History of the Jews, Vol. 6 (of 6) / Containing a Memoir of the Author by Dr. Philip Bloch, a Chronological Table of Jewish History, an Index to the Whole Work

Index

Heinrich Graetz

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murdered, 1, 111–12.

Abner of Burgos. See 447.

Abu Ayub (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, 3, 312.

Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Abu-Bekr, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.

Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 5, 155.

Abu Fadhl ChasdaÏ (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of Saragossa, 3, 280.

Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.

son of, 3, 361.

Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.

Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus (Yizchaki, 982–1057), physician and philosopher, 3, 273.

Abu-Isa. See Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak.

Abu Ishak al-Elviri, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of Granada, 3, 278.

Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir, Almohade ruler of Morocco, 3, 385.

Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.

Abu Jafar Almansur, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, 3, 129–30.

Abu-Kariba Assad Toban, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, 3, 62.

convert to Judaism, 3, 63.

end of, 3, 63.

sons of, 3, 64.

Abulafia. See Abraham ben Samuel; Abulafia, Moses; Joseph ben Todros; Levi ben Todros; MeÏr ben Todros Halevi; Samuel ben MeÏr Allavi; Todros ben Joseph.

Abulafia, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the Inquisition, 4, 313.

burnt at the stake, 4, 317.

Abulafia, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.

tortured, 5, 636–7.

turns Mahometan, 5, 638.

Abulafia family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236; 4, 116.

members of, perish during the Black Death, 4, 113.

Abul-Ala, Arabic poet, 3, 199.

Abul Arab Ibn-MoÏsha, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of Maimonides, 3, 456.

accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.

Abul-Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka. See Nathaniel.

Abulhassan, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, 4, 84.

Abulhassan Abraham ben MeÏr Ibn-Kamnial, physician, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (Ibn-Allevi). See Jehuda Halevi.

Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.

Abulkassim Mahomet. See Al-Mutamed.

Abulmeni Abraham Maimuni. See Abraham Maimuni.

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, propagandist for Karaism, 3, 203–5.

as controversialist, 3, 204–5.

les/43900/43900-h/43900-h.htm#Page_74" class="pgexternal">74.

See also Real estate.

Agrigentum, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Agrippa I (10 B.C.E.–44 C.E.), grandson of Mariamne, distinguished by Caligula, 2, 175.

educated with the son of Tiberius, 2, 175.

appointed to an office in Tiberias, 2, 175.

courtier of the governor of Syria, 2, 175.

supplanted by his brother, 2, 175.

assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 175–6.

kindly treated by Tiberius, 2, 176.

imprisoned, 2, 176.

released, 2, 177.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 177.

accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, 2, 177.

ruler of Galilee and PerÆa, 2, 177.

rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, 2, 181–182.

and Caligula’s edict concerning images, 2, 188–9.

king of all Palestine, 2, 190.

coins in honor of, 2, 190, 194.

change in the character of, 2, 191.

popularity of, 2, 191–2.

piety of, 2, 192.

sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.

favors CÆsarea and Sebaste, 2, 194.

plans of, for JudÆa, 2, 194–5.

hampered by Vibius Marsus, 2, 195.

allied with Eastern princes, 2, 195–6.

death of, 2, 196.

memory of, insulted, 2, 196–7.

Agrippa II (27–92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of JudÆa, 2, 196.

introduces JudÆan envoys to Claudius, 2, 198.

prince of Chalcis, 2, 235.

and his sister, 2, 235.

titular king of JudÆa, 2, 236.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 245.

given four towns and Tiberias, 2, 245–6.

accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple authorities, 2, 247–8.

bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, 2, 249.

summons all JudÆans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

opposed to revolutionary measures, 2, 257–8.

flees from Jerusalem, 2, 258.

sends troops to Jerusalem, 2, 259.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

sends a contingent to the Roman army, 2, 264–5.

Tiberias under, 2, 273.

Varus, representative of, 2, 274–5.

the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, 2, 275.

relation of, to Josephus, 2, 278.

meets Vespasian, 2, 285.

lacks patriotism, 2, 288–9.

pays homage to Galba, 2, 299.

helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.

spectator at the death of JudÆans in the arena of CÆsarea Philippi, 2, 223.

banishes the Jews from Austria, 4, 224.

hostile to the Jews, 4, 249.

son of, cruel to the Jews, 4, 262–3.

Albert, duke of Bavaria, under the influence of John of Capistrano, 4, 258.

Albert von Brandenburg, archbishop of Mayence, convenes a diet to consider the Jewish question, 4, 463.

ordered to drop the Jewish question, 4, 464.

Albert of Munich, son-in-law of Maximilian I, 4, 428.

Albertina, the. See KÖnigsberg, the university of.

Albertus Magnus, the works of, translated, 4, 69.

Albi. See Alby.

Albigenses, the, origin of, 3, 390.

in BÉziers, 3, 394, 395.

relation of, to the Jews, 3, 501.

crusade against, 3, 501–2.

and the council of Montpellier, 3, 508.

and the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

the war against, ended, 3, 519.

extirpation of, by the Inquisition, 3, 542.

Albinus, procurator of JudÆa, appointed by Nero, 2, 248.

appealed to against Anan, 2, 248–9.

taxes JudÆa heavily, 2, 249.

punishes the Sicarii, 2, 249.

Albo. See Joseph Albo.

Albrecht I. See Albert I.

Alby, the council of, forbids Jews to practice medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.

the Jews of, perish, 4, 57.

Alcala, the academy at, 4, 145.

the Jews of, ridiculed, 4, 181.

Alcana, street in Toledo occupied by Jews, 4, 118.

Alcaniz, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Alcantara, the Order of, and Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 85–6.

Alcharam. See Mecca.

Alcharisi. See Jehuda Alcharisi.

Alcimus (Jakim), leader of the Hellenists, appointed high priest, 1, 482.

slays sixty Chassidim, 1, 483.

attracts the Hellenists, 1, 483.

fears Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 483.

appeals to Demetrius I, 1, 484.

informs against Nicanor, 1, 484.

withdraws from Jerusalem, 1, 485.

takes possession of Jerusalem, 1, 487.

has the “Soreg” destroyed, 1, 492.

death of, 1, 492, 508.

Alcolea, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Aldea de los Judios, village given to Jewish soldiers, 3, 592.

Aldobrandini, prevents the expulsion of the Ferrara Jews, 4, 660.

Aleman, Jochanan, Kabbalist, teacher of Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291.

Alembert, d’, approves of Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Alenu prayer, the, misrepresented by Pessach-Peter, 4, 178.

attacked by WÜlfer, 5, 185.

denounced by apostates, 5, < /li>

Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76.

Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, 3, 429.

son of, 3, 438.

Ali Ikbal Addaula, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, 3, 273.

Alice of Montmorency, persecutes the Toulouse Jews, 3, 514.

Alkabez. See Solomon Alkabez.

Alkadir, caliph of the East, Sherira arraigned before, 3, 233–4.

AlkalaÏ. See Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

Alkamel, sultan, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 495.

Alkuti (Chepez), Jewish philosopher, sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.

Allatif. See Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif.

Allebrandus, bishop of Worms, protects the Jews, 3, 301–2.

offers the Jews baptism, 3, 302.

Allegorical poems in Hebrew literature, 1, 158–9.

Allegorists, the, Alexandrian Jewish school of Scripture interpreters, 2, 208–9, 329.

Philo among, 2, 210.

misrepresentations of, accentuate the legal side of Judaism, 2, 471.

compared with the Mutazilists, 3, 147.

Allegorization, the, of the Scriptures by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.

“Alliance IsraÉlite Universelle,” the outgrowth of CrÉmieux’s activity in the East, 5, 664.

founders of, 5, 701.

Alliances, Jewish, value of, 5, 704. See:

Alliance IsraÉlite Universelle,

Anglo-Jewish Association,

Israelitische Allianz,

Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

Allorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

“Al-Luma’, Rikmah,” grammar and exegesis by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.

Almagest, the, translated into Arabic, 3, 146.

Almaida, Manuela NuÑez da, poetess, 5, 203.

Almalek Alashraf, Egyptian sultan, besieges Accho, 3, 650.

Almamun. See Abdallah Almamun.

“Almansor,” dramatic poem by Heine, 5, 548–9.

Almanzi, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.

Almeida, Lopes de, Portuguese ambassador to Sixtus IV, 4, 340.

