APPENDIX

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EVOLUTIONARY TABLES



1.—GEOLOGICAL AGES AND PERIODS

Ages in the
Organic History of the Earth.
Periods of Geology. Vertebrate Fossils. Approximate length
of Paleontological Periods.
I. Archeozoic age (primordial)
Age of invertebrates
{ 1. Laurentian
2. Huronian
3. Cambrian
No fossil remains of vertebrates 52 million years Sedimentary strata
63,000 ft. thick
II. Paleozoic age (primary)
Age of fishes
4. Silurian
5. Devonian
6. Carboniferous
7. Permian
Fishes
Dipneusts
Amphibia
Reptiles
34 million years Sedimentary strata
41,200 ft. thick
III. Mesozoic age (secondary)
Age of reptiles
8. Triassic
9. Jurassic
10. Cretaceous
Monotremes
Marsupials
Mallotheria
Pro-placentals
11 million years Sedimentary strata
12,200 ft. thick
IV. Cenozoic age (tertiary)
Age of mammals
11. Eocene
12. Oligocene
13. Miocene
14. Pliocene
{
{
{
{
ProsimiÆ
Lemurs
Cynopitheca
Baboons
Anthropoides
Man-like apes
Pithecanthropi
Ape-men
3 million years
3,600 ft. thick
V. Anthropozoic age (quaternary)
Age of man
15. Glacial
16. Post-glacial
Pre-historic man
Savage and civilised man
300,000 years Sedimentary strata
little thickness

2A.—MAN'S GENEALOGICAL TREE—First Half

EARLIER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITHOUT FOSSIL REMAINS, BEFORE THE SILURIAN PERIOD

Chief Stages. Ancestral Stem-Groups. Living Relatives of our Ancestors. Paleon- tology. Onto- geny. Morph- ology.
Stages 1-5: Protist- Ancestors Unicellular organisms { 1. Monera (Plasmodoma) without nuclei 1. Chromacea (Chroococcus) Phycochromacea O I? I

1-2: Plasmodomous Protophyta
{ 2. Algaria Unicellular algÆ with nuclei 2. Paulotomea Palmellacea Eremosphaera O I? I
{ 3. Lobosa Unicellular (Amoeboid) Rhizopods 3. Amoebina Amoeba Lecocyta O II II
3-5: Plasmophagous Protozoa { 4. Infusoria (Unicellular) Zoomonades 4. Flagellata Euflagellata O ? II
{ 5. BlastÆades Multicellular cell-colonies Blastula? 5. Catallacta Magosphaera Volvocina O III III
Stages 6-11: Invertebrate Metazoa- Ancestors { 6. GastrÆades with two germinal layers 6. Gastrula Hydra, Olynthus, Orthonectida O III III

6-8: Coelenteria, without anus or body-cavity
{ 7. Platodes I. Platodaria (without nephridia) 7. Cryptocoela (Convoluta) (Proporus) O ? I
{ 8. Platodes II. Platodinia (with nephridia) 8. Rhabdocoela (Vortex) (Monotus) O ? I

9-11: Vermalia, with anus and body-cavity
{ 9. Provermalia Rotatoria Primitive worms 9. Gastrotricha Trochozoa Trochophora O ? I
{ 10. Frontonia (Rhynchelminthes) Snouted worms 10. Enteropneusta Balanoglossus Cephalodiscus O ? I
{ 11. Prochordonia Worms with chorda 11. Copelata Appendicaria O II II

Stages 12-15: Monorrhina- Ancestors Earliest vertebrates, without jaws or pairs of limbs, with single nostril
{ 12. Acrania I.
(Prospondylia)
12. LarvÆ of Amphioxus O III II
{ 13. Acrania II. Later skull-less animals 13. Leptocardia Amphioxus (Lancelet) O I III
{ 14. Cyclostoma I. (Archicrania) 14. LarvÆ of Petromyzon O III II
{ 15. Cyclostoma II. Later round- mouthed animals 15.Marsipobranchia Myxinoides Petromyzontes O I III

2B.—MAN'S GENEALOGICAL TREE—Second Half

LATER ANCESTRAL SERIES, WITH FOSSIL REMAINS, BEGINNING IN THE SILURIAN

Geological Periods. Stem-Groups of Ancestors. Living Relatives of our Ancestors. Paleon- tology. Onto- geny. Morpho- logy.
Silurian { 16. Selachii Primitive fishes Proselachii 16. Notidanides Chlamydoselachus Heptanchus I II III
Silurian { 17. Ganoides Plated fishes Proganoides 17. Accipenserides Sturgeon, Polypterus II I II
Devonian { 18. Dipneusta Paladipneusta 18. Neodipneusta Ceratodus, Protopterus I II II
Carboniferous { 19. Amphibia Stegocephala 19. Phanerobranchia and Salamandrina (Proteus, Triton) III III III
Permian { 20. Reptilia Proreptilia 20. Rhyncocephalia Primitive lizards Hatteria III II II
Triassic { 21. Monotrema Promammalia 21. Ornithodelphia Echnida Ornithorhyncus I III III
Jurassic { 22. Marsupialia Prodidelphia 22. Didelphia Didelphys, Perameles I II II
Cretaceous { 23. Mallotheria Prochoriata 23. Insectivora Erinaceida (Ictopsida+) III I I
Older Eocene { 24. Lemuravida Earlier lemurs Dent. 3, 1, 4, 3 24. Pachylemures (Hypopsodus+) (Adapis+) III I? II
Later Eocene { 25. Lemurogona Later lemurs Dent. 2, 1, 4, 3 25. Autolemures (Eulemur) (Stenops) II I? II
Oligocene { 26. Dysmopitheca Western apes Dent. 2, 1, 3, 3 26. PlatyrrhinÆ (Anthropops+) (Homunculus+) I I II
Older Miocene { 27. Cynopitheca Baboons (tailed) 27. Papiomorpha (Cynocephalus) I I III
Later Miocene { 28. Anthropoides Anthropoid apes (tailless) 28. Hylobatida Hylobates Satyrus I II III
Pliocene { 29. Pithecanthropi Ape-like men (alali = speechless) 29. Anthropitheca Chimpanzee Gorilla II III III
Pleistocene { 30. Homines (loquaces = with speech) 30. Weddahs Australian natives I III III

