[1] Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p.122.
[2] Cited by George Coffey, Bronze Age in Ireland, pp.2, 3.
[3] Coffey, George, op.cit. pp.6–99.
[4] Joyce, Patrick W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.556.
[5] Coffey, George, op.cit. p.2.
[6] Coffey, George, New Grange and other Incised Tumuli, p.62.
[7] Coffey, George, The Bronze Age in Ireland, pp.2, 27.
[8] O’Donovan, John, Annals of the Four Masters, I., p.132.
[9] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.14.
[10] Ginnell, Laurence, Article on the Brehon Laws, in the EncyclopÆdia Britannica, IV., p.488.
[11] Quoted by Douglas Hyde in A Literary History of Ireland, p.134.
[12] Liber Ardmachanus or Book of Armagh, edited by John Gwynn, p.9.
[13] Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, II., p.284.
[14] Joyce, Patrick W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.402.
[15] The Brehon Laws have been edited and translated and published in five volumes with the title The Ancient Laws of Ireland.
[16] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.403, who cites Petrie’s Tara, p.38.
[17] See Chapter IV. for a brief account of the Irish Lay Schools.
[18] See under Prosody, O’Donovan’s Irish Grammar.
[19] See Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.316.
[20] Cosmographia Aethici Istri, edited by H. Wuttke, Leipsic, 1854.
Cited by Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.404.
Cited by Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p.11.
Cited by Wood-Martin, Pagan Ireland, p.84.
[21] See Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.397.
[22] For the geographical distribution of Ogam inscriptions see Coffey, George, Guide to Celtic Antiquities, pp.101–106.
[23] Perhaps the best division of the Irish language into periods
is that given by Eoin MacNeill in Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, May, 1908.
Pre-Ogam, before 300A.D. Ogam, c. 300(?)–700(?) A.D.
The Old Irish of the MSS. from 600(?)–1000(?) A.D.
Middle Irish, 1000–1500 A.D. Modern Irish, 1500–Present Day.
During the present study we shall frequently use the words Old Irish
to connote the Period including the 7th, 8th, and 9thcenturies.
[24] Quiggin, E. C., Article on Ogam in EncyclopÆdia Britannica, vol. v.,pp.622–623.
[25] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.398–399.
[26] MacNeill, Eoin, Article Irish Ogam Inscriptions in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, July 1909.
[27] Bury, J. B., Life of St.Patrick, p.10.
[28] Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, Introduction, p.1.
[29] Meyer, Kuno, Ancient Irish Poetry, pp.8, 9.
[30] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, Literature Celtique, I., p.1.
[31] Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland in the Fifth Century, p.1.
[32] See Introduction to the Book of Armagh, ed. by John Gwynn; also Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, pp.137–139.
[33] Zimmer, Heinrich, Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland, p.31.
[34] Bury, J. B., Life of St.Patrick, p.206.
[35] Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, I., p.cxxxv.
[36] Bury, J. B., Life of St.Patrick, p.206.
[37] Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, I., 112, 138, 190–322, 326, 327, 328.
[38] Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.439. See illustration.
[39] WÜrzburg Codex, 33 c. 13.
[40] Stokes, Whitley, op.cit. I., p.xviii.
[41] Roger, M., L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p.222.
[42] Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, in the Fifth Century, p.1.
[43] Meyer, Kuno, op.cit. p.5.
[44] De Jubainville H. d’Arbois, Cours de littÉrature celtique, I., p.369.
[45] Meyer, Kuno, op.cit. pp.5, 6.
[46] Gwynn, John, Book of Armagh, f. 22 b. 2; also Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, II., pp.357–380.
[47] Translated from Latin of Tripartite Life, II., pp.360–361.
[48] Zimmer, H., Sitzungsberichte der kÖngl. preuss. Akademie, 1909, p.562, cited by Meyer, Kuno, op.cit. p.5.
[49] Meyer, Kuno, ibid.
[50] Colganus, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, XI., p.375, cited by HaurÉau, B., SingularitÉs Historiques et LittÉraires, pp.2, 3.
[51] Power, Patrick, Lives of SS. Declan and Mochuda, p.xix.
[52] Tacitus, Agricola, Chapter XXIV.
[53] Ibid.
[54] See Coffey, George, ArchÆological Evidence for the Intercourse of Gaul with Ireland before the First Century in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1910, pp.96–106; Greene, Alice S., Trade Routes of Ireland in her Old Irish World, pp.63–99.
