CHAPTER XXV.

ILLYRIANS, MACEDONIANS, PÆONIANS.

Different tribes of Illyrians. — Conflicts and contrast of Illyrians with Greeks. — Epidamnus and Apollonia in relation to the Illyrians. — Early Macedonians. — Their original seats. — General view of the country which they occupied — eastward of Pindus and Skardus. — Distribution and tribes of the Macedonians. — Macedonians round Edessa — the leading portion of the nation. — Pierians and BottiÆans — originally placed on the Thermaic gulf, between the Macedonians and the sea. — PÆonians. — Argeian Greeks who established the dynasty of Edessa — Perdikkas. — Talents for command manifested by Greek chieftains over barbaric tribes. — Aggrandizement of the dynasty of Edessa — conquests as far as the Thermaic gulf, as well as over the interior Macedonians. — Friendship between king Amyntas and the Peisistratids.

pages 1-19

CHAPTER XXVI.

THRACIANS AND GREEK COLONIES IN THRACE.

Thracians — their numbers and abode. — Many distinct tribes, yet little diversity of character. — Their cruelty, rapacity, and military efficiency. — Thracian worship and character Asiatic. — Early date of the Chalkidic colonies in Thrace. — MethÔnÊ the earliest — about 720 B.C. — Several other small settlements on the Chalkidic peninsula and its three projecting headlands. — Chalkidic peninsula — Mount Athos. — Colonies in PallÊnÊ, or the westernmost of the three headlands. — In Sithonia, or the middle headland. — In the headland of Athos — Akanthus, Stageira, etc. — Greek settlements east of the StrymÔn in Thrace. — Island of Thasus. — Thracian Chersonesus. — Perinthus, Selymoria, and Byzantium. — Grecian settlements on the Euxine, south of the Danube. — Lemnos and Imbros.

20-28

CHAPTER XXVII.

KYRENE AND BARKA. — HESPERIDES.

First voyages of the Greeks to Libya. — Foundation of KyrÊnÊ. — Founded by Battus from the island of ThÊra. — Colony first settled in the island of Platea — afterwards removed to KyrÊnÊ. — Situation of KyrÊnÊ. — Fertility, produce, and prosperity. — Libyan tribes near KyrÊnÊ. — Extensive dominion of KyrÊnÊ and Barka over the Libyans. — Connection of the Greek colonies with the Nomads of Libya. — Manners of the Libyan Nomads. — Mixture of Greeks and Libyan inhabitants at KyrÊnÊ. — Dynasty of Battus, Arkesilaus, Battus the Second, at KyrÊnÊ — fresh colonists from Greece. — Disputes with the native Libyans. — Arkesilaus the Second, prince of KyrÊnÊ — misfortunes of the city — foundation of Barka. — Battus the Third, a lame man — reform by DemÔnax, who takes away the supreme power from the Battiads. — New emigration — restoration of the Battiad Arkesilaus the Third. — Oracle limiting the duration of the Battiad dynasty. — Violences at KyrÊnÊ under Arkesilaus the Third. — Arkesilaus sends his submission to KambysÊs, king of Persia. — Persian expedition from Egypt against Barka — PheretimÊ, mother of Arkesilaus. — Capture of Barka by perfidy — cruelty of PheretimÊ. — Battus the Fourth and Arkesilaus the Fourth — final extinction of the dynasty about 460-450 B.C. — Constitution of DemÔnax not durable.

29-49

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PAN-HELLENIC FESTIVALS — OLYMPIC, PYTHIAN, NEMEAN, AND ISTHMIAN.

Want of grouping and unity in the early period of Grecian history. — New causes, tending to favor union, begin after 560 B.C. — no general war between 776 and 560 B.C. known to ThucydidÊs. — Increasing disposition to religious, intellectual, and social union. — Reciprocal admission of cities to the religious festivals of each other. — Early splendor of the Ionic festival at Delos — its decline. — Olympic games — their celebrity and long continuance. — Their gradual increase — new matches introduced. — Olympic festival — the first which passes from a local to a Pan-Hellenic character. — Pythian games, or festival. — Early state and site of Delphi. — Phocian town of Krissa. — Kirrha, the seaport of Krissa. — Growth of Delphi and Kirrha — decline of Krissa. — Insolence of the KirrhÆans punished by the Amphiktyons. — First Sacred War, in 595 B.C. — Destruction of Kirrha. — Pythian games founded by the Amphiktyons. — Nemean and Isthmian games. — Pan-Hellenic character acquired by all the four festivals — Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian. — Increased frequentation of the other festivals in most Greek cities. — All other Greek cities, except Sparta, encouraged such visits. — Effect of these festivals upon the Greek mind.

