1 A Stoic term.

2 As says Parmenides, verse 80.

3 Cicero, Tusc. i. 16; Nat. Deor. i. 1; Maxim. Tyr. xvii. 5.

4 As wastage, see 6.4, 10; as Numenius might have said in 12, 22.

5 As said Numenius fr. 46.

6 See Plato's Timaeus 37.

7 Od. xvii. 486.

8 See v. 3.5, 6.

9 See v. 3.10.

10 See v. 3.8, 9.

11 See v. 3.12–17.

12 See v. 5.13.

13 See ii. 1.2.

14 ii 1.1.

15 Aristotle, Met. v. 4.

16 Aristotle, Met. xii. 2.

17 Aristotle, Met. vii. 8.

18 Aristotle, de Anima, ii. 5.

19 Aristotle, Met. xii. 5.

20 Aristotle, Met. ix. 8.

21 Aristotle, Met. ix. 5.

22 That is, their producing potentiality, and not the potentiality of becoming these things, as thought Aristotle. Met. ix. 2.

23 As thought Aristotle, Soul, iii. 7; Met. xii.

24 By Plato in the Timaeus 52.

25 See iv. 6. A polemic against Aristotle, de Anima ii. 5, and the Stoics, Cleanthes, Sextus Empiricus, adv. Math. vii. 288, and Chrysippus, Diog. Laert. vii. 50.

26 As thought Chrysippus, Diog. Laert. vii. 111.

27 See iv. 6.

28 See vi. 6.16.

29 See ii. 6.2.

30 Plato, in his Phaedo 127.

31 See i. 2.1.

32 See i. 2.1, the Socratic definition.

33 See i. 1.2.4.

34 See ii. 5.2.

35 See i. 2.4.

36 A term of Stoic psychology.

37 See i. 2.4.

38 These are the so-called "passions" of the Stoic Chrysippus, Diog. Laert. vii. 111.

39 Of the Stoic contention, Tert. de Anima, 5.

40 See i. 1.13.

41 As was taught by Cleanthes, Sext. Empir. adv. Math. vii. 288.

42 See iii. 6.3.

43 Or, "affections," as we shall in the future call them, in English.

44 See i. 8.15.

45 Or, blindly, see iii. 8.1–3; iv. 4.13, 14.

46 See iii. 6.3, and i. 1.13.

47 See iii. 6.6.

48 See i. 4.8.

49 Notice this Numenian name for the divinity used at the beginning of the Escoreal Numenius fragment.

50 See iii. 8.9.

51 As Plato asked in his Sophist 246; Cxi. 252.

52 As thought Philo in Leg. Alleg. i.

53 See ii. 4.15.

54 See ii. 5.3–5.

55 See vi. 2.

56 See ii. 4.11.

57 As thought Plato in the Timaeus 49–52.

58 See ii. 5.5.

59 de Gen. et Corr. ii. 2, 3.

60 As objected Aristotle, in de Gen. et Corr. i. 7.

61 See ii. 7.1.

62 iii. 6.2.

63 As asked Aristotle, de Gen. i. 7.

64 In his Timaeus 50.

65 See iii 6.12, 13.

66 In his Timaeus 51.

67 See ii. 4.11.

68 In his Timaeus 51.

69 In his Timaeus 49.

70 See iii. 6.11.

71 As said Plato, in his Timaeus 52.

72 See ii. 8.14.

73 See iii. 5.9.

74 The myth of Pandora, see iv. 3.14.

75 See iii. 6.4.

76 See iii. 6.5, 6.

77 By a "bastard" reasoning," see ii. 4.10.

78 See ii. 4.9–12.

79 See iii. 6.12.

80 See ii. 7.2.

81 See iii. 6.13.

82 See ii. 4.8.

83 See ii. 6.3.

84 See ii. 4.5.

85 See iii. 4.6.

86 It would create the magnitude that exists in matter; that is, apparent magnitude.

87 ii. 4.11; against Moderatus of Gades.

