Museum of Antiquity: A Description of Ancient Life

Egypt, Greece and Italy were the fountain heads of our civilization and the source of our knowledge; to them we can trace, link by link, the origin of all that is ornamental, graceful and beautiful. It is therefore a matter of greatest interest to get an intimate knowledge of the original state, and former perfection, the grandeur, magnificence and high civilization of these countries, as well as of the homes, the private and domestic life, the schools, churches, rites, ceremonies, &c.

The many recent excavations in Troy, Nineveh, Babylon and the uncovering of the City of Pompeii, with its innumerable treasures, the unfolding of the long-hoarded secrets, have revealed information for volumes of matter. But works that treat on the various subjects of antiquity are, for the most part, not only costly and hard to procure, but also far too voluminous. The object of this work is to condense into the smallest possible compass the essence of information which usually runs through many volumes, and place it into a practical form for the common reader. We hope, however, that this work will give the reader a greater longing to extend his inquiries into these most interesting subjects, so rich in everything that can refine the taste, enlarge the understanding and improve the heart. It has been our object, so far as possible, to avoid every expression of opinion, whether our own or that of any school of thinkers, and to supply first, facts, and secondly, careful references by which the citations of those facts, may be verified, and the inferences from them traced by the reader himself, to their legitimate result.

Before we close, we would tender our greatest obligations to the English and German authors, from whom we have drawn abundantly in preparing this work; also to the Directors of the British Museum of London, and the Society of Antiquarians of Berlin, and especially to the authorities of the excavated City of Pompeii and its treasures in the Museum of Naples, where we were furnished with an intelligent guide and permitted to spend days in our researches. To each and all of these, who have so kindly promoted our labor, our heartfelt thanks are cordially returned.

Many of the engravings are from drawings made on the spot, but a greater number are from photographs, and executed with the greatest fidelity by German and French artists.

STEEL PLATE ENGRAVINGS

Steel Plate Engravings.

	PAGE
The Palace of the CÆsars,	1
House of the Tragic Poet—Sallust,	112
Egyptian Feast,	270
Approach to Karnac,	384
Temple of Karnac,	470
The Philae Islands,	656
School of the Vestal Virgins,	832

CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pompeii.
The Glory of the City—Destruction—Excavation—Entering Pompeii (Page 21-25)—The Streets of the City—The Theatres of Pompeii—Villa of Julia Felix—Pavements and Sidewalks—Arrangement of Private Houses (Page 26-53)—Elegance of Domestic Architecture—Ground Plan of Roman House—Exterior Apartments—Interior Apartments—Dining Halls—The Triclinium—Materials and Construction—The Salve Lucru—Paintings and Decorations—The Drunken Hercules—Wall Decoration—The Peristyle—The House of Siricus—Political Inscriptions—Electioneering Advertisements—The Graffiti—Street of the Lupanar—Eighty Loaves of Bread Found—The House of the Balcony—Human Bodies Preserved—Discovered Bodies—House of Diomedes (Page 54-74)—Location of the Villa—Ground Plan of the Villa—Detail of Ground Plan—The Caldarium—Galleries and Halls—Porticoes and Terraces—Tomb and Family Sepulchre—The Villa Destroyed—Conclusive Evidence—Jewels and Ornaments—Pliny's Account of a Roman Garden—Stores and Eating Houses (Page 75-81)—Restaurant—Pompeian Bill of Fare—Circe, Daughter of the Sun—Houses of Pansa and Sallust (Page 82-102)—Curious Religious Painting—General View of House—Worship of the Lares—Domesticated Serpents—Discoveries Confirm Ancient Authors—Ornamentation and Draperies—Remarkable Mansions—House of the Vestals—Surgical and other Instruments—Shop of an Apothecary—House of Holconius (Page 103-112)—Decorations of the Bed-Chambers—Perseus and Andromeda—Epigraphs and Inscriptions—Ariadne Discovered by Bacchus—General Survey of the City (Page 113-118)—Wine Merchant's Sign—Sculptor's Laboratory— House of Emperor Joseph II	17-119
Amusements.
The Amphitheatre—Coliseum—84,000 Seats—The Bloody Entertainments—Examining the Wounded—Theatres—Roman Baths (Page 147-156)—Description of the Baths—Cold Baths—Warm Chambers—The Vapor Baths—Hot-Air Baths—Social Games and Sports (Page 157-162)—Domestic Games—Jugglers—Game of Cities—Gymnastic Arts—Social Entertainments (Page 163-180)—Characteristics of the Dance—Grace and Dress of the Dancers—Position at the Table—Vases and Ornaments—Food and Vegetables—Mode of Eating—Reminders of Mortality—Egyptian Music and Entertainments (Page 181-188)—Musical Instruments—Jewish Music—Beer, Palm Wine, Etc—Games and Sports of the Egyptians (Page 189-202)—Games with Dice—Games of Ball—Wrestling—Intellectual Capabilities—Hunting	120-202
Domestic Life.
Occupation of Women—Bathing—Wedding Ceremonies—Children's Toys—Writing Materials—Families, Schools and Marriages—Duties of Children—Dress, Toilet and Jewelry (Page 219-232)—The Chiton—Dress Materials—Styles of Wearing Hair—Head-Dress of Women—Hair-Pins—Sunshades—Crimes and Punishments; Contracts, Deeds, Etc. (Page 233-252)—Punishments—Laws Respecting Debt—Contracts—Superstition—Cure of Diseases—Houses, Villas, Farmyards, Orchards, Gardens, Etc. (Page 253-270)—Character of the People—Construction of Houses—Plans of Villas—Irrigation—Gardens—Egyptian Wealth (Page 271-280)—Gold and Silver—Worth of Gold—Treasures—Total Value of Gold	203-280
Domestic Utensils.
Writing Materials—Literature—Curious Lamps—The Candelabrum—Candelabra—Oil-Lamps—The Steelyard—Drinking Vessels—Colored Glass—Glass—Glass Vessels—Articles of Jewelry—Toilet-Boxes, Etc.—Furniture (Page 309-322)—Chairs and Stools—Bed-Room Furniture—Tables, Etc.—Pottery—Drawings on Vases—Vases (Page 323-342)—Greek Vases—Inscriptions on Vases—Historical Subjects on Vases—Uses of Vases—Vases Found in Tombs—Silver Vessels—Decorated Vases	281-342
Employment.