3.—CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRIMATES

N.B.— * indicates extinct forms, + living groups, ++ the hypothetical stem-form. Cf. History of Creation, chap. xxvii.; Evolution of Man, chap. xxiii.

Orders. Sub-Orders. Families. Genera.
I
Prosimiae
Lemurs (Hemipitheci)

The orbits imperfectly separated from the temporal depression by a bony arch. Womb double or two-horned. Placenta diffuse, indeciduate (as a rule). Cerebrum relatively small, smooth, or little furrowed.

1. Lemuravida (Palalemures) Early lemurs (generalists)

Originally with claws on all or most fingers: later transition to nails. Tarsus primitive.

1. Pachylemures* (Hypopsodina)
Dent. 44 = 3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3
Primitive dentition
Archiprimas++
Lemuravus*
Early Eocene
Pelycodus*
Early Eocene
Hypopsodus*
Late Eocene
2. Necrolemures (Anaptomorpha
Dent. 40 = 2.1.4.3/2.1.4.3
Reduced dentition
Adapis*
Plesiadapis*
Necrolemur*
2. Lemurogona (Neolemures) Modern lemures (specialists)

All fingers usually have nails (except the second toe). Tarsus modified.

3. Autolemures+ (Lemurida)
Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
Specialised dentition
Eulemur
Hapalemur
Lepilemur
Nycticebus
Stenops
Galago
4. Chirolemures+ (Chiromyida) Dent. 18 = 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 Rodent dentition Chiromys
(Claws on all
fingers except first)
II
Simiae
Apes (Pitheci or simiales)

Orbits completely separated from the temporal depression by a bony septum. Womb simple, pear-shaped. Placenta discoid, deciduate. Cerebrum relatively large and much furrowed.

3. Platyrrhinae Flat-nosed apes Hesperopitheca Western apes (American). Nostrils lateral, with wide partition 3 premolars 5. Arctopitheca+
Dent. 32 = 2.1.3.2/2.1.3.2
Nail on hallux only
Hapale
Midas
6. Dysmopitheca+
Dent. 36 = 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
Nails on all fingers
Callithrix
Nyctipithecus
Cebus
Mycetes
Ateles
4. Catarrhinae Narrow-nosed apes Eopitheca Eastern apes (Arctogoea) Europe, Asia, and Africa. Nostrils forward, with narrow septum 2 premolars. Nails on all fingers 7. Cynopitheca+
Dent 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
Generally with tail and cheek-pouches. Sacrum with 3 or 4 vertebrÆ

Cynocephalus
Cercopithecus
Inuus
Semnopithecus
Colobus
Nasalis
8.Anthropomorpha+
Dent. 32 = 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
No tail or cheek-pouches Sacrum with 5 vertebrÆ

Hylobates
Satyrus
Pliopithecus*
Gorilla
Anthropithecus
Dryopithecus*
Pithecanthropus*
Homo

4.—GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE PRIMATES

Anthropomorpha

EXPLANATION OF GENEALOGICAL TABLE 1

CHRONOMETRIC REDUCTION OF BIOGENETIC PERIODS

The enormous length of the biogenetic periods (i.e., the periods during which organic life has been evolving on our planet) is still very differently estimated by geologists and paleontologists, astronomers and physicists, because the empirical data of the calculation are very incomplete and admit great differences of estimate. However, most modern experts aver that their length runs to 100 and 200 million years (some say double this, and even more). If we take the lesser figure of 100 millions, we find this distributed over the five chief periods of organic geology very much as is shown on Table 1. In order to get a clearer idea of the vast duration of these evolutionary periods, and to appreciate the relative shortness of the "historical period," Dr. H. Schmidt (Jena) has reduced the 100,000,000 years to a day. In this scheme the twenty-four hours of "creation-day" are distributed as follows over the five evolutionary periods:

I. Archeozoic period (52 million years) = 12h. 30m.
II. Paleozoic period (34 million years) = 8h. 7m.
III. Mesozoic period (11 million years) = 2h. 38m.
IV. Cenozoic period (3 million years) = 43m.
V. Anthropozoic period (0·1-0·2 million years) = 2m.

If we put the length of the "historic period" at 6,000 years, it only makes five seconds of "creation-day"; the Christian era would amount to two seconds.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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