct granted to all forreine Marchants by King
John, from the Records of the Tower

30. The Letters of King Henry III., unto Haquinus, King of Norway,
concerning a Treaty of Peace

31. A Mandate for the King of Norway, his ship called The Cog

31. A charter granted to the Merchants of Colen, by Edward I.

33. The Charter of Lubeck, graunted by Henry III.

34. A Charter for the Marchants of Almaine, graunted by Edward I.

35. A Mandate of King Edward I., concerning outlandish Marchants

36. The Great Charter granted unto forreine Marchants by Edward I.

37. The Letters of Edward II., unto Haquinus, King of Norway, concerning the English Marchants arrested in Germany

38. An Ordinance of the Staple to be holden at one certaine place

39. A Charter of King Henry IV., to English Merchants resident in
Prussia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Germany

40. A note touching the mighty ships of King Henry V., from a Chronicle
in the Trinity Church of Winchester

41. A branch of a Statute made in the Reigne of Henry VI., for the
trade to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finmark

42. Another branch of a Statute made in the Reigne of Henry VI.,
concerning the English Marchants in Denmark

43. The Process or the Libel of English Policie, exhorting all England to
Keepe the Sea

44. A brief Commentarie of Island: wherein the errors of such as have written concerning this island are detected, and the Slanders and Reproches of certaine strangers, which they have used over boldly against the People of Island are confuted by Arngrimus Ionas

BOOK I.

SECTION 1.

The Isle of Island, being severed from other countries, an infinite distance standeth farre into the ocean, etc.

SECTION 2.

In this Island at the Summer Solstitum there is no night, etc.

SECTION 3.

It is named of the ice, which continually cleaveth unto the north part thereof.

SECTION 4.

The Island is so great that it containeth many people, etc.

SECTION 5.

The Island, the most part thereof, is mountainous and untilled.

SECTION 6.

There be in this Island mountaines lift up to the skies, whose tops being white with perpetual snowe, their roots boile with everlasting fire, etc.

SECTION 7.

The flame of Mount Hecla will not burne towe, neither is it quenched with water…. This place is thought by some to be the prison of uncleane soules, etc.

SECTION 8.

Neare unto the mountaines there be three vast holes, the depth thereof cannot be discerned by any man; but there appeare to the beholders thereof certaine men at that instant plunged in, who answere their friends, exhorting them, with deepe sighs, to returne home, and, with that, they suddenly vanish away

SECTION 9.

But round about the Island there floateth ice. The inhabitants are of opinion that in Mount Hecla and in the ice there are places wherein the soules of their countrymen are tormented,

SECTION 10.

If any man shall take a great quantity of this ice, and shall keepe it never so warily in a coffer or vessel, it wil, at the time when the ice thaweth about the Island, utterly vanish away, etc.

SECTION 11.

Not far from the Mountains there be four fountaines of a most contrary nature betweene themselves. The first converteth into a stoen any body cast into it. The second is extremely cold. The third is sweeter than honey. The fourth is altogether deadly, etc.

SECTION 12.

There are so great store of Fishes in this Island that they are laid forth on piles to be sold in the open air, as high as the tops of houses

SECTION 13.

They have most swift horses, which will run without ceasing a continual course, for the space of thirty leagues

SECTION 14.

There be seen neare unto Island huge whales…. It sometimes falleth out that Mariners thinking these whales to be Islands, and casting out upon their backs, are often in danger of drowning, etc.

BOOK II.

Introduction

SECTION 1.

Adalbert, Metropolitanate of Hamburg, saw the Islanders converted unto
Christianity…. At their humble request he appointed a certaine holy
man named Islief to be thsir first Bishop

Chronology of the Bishops of Schalholt

Chronology of the Bishops of Holen

SECTION 2.

They inhabit caves…. and have many houses built with the bones of fishes, etc.

SECTION 3.

They and their cattell use all one house, etc.

SECTION 4.

The customs of the inhabitants

SECTION 5.

The King of Denmarke and Norway sendeth every year a Lieutenant into the country

SECTION 6.

All things are common among them, except their wives

SECTION 7.

They make all one reckoning of their whelpes and of their children, etc.

SECTION 8.

They honour their Bishop as their King, etc.

SECTION 9.

They live there for the most part upon fishes, etc.

SECTION 10.

The inhabitants do celebrate the acts of their ancestors…. with songs, and they grave them in rocks…. There be divers found among them that be minstrels, etc.

SECTION 11.

Joachim Leo and his slanders on Iceland,

SECTION 12.

Adulteries and Whoredoms arc not only public and common vices…. but are not accounted by them for vices

SECTION 13.

The treachery of the inhabitants

SECTION 14.

The good wife of the house reacheth to every one a Chamber-pot…. at
Banquets…. Ten persons, men and women, lie together in one bed,
etc.,

SECTION 15.

The food of the inhabitants

SECTION 16.

The simple manners of the inhabitants, and their Commerce, etc.

45. A Letter written by Gudbrandus Thorlacius, Bishop of Holen in Island, concerning the Ancient State of Island and Gronland,

Index

List of Plates and Maps

Table of Contents

END OF VOL. 1

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