50-73

CHAPTER XXIX.

LYRIC POETRY. — THE SEVEN WISE MEN.

Age and duration of the Greek lyric poetry. — Epical age preceding the lyrical. — Wider range of subjects for poetry — new metres — enlarged musical scale. — Improvement of the harp by Terpander — of the flute by Olympus and others. — Archilochus, Kallinus, TyrtÆus, and Alkman — 670-600 B.C. — New metres superadded to the Hexameter — Elegiac, Iambic, Trochaic. — Archilochus. — SimonidÊs of Amorgos, Kallinus, TyrtÆus. — Musical and poetical tendencies at Sparta. — Choric training — Alkman, ThalÊtas. — Doric dialect employed in the choric compositions. — Arion and StÊsichorus — substitution of the professional in place of the popular chorus. — Distribution of the chorus by StÊsichorus — StrophÊ — AntistrophÊ — EpÔdus. — AlkÆus and Sappho. — Gnomic or moralizing poets. — Solon and Theognis. — Subordination of musical and orchestrical accompaniment to the words and meaning. — Seven Wise Men. — They were the first men who acquired an Hellenic reputation, without poetical genius. — Early manifestation of philosophy — in the form of maxims. — Subsequent growth of dialectics and discussion. — Increase of the habit of writing — commencement of prose compositions. — First beginnings of Grecian art. — Restricted character of early art, from religious associations. — Monumental ornaments in the cities — begin in the sixth century B.C. — Importance of Grecian art as a means of Hellenic union.

73-101

CHAPTER XXX.

GRECIAN AFFAIRS DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF PEISISTRATUS AND HIS SONS AT ATHENS.

Peisistratus and his sons at Athens — B.C. 500-510 — uncertain chronology as to Peisistratus. — State of feeling in Attica at the accession of Peisistratus. — Retirement of Peisistratus, and stratagem whereby he is reinstated. — Quarrel of Peisistratus with the AlkmÆÔnids — his second retirement. — His second and final restoration. — His strong government — mercenaries — purification of Delos. — Mild despotism of Peisistratus. — His sons Hippias and Hipparchus. — Harmodius and AristogeitÔn. — They conspire and kill Hipparchus. B.C. 514. — Strong and lasting sentiment, coupled with great historical mistake, in the Athenian public. — Hippias despot alone — 514-510 B.C. — his cruelty and conscious insecurity. — Connection of Athens with the Thracian Chersonesus and the Asiatic coast of the Hellespont. — First MiltiadÊs — oekist of the Chersonese. — Second MiltiadÊs — sent out thither by the Peisistratids. — Proceedings of the exiled AlkmÆÔnids against Hippias. — Conflagration and rebuilding of the Delphian temple. — The AlkmÆÔnids rebuild the temple with magnificence. — Gratitude of the Delphians towards them — they procure from the oracle directions to Sparta, enjoining the expulsion of Hippias. — Spartan expeditions into Attica. — Expulsion of Hippias, and liberation of Athens.

102-126

CHAPTER XXXI.

GRECIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE PEISISTRATIDS. — REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS.