[55] Meyer, Kuno, Article, Gauls in Ireland in Eriu, IV., p.208.
[56] Warren, J. B., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p.35.
[57] Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, pp.29–39; Warren, J. B., op.cit. p.35.
[58] Healy, John, op.cit. p.32.
[59] Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, p.45.
[60] Sigerson, George, op.cit. pp.45–48.
[61] Healy, John, op.cit. p.39, where St.Jerome is cited.
[62] Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p.8.
[63] Healy, John, op.cit. p.40.
[64] Healy, John, op.cit. p.41.
[65] Meyer, Kuno, op.cit.; also Warren, F. E., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p.35.
[66] Article, Ireland in the Catholic EncyclopÆdia, VIII., p.117.
[67] Op.cit. VIII., p.116.
[68] MacCaffrey, James, Article, Rome and Ireland: Pre-Patrician Christianity, in Irish Theological Quarterly, I., p.53.
[69] Baeda, Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum, Liber I., Cap.13.
[70] For a discussion of the ancient use of the words Scotia and Scot see Skene’s Celtic Scotland, I., Introduction, p.9.
[71] Bury, J. B., Life of St.Patrick, pp.212–213.
[72] Bury, J. B., op.cit. p.217.
[73] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.323.
[74] Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, pp.243–251.
[75] Plummer, Carolus, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., Intro., 129–188.
[76] Hyde, Douglas, op.cit. pp.134–135.
[77] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, LittÉrature Celtique, I., 137.
[78] Todd, W. H., Life of St.Patrick, pp.88, 89, contains a copy of Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora.
[79] Article on Monasticism signed E. C. B. (E. C. Butler) in the EncyclopÆdia Britannica, XVIII., p.687.
[80] Ibid.
[81] Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p.93.
[82] Bund, Willis, Celtic Church in Wales, 1897, cited by G. P. Huddleston in Article on Irish Monasticism in the Catholic EncylopÆdia, X., p.473.
[83] See Bibliography, Sources—Rules.
[84] See Bibliography, Lives of Irish Saints.
[85] Warren, F. E., The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, pp.54–55.
[86] Catholic EncyclopÆdia, op.cit.
[87] Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, published in Todd, W. H., Life of St.Patrick, pp.88–89.
[88] Bury, J. B., op.cit. p.39 seq. Healy, John, op.cit. p.93.
[89] Plummer, Charles, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, p.cxxiv.
[90] Plummer, Charles, op.cit. p.cxxv.
[91] Ibid.
[92] Plummer, Charles, op.cit. I., p.cxxvi.
[93] Healy, John, op.cit. p.199.
[94] Joyce, Social History of Ireland, I., 322.
[95] Todd, W. H., op.cit. p.99; Healy, J. op.cit. pp.107–108.
[96] Stokes, Whitley, Felire of Aengus, p.118.
[97] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 323.
[98] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St.Columba, pp.276–298.
[99] Healy, John, op.cit. p.61.
[100] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.321.
[101] Op. cit. I., 323.
[102] Nolan, Thomas, Irish Universities and Culture, p.11.
[103] Conyngham, D. P., Lives of Irish Saints and Martyrs, pp.537–544.
[104] Murray, Rev. L. P., Article in Louth ArchÆological Journal, I., pp.22–36.
[105] In Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, VI., p.106 seq. cited by Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.16.
[106] White, Apologia, p.24 cited by Nolan, P., op.cit. p.18.
[107] Stokes, Margaret, Three Months in the Forests of France, p.254–5.
[108] Green, J. R., The Making of England, pp.277–8.
[109] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.290–303.
[110] Todd, W. H., Wars of the Gael and Gall, Rolls Series, p.39.
[111] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.49.
[112] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St.Columba, pp.276–298.
[113] Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, 77 seq.
[114] Edmonds, Columba, Article in Glories of Ireland, p.21.
[115] Especially Skene, W., Historians of Scotland, VI., p.xlix.
Also in Celtic Scotland, III.
[116] Warren, F. E., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p.14.
[117] See, however, Green, J. R., The Making of England, p.276 seq.; Brooke, Stopford, History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chap.I., II., III.; also Cambridge History of English Literature, I., Chap.II., pp.13, 14, 15, 16.
[118] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.16.
[119] Warren, F. E., ibid.; Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 442; Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p.12.