Almeirin, residence of the Portuguese king, 4, 493.

Almeria, captured by the Almohades, 3, 448.

Almohades (Almovachides, Unitarians), the, a Mahometan sect, 3, 358.

under Abdulmumen, 3, 358–9.

take Andalusia, 3, 360–1.

persecute the Spanish Jews, 3, 360–2.

irruptions of, into Christian territory, 3, 363.

drive the Jews from Andalusia, 3, 384.

attack Castile, 3, 386–7.

drive the Jews from Ceuta, 3, 424.

drive the Ibn-Abbas to Asia, 3, 442.

capture Cordova, 3, 447–8.

capture Almeria, 3, 448.

Jewish fugitives from, received in Sicily, 3, 569.

Almoravides, the, the Jews well treated by, 3, 185.

urge Zedekiah to revolt, 1, 310.

in friendly relations with the JudÆans, 1, 362.

hostile to the JudÆans during the Syrian invasion, 1, 474.

defeated by Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 474.

as proselytes, 2, 343, 383–4.

Amnon, eldest son of David, killed, 1, 134.

Amolo, bishop of Lyons, adversary of the Jews, 3, 171, 172–3.

Amon, of Judah, idolatry under, 1, 285–6.

murdered, 1, 286.

Amoraim, the, connection of, with the Tanaites, 2, 479.

expounders of the Mishna, 2, 489.

compared with the Tanaites, 2, 490, 590.

decisions of, 2, 515.

of Galilee, methods of, 2, 557.

last, in JudÆa, compile the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 612.

Babylonian, create Talmudic dialectics, 2, 635.

loss of creative power in the disciples of (See Sabureans, the), 3, 5.

See also Law, the, the teachers of.

Amoraim, the, list of:

Ada,

Amemar bar Mar-Janka,

Ami,

Chiya bar Abba-Areka,

Jochanan bar Napacha,

Jonah II,

Jonathan ben Amram,

Maimunists, the.

Anti-Maimunists, list of:

Daniel ben Saadiah,

David ben Saul,

Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,

Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),

MeÏr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,

Moses ben ChasdaÏ Taku,

Tossafists, the, of northern France, 3, 529.

Antioch, JudÆans settle in, 1, 419.

gladiatorial combats introduced in, 1, 444.

partly destroyed by JudÆans, 1, 497.

Verus Commodus at, 2, 47.

number of JudÆans in, 2, 201–2.

Nazarenes in, 2, 222–3.

JudÆan Christians of, 2, 231.

the JudÆans of, protected by Titus, 2, 313.

residence of Niger, 2, 463.

Antioch, the Jews of, interest Christians in Judaism, 2, 613–14.

dispossessed of their synagogues, 2, 621–2.

murdered by the green faction, 3, 10–11.

massacre the Christians, 3, 18.

subdued, 3, 18.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Antiochus, of Commagene, favorite of Caligula, 2, 189.

allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.

son of, 2, 195, 235.

Antiochus III, the Great, of Syria, defeated at Raphia, 1, 425–6.

takes Egypt, 1, 432.

enters Jerusalem, 1, 432.

besieges the Acra, 1, 433.

repairs the Temple, 1, 433.

defeated by the Romans, 1, 434.

death of, 1, 434.

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, of Syria, hostage at Rome, 1, 434, 442–3.

characterization of, 1, 442–3.

accession of, described in Daniel, 1, 443–4.

introduces gladiatorial combats into Syria, 1, 444.

petitioned to admit JudÆan athletes to citizenship, 1, 444–5.

makes Menelaus high priest, 1, 447.

summons Menelaus to justify himself, 1, 448.

punishes Onias III’s murder, 1, 448.

exonerates Menelaus, 1, 449.

war of, with Egypt, 1, 450–1.

desecrates the Temple, 1, 451, 455.

calumniates Judaism, 1, 452–3.

treats the JudÆans cruelly, 1, 453–4.

orders the worship of the Greek gods in Jerusalem, 1, 454–5.

sacrifices ordered on the birthday of, 1, 184.

Apostate, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of Paris, 4, 175.

in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, 4, 261.

Apostates, account of, by Philo, 2, 184.

in Alexandria, 2, 209.

act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.

Constantine protects the Jews against, 2, 564.

excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.

decisions concerning, by NatronaÏ ben Nehemiah, 3, 122.

repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 264.

permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, 3, 306.

returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, 3, 308–9.

forbidden to retain Jewish customs, 3, 510.

house for, in England, 3, 644.

validity of the evidence of, 4, 36–7.

force the Jews to attend church, 4, 132.

inform against Marranos, 4, 180.

in Spanish satiric literature, 4, 181.

favored by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.

employed as censors, 4, 566, 659.

annoy the Jews of the Papal States, 4, 581, 584.

refrain from defending the German Jews, 5, 533.

Heine on, 5, 548–9, 551–2.

assert the falsity of the blood accusation, 5, 650.

See also under Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.

Apostates, list of:

Abraham Senior, the family of

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel

BÖrne, Ludwig

Chananya, nephew of Joshua,

Chayon, Nehemiah, son of

FriedlÄnder, David, the family of

Gans, Edward

Gershom ben Jehuda, son of

55.

conspires against Hyrcanus, 2, 56.

character of, 2, 58.

made king, 2, 58.

besieged, 2, 60.

bribes Scaurus, 2, 62.

defeats Aretas, 2, 62.

has coins struck, 2, 62.

bribes Pompey, 2, 62–3.

summoned to Damascus by Pompey, 2, 63.

at war with Pompey, 2, 64–7.

in Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.

escapes from Rome, 2, 72.

garrisons Alexandrion, 2, 73.

surrenders MachÆrus, 2, 73.

second captivity of, at Rome, 2, 73.

freed by CÆsar, 2, 75.

poisoned, 2, 75.

wife and daughters of, in Chalcis, 2, 75.

Aristobulus (III), brother of Mariamne, high priest, 2, 91.

popularity of, 2, 92.

murdered, 2, 92.

Aristobulus, brother of Agrippa I, supplants him, 2, 175.

opposes Caligula, 2, 188.

wife of, 2, 195.

begs for a truce, 2, 197.

Aristobulus, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, 2, 112.

marriage of, 2, 112.

executed, 2, 113.

Aristotle, the Ten Categories of, compared with the Ten Commandments, 3, 197.

sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.

system of, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328.

dominance of, in the twelfth century, 3, 331.

works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 398.

popular among Jews, 3, 448–9.

philosophy of, interpreted by Ibn-Sina, 3, 478.

theories of, in Jewish writings, 3, 479.

denounced by Nachmani, 3, 534.

works of, translated into Latin, 3, 566–7.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 66.

opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.

authority of, questioned by ChasdaÏ Crescas, 4, 146.

Ethics of, translated, 4, 193.

quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.

writings of, expounded by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289.

system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.

studied by Polish Jews, 4, 633.

Ark of the Covenant, the, 1, 23, 41.

taken by the Philistines, 1, 70–2.

made by Achitub, 1, 79.

removed to Jerusalem, 1, 119–120.

transferred to the Temple, 1, 166.

Arles (city), Jews participate in battles before, 3, 36.

Jews remain in, after their banishment from France by Charles VI, 4, 177.

Arles (district), first Jewish settlement of Gaul in, 3, 207.

low estate of Judaism in, 3, 440.

Messianic hopes in, 4, 497.

Asia Minor, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, 2, 68–9.

women in, converted to Judaism, 2, 215.

Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.

study of the Law in, 2, 358–9.

chief seat of the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

districts of, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405–6.

Asia Minor, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

molested by Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.

Sabbatians, 5, 137.

Asia Minor, the JudÆans of, send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.

protected by CÆsar, 2, 76.

have a synagogue at Jerusalem, 2, 201.

make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

AsinaÏ (ChasinaÏ), robber chief near Nahardea, 2, 202.

“AsirÉ ha-Tikwah,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Askaloni, Joseph, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, 4, 628.

Askelon. See Ascalon.

Asma, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, 3, 76.

Asochis. See Sichin.

Assad, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism, 3, 62–3.

Assassins, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, 3, 648–9.

Assembly, the Great. See Great Assembly, the.

Asser, deputy to the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Asser, Carolus and Moses, members of the Felix Libertate, 5, 452.

zealous in the emancipation struggle, 5, 454.

