[1] Vide Blue Book, 1878, Part I. p. 423. The first return of Bacon for St. Albans was not until 1601. Roger Ascham, whose influence upon education was even profounder than Bacon's, sat for another Lancashire town—Preston—in the Parliament of 1563.

[2] It is necessary to say the "civilised," because in Lancashire, as in all other industrial communities, especially manufacturing ones, there are plenty of selfish and vulgar rich.

[3] Namely, 209,480 Catholic, as against 1,437,000 non-Catholic.

[4]

The first Duke of Lancaster was Henry, previously Earl of Derby, whose daughter Blanche was married by John of Gaunt, the latter succeeding to the title.

[5] Originally published in the Manchester Mercury, 19th October 1752.

[6] Unless, possibly, as contended by Mr. T. G. Rylands in the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society's Proceedings for 1878, vol. xvii. p. 81, following Horsley and Keith Johnston, Pliny intended the Mersey by his "Belisama." But West, Professor William Smith, and authors in general, consider that the "Belisama" was the modern Ribble.

[7] Retained to this day as the name of one of the principal Lancashire "Hundreds," it is West Derby which gives title to the Earls of the house of Stanley, and not, as often supposed, the city in the midland counties.

[8] Vide Mr. Inglis's Twenty-third Report to Government on the Certified and Industrial Schools of Great Britain, December 1880.

[9] J. G. Kohl. England, Scotland, and Ireland, vol. iii. p. 43. 1844.

[10] For the derivation of this curious word, see Notes and Queries, Sixth Series, vol. ii. pp. 365 and 492. 1880.

[11] Vide The Dark Side of Liverpool, by the Rev. R. H. Lundie, Weekly Review, 20th November 1880, p. 1113.

[12] Itinerary, vol. vii. p. 40. Oxford, 1711.

[13] Vide Liverpool Mercury, 11th December 1880.

[14] In Liverpool, strictly speaking, there are no "hands," no troops of workpeople, that is to say, young and old, male and female, equivalent as regards relation to employer to the operatives of Oldham and Stalybridge.

[15] Vide the Autobiography of Wm. Stout, the old Quaker grocer, ironmonger, and general merchant of Lancaster. He mentions receiving cotton from Barbadoes in 1701, and onwards to 1725, when the price advanced "from 10d. to near 2s. 1d. the lb."

[16] That the spinning-jenny was so named after a wife or daughter of one of the inventors is fable. The original wheel was the "jenny," a term corresponding with others well known in Lancashire,—the "peggy" and the "dolly,"—and the new contrivance became the "spinning-jenny."

[17] Inventor of the mariners' compass.

[18] Two Gentlemen, ii. 7.

[19] The original tower remained till 1864, when, being considered insecure, it was taken down, and the existing facsimile erected in its place.

[20] St. Anne's was so named in compliment to the queen then on the throne. "St. Ann's," like "Market-street Lane," came of carelessness or something worse. The thoroughfare so called was properly Market-stead Lane—i.e. the lane leading to the Market-place.

[21] The population per statute acre of the towns referred to, and of one or two others, which may be usefully put in contrast, is as follows:

[22] For delineations of local and personal character in full we look to the novelists. After supreme Scarsdale, and the well-known tales by Mrs. Gaskell and Mrs. Banks, may be mentioned, as instructive in regard to Lancashire ways and manners, Coultour's Factory, by Miss Emily Rodwell, and the first portion of Mr. Hirst's Hiram Greg. Lord Beaconsfield's admirable portrait of Millbank, the Lancashire manufacturer, given in Coningsby in 1844, had for its original the late Mr. Edmund Ashworth of Turton, whose mills had been visited by the author, then Mr. Disraeli, the previous year.

[23] Founded in 1826. See the interesting particulars in Mr. Prentice's Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections, pp. 289-295. 1851.

[24] The late greatly respected Mr. E. R. Le Mare, who came to Manchester in 1829, and was long distinguished among the local silk-merchants, belonged by descent to one of these identical old Huguenot families. Died at Clevedon, 4th February 1881, aged eighty-four.