Colored Glass Vessels—Imitation Jewels—Potters—Carpenter's Tools—Professions—Husbandry—Rise of the Nile—Agricultural Implements—Agriculture—Baking, Dyeing and Painting (Page 363-384)—Flour Mills—Bread-Baking—Dyeing—Scouring and Dyeing—Coloring Substances—Mineral Used for Dyeing—Cost of Dyeing—Cloth Manufacture—Persian Costumes	343-384
Troy.
Ruins at Hissarlik—Settlement of Troy—First Settlers—ScÆan Gate—Call of Menelaus—Houses at Troy—Objects Found in Houses—Silver Vases—Taking out the Treasure—Shield of the Treasure—Contents of the Treasure—Ear-Rings and Chains—Gold Buttons, Studs, Etc.—Silver Goblet and Vases—Weapons of Troy—Terra Cotta Mugs—Condition of the Roads—Lack of Inscriptions	385-422
Nineveh and Babylon.
Explorations of Niebuhr and Rich—Excavations at Kouyunjik Palace—Sennacherib's Conquests—Highly-Finished Sculptures—North Palace, Kouyunjik—Temple of Solomon—The Oracle—Description of the Palace—Modern Houses of Persia—Chambers in the Palace—The Walls—Grandeur of Babylon—Building Materials—History of Babylon—Karnac and Baalbec (Page 461-473)—Stupendous Remains—Temple of Luxor—Chambers of the Great Pyramid—The Great Temple—The Pantheon at Rome—Egyptian Obelisks—Obelisks	423-484
Religion or Mythology.
Mythology—Mythological Characters—The Pythian Apollo—Phoebus Apollo—Niobe and Leto—Daphne—Kyrene—Hermes—The Sorrow of Demeter—The Sleep of Endymion—Phaethon—Briareos—Dionysos—Pentheus—Asklepios—Ixion—Tantalos—The Toils of Herakles—Admetos—Epimetheus and Pandora—Io and Prometheus—Deukalion—Poseidon and Athene—Medusa—Danae—Perseus—Andromeda—Akrisios—Kephalos and Prokris—Skylla—Phrixos and Helle—Medeia—Theseus—Ariadne—Arethusa—Tyro—Narkissos—Orpheus and Eurydike—Kadmos and Europa—Bellerophon—Althaia and the Burning Brand—Iamos	485-642
Fine Arts.
Egyptian Sculpture—Etruscan Painting—Renowned Painters—Parrhasius—Colors Used—Sculpture Painting—Fresco Painting—Sculpturing (Page 667-694)—Sculpture in Greece and Egypt—Sculptures of Ancient Kings—Animal Sculpture—Modeling of the Human Figure—"The Sculptor of the Gods"—Grandeur of Style—Statues—Description of Statues—Work of Lysippus—The Macedonian Age—Roman Art—Copies of Ancient Gods—Mosaic (Page 695-702)—Mosaic Subjects—Battle Represented in Mosaics—Grandeur of Style	643-702
Literature.
Homer—Paris—Achilles—The Vengeance of Odysseus—Sophocles—Herodotus—The Crocodile—Artabanus Dissuades Xerxes—Socrates—Socrates and Aristodemus—Aristophanes—Plato—The Perfect Beauty—Last Hours of Socrates—Demosthenes—Philip and the Athenians—Measures to Resist Philip—Former Athenians Described—Oration on the Crown—Invective against Catiline—Expulsion of Catiline from Rome—The Tyrant PrÆtor Denounced—Immortality of the Soul—Julius CÆsar—The Germans—Battle of Pharsalia—Virgil—Employment of the Bee—Punishments in Hell—Horace—To Licinius—Happiness Founded on Wisdom—The Equality of Man—Plutarch—Proscription of Sylla—Demosthenes and Cicero Compared	703-832
Tombs and Catacombs.
Extent of the Tombs—An Acre and a quarter in a Tomb—Sculpturings—Painting—Burying According to Rank—Mummies—Mummy Cases and Sarcophagi—Roman Tombs—Inscriptions—The Catacombs (Page 873-910)—Inscriptions—Catacombs—Christian Inscriptions—Early Inscriptions—Catacombs, nearly 900 miles long—Utensils from the Catacombs—Paintings—S. Calixtus—Lord's Supper	833-910
Truth of the Bible.
The Assyrian and Babylonian Discoveries—1100 Christian Inscriptions—The use of the Bible for Excavators—Accordance with Ancient Writings—Frieze from the Arch of Titus—No Book produced by Chance—God the Author—Its Great Antiquity—The Pentateuch—Preservation of the Scripture—Its Important Discoveries—Its Peculiar Style—Its Harmony—Its Impartiality—Its Prophecies—Its Important Doctrines—Its Holy Tendency—Its Aims—Its Effects—Its General Reception—Persecuted but not Persecuting	911-944