88 See ii. 4.11.

89 See iv. 6.3.

90 See ii. 4.12.

91 That is, intelligible "being."

92 See iii. 6.8.

93 See ii. 7.1.

94 As was suggested by Plato in the Timaeus 49–52.

95 As was suggested by Herodotus, ii. 51, and Cicero, de Nat. Deor. iii. 22.

96 That is, Cybele, see v. 1.7.

97 The Stoics.

98 We have here another internal proof of the rightness of our present chronological order of Plotinos's Enneads. The myth of Pandora occurs in iv. 3.14, which follows this book.

99 Against the Manicheans.

100 See vi. 7.41.

101 See i. 1.13.

102 In that port of the Philebus, 29; C ii. 345.

103 As thought Plato, in the Phaedrus, 246–248.

104 As was taught by the Manicheans.

105 As thought Cicero, Tusculans, i. 20; and Aristotle, de Anima, iii. 1–3.

106 See ii. 9.18.

107 42; 69.

108 264; C vi. 48.

109 Rep. x. C 287.

110 See iv. 3.7.

111 See iv. 3.6.

112 See iv. 3.6.

113 Generative.

114 See iii. 2.16.

115 In the sense that it has no limits.

116 See iv. 3.15.

117 As thought Xenocrates and Aristotle, de Coelo, i. 10.

118 See iv. 3.10.

119 Philo, de Sommis, M 648, de Monarchia, M 217.

120 See iii. 6.16, 17.

121 As said Numenius, fr. 32.

122 As did Discord, in Homer's Iliad, iv. 443.

123 See ii. 9.7.

124 See v. 7.1.

125 See ii. 3.7.

126 Plato, Rep. x. C 617; C x. 286.

127 See iv. 4, 24, 40, 43; iv. 9.3.

128 As was taught by Himerius; see also Plutarch and Themistius.

129 As Numenius said, fr. 26.3.

130 In his Timaeus, 35.

131 As said Numenius, fr. 32.

132 See Aristotle, Plato's Critias, Numenius, 32, and Proclus.

133 As thought Aristotle, de Anima, ii. 1.4.

134 In his Timaeus, 34; 30.

135 Plato does just the opposite.

136 Being the power which directs the animal from above, see i. 1.7.

137 As thought Plato in the Timaeus, 73.

138 iv. 3.13.

139 As thought Plato in the Menexenus, 248.

140 As Aristotle asked, de Memoria et Remin. 1.

141 See i. 1.11.

142 Plato, Philebus, C ii. 359.

143 As thought Plato, in the Philebus, C ii. 357.

144 As thought Plato in his Philebus, C ii. 363.

145 See i. 1.12; iv. 3.32; the irrational soul, which is an image of the rational soul, is plunged in the darkness of sense-life.

146 As thought Plato in his Philebus, C ii. 359.

147 In iv. 3.27.

148 As thought Aristotle, de Mem. 1.

149 As thought Aristotle.

150 As thought Aristotle.

151 See i. 4.10.

152 As Numenius said, fr. 32.

153 Another reading is: "All perceptions belong to forms which can reduce to all things." But this does not connect with the next sentence.

154 According to Plato Phaedrus, 246; C vi. 40, and Philebus, 30; C ii. 347.

155 Timaeus, 33.

156 A pun on "schÊma" and "schÊsis."

157 As thought Aristotle, de Gen. et Corr. ii. 2–8.

158 Rep. x. 617; C x. 287; see 2.3.9.

159 Rep. x.

160 According to Aristotle.

161 iv. 4.23.

162 Aristotle, de Anima, ii. 7.

163 See section 5.

164 As thought Aristotle, de Anim. ii. 7.

165 As Plato pointed out in his Meno, 80.

166 As Plato teaches.

167 A mistaken notion of Plato's, then common; see Matth. 6.23.

168 Diog. Laert. vii. 157.

169 Section 8.

170 Section 2.

171 Section 6.

172 This Stoic theory is set forth by Diogenes Laertes in vii. 157.

173 As thought Aristotle, de Anima, ii. 8.

174 As Aristotle again thought.

175 As thought Aristotle, de Gener. Anim. v. 1.

176 See iv. 4.29.

177 This book sounds more Numenian or Amelian, than the former three, which seem to have been written to answer questions of Porphyry's.