State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. — Opposing party-leaders — KleisthenÊs — Isagoras. — Democratical revolution headed by KleisthenÊs. — Rearrangement and extension of the political franchise. — Suppression of the four old tribes, and formation of ten new tribes, including an increased number of the population. — Imperfect description of this event in Herodotus — its real bearing. — Grounds of opposition to it in ancient Athenian feeling. — Names of the new tribes — their relation to the demes. — Demes belonging to each tribe usually not adjacent to each other. — Arrangements and functions of the deme. — Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. — Change of military arrangement in the state. — The ten stratÊgi, or generals. — The judicial assembly of citizens, or HeliÆa, subsequently divided into fractions, each judging separately. — The political assembly, or ekklesia. — Financial arrangements. — Senate of Five Hundred. — Ekklesia, or political assembly. — KleisthenÊs the real author of the Athenian democracy. — Judicial attributes of the people — their gradual enlargement. — Three points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together: — Universal admissibility of citizens to magistracy — choice by lot — reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. — Universal admissibility of citizens to the archonship — not introduced until after the battle of PlatÆa. — Constitution of KleisthenÊs retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individual office. — Difference between that constitution and the political state of Athens after PeriklÊs. — Senate of Areopagus. — The ostracism. — Weakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. — Past violences of the Athenian nobles. — Necessity of creating a constitutional morality. — Purpose and working of the ostracism. — Securities against its abuse. — Ostracism necessary as a protection to the early democracy — afterwards dispensed with. — Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a known pretender to the throne in a monarchy. — Effect of the long ascendency of PeriklÊs, in strengthening constitutional morality. — Ostracism in other Grecian cities. — Striking effect of the revolution of KleisthenÊs on the minds of the citizens. — Isagoras calls in KleomenÊs and the LacedÆmonians against it. — KleomenÊs and Isagoras are expelled from Athens. — Recall of KleisthenÊs — Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. — First connection between Athens and PlatÆa. — Disputes between PlatÆa and Thebes — decision of Corinth as arbitrator. — Second march of KleomenÊs against Athens — desertion of his allies. — First appearance of Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. — Signal successes of Athens against Boeotians and Chalkidians. — Plantation of Athenian settlers, or klÊruchs, in the territory of Chalkis. — Distress of the Thebans — they ask assistance from Ægina. — The Æginetans make war on Athens. — Preparations at Sparta to attack Athens anew — the Spartan allies are summoned, together with Hippias. — First formal convocation at Sparta — advance of Greece towards a political system. — Proceedings of the convocation — animated protest of Corinth against any interference in favor of Hippias — the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. — Aversion to single-headed rule — now predominant in Greece. — Striking development of Athenian energy after the revolution of KleisthenÊs — language of Herodotus. — Effect of the idea or theory of democracy in exciting Athenian sentiment. — Patriotism of an Athenian between 500-400 B.C. — combined with an eager spirit of personal military exertion and sacrifice. — Diminution of this active sentiment in the restored democracy after the Thirty Tyrants.

126-181

CHAPTER XXXII.

RISE OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. — CYRUS.

State of Asia before the rise of the Persian monarchy. — Great power and alliances of Croesus. — Rise of Cyrus — uncertainty of his early history. — Story of AstyagÊs. — Herodotus and KtÊsias. — Condition of the native Persians at the first rise of Cyrus. — Territory of Iran — between Tigris and Indus. — War between Cyrus and Croesus. — Croesus tests the oracles — triumphant reply from Delphi — munificence of Croesus to the oracle. — Advice given to him by the oracle. — He solicits the alliance of Sparta. — He crosses the Halys and attacks the Persians. — Rapid march of Cyrus to Sardis. — Siege and capture of Sardis. — Croesus becomes prisoner of Cyrus — how treated. — Remonstrance addressed by Croesus to the Delphian god. — Successful justification of the oracle. — Fate of Croesus impressive to the Greek mind. — The MoerÆ, or Fates. — State of the Asiatic Greeks after the conquest of Lydia by Cyrus. — They apply in vain to Sparta for aid. — Cyrus quits Sardis — revolt of the Lydians suppressed. — The Persian general MazarÊs attacks Ionia — the Lydian Paktyas. — Harpagus succeeds MazarÊs — conquest of Ionia by the Persians. — Fate of PhÔkÆa. — Emigration of the PhÔkÆans vowed by all, executed only by one half. — PhÔkÆan colony first at Alalia, then at Elea. — Proposition of Bias for a Pan-Ionic emigration not adopted. — Entire conquest of Asia Minor by the Persians.

182-208

CHAPTER XXXIII.

GROWTH OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.