Assi, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, 2, 531, 537.

investigates the educational institutions of JudÆa, 2, 532.

investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.

appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.

meets Huna’s corpse, 2, 548.

disciples of, 2, 560.

AssidÆans, the. See Chassidim, the; HasmonÆans, the; Maccabees, the.

Assyria, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, 1, 272–3.

invaded by the Scythians, 1, 287.

power of, declines, 1, 287, 296.

fall of, 1, 303.

Assyrian customs introduced into Judah, 1, 260–1.

characters used for the Scriptures, 1, 395–6.

Assyrians, the, extend their territory, 1, 246.

host of, destroyed at Lachish, 1, 277.

defeat the Medes, 1, 287.

Astarte, worship of, by the Canaanites, 1, 567.

Babylon, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

description of, 1, 330.

fall of, 1, 349–50.

the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

the JudÆans of, aid JudÆa against Rome, 2, 264.

study of the Law in, 2, 358.

Babylonia, the scene of Jewish activity, 2, 503–4, 531, 537; 3, 160; 5, 726.

three meanings of, in Jewish history, 2, 504–5.

resembles the Holy Land, 2, 544.

Jewish public life in, 2, 547.

independent of JudÆa, 2, 548.

rise of, 2, 557.

the study of the Law flourishes in, 2, 574–5.

called Irak by the Arabs, 3, 89.

loses intellectual supremacy, 3, 193, 210, 228.

Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, 3, 194.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Babylonia, Jewish, described, 2, 504.

compared with JudÆa, 2, 505.

districts of, 2, 505.

towns of, 2, 505–8.

fertility of, 2, 507–8.

scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, 2, 601.

Sora the center of, 2, 607.

constitution of, 3, 93–101.

communal constitution of, 3, 98–100.

power of, 3, 100–1.

mystic doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.

Babylonia, the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393, 397.

favorable position of, 2, 508.

political chief of, 2, 508–11.

needs of, produce a new development of the Law, 2, 511.

resort to the academies of Galilee, 2, 511, 531.

religious ignorance of, 2, 513.

immorality of, 2, 516–17, 579.

establish the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 520.

suffer under Magian supremacy, 2, 524–5.

on friendly terms with the Magi, 2, 525–6.

injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.

luxurious habits of, 2, 588.

oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591–2.

favor Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

persecuted, 2, 626, 627–8; 3, 8.

suffer under Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.

rebel under Mar-Zutra II, 3, 3–4.

independence of, 3, 171–2.

Bar-Chanina, teacher of Jerome, 2, 623–4.

Bar-Cochba, attacks Akiba, 2, 409.

described as the Messiah, 2, 410.

confidence of, 2, 411.

victories of, 2, 411.

coins of, 2, 411.

hostile to Christians, 2, 412.

restores the Jewish state, 2, 412, 413.

strongholds of, 2, 414–15.

particulars of the revolt of, 2, 415–16.

loses the strongholds of the north, 2, 416.

causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, 2, 418.

end of, unknown, 2, 419.

Barebones Parliament. See Parliament, the Short.

Bar-Eleaza, son-in-law of Judah I, 2, 455–6.

Barfat Crescas, imprisoned, 4, 150.

Barfat. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat; Zarak.

Bari, the four Sora emissaries captured at, 3, 203.

Baris. See Acra, the; Antonia.

Bar-Kappara. See Simon bar Kappara.

Bar-Kasha, and Rab, 2, 518.

Bar-Kosiba, real name of Bar-Cochba.

BarlÆus, Caspar, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Barnabas. See Jose Barnabas.

Barnave, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de, historian, 5, 202.

versifier, 5, 204.

Bartholomaion, demon exorcised by Simon ben YochaÏ, 2, 449.

Baruch, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.

Baruch of Benevento, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Baruch ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Baruch Ibn-Albalia, birth of the son of, 3, 322.

Baruch, son of Neriah, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the Temple, 1, 304.

taken prisoner by the ChaldÆans, 1, 315.

attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, 1, 320.

taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.

rescued, 1, 323.

in Egypt, 1, 324.

in Babylon, 1, 328.

brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, 1, 336.

writes a history of Israel, 1, 336–7.

Letter of, translated, 2, 359.

Baruch Gad, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, 5, 126.

Baruch Yavan, carries the EibeschÜtz controversy to Poland, 5, 262–3.

Baruch, Jacob, BÖrne’s father, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.

Baruch, LÖb (Louis). See BÖrne, Ludwig.

Barzaphernes, Parthian commander, 2, 82.

Barzillai, aids David, 1, 144.

Bashan, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 474–5.

Basilius (850–866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, 3, 175–6..

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

Ben Usiel, champion of the orthodox party, 5, 627.

Benvenida Abrabanela, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character of, 4, 409.

friend of the duchess of Tuscany, 4, 410, 544.

supports David Reubeni, 4, 493.

prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, 4, 543.

Benveniste. See Abraham Benveniste Senior; Benveniste Ibn-Labi; Benveniste, Chayim; Isaac; Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi; Judah; Sheshet; Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

Benveniste Ibn-Labi, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, 4, 193.

Benveniste, Chayim (1603–1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, 5, 136.

disappointed in SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 155.

Benveniste family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Gracia Mendesia of, 4, 571.

Ben Yasus. See Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus.

Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

Be-Rab, Abba-Areka’s school, 2, 514.

Berab. See Jacob Berab.

Berachoth, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.

Berachya ben NatronaÏ Nakdan (Crispia, 1230–1270), fabulist, 3, 560.

Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, Messiah, followers of, 5, 211.

soul of, in Jacob Frank, 5, 274.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

Berber princes, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, 4, 198.

Berbers, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, 3, 256.

hostile to the Spanish Arabs, 3, 261, 276, 316.

incensed against the Jews, 3, 275.

slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 278.

Berdaa. See Derbend.

Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, 2, 235.

Drusilla envious of, 2, 236.

appeals to Gessius Florus, 2, 254.

popularity of, 2, 257.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

captivates Titus, 2, 289, 299.

wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.

influence of, over Titus, 2, 302, 307.

in the arena of CÆsarea Philippi, 2, 312.

honored at the court, 2, 317.

fall of, 2, 317.

obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.

consoles her conquered coreligionists, 2, 333.

abandoned by Titus, 2, 388.

Berenice, Herod’s niece, marriage of, 2, 112.

friend of Antonia, 2, 176.

Bergamo, Bernardinus of Feltre in, 4, 678–9.

Bethlehem, birthplace of David, 1, 95–6.

camp of the Philistines, 1, 116.

children of, murdered by Herod, 2, 116.

the expected birthplace of the Messiah, 2, 161.

statue of Adonis worshiped at, 2, 422.

nunnery at, 2, 623.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Bethmaon, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, 2, 279.

Bethome, Pharisee fortress, 2, 45.

Bethoron. See Beth-horon.

Bethpage, suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.

Beth-Ramatha (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, 2, 125.

re-named Livia, 2, 138.

Bethsaida, Jesus in, 2, 157.

Bethsan (Bethshan). See Bethshean.

Bethshean (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan dishonored at, 1, 104.

Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.

refuge of Antiochus IX, 2, 10.

recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 11.

JudÆans of, massacred, 2, 262–3.

sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.

Bethshearim, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.

Beth-Shemesh, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 224–5.

Bethsur. See Beth-Zur.

Beth-Waad, religious school in the Sopheric age, 1, 396.

Beth-Zachariah, the battle of, Judas MaccabÆus defeated at, 1, 479.

JudÆans slain at, by Bacchides, 1, 483.

Beth-Zur (Bethsur), Judas MaccabÆus victorious at, 1, 469–70.

stronghold against the IdumÆans, 1, 473.

garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, 1, 479.

reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

Hellenists take refuge in, 1, 494.

garrisoned by the HasmonÆans, 1, 498.

under Simon Tharsi, 1, 523, 524.

Alexander JannÆus and Cleopatra make a league at, 2, 41.

Beugnot, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation, 5, 480.

helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.

Beyrout, the JudÆans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

protected by European consuls, 5, 641.

appeal to European Jews, 5, 651.

Bezalel Masserano, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud copies, 4, 658.

Bezetha, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, 2, 195.

destroyed by Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.

seized by the Romans, 2, 303.

BÉziers (BiterrÆ), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.