178 See section 1–7.

179 As thought Aristotle in his Physics, viii.

180 iv. 3.10.

181 See ii. 3.13.

182 iii. 6.6.

183 Children, whose minds are still weak, and cannot understand the theories of speculative sciences exhibited by Nic. Eth. x. 7.

184 This upper part of the universal Soul is the principal power of the soul; see ii. 3.17.

185 See ii. 3.18.

186 In his Phaedrus, 272, Cary, 75.

187 That is, the essence of the known object, a pun on "reason," as in ii. 6.2.

188 see iv. 6.3.

189 Which is the visible form; see iii. 8.1.

190 As thought Plato, Banquet, Cary, 31, and Aristotle in Aristotle, de Anima, ii. 4.

191 This sounds as if it were a quotation from Numenius, though it does not appear in the latter's fragments.

192 See i. 8.2.

193 See v. 1.4.

194 See iii. 7.2.

195 See iii. 7.10.

196 Notice the connection between this thought and ii. 5, written in the same period of his life; see vi. 8.18.

197 See iii. 3.7 and vi. 8.15.

198 That is, the intelligible matter of ii. 4.3.

199 As thought Aristotle, in Nic. Eth. i. 7; de Anima, ii. 1.

200 See vi. 8.16.

201 vi. 8.15.

202 A pun on "koros," meaning both fulness and son.

203 Another proof of the chronological order; see 3.8.9.

204 Cicero, Orator 2; Seneca, Controversiae v. 36.

205 ii. 8.1.

206 See i. 6.8.

207 i. 6.2.

208 i. 6.9.

209 i. 6.8.

210 i. 6.2.

211 i. 6.6.

212 i. 6.5.

213 iii. 5.6.

214 As thought Plato, in Phaedrus, Cary, 58.

215 Phaedrus, Cary, 59, 62; Numenius, 32.

216 See ii. 2.1.

217 In Sophocles Oedipus Coloneus, 1375; a pun on "dÜ" and "dikÊn."

218 A pun between "science" and "knowledge."

219 In his Phaedrus; Cary, 58.

220 See v. 1.8.

221 See iv. 4.11, 12.

222 A pun on the word meaning "forms" and "statues," mentioned above.

223 Such as Numenius fr. 20.

224 Pun on "agalmata," which has already done duty for "statues" and "forms."

225 Here Plotinos refers to the hieratic writing, which differed from both the hieroglyphic and demotic.

226 See iii. 2 and 3.

227 See ii. 9.12; iii. 2.1.

228 In his Phaedrus, 246; Cary, 55.

229 As was taught by Cleomedes, Meteora viii, and Ptolemy, Almagest i, Geogr. i. 7; vii. 5.

230 See i. 6.9.

231 In his Timaeus, 37; Cary, c. 14.

232 See i. 3.2; i. 6.8.

233 Referring to the Gnostics; see ii. 9.17; this is another proof of the chronological order.

234 As proposed in ii. 9.17.

235 See i. 8.15.

236 As thought Plato in his Phaedrus; Cary, 56.

237 The "infra-celestial vault," of Theodor of Asine.

238 As said Plato, in his Phaedrus; Cary, 59.

239 See v. 1.6.

240 Gnostics.

241 Pun on "koros," fulness, or son.

242 Or, being satiated with good things.

243 See Life of Plotinos, 18. Notice how well the chronological order works out. The former book (31) and the next (33) treat of the Gnostics, while this book treats of the philosophical principle of their practical aspect. Besides, it explains the Amelio-Porphyrian quarrel. Like all other difficulties of the time, it was about Gnosticism, and Amelius's dismissal meant that Plotinos rejected Egyptian Gnosticism, and Numenius's true position as a dualist stands revealed; but after Porphyry's departure, Plotinos harked back to it.