Conquests of Cyrus in Asia. — His attack of Babylon. — Difficult approach to Babylon — no resistance made to the invaders. — Cyrus distributes the river GyndÊs into many channels. — He takes Babylon, by drawing off for a time the waters of the Euphrates. — Babylon left in undiminished strength and population. — Cyrus attacks the MassagetÆ — is defeated and slain. — Extraordinary stimulus to the Persians, from the conquests of Cyrus. — Character of the Persians. — Thirst for foreign conquest among the Persians, for three reigns after Cyrus. — KambysÊs succeeds his father Cyrus — his invasion of Egypt. — Death of Amasis, king of Egypt, at the time when the Persian expedition was preparing — his son Psammenitus succeeds. — Conquest of Egypt by KambysÊs. — Submission of KyrÊnÊ and Barka to KambysÊs — his projects for conquering Libya and Ethiopia disappointed. — Insults of KambysÊs to the Egyptian religion. — Madness of KambysÊs — he puts to death his younger brother, Smerdis. — Conspiracy of the Magian PatizeithÊs who sets up his brother as king under the name of Smerdis. — Death of KambysÊs. — Reign of the false Smerdis — conspiracy of the seven Persian noblemen against him — he is slain. — Darius succeeds to the throne. — Political bearing of this conspiracy — Smerdis represents Median preponderance, which is again put down by Darius. — Revolt of the Medes — suppressed. — Discontents of the satraps. — Revolt of Babylon. — Reconquered and dismantled by Darius. — Organization of the Persian empire by Darius. — Twenty satrapies with a fixed tribute apportioned to each. — Imposts upon the different satrapies. — Organizing tendency of Darius — first imperial coinage — imperial roads and posts. — Island of Samos — its condition at the accession of Darius. — PolykratÊs. — PolykratÊs breaks with Amasis, king of Egypt, and allies himself with KambysÊs. — The Samian exiles, expelled by PolykratÊs, apply to Sparta for aid. — The LacedÆmonians attack Samos, but are repulsed. — Attack on Siphnos by the Samian exiles. — Prosperity of PolykratÊs. — He is slain by the Persian satrap OroetÊs. — MÆandrius, lieutenant of PolykratÊs in Samos — he desires to establish a free government after the death of PolykratÊs — conduct of the Samians. — MÆandrius becomes despot. — Contrast between the Athenians and the Samians. — SylosÔn, brother of PolykratÊs, lands with a Persian army in Samos — his history. — MÆandrius agrees to evacuate the island. — Many Persian officers slain — slaughter of the Samians. — SylosÔn despot at Samos. — Application of MÆandrius to Sparta for aid — refused.

209-252

CHAPTER XXXIV.

DEMOKEDES. — DARIUS INVADES SCYTHIA.

Conquering dispositions of Darius. — Influence of his wife, Atossa. — DÊmokÊdÊs, the Krotoniate surgeon — his adventures — he is carried a slave to Susa. — He cures Darius, who rewards him munificently. — He procures permission by artifice, and through the influence of Atossa, to return to Greece. — Atossa suggests to Darius an expedition against Greece. — DÊmokÊdÊs, with some Persians, is sent to procure information for him. — Voyage of DÊmokÊdÊs along the coast of Greece — he stays at Kroton — fate of his Persian companions. — Consequences which might have been expected to happen if Darius had then undertaken his expedition against Greece. — Darius marches against Scythia. — His naval force formed of Asiatic and insular Greeks. — He directs the Greeks to throw a bridge over the Danube and crosses the river. — He marches into Scythia — narrative of his march impossible and unintelligible, considered as history. — The description of his march is rather to be looked upon as a fancy-picture, illustrative of Scythian warfare. — Poetical grouping of the Scythians and their neighbors by Herodotus. — Strong impression produced upon the imagination of Herodotus by the Scythians. — Orders given by Darius to the Ionians at the bridge over the Danube. — The Ionians are left in guard of the bridge; their conduct when Darius’s return is delayed. — The Ionian despots preserve the bridge and enable Darius to recross the river, as a means of support to their own dominion at home. — Opportunity lost of emancipation from the Persians — Conquest of Thrace by the Persians as far as the river Strymon — Myrkinus near that river given to HistiÆus. — Macedonians and PÆonians are conquered by Megabazus. — Insolence of the Persian envoys in Macedonia — they are murdered. — HistiÆus founds a prosperous colony at Myrkinus — Darius sends for him into Asia. — OtanÊs Persian general on the Hellespont — he conquers the Pelasgian population of Lemnos, Imbros, etc. — Lemnos and Imbros captured by the Athenians and MiltiadÊs.

252-280

CHAPTER XXXV.

IONIC REVOLT.