[25] Sir John Spielman's, at Dartford.—Vide 2nd Henry VI., Act iv. Scene 7.

[26] On the South Lancashire Dialect. By Thomas Heywood, F.S.A. Chetham Society. Vol. lvii. pp. 8, 36.

[27] Vide Mr. George Milner, "On the Lancashire Dialect considered as a Vehicle for Poetry," Manchester Literary Club Papers, vol. i. p. 20. 1875.

[28] Vide Mr. George Milner, "On the Lancashire Dialect considered as a Vehicle for Poetry," Manchester Literary Club Papers, Appendix to the vol. for 1876.

[29] The modern slang of great towns is of course quite a different thing from the ancient dialect of a rural population. Affected misspellings, as of "kuntry" for country, are also to be distinguished in toto from the phonetic representation of sounds purely dialectical.

[30] i.e. the larks, or singing birds, of Dean. Edwin Waugh, Sketches, p. 199.

[31] Lastrea Oreopteris, "sweet mountain-fern," abundant in South-East Lancashire.

[32] The late Sir James Philips Kay-Shuttleworth, Bart.

[33] Lancashire Folk-lore. By John Harland and T. T. Wilkinson. 1867.

[34] In the Anglo-Saxon version of the Old Testament there are many examples of derivative words. In Exodus xxiii. 15, 16, feasting-time is symbel-tid; xxii. 5, a feast-day is symbel-dÆg. In Psalm lxxxi. 3, we have symelnys, a feast-day.

[35] These vast reservoirs belong to the Liverpool Waterworks, which first used them in January 1857. The surface, when they are full, is 500 acres. Another great sheet of water, a mile in length, for local service, occurs at Entwistle, near Turton.

[36] This, of course, is not the Calder seen at Whalley, there being three rivers in Lancashire of the name—the West Calder, the East Calder, and a little stream which enters the Wyre near Garstang. The West Calder enters the Ribble half way between Whalley and Stonyhurst; the eastern, after a course of forty miles, joins the Aire in the neighbourhood of Wakefield.

[37] It may not be amiss here to mention the names, in exact order, of the Lancashire rivers, giving first those which enter the sea, the affluents and their tributaries coming afterwards: (1) The Mersey, formed of the union of the non-Lancashire Tame, Etherowe, and Goyt. Affluents and tributaries—the Irwell, the Roche, the Spodden, the Medlock, the Irk. (2) The Alt. (3) The Ribble. Affluents and tributaries—the Douglas, the Golforden, the Darwen, the West Calder, the Lostock, the Yarrow, the Brun. (4) The Wyre, which receives the third of the Calders, the Brock, and several others. (5) The Lune, or Loyne. Affluents and tributaries—the Wenning, the Conder, the Greta, the Leck, the Hindburn. Then, north of Lancaster, the Keer, the Bela, the Kent, the Winster, the Leven (from Windermere), the Crake (from Coniston Water), and the Duddon.

[38] The river immortalised by Milton, alluding to the conflict of 17th August 1648:

[39] Maram, the popular name of the Ammophila arenaria, is probably the Danish marhalm, sea-haulm or straw, a term applied in Norway to the Zostera.

[40] "Knot," in the Lake District, probably denotes a rocky protuberance upon a hill. But it is often used, as in the present instance, for the hill in its entirety. Hard Knot, in Eskdale, and Farleton Knot, near Kendal, are parallel examples.

[41] Thus in conformity with their general architectural practice, and as expressed in the Anglo-Saxon word for "to build"—getymbrian.

[42] The existing church dates only from 1620, and in many of its details only from 1852 and 1855.

[43] In the Chetham Society's 42nd vol., p. 211.

[44] Messrs. R. Howarth & Co., whose "weaving-shed," it may be added, is the largest and most astonishing in the world.

[45] Usually miscalled "blue bell," vide "The Shakspere Flora."

[46] Condensed in part from the chapter on Lancashire Birds in Manchester Walks and Wild-flowers, 1858, long since out of print.

[47] One or two paragraphs condensed from the seventh chapter of Summer Rambles, 1866. Long since out of print.