244 We see here an assertion of the standpoint later asserted by Berkeley, Kant and Hegel that the mind cannot go outside itself, and that consequently it is the measure of all things. Kant's "thing-in-itself," a deduction from this, was already discovered by Plotinos in the result of the "bastard reasoning" process, which Hegel called "dialectic."

245 See iii. 6.1.

246 The Kantian "thing-in-itself." See Porphyry, Principles of Intelligibles, 33.

247 See iii. 6.1.

248 Here is a pun based on "doxa."

249 "ParadechomenÊ."

250 "Doxa," which is derived from "dechesthai," to receive.

251 We would, in other words, become pessimists.

252 This is Philo's secondary divinity, p. 27, Guthrie's "Message of Philo Judaeus."

253 That is, of the Intelligence and of the intelligible entities.

254 Who is the Unity; a Numenian conception, fr. 36.

255 A term reminiscent of the famous Christian Nicene formulation.

256 That is we will form a "pair." Numenius, 14, also taught the Pythagorean "pair or doubleness."

257 See vi. 6.16.

258 Pun between essences, "einai," and one, or "henos."

259 "Ousia."

260 Notice the two words for "essence." Plato Cratylus, 424; Cary, 87.

261 As Plato in his Cratylus suggests.

262 Or, essence.

263 Or, essence, to be.

264 Being.

265 The goddess Hestia in Greek, or Vesta in Latin; but "hestia" also meant a "stand." P. 401, Cratylus, Cary, 40.

266 See Numenius, 67, 42.

267 See ii. 9.1; iii. 9.9.

268 Such as Numenius, 42, and Plutarch, de Isis et Osiris, Fr. Tr. 381.

269 From "a-polus."

270 See i. 6.4; iii. 5.1.

271 See v. 5.1.

272 See i. 6, end.

273 Pun between "on" and "hen."

274 See Plato, Rep. vi., Cary, 13.

275 Mentioned in Biography of Plotinos, 16.

276 See vi. 9. Another proof of the chronological arrangement.

277 See v. 6.

278 See v. 1, 2, 3, 6; vi. 7, 9.

279 Of Bythos.

280 Ennoia and Thelesis.

281 By distinguishing within each of them potentiality and actualization, Numenius, 25, multiplied them.

282 Nous, and Logos or Achamoth; see ii. 9.6.

283 The prophoric logos, see i. 2.3; and Philo. de Mosis Vita 3.

284 See v. 3.4.

285 See i. 1.7.

286 This is a mingling of Platonic and Aristotelic thought, see Ravaisson, Essay on the Metaphysics of Aristotle, ii. 407.

287 Which would be nonsense; the Gnostics (Valentinus) had gone as far as 33 aeons.

288 See ii. 9.11.

289 Between the sense-world, and the intelligible world, see iv. 3.5–8; v. 2.3. Plotinos is followed by Jamblichus and Damascius, but Proclus and Hermias denied that the soul did not entirely enter into the body, Stobaeus, Ecl. i. 52.

290 See iv. 3.18; iv. 4.3.

291 The intelligible world.

292 See iv. 3.1–8; iv. 9.

293 Thus Plotinos opposes the Gnostic belief that the world was created, and will perish.

294 See ii. 9, 9, 16.

295 The Gnostic Horos.

296 As Plato said Phaedrus, 246; Cary, 55.

297 The Gnostic theory of creation by the fall of Sophia and Achamoth.

298 See ii. 9.11. Valentinus however said only that Achamoth had created all things in honor of the aeons; only the later theologians held this view mentioned by Plotinos.

299 See i. 2.1, 2.

300 See I. Tim. vi. 20, 21; and ii. 9.9.

301 See ii. 3.9.

302 See ii. 1.4.

303 This, however, is a mistake of Plotinos's, as the Gnostics held not this, but that the pneumatic or spiritual humans dwell on earth, and the psychic in heaven, as Bouillet remarks.

304 So that they should remain in the model instead of descending here below?

305 By remaining in the model, instead of descending here below.

306 That is, the spiritual germs emanating from the "plerÔma."

307 Plotinos here treats as synonymous "new earth," "reason of the world," "model of the world," and "form of the world;" but Bouillet shows that there is reason to believe he was in error in the matter.