[120] Warren, F. E., ibid.; Roger, op.cit. 400; also Hauck, Albert, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, I., pp.282 seq.
[121] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.16; Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in Apennines, pp.96–97.
[122] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.3.
[123] Warren, F. E., op.cit. pp.63–64; also Haddan and Stubbs’ Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents of Great Britain and Ireland, I., p. 152.
[124] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.3.
[125] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. p.350.
[126] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Bohn’s Edition, pp.371–2.
[127] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. p.350.
[128] Plummer, Charles, op.cit. I., p.cxxiii.
[129] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.236–237.
[130] Catholic EncyclopÆdia, III., p.404.
[131] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Book III., Bohn’s Ed.; Bede, op.cit. Book III., 26–28, Book IV., 12, 21, 23;
Plummer’s Edition cited by Roger, op.cit. 823–4.
[132] Roger, ibid.
[133] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.236, 237.
[134] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.460.
[135] Green, J. R., The Making of England, p.276.
[136] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. p.342.
[137] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. See table opposite p.342.
[138] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.342, 343; Skene, W., Celtic Scotland, II., pp.61, 62. The monastic organization here described applies especially to Iona, but may be considered as typical not only of Columban monasteries but of Irish monasteries in general.
[139] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. p.365; Healy, John, op.cit. p.98.
[140] Skene, Wm., Celtic Scotland, II., p.44.
[141] Skene, Wm., op.cit. p.42.
[142] See Annals of the Four Masters, I., pp.399, 410, 420, 442, 458, 470.
[143] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.389.
[144] Ancient Laws of Ireland, V., p.123.
[145] Todd, W. H., Life of St.Patrick, p.16.
[146] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.381.
[147] Healy, John, op.cit. p.104.
[148] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.381.
[149] Todd, W. H., op.cit. p.160.
[150] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.104, 105.
[151] Healy, John, ibid.; Plummer, Charles, op.cit. I., p.cxiv.
[152] Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., 13, 15, 29.
[153] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.318, 382.
[154] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.378, 379, 380.
[155] Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., pp.33, 39.
[156] The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St.Paul, Minnesota, entitled “The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality” whose thesis is cited here.
[157] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.382.
[158] Healy, John, op.cit. p.94; Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p.236.
[159] Plummer, Charles, op.cit. I., p.xcviii.
[160] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 365.
[161] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.24, 143.
[162] Concannon, Helen, The Life of St.Columban, p.145.
[163] Stokes, W., op.cit. p.236; Reeves, Wm., op.cit. pp.357–361.
[164] Reeves, Wm., ibid.; Healy, John, op.cit. pp.94–96.
[165] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.17.
[166] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.17; Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I. l. 409.
[167] See Bibliography, Rules.
[168] Op.cit. Lives of Saints.
[169] Columbanus, Regula Monachorum, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen, Life of St.Columban, p.68.
[170] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae, p.348.
[171] Concannon, Helen, op.cit. p.69.
[172] Ibid.
[173] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. p.355.
[174] Concannon, Helen, ibid.
[175] Ibid.
[176] McAlister, R. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice, p.63.
[177] The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some give six, others seven; the Bangor usage was eight. See notes by R. I. Best on Tractate on the Canonical Hours edited from the Lebor Brecc in Miscellany to Kuno Meyer.
[178] See Concannon, Helen, op.cit. pp.58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.
[179] MacAlister, R. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, p.63.
[180] See above Means of Support.
[181] Concannon, Helen, op.cit. p.75.
[182] Healy, J., op.cit. p.104.
[183] Published in Skene’s Celtic Scotland, II., p.509.
[184] Adamnan, Vita S. Columbae, Reeves Edition, p.9.
[185] Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp.3–483 for Glosses on Psalms; O’Hanlon, John, Lives of Irish Saints, VI., p.286 for story of St.Columba.
[186] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St.Columba, pp.20, 22, 36, 43, 49.
[187] Reeves, W., op.cit. pp.343, 344.
[188] Healy, John, op.cit. p.103.
[189] Concannon, Helen, op.cit. pp.186–191.
[190] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. pp.343, 344.
[191] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.
[192] Reeves, Wm., op.cit. pp.343, 344.
[193] For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G., Bards of the Gael and Gall; Meyer, Kuno, Old Irish Poetry; Hull, Eleanor, Poem Book of the Gael.