BÉziers, the council of, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses, 3, 581.

renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, 3, 581–2.

prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, 3, 89.

permitted to wear a signet ring, 3, 89–90.

dissensions among the sons of, 3, 91.

descendants of, and the college presidents, 3, 91.

descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, 3, 94.

Sherira a descendant of, 3, 232.

line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

Bostra, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, 2, 495.

Botarel, Moses. See Moses Botarel.

Bourbon dynasty, the, restored to the French throne, 5, 512, 596.

Bourges, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.

“Bow and Buckler,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, 4, 238.

Brabant, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, 4, 225.

Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, and David Gans, 4, 638.

Brancas, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, Jews settle in, 5, 173–4.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of, accused of host-desecration, 4, 439–40.

charged with child murder, 4, 440.

burnt, 4, 440.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

Bray, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, 3, 404.

Brazil, Paul de Pina in, 4, 670.

the Jewish community in, 4, 693–4.

Breidenbach, Wolff (1751–1829), interested in the abolition of the poll-tax, 5, 467, 468, 472.

Bremen, Jews admitted into, 5, 507.

Bremen, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.

banished, 5, 520.

Brendel, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, 5, 528.

Brentano, representative of the romantic school, 5, 515.

Breslau, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, 4, 260–1.

Chayon at, 5, 218.

anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, 5, 470.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

a German-Jewish church in, 5, 682.

a Jewish seminary at, 5, 699, 700.

Breslau, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109–10.

engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.

tortured, 4, 261.

burnt or banished, 4, 262–3.

join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

apostasy among, 5, 420.

Bresselau, Mendel J., Hebrew style of, 5, 398.

establishes a society and a journal, 5, 398, 399.

compiles a liturgy, 5, 564.

scourges the orthodox party, 5, 572.

secretary of the Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.

Bretagne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

“Bridle for the Jews, T href="/files/43057/43057-h/43057-h.htm#Page_76" class="pgexternal">76, 179.

hated by the JudÆans of Palestine, 2, 77.

murder of, 2, 79.

remits the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.

CÆsar, Sextus, governor of Syria, honors Herod, 2, 78.

makes Hyrcanus II responsible for the life of Herod, 2, 78.

CÆsarea (Mazaca). See Mazaca.

CÆsarea (Straton), beautified by Herod, 2, 106.

trade and shipping of, 2, 118.

seat of the procurator, 2, 129.

residence of Herod (Philip), 2, 173.

favored by Agrippa I, 2, 194.

destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.

made an academic city, 2, 543.

anti-Christian riot in, 3, 17.

played into the hands of the Arabs, 3, 87.

CÆsarea (Straton), the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over Agrippa I’s death, 2, 196.

hate the JudÆans, 2, 246–7.

quarrel with the JudÆans, 2, 252–3.

CÆsarea (Straton), the Jews of, Greek culture of, 2, 538.

devoted to circus sports, 2, 626.

CÆsarea (Straton), the JudÆans of, deprived of civil rights, 2, 247.

exterminated, 2, 262.

perish in the arena, 2, 312.

CÆsarea Philippi, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.

capital of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 158.

JudÆans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

CÆsars, the, sacrifices offered for, 2, 103.

Cafri, native town of Rabba bar Chana, 2, 454.

Cain, the Choic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Cainites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Cairo (Fostat), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.

Talmud study encouraged in, 3, 208, 210.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 340–1.

two synagogues of, 3, 444.

Karaites of, 3, 444; 4, 71.

Maimonides at, 3, 457–92.

hospital at, 3, 495.

Spanish spoken at, 4, 388.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–96.

Purim of, 4, 396.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.

Cairo, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

maltreated, 4, 396.

establish schools, 5, 664.

reconciled with the Karaites, 5, 664.

Calabrese. See Chayim Vital Calabrese.

Calabria, the Jews of, subject to curial duties, 2, 616.

invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

Calahorra, Abraham Ibn-Ezra dies at, 3, 374.

Calatayud, the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.

Calatayud, the Jews of, excommunicate anti-Maimunists, 3, 475–6.

Catalina of Lancaster, regent for Juan II of Castile, 4, 193.

issues edicts concerning the Jews, 4, 203–4, 205–6, 275.

death of, 4, 217, 228.

Catalonia, part of Aragon, 3, 387.

Catalonia, the Jews of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530.

massacred, 4, 102–3.

provide against the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112–13.

possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.

persecuted in 1391, 4, 172.

converted, 4, 214.

loyal to their faith, 4, 215.

possessions of, sequestrated, 4, 349.

Catechumens, the house of, supported by the Jews, 4, 566.

Catherine, empress of Russia, member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.

at war with Poland, 5, 388.

Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 489.

Catherine de Medici, queen mother in France, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 598.

proposes her son for the Polish throne, 4, 604.

Catholic Church, the, rise of, 2, 500.

Catholic Church, the German, established, 5, 682.

Catholic reaction, the, 4, 650–1.

the Jews suffer under, 4, 652–3.

Catholicism, more hostile to the Jews than Arianism, 3, 26.

overthrown in England, 4, 541.

and the romantic movement, 5, 516.

See Christianity.

Catholics, the, toleration of, under Valentinian I, 2, 603.

hate Theodoric, 3, 29, 30.

antagonized by the Arian Visigoths, 3, 44–5.

in the Damascus affair, 5, 650–1, 662.

See Christians, the.

Catholics, the Greek, molest the Turkish Jews, 4, 552–3.

Cathunho, Isaac, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Catullus, Roman governor of Cyrene, executes Zealots, 2, 318.

Caucasus, the, Jews settle in, 3, 123.

under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.

CavilhÃo, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

Ceba, Ansaldo, priest and poet, tries to convert Sarah Sullam, 5, 69–70.

CendebÆus, Syrian general, invades JudÆa, 1, 529.

Ceneda, wagers a pound of his own flesh, 4, 657.

CenedÆus, of Adiabene, relatives of, aid JudÆa against Rome, 2, 264.

Censorship of the press introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.

in Germany, 5, 532.

Censorship of the Talmud under Jayme I of Aragon, 3, 603.

advised by two popes, 4, 658.

abuses of, 4, 659, 660.

See under Talmud, the.

Census, a, taken by David, 1, 137–8.

of JudÆans ordered h/43900-h.htm#Page_109" class="pgexternal">109.

punishes the murderers of Jews, 4, 109–10.

and the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 110.

asked to permit Jews to return to Augsburg, 4, 127–8.

grants “servi camerÆ” to the electors, 4, 128.

deed of, concerning the Jews, 4, 695.

Charles V, emperor, ambassador of, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.

opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 464.

adherents of, 4, 468.

declares Luther an exile, 4, 469.

refuses freedom of belief to Marranos, 4, 484.

empowers the Inquisition to proceed against Lutherans, 4, 485.

Nunes sent to, to learn about the Inquisition, 4, 490.

threatens the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.

treats Rome as a hostile city, 4, 497.

liberates Reubeni from the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 499.

crowned king of Italy, 4, 503.

instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 509, 517, 518.

delivers Molcho and Reubeni to the Mantua Inquisition, 4, 510.

imprisons Reubeni, 4, 511.

hated by Clement VII, 4, 514.

victorious at Tunis, 4, 517.

hostile to Paul III, 4, 526.

banishes the Jews from Naples, 4, 544.

renews the privileges of the Jews, 4, 547.

in debt to the Mendes bank, 4, 572.

orders the Mendes property to be seized, 4, 573.

expels the Jews from the Netherlands, 4, 661–2.

Charles VII, anti-emperor, occupies Prague, 5, 251.

Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 628.

Charles, of Baden, grants the Jews political freedom, 5, 502–3.

Charles I, of England, promotes the cause of liberty, 5, 25.

Charles II, of England, the Jews under, 5, 141.

Charles II, the Bald (843), king of the western Franks, friendly to the Jews, 3, 170, 172.

condition of the Jews under, 3, 170–4.

Charles III, the Simple (899–914), of France, grants the possessions of the Narbonne Jews to the Church, 3, 175.

Charles IV, of France, death of, 4, 77.

Charles V, of France, permits Jews to return, 4, 129.

increases the privileges of the Jews, 4, 131, 133.

prohibits forced attendance of Jews at churches, 4, 132.

death of, 4, 150.