Darius carries HistiÆus to Susa. — Application of the banished Hippias to ArtaphernÊs, satrap of Sardis. — State of the island of Naxos — Naxian exiles solicit aid from Aristagoras of MilÊtus. — Expedition against Naxos, undertaken by Aristagoras with the assistance of ArtaphernÊs the satrap. — Its failure, through dispute between Aristagoras and the Persian general, MegabatÊs. — Alarm of Aristagoras — he determines to revolt against Persia — instigation to the same effect from HistiÆus. — Revolt of Aristagoras and the Milesians — the despots in the various cities deposed and seized. — Extension of the revolt throughout Asiatic Greece — Aristagoras goes to solicit aid from Sparta. — Refusal of the Spartans to assist him. — Aristagoras applies to Athens — obtains aid both from Athens and Eretria. — March of Aristagoras up to Sardis with the Athenian and Eretrian allies — burning of the town — retreat and defeat of these Greeks by the Persians. — The Athenians abandon the alliance. — Extension of the revolt to Cyprus and Byzantium. — Phenician fleet called forth by the Persians — Persian and Phenician armament sent against Cyprus — the Ionians send aid thither — victory of the Persians — they reconquer the island. — Successes of the Persians against the revolted coast of Asia Minor. — Aristagoras loses courage and abandons the country. — Appearance of HistiÆus, who had obtained leave of departure from Susa. — HistiÆus is suspected by ArtaphernÊs — flees to Chios. — He attempts in vain to procure admission into MilÊtus — puts himself at the head of a small piratical squadron. — Large Persian force assembled, aided by the Phenician fleet, for the siege of MilÊtus. — The allied Grecian fleet mustered at LadÊ. — Attempts of the Persians to disunite the allies, by means of the exiled despots. — Want of command and discipline in the Grecian fleet. — Energy of the PhÔkÆan Dionysius — he is allowed to assume the command. — Discontent of the Grecian crews — they refuse to act under Dionysius. — Contrast of this incapacity of the Ionic crews with the subsequent severe discipline of the Athenian seamen. — Disorder and mistrust grow up in the fleet — treachery of the Samian captains. — Complete victory of the Persian fleet at LadÊ — ruin of the Ionic fleet — severe loss of the Chians. — Voluntary exile and adventures of Dionysius. — Siege, capture, and ruin of MilÊtus by the Persians. — The Phenician fleet reconquers all the coast-towns and islands. — Narrow escape of MiltiadÊs from their pursuit. — Cruelties of the Persians after the reconquest. — Movements and death of HistiÆus. — Sympathy and terror of the Athenians at the capture of MilÊtus — the tragic writer Phrynichus is fined.

280-310

CHAPTER XXXVI.

FROM THE IONIC REVOLT TO THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.