[194] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.102, 103.
[195] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.102.
[196] Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’s Irish Writers, pp.i., ii. Also cited in Article Dr. Johnson and Ireland in Irish Monthly, XLVI., 538, p.211.
[197] Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., 408.
[198] Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p.241.
[199] Hull, Eleanor, Text Book of Irish Literature, I., 189.
[200] Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., pp.418, 419.
[201] O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs, I., p.78.
[202] O’Donovan, John, Tribes and Customs of Hy Many, pp.79, 167.
[203] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 417.
[204] See also Catalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin, pp.285–402, 530–535; The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature, edited by R. I. Best, pp.1–307.
[205] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.103, 107.
[206] Op. cit., pp.79–80.
[207] Meyer, Kuno, Old Irish Poetry. See several examples; also Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., pp.290, 293, 294, 296.
[208] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, LittÉrature Celtique, I., 384.
[209] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.418, 419; Hull, E., op.cit. I., 189.
[210] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 417.
[211] O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs, I., 92. MS. Materials, p. 50.
[212] The Irish word fithcheal is usually translated chess.
[213] Ancient Laws of Ireland, II., 349. Also pp.153, 1616.
[214] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.418, 426. For Fosterage, see II., p. 14.
[215] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.418, 426.
[216] Healy, John, op.cit. p.132.
[217] Healy, John, op.cit. p.211.
[218] Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore.
[219] Plummer, C., op.cit. I., p.cxv.; Joyce, op.cit. I., 440, p.251.
[220] Concannon, Helen, op.cit. p.10.
[221] Op. cit. pp.24, 25.
[222] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, La Civilization des Celtes, p.109.
[223] Warren, F. E., op.cit. p.14; Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp.248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de, Les Moines d’Occident, IV., p.62.
[224] For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford, History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chapters i., ii., iii. Also Cambridge History of English Literature, I., pp.13–16.
[225] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.410.
[226] Zeitschrift fÜr Celtische Philologie, II., p.137.
[227] Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints, line 4128.
[228] Plummer, C., Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p.cxv.
[229] Todd, J. H., Life of St.Patrick. See Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, printed on pp.88, 89.
[230] Book of Leinster, p.373; Lebor Brec, p.23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley, Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series, 1880.
[231] Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p.24.
[232] Petrie, George, Christian Inscriptions, II., p.xiv.
[233] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.413.
[234] Plummer, C., op.cit. I., xiv.
[235] Epistolas in Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistola III.; Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi, I., p.231.
[236] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Bk. III., Chap.xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.
[237] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.530–532.
[238] Petrie, George, Round Towers, p.355. O’Curry, E., Manners & C., p.38.
[239] Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp.219–223.
[240] Published in Eriu, VIII. text, p.67, translation p.74.
[241] Hyde, Douglas, op.cit. p.221.
[242] Roger, M. L., Enseignement des lettres classiques, p.410.
[243] Moran, Patrick, op.cit. p.253.
[244] Quoted from Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.32.
[245] Bede, op. cit. Book V., Chap.IX., X.
[246] Bede, op. cit. III., vii.
[247] Bede, op. cit. IV., ii.
[248] See Migne’s Patrologia Latina, Tomus 89, col. 3.
[249] Zimmer, op. cit. p.42.
[250] Meyer, Learning in Ireland, p.13.
[251] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.412.
[252] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.272, 273.
[253] Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p.388, 1907.
[254] Roger, M., op.cit. p.314.
[255] Published in Migne, Patrologia Latina, Tomus, 142; Alcuini Epistola, 3; Ussher, Sylloge: Epistola 18.
[256] Dictionary of National Biography, Article on Colchu by T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp.259, 260.
[257] Dictionary of National Biography, XI., loc. cit. pp.259, 260.
[258] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.272–273.
[259] Plummer, Charles, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p.cxv.; Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p.440.
[260] Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, p.173.
[261] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 437.
[262] O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, I., p.149; Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p.435.
[263] Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Chapter xxvii., Bohn’s Ed.
[264] Stokes, Whitley, op.cit. p.172.
[265] See Joyce. P. W., op.cit. I., 439 for illustration of alphabet engraved on a large stone in Kilmakedar in Co. Kerry.
[266] Plummer, Charles, op.cit. I., p.cxv.
[267] See Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp.3–481.
[268] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.482–484.