Charles VI, of France, protects the Jews, 4, 152.

and the rights of Jewish creditors, 4, 174.

banishes the Jews, 4, 175–6.

protects the exiles, 4, 176.

Charles VIII, of France, conquers Naples, 4, 360.

alliance against, 4, 373.

Charles IX, of France, and the election of a Polish king, 4, 604.

Charles X, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.

< 160.

Chiskiya, Gaon of Pumbeditha and Exilarch, executed, 3, 254.

sons of (Ibn-Daudi), in Spain, 3, 254, 275.

Chiskiya, prince of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.

Chiskiya ben Chiya, offends Judah ha-Nassi, 2, 457.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

disciple of Judah I, 2, 511.

Chiskiya ben Reuben, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Chivi Albalchi, the first rationalistic Bible critic, 3, 199.

Chiya, a Babylonian buried in Palestine, 2, 548.

Chiya (Achiya) bar Abba, Amora, characterization of, 2, 454, 531.

punished by Judah I, 2, 455.

sons of, 2, 457, 470, 511.

announces the new-moon at Ain-tab, 2, 458.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Mishnic compilation of, authoritative, 2, 471.

intercedes for Abba-Areka, 2, 512.

investigates the JudÆan educational institutions, 2, 532.

collects the Patriarch’s tax, 2, 536.

supported by Beth-Silvani, 2, 536.

leaves JudÆa, 2, 536.

ignorant of the Bible, 2, 536.

rigor of, 2, 536–7.

appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.

Agadist, 2, 540.

Chiya, son of Abba-Areka, learned in the Law, 2, 518.

Chmielniecki, Bogdan (1595–1657), grievances of, against Jews, 5, 7.

organizes the Haidamak troops, 5, 8.

conditions of peace, proposed by, 5, 12, 14.

Chochmoth, the sciences, studied under Measfim influence, 5, 402–3.

Chocim, Jacob Frank at, 5, 27.

Chodar-Warda, son of Jezdijird III, at war with his brother, 2, 628.

Choics. See Gnosticism.

Chorazin, Jesus in, 2, 157.

Choreas, Caligula’s murderer, 2, 189.

Chorin, Aaron, aids the Reform movement, 5, 571.

recalls his approval of the movement, 5, 571.

Chosru (Chosroes) I Nushirvan, of Persia, imposes a poll-tax upon the Jews, 3, 5.

son of, 3, 7.

protects his dominions against the Chazars, 3, 138.

Chosru II (590–628), of Persia, supplanted, 3, 8–9.

protected by Mauritius, 3, 9.

prosperity of the Jews under, 3, 9–10.

at war with the Byzantine empire, 3, 19.

incapacity of, 3, 22.

death of, 3, 22.

Chozari (Chosari), philosophical work by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 327–36, 338.

translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

Chrestus, apostle at Rome, 2, 202, 37.

forbidden to hold intercourse with Jews, 3, 36, 37, 407, 499, 595, 611; 4, 216, 245, 250, 560, 590.

forbidden to marry Jews in Spain, 3, 44, 46.

ill-treated in Yemen, 3, 64, 65.

Mahomet’s revelation against, 3, 78.

driven out of Najaran, 3, 85.

restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.

Jewish testimony against, accepted, 3, 144.

persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.

Frankish, respect Judaism, 3, 163.

antagonized by Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.

called Mozarabs among the Mahometans, 3, 215.

persecuted by Hakim, 3, 247.

invade Mahometan Spain, 3, 291.

persecuted by Abdulmumen, 3, 359.

permitted to testify against Jews, 3, 422.

deny equal rights to the Marranos, 4, 256–7.

study Hebrew, 4, 471–4.

interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481.

devote themselves to Hebrew literature, 5, 21–2.

interested in the Sabbatian movement, 5, 137, 151.

interested in Judaism and the Jews, 5, 176.

attracted by Jewish literature, 5, 178–9.

Hebraists, attack the Jews, 5, 184.

and the EibeschÜtz-Emden controversy, 5, 262.

subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.

Christians, the early. See Jewish Christians, the; JudÆan Christians, the; Nazarenes, the, etc.

Christians, the Judaizing, under Receswinth, 3, 104.

under Erwig, 3, 106–7.

forbidden to own real estate, 3, 107–8.

See also Marranos, the.

Christians, the Nestorian, help the Arabs in Babylonia, 3, 89.

side with Ali, 3, 90.

Christians, the Syrian, and the science of grammar, 3, 7.

make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.

Christina, of Sweden, student of Hebrew, 5, 21.

Manasseh ben Israel recommended to, 5, 22, 152.

disagrees with SabbataÏ, 5, 153.

turns Mahometan, 5, 153.

betrays SabbataÏ, 5, 153.

returns to Poland, 5, 154.

Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.

Cohen, Perachyah, physician and scientist, 4, 405.

Cohen, Raphael (1722–1803), rabbi of the “three communities,” opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330, 331, 333.

objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.

retirement of, 5, 566.

son-in-law of, 5, 570.

grandson of, 5, 598.

Cohen, SabbataÏ, commemorates the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.

Cohen, Samuel. See Samuel Cohen ben Daniel.

Cohen, Saul. See Saul Cohen Ashkenazi; Saul Astruc Cohen.

Cohen, Shalom, employed by the Hamburg Dayanim, 5, 573.

Cohen, Simcha. See Simcha Cohen.

Cohn, Isidore, founder of the “Alliance IsraÉlite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Coimbra, the Inquisition at, 4, 508.

Coin, counterfeiting of, denounced by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

clipping of, charged against the English Jews, 3, 642.

Coinage, the right of, enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary, 3, 521.

Coins struck by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525, 528.

by John Hyrcanus, 2, 12.

by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.

by Alexander JannÆus, 2, 46.

by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

by Aristobulus II, 2, 62.

by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.

by Antigonus, 2, 83.

for Agrippa I, 2, 190, 194.

by the Zealots, 2, 268.

in honor of Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 269.

JudÆan, under Vespasian, 2, 292.

commemorating Titus’ victory, 2, 314.

by Nerva, 2, 392.

by Hadrian, 2, 407, 419.

by Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

Collectants, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.

Colleges, established in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.

Colleges, Rabbinical, at Metz, 5, 597–8, 700.

at Padua, 5, 624, 700.

at Breslau, 5, 699–700.

at various places, 5, 700.

Colleges, Talmudical, at Narbonne, 3, 143, 242, 392.

in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.

at Cordova, 3, 209, 269.

fall of, 4, 267.

Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 402–4.

the Mendes-Nassi family in, 4, 577.

rabbis of, advise the diversion of Jewish trade from Ancona, 4, 580.

rabbis of, excommunicate Daud, 4, 599.

description of, by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.

SabbataÏ Zevi at, 5, 145–8.

effect of SabbataÏ’s apostasy in, 5, 157.

Sabbatians excommunicated in, 5, 157, 159.

SabbataÏ Zevi banished to, 5, 166.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Chayim Malach banished from, 5, 214.

Chayon at, 5, 227–8.

rabbis of, espouse the cause of EibeschÜtz, 5, 264.

a rabbi of, accused of using human blood, 5, 640.

revision of the Rhodes trial at, 5, 647.

Constantinople, the Jews of, inhabit a separate quarter, 3, 26.

expelled, 3, 26.

in the twelfth century, 3, 425.

divided into national groups, 4, 402, 478.

taxed, 4, 402.

have a political representative, 4, 404.

collect a ransom for Polish-Jewish captives, 5, 8.

appeal to the European Jews, 5, 651.

Constantius, emperor, influence of, on the Church, 2, 566.

teachers of the Law banished from JudÆa under, 2, 566–7.

hostile to the Jews, 2, 567–8.

founder of the Christian state, 2, 568.

re-enacts Hadrian’s edicts against the Jews, 2, 571.

makes Julian co-emperor, 2, 595.

law of, with regard to the slaves of Jews revived, 2, 615.

law of, concerning the Patriarchs re-enacted, 2, 616.

Constitutio JudÆorum, issued by Innocent III, 3, 497.

Constitution of the Directory, the, recognizes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 452.

Constitution, the French, ratified by Louis XVI, 5, 447.

“Constitutions, The,” code of the Inquisition compiled by Torquemada, 4, 326–8.

introduced into Portugal, 4, 508.

Conti, Vincent, prints the Zohar, 4, 583.