Proceedings of the satrap ArtaphernÊs after the reconquest of Ionia — Mardonius comes with an army into Ionia — he puts down the despots in the Greek cities. — He marches into Thrace and Macedonia — his fleet destroyed by a terrible storm near Mount Athos — he returns into Asia. — Island of Thasos — prepares to revolt from the Persians — forced to submit. — Preparations of Darius for invading Greece — he sends heralds round the Grecian towns to demand earth and water — many of them submit. — Ægina among those towns which submitted — state and relations of this island. — Heralds from Darius are put to death, both at Athens and Sparta. — Effects of this act in throwing Sparta into a state of hostility against Persia. — The Athenians appeal to Sparta, in consequence of the medism (or submission to the Persians) of Ægina. — Interference of Sparta — her distinct acquisition and acceptance of the leadership of Greece. — One condition of recognized Spartan leadership was the extreme weakness of Argos at this moment. — Victorious war of Sparta against Argos. — Destruction of the Argeians by KleomenÊs, in the grove of the hero Argus. — KleomenÊs returns without having attacked the city of Argos. — He is tried — his peculiar mode of defence — acquitted. — Argos unable to interfere with Sparta in the affair of Ægina and in her presidential power. — KleomenÊs goes to Ægina to seize the medizing leaders — resistance made to him, at the instigation of his colleague Demaratus. — Demaratus is deposed, and LeotychidÊs chosen king, by the intrigues of KleomenÊs. — Demaratus leaves Sparta and goes to Darius. — KleomenÊs and LeotychidÊs go to Ægina, seize ten hostages, and convey them as prisoners to Athens. — Important effect of this proceeding upon the result of the first Persian invasion of Greece. — Assemblage of the vast Persian armament under Datis at Samos. — He crosses the Ægean — carries the island of Naxos without resistance — respects Delos. — He reaches Euboea — siege and capture of Eretria. — Datis lands at Marathon. — Existing condition and character of the Athenians. — MiltiadÊs — his adventures — chosen one of the ten generals in the year in which the Persians landed at Marathon. — ThemistoklÊs and AristeidÊs. — MiltiadÊs, AristeidÊs, and perhaps ThemistoklÊs, were now among the ten stratÊgi, or generals, in 490 B.C. — The Athenians ask aid from Sparta — delay of the Spartans. — Difference of opinion among the ten Athenian generals — five of them recommend an immediate battle, the other five are adverse to it. — Urgent instances of MiltiadÊs in favor of an immediate battle — casting-vote of the polemarch determines it. — March of the Athenians to Marathon — the PlatÆans spontaneously join them there. — Numbers of the armies. — Locality of Marathon. — Battle of Marathon — rapid charge of MiltiadÊs — defeat of the Persians. — Loss on both sides. — Ulterior plans of the Persians against Athens — party in Attica favorable to them. — Rapid march of MiltiadÊs back to Athens on the day of the battle. — The Persians abandon the enterprise, and return home. — Athens rescued through the speedy battle brought on by MiltiadÊs. — Change of Grecian feeling as to the Persians — terror which the latter inspired at the time of the battle of Marathon. — Immense effect of the Marathonian victory on the feelings of the Greeks — especially of the Athenians. — Who were the traitors that invited the Persians to Athens after the battle — false imputation on the AlkmÆÔnids. — Supernatural belief connected with the battle — commemorations of it. — Return of Datis to Asia — fate of the Eretrian captives. — Glory of MiltiadÊs — his subsequent conduct — unsuccessful expedition against Paros — bad hurt of MiltiadÊs. — Disgrace of MiltiadÊs on his return. — He is fined — dies of his wound — the fine is paid by his son Kimon. — Reflections on the closing adventures of the life of MiltiadÊs. — Fickleness and ingratitude imputed to the Athenians — how far they deserve the charge. — Usual temper of the Athenian dikasts in estimating previous services. — Tendency of eminent Greeks to be corrupted by success. — In what sense it is apparently true that fickleness was an attribute of the Athenian democracy.

311-378

CHAPTER XXXVII.

IONIC PHILOSOPHERS. — PYTHAGORAS. — KROTON AND SYBARIS.

Phalaris despot of Agrigentum. — ThalÊs. — Ionic philosophers — not a school or succession. — Step in philosophy commenced by ThalÊs. — Vast problems with scanty means of solution. — One cause of the vein of skepticism which runs through Grecian philosophy. — ThalÊs — primeval element of water, or the fluid. — Anaximander. — Problem of the One and the Many — the Permanent and the Variable. — XenophanÊs — his doctrine the opposite of that of Anaximander. — The Eleatic school, ParmenidÊs and Zeno, springing from XenophanÊs — their dialectics — their great influence on Grecian speculation. — PherekydÊs. — History of Pythagoras. — His character and doctrines. — Pythagoras more a missionary and schoolmaster than a politician — his political efficiency exaggerated by later witnesses. — His ethical training — probably not applied to all the members of his order. — Decline and subsequent renovation of the Pythagorean order. — Pythagoras not merely a borrower, but an original and ascendent mind. — He passes from Samos to Kroton. — State of Kroton — oligarchical government — excellent gymnastic training and medical skill. — Rapid and wonderful effects said to have been produced by the exhortations of Pythagoras. — He forms a powerful club, or society, consisting of three hundred men taken from the wealthy classes at Kroton. — Political influence of Pythagoras — was an indirect result of the constitution of the order. — Causes which led to the subversion of the Pythagorean order. — Violences which accompanied its subversion. — The Pythagorean order is reduced to a religious and philosophical sect, in which character it continues. — War between Sybaris and Kroton. — Defeat of the Sybarites, and destruction of their city, partly through the aid of the Spartan prince Dorieus. — Sensation excited in the Hellenic world by the destruction of Sybaris. — Gradual decline of the Greek power in Italy. — Contradictory statements and arguments respecting the presence of Dorieus. — Herodotus does not mention the Pythagoreans, when he alludes to the war between Sybaris and Kroton. — Charondas, lawgiver of Katana, Naxos, ZanklÊ, Rhegium, etc.

378-419