308 From the plerÔma, whose "seeds of election" they were, and which now become to them a foreign country.

309 Of the aeons, from whom souls, as intelligible beings, had emanated.

310 As in the famous drama of Sophia and Achamoth.

311 The unseen place; the transmigrations of Basilides, Valentinus, Carpocrates, and the others.

312 P. 39. Cary, 15.

313 Added to Plato by Plotinos.

314 Plotinos had done so himself (Intelligence, and the intelligible world); Numenius (25) also did so.

315 See iv. 3.8, 15.

316 Such as Pythagoras and Plato, Life of Plot. 23.

317 See ii. 9.17.

318 The doctrine of the Gnostics.

319 Or, generations, the "syzygies" of the aeons, see Titus iii. 9.

320 ii. 9.17.

321 As in the drama of the fall of Sophia and Achamoth.

322 See ii. 1.1; iii. 2.1; iv. 3.9.

323 See i. 2.

324 iv. 3.

325 For the descending souls enter bodies already organized by the universal Soul, see iv. 3.6; ii. 1.5; ii. 3.9; ii. 9.18.

326 Lower part, see ii. 1.5; ii. 3.5, 18.

327 See ii. 1, 3, 4, 5.

328 The first "bond" is nature, the second is the human soul.

329 See ii. 1.3.

330 That is, the stars, ii. 3.7–13.

331 See ii. 9.5.

332 With Plato's Timaeus, 29, Cary, 9.

333 In the universal Soul, ii. 3.16, 17.

334 By existing and creating, see ii. 5.2.

335 See i. 8.7, for matter.

336 See ii. 9.3.

337 See Philo, de Gigant. i.

338 See ii. 2.1.

339 See ii. 3.9–13.

340 See iv. 8.

341 See ii. 3.9.

342 See i. 4.8.

343 See i. 2.

344 See i. 4.7.

345 See ii. 3.13.

346 See i. 4.8.

347 See i. 4.14–16.

348 See ii. 3.8, 16.

349 See ii. 3.9.

350 See below.

351 The stars, see ii. 3.9.

352 That is, Intelligence, see i. 8.2.

353 The stars prognosticate events, see ii. 3.9.

354 See i. 2.

355 To the perfect Father, Bythos, Irenaeus, ii. 18.

356 See Irenaeus, iii. 15.

357 See ii. 9.16.

358 See Irenaeus. i. 21.

359 See Irenaeus, iii. 15.

360 See i. 1.12.

361 Thus identifying the "reasonable soul" with Sophia, and "the soul of growth and generation" with Achamoth.

362 See ii. 9.4.

363 ii. 3.16.

364 Or "seminal reasons," ii. 3.13.

365 See iii. 4.1.

366 As wrote Plato in his second Letter, 2, 312, Cary, 482.

367 Jeremiah x. 2.

368 Pindar, Olymp. i. 43.

369 See ii. 3.9.

370 See ii. 3.7.

371 See ii. 3.7.

372 As thought Plato, Laws, x, p. 897, Cviii. 265; Cary, C8, that evil is only negative.

373 See Irenaeus, i. 25.

374 See Origen, c. Cels. i. 24.

375 See i. 2.

376 This is, however, extreme, as Clement of Alexandria hands down helpful extracts from Valentinus, Strom. iv.; etc.

377 See ii. 9.9

378 See i. 6.7.

379 In his Phaedo, pp. 66, 67; Cary, 29–32.

380 That is, according to its receptivity.

381 As thought Plato in the Timaeus, p. 29; C xi. 110, Cary, 10.

382 By the soul that gives it form, see i. 6.2.

383 See iii. 4.6; v. 1.2–6.

384 See i.4.8–14.

385 This was evidently a rebuke to Amelius, for his faithfulness to Numenius; and it is at this time that Amelius left Plotinos.

386 This may refer to Numenius's views, see fr. 27 b. 10.

387 Compare Numenius, fr. 61, 62a.