[269] Coffey, George, Guide to Celtic Antiquities of the Christian Period, see illustration, p.99.
[270] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.438.
[271] Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., p.567; Zimmer, H., Glossae Hiberniae, p.69, Note 7.
[272] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. I., p.516.
[273] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. p.440.
[274] Book of Leinster, p.135; Rawlinson MS. B. 502, p.77, edited by Kuno Meyer; Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp.219–252, edited and translated by Thomas Olden; cited by Revue Celtique, V., p.192.
[275] Macalister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise. See Map on Plate I., opposite p.12.
[276] Traube, Ludwig, O Roma Nobilis, p.58.
[277] Concannon, Helen, Life of St.Columban, pp.41–42.
[278] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. II., p.xix., and for Glosses see op. cit. II., pp. 49–232.
[279] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.430–431.
[280] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.432.
[281] See Macalister, R. A. S., Muiredach, p.65, for a collection of these fragmentary marginalia.
[282] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 483.
[283] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, Preface, lviii.
[284] Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., p.89.
[285] Sullivan, Sir Edward, The Book of Kells, p.24.
[286] Sullivan, Sir Edward, op.cit. p.25.
[287] Or the juice of “green skinned holly,” Meyer, Kuno, Ancient Irish Poetry, p. 87.
[288] Keller, Ferdinand, Ulster Journal of ArchÆology, Old Series, VIII., p. 222.
[289] Stokes, Margaret, Early Christian Ireland, Article ix.
[290] See Abbot’s Reproduction of the Book of Kells, Plate xxxiv.; also reproduced in Sir Arthur Sullivan’s The Book of Kells.
[291] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.480, illustration i., 481.
[292] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.477–478.
[293] See Chapter III.; also Four Masters, I., passim.
[294] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, Preface, pp.xxi.–xxii.
[295] Sandys, J. E., Companion of Latin Studies, Article on Palaeography by Sir Edward Maude Thompson, pp.780–781.
[296] Keller, F., Ulster Journal of ArchÆology, O.S. VIII., p.223.
[297] Keller, F., Bilder und Schriftzuge, Zurich, 1851, English translation Ulster Journal of ArchÆology, VIII., pp.210–291.
[298] Lindsey, W. M., Early Irish Minuscule Script, Oxford, 1910.
[299] Sandys, J. E., Companion of Latin Studies, p.281.
[300] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, pp.121–124.
[301] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.120.
[302] Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p.270.
[303] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.488.
[304] Coffey, George, Guide to the Antiquities of Christian Ireland. See illustration, p.50.
[305] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.489.
[306] Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p.271.
[307] Hull, E., ibid. Sandys in his History of Classical Scholarship, I., p.453 gives 666 as the number of volumes.
[308] See Muratori, Antiquitates Italiae, fol. ed. I., Dissert. 43, pp. 493.
[309] Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, pp.296–7.
[310] Sandys, J. E., op.cit. I., p.453; Hull, Eleanor, op.cit. p.272.
[311] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.116.
[312] Sandys, J. E., op.cit. I., p.454.
[313] Sandys, J. E., ibid.
[314] Ibid.
[315] Jonas, Vita Columbani, p.26, cited Sandys, op.cit. I., p.456.
[316] Sandys, J. E., ibid.
[317] Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p.274.
[318] Hull, Eleanor, op.cit. p.276.
[319] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.116.
[320] Sandys, J. E., History of Classical Scholarship, I., p.455; Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.116; Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p.276.
[321] See Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp.xiii.–xxiv., II., pp.ix.–xxv.
[322] Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., pp.430–436.
[323] Rashdall, Universities of Europe, I., p.36.
[324] Leach, A. F., The Schools of MediÆval England, p.48.
[325] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.202–204; Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p. 432.
[326] Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, p.45.
[327] See above Chapter III.
[328] Healy, John, op.cit. 120–123.
[329] Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp.1–482.
[330] Migne, Patrologia Latina, Tomus 80, p.328.
[331] Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Liber III., Ch. 7.
[332] Roger, L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p.275.
[333] Bede, op. cit. III., 4.
[334] Roger, op. cit. p.228.
[335] Roger, ibid.
[336] See Note 41 above.
[337] Healy, John, op.cit. p.207.
[338] Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus 87.
[339] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.236–239; Stokes, G., R.I.A.; May, 1892, p. 125.
[340] Ed. Stokes, Whitley, in Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series, Vol.L., p.139.