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Illustrations

ILLUSTRATIONS
BY GERMAN ARTISTS.

Destruction of Pompeii	17
View of Pompeii. (From a Photograph)	23
Plan of a Roman House	28
Vestibule of a Pompeian House	30
Triclinium or Dining-room	33
Hercules Drunk. (From Pompeii)	37
Discovered Body at Pompeii	51
Ground Plan of the Suburban Villa of Diomedes	57
Wall Painting at Pompeii	69
Household Utensils	72
Restaurant. (From Wall Painting)	77
Bed and Table at Pompeii. (From Wall Painting)	78
Plan of a Triclinium	79
Head of Circe	81
Kitchen Furniture at Pompeii	84
Brooches of Gold found at Pompeii	98
Scales found at Pompeii	100
Wall Painting found at Pompeii	105
Gold Breastpins found at Pompeii	114
A Laboratory, as found in Pompeii	117
First Walls Discovered in Pompeii	118
View of the Amphitheatre at Pompeii	121
Coliseum of Rome	128
Examining the Wounded	133
Asking Pardon	135
Not Granted	135
Combats with Beasts	137
View of the Tepidarium	151
Ancient Bath Room. (As Discovered)	155
Egyptian Vases	173
Social Enjoyment of Women. (From an Ancient Painting)	205
Gold Pins	220
Shawl or Toga Pin	220
Pearl Set Pins	221
Stone Set Brooches	224
Hair Dress. (From Pompeii)	227
Toilet Articles found at Pompeii	231
Wreath of Oak. (Life Saving)	247
TabulÆ, Calamus, and Papyrus	283
TabulÆ, Stylus, and Papyrus	283
TabulÆ and Ink Stand	284
Libraries and Money	284
Gold Lamp. (Found at Pompeii)	287
Candelabrum, or Lamp Stand	289
Candelabra, or Lamp Stands	290
Standing Lamp	293
Ancient Lamps	293
Scales and Weights	295
Vessels. (From Pompeii)	296
Drinking Vessel	297
Glass Vessels. (From Pompeii)	302
Cups and Metals	304
Gold Jewelry. (From Pompeii)	305
Heavy Gold Pins	306
Brooches Inset with Stone	307
Safety Toga Pins	308
Plundering Corinth	317
Greek Vase	321
Etruscan Vase	324
Roman Vases	325
Vase Representing a Marriage. (Found at Pompeii)	328
Vase Representing Trojan War. (Found at Pompeii)	333
Vase. (Found at Pompeii)	334
Vase Representing Greek Sacrifice	336
Vase 2,000 Years Old	337
Silver Platter	339
Silver Cup. (Found at Hildesheim)	340
Vase of the First Century	341
Dish of the First Century	341
Ancient Glass Vessels	346
Glass Brooch	347
Imitation of Real Stone	348
Ancient Egyptian Pottery	350
Mill and Bakery at Pompeii	365
Bread Discovered in Pompeii	371
Metals and Beads	389
Terra-cotta Lamps	394
Bronze Lamps	394
Golden Cups of Priam. (Found at Troy)	396
Wonderful Vases of Terra-cotta from Palace of Priam	399
From Palace of Priam	400
Lids and Metals of Priam	401
Treasures of Priam. (Found at Troy)	404
Part of Machine of Priam	406
Jewelry of Gold and Stones	406
Vessel Found in the Palace of Priam	407
Shield of the Palace of Priam	408
Gold Necklace of Troy	409
Gold Tassels of Troy	409
Lamps found at Troy	409
Studs and Bracelets of Priam	411
Gold Pins with Set Gems	411
Gold Ear-rings of Troy	412
Spears, Lances, Ax and Chain	415
Shears, Knives and Spears	415
Lances Found at Palace of Priam, Troy	416
Coins or Metals	418
Elegant Brooch of Troy	421
Lamp found at Troy	422
Palace of Sennacherib	427
Discovered in the Palace	435
View of a Hall	445
Columns of Karnac	463
The Great Pyramids and Sphinx	469
Ruins of Baalbec	473
View of the Pantheon at Rome	475
Pantheon at Rome	477
Half Section of the Pantheon	478
Obelisk of Heliopolis	481
Jupiter. (or Zeus)	491
Apollo. (From an Ancient Sculpture)	495
Pluto and His Wife	503
Ceres. (or Demeter. From Pompeii Wall Painting)	512
Juno. (or Here)	516
Diana. (or Artemis)	520
Vulcan. (or Hephaistos)	526
Minerva. (or Pallas Athene. Found at Pompeii)	530
Ancient Sculpturing on Tantalos	537
Urania. (Muse of Astronomy)	538
Jupiter. (or Zeus with his Thunderbolt)	544
Thalia, the Muse	550
Laocoon, the False Priest	555
Grecian Altar. (3000 years old)	563
Themis. (Goddess of Law)	565
Euterpe. (Muse of Pleasure)	577
Thalia. (Muse of Comedy)	584
Numa Pompilius Visiting the Nymph Egeria	591
Polyhymnia. (Muse of Rhetoric)	603
Sphinx of Egypt	607
Calliope. (Muse of Heroic Verse)	614
The Origin of Man	617
Erate. (Muse of the Lute)	623
Terpsichore. (Muse of Dancing)	625
Ancient Sacrifice. (From Wall Painting of Pompeii)	631
Melpomene. (Muse of Tragedy)	639
Clio. (Muse of History)	642
Ancient Art and Literature	645
Painting. (2600 years old)	655
Dying Gladiator	689
Mosaic Floor	696
Mosaic Doves	697
Apollo Charming Nature	701
Ancient Authors	709
Library of Herculaneum	723
Trojan Heroes	735
Ancient Metal Engraving	745
Socrates Drinking the Poison	762
From Ancient Sculpturing	775
King Philip. (of Macedon)	784
Augustus CÆsar. (Found at Pompeii)	795
Julius CÆsar. (From an Ancient Sculpturing)	805
Virgil and Horace	813
Euclid	824
Alexander Severus	831
Egyptian Tomb	835
Sarcophagus, or Coffin. (With Noah's Ark Cut in Relief on the Outside)	page decoration 6 Clyx.com

MUSEUM

OF

ANTIQUITY

A DESCRIPTION OF

ANCIENT LIFE:

THE

EMPLOYMENTS, AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS AND HABITS, THE CITIES, PALACES, MONUMENTS AND TOMBS, THE LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS OF 3,000 YEARS AGO.

BY

L.W. YAGGY, M.S., AND T.L. HAINES, A.M.,

AUTHORS OF THE "ROYAL PATH OF LIFE," "OUR HOME COUNSELOR," "LITTLE GEMS."

ILLUSTRATED.

MADISON, WIS.: J.B. FURMAN & CO. WESTERN PUBLISHING HOUSE, CHICAGO, ILL.

1884.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880 by L.W. Yaggy & T.L. Haines, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.

PREFACE.

Steel Plate Engravings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ILLUSTRATIONS BY GERMAN ARTISTS.

EMPLOYMENTS, AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS AND HABITS,
THE CITIES, PALACES, MONUMENTS AND TOMBS,
THE LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS
OF 3,000 YEARS AGO.

L.W. YAGGY, M.S.,
AND
T.L. HAINES, A.M.,

AUTHORS OF THE "ROYAL PATH OF LIFE,"
"OUR HOME COUNSELOR,"
"LITTLE GEMS."

MADISON, WIS.:
J.B. FURMAN & CO.
WESTERN PUBLISHING HOUSE, CHICAGO, ILL.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880 by
L.W. Yaggy & T.L. Haines,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.

ILLUSTRATIONS
BY GERMAN ARTISTS.