Contra-Remonstrants, the, a Dutch sect, 4, 673.

“Contrasts and Greatness of Constantinople,” by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.

Controversial literature, in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 232–8.

“Conversations and Recollections,” by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

Conversion, the, of the Himyarites, 3, 56.

Conversion, the, of the Jews to Christianity, promoted by Constantine, 2, 562, 564.

desired by Theodoric, 3, 29–30.

hoped by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.

me 337-h.htm#Page_469" class="pgexternal">469, 470.

objected to, by ChasdaÏ Crescas, 4, 193.

Creizenach, Michael (1789–1842), advocate of the Reform movement, 5, 674–5.

CrÉmieux, Adolf (1796–1880), espouses the cause of the Damascus Jews, 5, 643–4.

acts in conjunction with the English Jews, 5, 645, 651.

appeals to Louis Philippe, 5, 645.

announces the faithlessness of Louis Philippe, 5, 651.

appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.

sent to Egypt, 5, 652.

at the London meeting, 5, 653.

hampered by the French ministry, 5, 658.

sets out for Egypt, 5, 658.

honors shown to, 5, 658–9, 667–8.

introduces himself to Mehmet Ali, 5, 659.

influences the European consuls and Mehmet Ali, 5, 660.

tries to establish schools in Egypt, 5, 663, 671.

services of, acknowledged, 5, 669–72.

declines a medal, 5, 671.

president of the “Alliance IsraÉlite Universelle,” 5, 702.

Cremona, the Talmud burnt at, 4, 582–3.

Cremona, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.

expelled, 4, 660.

Crescas, Barfat, imprisonment of, 4, 150.

Crescas, ChasdaÏ. See ChasdaÏ ben Abraham Crescas.

Crescas Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28–9.

reproaches Samuel Sulami for harboring a heretic, 4, 29.

Crete (Candia), the JudÆans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

a false Messiah in, 2, 610–11.

restored to Turkey, 5, 661.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 363–4, 406.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

Cardoso on, 5, 207.

Crimea, the, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123–4.

the Karaites spread to, 3, 182.

the land of the Chazars, 3, 222.

the Karaites in, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.

Karaites emigrate from, 4, 269.

Jews of Poland transported to, 5, 8.

Crispia. See Berachya ben NatronaÏ Nakdan.

Crissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

“Critical History of the Old Testament, The,” by Richard Simon, 5, 179.

Croatia, the Jews of, proscribed, 3, 614.

Croesus, at war with Cyrus, 1, 343.

Cromwell, Oliver, obtains religious liberty for England, 5, 25–6.

inspired by the Old Testament, 5, 26, 27.

regards the Jews favorably, 5, 27.

dissolves the Long Parliament, 5, 34.

Protector, 5, 35.

favors the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 671.

account of, by Erter, 5, 671.

Munk on, 5, 671–2.

Damascus, the Jews of, in an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.

liturgy of, changed, 3, 466.

cause of, espoused by various governments, 5, 633.

number of, 5, 634.

suspected of ritual murder, 5, 635, 636.

arrested and tortured, 5, 636–7.

houses of, destroyed, 5, 637.

evidence favoring, suppressed, 5, 637.

confess under torture, 5, 638.

pronounced guilty by Ratti Menton, 5, 640.

appeal to the European Jews, 5, 642, 651.

torture of, stopped, 5, 648.

release of, 5, 660–1.

new crusade against, incited by Catholics, 5, 662.

Dan, the tribe of, late settlement of, 1, 39.

isolation of, 1, 51.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.

oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 66.

around Nishabur, 3, 433.

Dan, northern frontier town of Israel, 1, 129.

occupied by Sheba’s followers, 1, 149–50.

center of idolatry, 1, 186, 233.

subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

“Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews,” by J.F. Fries, 5, 521.

“Dangerous Courses, The,” by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Daniel, the supposed grave of, causes a quarrel, 3, 434–5.

Daniel, the Book of, written during the MaccabÆan struggle, 1, 465–6.

language of, 1, 465.

consolations offered by, 1, 465.

prophesies the end of the Syrian power, 1, 465–6.

additions to, 2, 359.

prophecy of, thought to be verified, 2, 482–3.

explained by Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494–5.

as explained by Christians, 2, 502.

commentary on, by Porphyry, 2, 502.

a verse of, applied to Odenathus, 2, 527.

a prophecy of, applied to Julian the Apostate, 2, 598.

commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

Nissim Gerundi on, 4, 120.

Gallipapa on, 4, 149.

commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 482.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.

Daniel, friend of Immanuel Romi, 4, 66.

Daniel, Karaite, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 155.

Daniel ben Saadiah, anti-Maimunist, 3, 525–6.

excommunicated, 3, 526.

Daniel, son of Solomon (ChasdaÏ?, 1165–1175), Exilarch, 3, 438.

death of, 3, 258.

Derush. See Agada.

Descartes, philosophy of, studied by Spinoza, 5, 89.

characteristics of, 5, 90.

Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, protects the Jews, 4, 246, 247.

Dessau, subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.

Deuteronomy, the Book of, found in the Temple, 1, 289, 292–3. See under Law, the.

Deuterosis, code of Rabbi Akiba, 2, 354.

Deuterotes, the Tanaites, 2, 371.

Deutz, Menahem, member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

Deutz, the Jews of Cologne take refuge in, 4, 227.

De Wette, exegete, 5, 623, 695.

De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, 5, 107, 108.

Deza, archbishop of Seville, second inquisitor general, 4, 356, 484.

Dhor el-Khedib, highest peak of Lebanon, 1, 44.

Dialoghi d’amore (“Dialogues of Love”), by Leon Abrabanel, 4, 480–1.

Dias, AndrÉ, Marrano, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.

Dibre Sopherim, the work of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.

traditional Jewish lore, 2, 19, 472.

See Law, the oral.

Dictionaries, Chaldean and Rabbinical, by Elias Levita, 4, 474.

Dictionary. See Aruch; Iggaron; Lexicon; Machbereth.

Diderot, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Diebitsch, von, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.

Diego de Valencia, apostate, Spanish satirist, 4, 181.

Dietary laws, the, observed by the Babylonian JudÆans, 1, 364.

observed by the JudÆan Christians of Antioch, 2, 231.

obeyed by the Jews of Gaul, 3, 36.

observed by the Jews of Arabia, 3, 58.

made severer by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

not observed by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675.

declaration against, withdrawn, 5, 676.

Dieterich. See Theodoric of Burgundy.

Diez, friend of Dohm, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 358–9.

DimÉ, Palestinian Amora, banished from JudÆa, 2, 567.

Dimuh, so-called synagogue of Moses at, 3, 445.

Dina d’malchuta dina, sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 519.

Diniz (1279–1325), of Portugal, Jews under, 3, 618.

Dio Cassius, historian, on the revolt under Bar Cochba, 2, 411.

on the fall of Bethar, 2, 418–19.

Dio Kart, birthplace of Huna, 2, 545.

DiocÆsarea. See Sepphoris.

Diocletian, emperor, tolerant, 2, 533.

accuses Judah III of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.

and Abbahu, 2, 538.

persecutes Christianity, 2, causes the persecution of the Jews of Poitou, 3, 573.

brings charges against the Talmud, 3, 573–4.

disputation of, with four rabbis, 3, 576–8.

and Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599, 602.

charges of, repeated, 4, 213.

instigates the burning of the Talmud, 4, 460.

DonmÄh (DolmÄh), the, followers of Berachya, 5, 211.

descendants of, in Salonica, 5, 211.

joined by Chayim Malach, 5, 214.

address prayers to their leaders, 5, 274.

Donnolo. See SabbataÏ Donnolo.

Dora, besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 528, 529.

Greek youths of, introduce statues into the synagogues, 2, 193.

Doria, Andrea, doge of Genoa, opposed to the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 554.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 555.

Doria, Gianettino, and Joseph Cohen, 4, 555.

Doris, first wife of Herod, 2, 112.

Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, 5, 35.

Dorotheus, JudÆan envoy to Rome, 2, 197–8.

Dortmund, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Dortus of Jerusalem, tries to incite a rebellion against Cumanus, 2, 244.

Dositheus, companion of Onias IV, espouses Ptolemy VI’s cause, 1, 506, 507.

Dossa ben Nachman (Archinas), teacher of the Law, 2, 330.