[341] Revue Celtique, XIV., p.226. For examples of glosses belonging to the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries see Stokes and Strachan’s Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, 2vol.
[342] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. II., pp.xxiii., 415.
[343] Thurneysen, Revue Celtique, VI., pp.336–347.
[344] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.62, cf. DÜmmler in Neues Archiv, VI., 258. Cruindmeli sive Fulcharii Ars Metrica., Vienna, 1883.
[345] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.63.
[346] Op. cit. p.50.
[347] Published, Keil. Grammatici Latini, Leipsig, 1857, I., p.xix.
[348] Ibid. Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p.392.
[349] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.60.
[350] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.61. Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p.149. See also Chapter VII.
[351] Poetae Aevi Caroli, III., p.691. Ozanam, F., Documents Inedits.
[352] Roger, M., L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p.229.
[353] Roger, M., op.cit. p.262; Healy, John, op.cit. p.237.
[354] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. I., p.xxiii., II., p.xvii., pp.46–48; Thurneysen, Zeitschrift fÜr Celtische Philologie, III., p.52, seq.
[355] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.14, 140, 192, 229.
[356] Roger, M., op.cit. p.262.
[357] Roger, M., op.cit. pp.262–3, footnotes.
[358] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. II., p.xiv.; Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, II., p.269; Roger, M., l.c. p.266.
[359] Chap.III.
[360] Studies (Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St.Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whose Life of St.Columban is the best that has been published.
[361] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, LittÉrature Celtique, I., p.373.
[362] De Jubainville, op.cit. I., pp.373–375; Sigerson, op.cit. p.407.
[363] Gundlach, Mon. Ger. Epistolae, III., Notes on Epistolae Columbani.
[364] Esposito, Mario, Articles Hiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries, Art. in Archivium Hibernicum, III., p.2; The Latin Writers of MediÆval Ireland, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp.519–529; Art. in Irish Theological Quarterly, IV., pp.181–185.
[365] Published under the title Peronna Scottorum in Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich, 1900, p.490.
[366] Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus, 89, col. 96; Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi.
[367] Roger, M., op.cit. p.260.
[368] Nolan, Thomas P., Irish Universities and Culture, p.13.
[369] Ker, W. P., The Dark Ages, p.319.
[370] Jonas, Vita Columbani in Krusch Script. rer. Merov., IV., p.71; cited by Roger, op.cit. p.411.
[371] Roger, M., op.cit. p.412.
[372] Turner, Wm., Article Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival in Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p.387.
[373] Turner, Wm., op.cit. XIII., p.389. This article by Turner in the Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., pp.283 seq. and 567 seq. is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.
[374] Manitius, Max, Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, Teil I., MÜnchen, 1911; Roger, M., op.cit. 1905; Esposito, Mario, Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages, Article in Studies, Dublin, 1912.
[375] Quoted by Traube in O Roma Nobilis, p.58; see Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville, op.cit. I., p.379.
[376] Roger takes this view op.cit. p.229; cf. Gougaud, Dom. Les ChrÉtientÉs Celtiques, p.251.
[377] Amra Coluim Cille in the Irish Liber Hymnorum, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.
[378] Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p.26.
[379] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, p.158.
[380] Reeves, Wm., ibid.
[381] Sitzungsberichte of the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.
[382] Meyer, Kuno, op.cit. p.27.
[383] Note in a WÜrzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer in Pelagius in Ireland, p.5.
[384] Keller, F., Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, II., 61.
[385] Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp.xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.
[386] Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., p.xiv.
[387] Stokes and Strachan, op.cit. II., pp.159, 158, 169.
[388] See Giles, Aldhelmi Opera, p.94.
[389] Bede, op. cit. Liber IV., Ch. I.
[390] Ed. Stokes, Whitley, Three Irish Glosses, London, 1862.
[391] In Duil Dromma Ceta (Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).
[392] Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p.420.
[393] The celebrated Vocabularius S. Galli written in 780 A.D. in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H., Irish Element, p.71.
[394] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.68.
[395] Sandys, J. E., History of Classical Scholarship, I., p.463.
[396] Meyer, Kuno, Triads of Ireland, p.xiv.
[397] Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistolae, III., p.318.
[398] Flood, J. M., Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars, p.92.
[399] Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p.61.
[400] Ibid.
[401] Zimmer, op. cit. p.126.