Dossa ben Saadiah, author, 3, 202.

in correspondence with ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

“Doubts of the Religion of Jesus,” by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

Dowry, the law of, according to MeÏr, 2, 439.

DraÏ, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 360.

Drama, the, in Jewish literature, 5, 112.

Dresden, Jews permitted to live in, 5, 509.

Dresden, the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.

present an address to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Drome, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Drouth, under Uzziah, 1, 229–30.

Drusilla, youngest daughter of Agrippa I, affianced to Epiphanes of Commagene, 2, 195, 235.

married to Aziz, 2, 235.

married to Felix, 2, 235, 245.

envious of Berenice, 2, 236.

Drusus, son of Tiberius, educated with Agrippa I, 2, 175.

Drusus, a tower on the wall of CÆsarea, 2, 106.

Dsimma, Mahometan tax, 3, 110.

Duarte de Pinel. See Usque, Abraham.

Dubno, Solomon, writes the commentary to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329, 332.

alienated from Mendelssohn, 5, 334.

Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 156.

DudaÏ ben Nachman (761–764), principal of Pumbeditha, opponent of Anan ben David, 3, 129.

Duelling, permitted to Jews under Alfons class="pgexternal">187.

title of the book by, against the Jews, 5, 188.

charges raised against the Jews by, 5, 188–9.

work of, suppressed, 5, 190.

death of, 5, 190.

See “Judaism Unmasked.”

“Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte,” by Saul Asher, 5, 463.

Ekron, Philistine city, 1, 54.

left in the possession of the Philistines, 1, 117.

center of Baal-zebub worship, 1, 207.

given to Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

fortified by the Syrians, 1, 529.

Elah, king of Israel, dissipation and death of, 1, 192.

El-Arish, taken by Napoleon, 5, 459.

El-Arish, the river of Egypt, boundary under David, 1, 129.

Elath, port on the Red Sea, 1, 170, 171, 177, 230.

Elchanan ben Isaac, descendant of Rashi, Tossafist, martyr, 3, 404.

Eldad, Karaite, adventurer, 3, 182.

spreads the news of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, 3, 220.

Elder, title of the ordained, 2, 361.

Elders, Council of the, formed by Moses, 1, 25–6.

Eleanor, mother of Edward I, hostile to the Jews, 3, 641, 645.

Eleanor, wife of Edward I, favorably inclined to the Jews, 3, 644.

Eleanora, wife of Louis VII of France, accompanies him on the second crusade, 3, 349.

Eleasa, camp of Judas MaccabÆus at, 1, 486.

the battle of, Judas MaccabÆus falls in, 1, 487.

Eleazar, GalilÆan JudÆan, persuades Izates of Adiabene to be circumcised, 2, 217.

Eleazar, high priest, and the Septuagint, 1, 514.

Eleazar, Jewish name of Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.

Eleazar, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Eleazar of Antioch, refuses to sacrifice to the Greek gods, 1, 456.

Eleazar of Modin, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

prays for Bethar, 2, 417.

accused as a spy, 2, 417–18.

Eleazar ben Ananias, leader of the Zealots, 2, 256.

brings about the rupture with Rome, 2, 258–9.

relations of, to the leader of the Sicarii, 2, 260–1.

destroys the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 261.

disinterestedness of, 2, 261.

governor of IdumÆa, 2, 270.

Eleazar ben Arach, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324, 326.

tries to establish a school at Emmaus, 2, 334.

Eleazar ben Azariah, president of the Synhedrion, 2, 342.

vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 345.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 392.

influence of, on Nerva, 2, 392.

Eleazar ben Dinai, Zealot leader, 2, 238.

exterminates the Samaritans of Acrabatene, 2, 198.

Elisha, Essene, punished for the use of Tephillin, 2, 424.

Elisha, father of Ishmael, 2, 427.

Elisha, prophet, successor to Elijah, 1, 207.

accompanies Elijah, 1, 208.

lives on Mount Carmel, 1, 208.

hates Jehoram, 1, 208–9.

disciple of, appoints Jehu king of Israel, 1, 210.

position of, compared with Elijah’s, 1, 217–18.

in Samaria, 1, 218.

respected by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 223–4.

influence of, on Jehoash, 1, 225.

Elisha ben Abuya (Acher), teacher of the Law, apostate, 2, 358, 377.

theosophist, 2, 381.

assists Hadrian in persecuting the Law, 2, 426.

and MeÏr, 2, 437.

daughters of, 2, 452.

Elisha Gallaico, member of Karo’s rabbinical college, 4, 616.

Elishama, keeper of the lists, favors submission to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 305.

Elizabeth, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, 5, 114–15.

Elizabeth, of England, and Maria NuÑes, 4, 664.

Elkanah Kapsali, of Candia, ransoms Spanish exiles, 4, 364.

Elon, judge, 1, 66.

Elulai, king of Tyre, subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263.

El-Uz. See Usha.

Elvira. See Illiberis.

ElymÆans, the, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

Elymais, falls to Nabopolassar, 1, 303.

Emancipation of Jews, the, advocated by John Toland, 5, 197–8.

favored by Mirabeau, 5, 433–4.

accomplished by the French, 5, 459.

urged by Michael Berr, 5, 460–1, 527.

opposed by Fichte, 5, 462.

dependent on that of French Jews, 5, 480.

favored by Dalberg, 5, 504.

favored by Hardenberg, 5, 507.

favored by Denmark, 5, 519, 531.

advocated before the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 525–7.

favored by Alexander I, 5, 527.

urged by Italian Jews, 5, 527.

advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.

hindrances to, in Judaism, 5, 675.

completed by the February revolutions, 5, 696–7.

See also Citizenship.

Emancipation of the Austrian Jews, the, by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.

Emancipation of the Baden Jews, the, 5, 502–3.

Emancipation of the Bavarian Jews, the partial, 5, 508.

Emancipation of the Dutch Jews, the, celebrated by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 400.

promoted by French victories, 5, 452.

opposed by Van Swieden, 5, 453–4.

opposed by representative Amsterdam Jews, 5, 2, 375.

Eschenloer, town clerk of Breslau, protests against cruelty towards Jews, 4, 262.

Escrivao, Jewish-Portuguese official, 4, 159.

“Eshkol ha-Kofer,” Karaite work by Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, 3, 362.

Eskapha, Joseph, Talmudist, teacher of SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 118.

excommunicates him, 5, 122.

Eskeles, Issachar Berush, intercedes for the Moravian Jews, 5, 252, 253.

Eski-Crimea. See Sulchat.

Esperaindo, Juan de, assassin of Arbues, 4, 330.

Essenes, the, offshoot from the AssidÆan party, 2, 16–17, 24.

give rise to the Pharisees, 2, 17.

wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.

allied with the Pharisees, 2, 24.

rigid celebration of the Sabbath by, 2, 24.

Nazarite practices of, 2, 24–5.

celibates, 2, 25.

settle in Engadi, 2, 25.

communism of, 2, 26.

habits of, 2, 26–7.

mysticism of, 2, 27–8.

popular, 2, 29.

fatalists, 2, 30.

avoid the Temple, 2, 30.

initiation into the brotherhood of, 2, 30–1.

prophetic power ascribed to, 2, 100.

exempt from swearing allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.

conception of the Messianic age by, 2, 145.

the first to proclaim the advent of the Messiah, 2, 145.

Jesus attracted to, 2, 150–1.

displeased with Jesus, 2, 162.

followers of Jesus, 2, 219–20.

Essenism, the kernel of Christianity, 2, 142.

Essex, Earl of, takes Cadiz, 4, 665.

Essinger, Samuel, testifies in favor of EibeschÜtz, 5, 262.

Estella, the Jews of, massacred, 4, 77–8, 144.

Esther (Esterka), mistress of Casimir III, 4, 112.

“Esther,” epic by Ansaldo Ceba, 5, 69, 70.

Esther, the Book of, additions to, 2, 359.

read in Spanish translation, 4, 148.

Estori Parchi, on the suffering of the French Jews, 4, 48–9.

emigrates to Palestine, 4, 49.

on the Karaites, 4, 72.

Etam, springs of, supply the second Temple, 1, 421.

Etampes, d’, Count, protects the French Jews, 4, 130, 132.

Eternal Punishment, dogma of, in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

Ethbaal I, of Tyre, allied with Omri of Israel, 1, 194.