[402] For further details see Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p.61. Also Norden, Die Antike Kunstprosa, p.666, Note 1.
[403] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, op.cit. I., p.397.
[404] Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p.287.
[405] Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube, op.cit. p.65.
[406] Concannon, Helen, Life of St.Columban, p.287.
[407] Michelet, Histoire de France, I., p.121.
[408] Healy, John, Art. in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 1880, p.16.
[409] Mullinger, H. B., The Schools of Charles the Great, p.118.
[410] Newman, John H., Idea of a University, p.485.
[411] Renan, E., in Sur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age, cited by Flood, J. M. in Ireland: its Saints and Scholars, p.7.
[412] Baluze, Miscellanea, V., p.54, cited by Mullinger, op.cit. p. 119.
[413] Mullinger, op.cit. p.119.
[414] Mullinger, ibid.
[415] Flood, W. H. Grattan, History of Irish Music, p.4.
[416] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.571.
[417] O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish.
[418] Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland.
[419] Flood, W. H. Grattan, History of Irish Music.
[420] Flood, W. H. Grattan, op.cit. p.20.
[421] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I.; Flood, W. H., op.cit. p.10.
[422] Quoted in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 1883, p.510.
[423] Keller, F., Ulster Journal of ArchÆology, VIII., p.218.
[424] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.572.
[425] Wood-Martin, W. G., Pagan Ireland, illustrations; Joyce, op.cit. I., 675, 582.
[426] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.576, 582.
[427] Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, p.595; Lanigan, Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, II., p.464; Joyce, op.cit. I., p.572.
[428] Flood, W. H. G., op.cit. pp.7, 8.
[429] Flood, W. H. G., op.cit. p.12.
[430] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.73.
[431] Zimmer, H., ibid.
[432] Matthew, History of Music, cited by Flood, op.cit. p.15.
[433] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.76.
[434] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.77.
[435] Flood, W. H. G., op.cit. p.15.
[436] Flood, W. H. G., Article Irish Music in Glories of Ireland, p.71.
[437] Schubiger, Die SÄngerschule St.Gallen, p.33; Flood, W. H. G., History of Irish Music, pp.16–19; Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 573.
[438] Flood, W. H. G., Article Irish Music in Glories of Ireland, p.771.
[439] See Liber Hymnorum, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., 298 seq.
[440] Flood, W. H. G., Art. in Glories of Ireland, p.72.
[441] Turner, Wm., History of Philosophy, p.247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)
[442] Flood, W. H. G., History of Irish Music, pp.19, 20.
[443] See Coffey, George, Bronze Age in Ireland, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp.48, 49, 50.
[444] McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.), Irish Art, p.7.
[445] McKenna, James E., op.cit. pp.8, 9.
[446] Sullivan, Sir Edward, The Book of Kells,, Introduction, p.1.
[447] Westwood, John, Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria, quoted by McKenna, James E., op.cit. pp.20–21.
[448] Coffey, George, Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland, pp. 9, 10.
[449] Quoted by McKenna, James F., op.cit. p.20, 21.
[450] Hartley, Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, N.S., IV., 1885.
[451] See Ireland: Industrial and Agricultural, pp.19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.
[452] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., 561; Coffey, G., Bronze Age. Illustration.
[453] Stokes, Wm., Life of Petrie, Chap.vii.
[454] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.561.
[455] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., pp.560–563.
[456] Coffey, G., Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland. Illustration.
[457] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.560.
[458] Joyce, P. W., op.cit. I., p.567.
[459] MacAlister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice (890–923 A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.
[460] Abelson, Paul, The Seven Liberal Arts, p.64.
[461] Text in Migne, Latin Patrology, Vol.90, Col. 294–578.
[462] Text in Migne, Latin Patrology, Vol.107, Col. 669–727.
[463] See Abelson, Paul, op.cit. p.90.
[464] Abelson, Paul, op.cit. p.100; Turner, Wm., Hist. of Phil., p.257.
[465] Abelson, Paul, op.cit. p.104.
[466] Abelson, Paul, op.cit. pp.103–104.
[467] Abelson, Paul, op.cit. pp.113–114.
[468] De Nuptiis, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp.194–254.
[469] Text in Migne, Vol.70, c. 1212–1216.
[470] Text in Migne, Vol.82, c. 161–163.
[471] Dictionary of National Biography, Vol.I., p.93.
[472] Maguire, Eugene, Life of Adamnan, p.95.
[473] Chap.V., p. 69, Text and translation in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp.219–252.
[474] See MacAlister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, where a copy of this map will be found.
[475] See Mullinger, J. B., The Schools of Charles the Great, p.120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.
[476] The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.
[477] Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.
[478] Lecky, Rationalism in Europe, III., p.5.
[479] Zimmer, H., Irish Element, p.62; Healy, John, op.cit. p.369.
[480] Healy, John, op.cit. pp.569–571.
[481] Healy, John, op.cit. p.571.
[482] Zimmer, H., Irish Element, pp.62–63.
[483] Annals of the Four Masters, I., sub anno 784 A.D.
[484] Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.
[485] Dictionary of National Biography, XV., pp.48–49.
[486] Healy, John, op.cit. p.283.
[487] Dictionary of National Biography, Vol.XV., pp.49–50.
[488] Zimmer, H., Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, pp.55–56.
[489] Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, Vol.XIII., p.396.
[490] Turner, Wm. op.cit. p.396.
[491] Poetae Aevi Carolini, III., p.691.
[492] In the Valenciennes Codex, 386, pp.73–76, cited by Turner, ibid.
[493] Turner, Wm., op.cit. p.395.
[494] Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. 105, p.477.
[495] Healy, John, op.cit. p.383.
[496] Turner, W., op.cit. p.392.
[497] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leg. I., p.249. Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, App.VIII., p.205. Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.
[498] Stokes, Margaret, ibid.
[499] Poetae Caroli, I., pp.396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.
[500] Healy, John, op.cit. p.392.
[501] Zimmer, H., op.cit. p.11.
[502] Entitled Dungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias.
[503] Cited by Lanigan in Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, III., Chap.XX.
[504] Healy, John, op.cit. p.391.
[505] Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, p.213.
[506] For list see Miss Stokes, op.cit. pp.296–297.
[507] Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.
[508] See Stokes, Margaret, op.cit. p.216 for contents.
[509] About 90 of his poems are published by Traube, Poetae Aev. Carl.
[510] See his tract Artem Euticii Grammatici in Traube’s O Roma Nobilis, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.
[511] Montfaucon, Pal. Graeca, p.235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.
[512] First published by Cardinal Mai in Specilegium Romanus; also by Traube in Quellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, MÜnchen, 1906, pp.203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, MÜnchen, 1906, p.106.
[513] Turner, Book Review in Cath. Univ. Bulletin, xiii., p.149.
[514] Ibid.
[515] Traube, O Roma Nobilis; Turner, Wm., op.cit. p.397.
[516] Baemker in Jahrbuch fÜr Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p.222; Healy, John, op.cit. p.578.
[517] De WÜlf, M., History of MediÆval Philosophy, p.246.
[518] The Council of Eperny (846A.D.) speaks of Hospitalia Scottorum, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”; Mon. Ger. Leg. I., 390; Warren, F. E., op. cit. p.15.
[519] Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.
[520] Flood, F. M., Ireland: its Schools and Scholars, pp.94–95.
[521] Flood, F. M., op.cit. p.95, where the above is quoted.
[522] Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.
[523] In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art. Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival, op.cit. XIII., 256.
[524] Mullinger, J. B., op.cit. p.171.
[525] De WÜlf, Maurice, History of MediÆval Philosophy, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p.167.
[526] Turner, Wm., History of Philosophy, p.257.
[527] De WÜlf, M., op.cit. pp.167–168.
[528] Turner, Wm., op.cit. p.256.
[529] Migne, Pat. Lat. Tom. 122, De Predestinatione, I., 1.
[530] Erdman, History of Philosophy, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol.I., p.292.
[531] De Divisione Naturae, I., p.69.
[532] Ibid., IV., p.9.
[533] Turner, Wm., loc. cit. p.249.
[534] Ibid.
[535] Poole, Reginald Lane, Illustration in the History of MediÆval Thought. See Excurus on Visit to Greece, Legend Examined, pp.311–313.
[536] For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s booklet Irish University and Culture in the Catholic Truth Society Series.
[537] Poole, Reginald Lane, op.cit. p.14.
[538] Turner, Wm., Article Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival in Catholic University Bulletin, Vol.XIII., pp.579–580.
[539] Zimmer H., The Irish Element in MediÆval Culture, p.130.