Ethbaal II, of Tyre, vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

urges war against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309.

Ethics, The, by Aristotle, translated, 4, 94, 137.

as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, 3, 100.

co-extensive with the Ommiyyade Caliphate, 3, 100.

dependent on the Gaonate, 3, 137.

contests for, 3, 155, 439.

decay of, 3, 183, 188.

attachment to, 3, 185–6.

during Saadiah’s Gaonate, 3, 193–4.

end of, 3, 201–2.

revived in the twelfth century, 3, 369, 428.

extent of, 3, 428–9.

revived in the thirteenth century, 3, 627.

Exilarchs, the (Princes of the Captivity, Resh-Galutha), leaders of the Jews in the East, 2, 393.

political chiefs of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

vassals of Persia, 2, 508.

royal position of, 2, 508–9.

descendants of David, 2, 509.

supreme judges of the Jewish community, 2, 509; 3, 93.

revenues of, 2, 509–10; 3, 96.

homage paid to, 2, 510, 515, 606–7.

religious ignorance of, 2, 510.

political and spiritual authority of, 2, 511.

devoted to the study of the Law, 2, 544.

appoint judges, 2, 547; 3, 98, 428.

barbarity of, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 554.

exercise civil and judicial functions, 3, 89.

depose the principals of the Babylonian academies, 3, 91.

history of, dark, 3, 92.

office of, political, 3, 93.

installation of, 3, 94–5.

annual court at the house of, 3, 95.

authority of, lessened by the Karaite schism, 3, 137.

power of, reduced, 3, 177, 183.

hold public assemblies at Pumbeditha, 3, 177.

Exilarchs, the, list of:

463.

Fields, the blessing of, by Jews, forbidden, 2, 620; 3, 44.

Fifth Monarchy, the, believers in, regard the Jews favorably, 5, 23, 27.

view of, held by Christians, 5, 37.

as interpreted by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.

believers in, fix the Messianic year, 5, 120.

Firme-FÉ. See NuÑes, Henrique.

First-born, the, Mosaic law of, as interpreted under Ahaz, 1, 261.

Firuz (Pheroces, 457–484), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, 2, 628–30; 3, 1.

persecutes the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.

closes the Jewish schools, 2, 629.

forces Magianism upon Jews, 2, 629.

death of, 2, 630.

Firuz-Shabur (Anbar), important Babylonian town, 2, 505.

the Jews of, in the war between Julian the Apostate and Shabur II, 2, 601.

academy opened at, 3, 8, 9.

taken by Ali, 3, 90.

Fiscus Judaicus, tax instituted by Vespasian, 2, 316.

extorted from the Jews, 2, 332.

See Tax.

“Five Evidences of the Faith,” Sabbatian work, 5, 162.

Flaccus, prÆtor in Asia Minor, seizes upon the votive offerings in the Temple, 2, 68.

defended by Cicero, 2, 68–70.

Flaccus, Pomponius, governor of Syria, Agrippa I courtier of, 2, 175.

tool of the Alexandrians, 2, 181.

deprives JudÆans of Alexandrian citizenship, 1, 182.

deposed, 2, 183.

Flagellants, the, in Hanover, 4, 111.

under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 201.

condemned by the Council of Constance, 4, 217.

Flanders, Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

Portuguese Marranos imprisoned in, 4, 509.

Flavian house, the, and the Jews, 2, 388.

Flavio Jacopo de Evora, on Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 610.

Flavius Josephus. See Joseph ben Matthias.

Florence, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

Elias del Medigo lectures on philosophy at, 4, 291.

the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 297.

the Marranos of, not molested, 4, 500.

the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.

Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supporter of Jacob Querido, 5, 210.

Florus, Gessius (64–66), last procurator of JudÆa, rapacity and profligacy of, 2, 249–50.

favors the Sicarii, 2, 250.

bribed by the JudÆans of CÆsarea, 2, 252–3.

imprisons JudÆan deputies, 2, 253.

demands a part of the Temple treasures, 2, 253.

in Jerusalem, 2, 253–4.

plunders the upper town, 2, 254.

appealed to by Berenice, 2, 254.

demands a friendly reception for his troops, 2, 558.

influenced by the Reform movement, 5, 582–3.

and the Damascus affair, 5, 644, 651.

asked to support CrÉmieux’s Eastern schools, 5, 671.

France, the Jews of, emancipation of. See Emancipation of the French Jews, the.

France, northern, home of Talmudic studies after Rashi, 3, 289.

rabbis of, at Donin’s disputation, 3, 576.

France, northern, the Jews of, devoted to Talmud study, 3, 289, 290, 345, 407–8.

expect the Messiah, 3, 298.

prosperous in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

banished during the third crusade, 3, 405.

received by Philip Augustus, 3, 405–6.

not permitted to move from province to province, 3, 406.

forbidden to buy property confiscated from Jews, 3, 406–7.

treated as bondmen, 3, 407.

naÏve faith of, 3, 549.

wear Jew badges, 3, 612.

France, southern, JudÆans in, 2, 203.

culture and rulers of, 3, 390.

tolerance in, 3, 390.

Spanish culture introduced into, 3, 392.

Jews from, in Palestine, 3, 427–8.

rabbis of, renounce Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539, 541.

See also Languedoc; Narbonne; Provence.

France, southern, the Jews of, dependent on vassal princes, 3, 242.

in the twelfth century, 3, 389–91.

idolize Maimonides, 3, 488–9.

Maimonides on, 3, 492.

relation of, to the Albigenses, 3, 501, 513–14.

suffer during the Albigensian crusade, 3, 501–3.

not employed as state officials, 3, 503–4.

send delegates to the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

struggle against badges, 3, 513.

Innocent III’s decrees enforced against, 3, 518.

Maimunists, 3, 526–7.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.

ordered to enter into disputations with Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.

obtain the abrogation of the law on badges, 3, 612.

persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.

during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 56–7.

massacred on the charge of having caused the Black Death, 4, 102.

hostility towards, 4, 132.

Francesco Maria I, duke of Urbino, brings Molcho to Pesaro, 4, 501.

Francesco Maria II, duke of Urbino, David de Pomis dedicates a book to, 4, 657.

Francis I, of Austria, emperor, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 5, 508.

the Jews under, 5, 523.

intolerance of, 5, < eine, 5, 546.

Heine’s criticism of, 5, 547.

followers of, criticised by Bernays, 5, 574–5.

and Mannheimer, 5, 580.

member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Jost a disciple of, 5, 595.

FriedlÄnder, Meyer, prominent KÖnigsberg Jew, 5, 397.

FriedlÄnder, Wolf, prominent KÖnigsberg Jew, 5, 397.

Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

refutes Van Swieden, 5, 454.

“Friends of Reform,” Society of the, 5, 675–6.

Fries, J.F., attacks the Jews, 5, 521.

Friesland, East, Jews live in, 4, 665.

Frohbach, astronomical work by, 4, 638.

Fronto, guardian of Jerusalem, 2, 311.

Fuero juzgo, Visigothic code, translated, 3, 594–5.

Fueros, Spanish law of custom, grants citizenship to Jews, 3, 292.

“Fulfillment of Prophecy, The,” by Pierre Jurieu, 5, 176.

Fulko de Neuilly, preaches the third crusade, 3, 405.

Fulvia, Roman patrician, proselyte, 2, 136, 215.

Funes, the Jews of, attacked, 4, 78.

Furin al-Mizrayim, Purim of Cairo, 4, 396.

Furtado, Abraham, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.

ancestry and youth of, 5, 483.

rÔle played by, during the Revolution, 5, 483.

president of the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.

speech of, in answer to the imperial commissioners, 5, 489–90.

speeches of, before the Synhedrion, 5, 495, 497.

view held by, of Judaism, 5, 496.

informs Napoleon of anti-Jewish agitation, 5, 498.

FÜrth, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.

Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

interdicts Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 331–2.

Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

honor shown to CrÉmieux at, 5, 668.

Future life, the, doctrine of, 1, 404–6.

in the Mishna, 2, 473.

Gabaot, Roman camp under Cestius Gallus, 2, 265–6.

Gabara, ordered not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.

taken by Vespasian, 2, 286.

Gabata, GalilÆan fortress, 2, 56.

Gabinius, Aulus, governor of Syria, subdues Alexander, 2, 70.

divides JudÆa into provinces, 2, 71.

defeats Alexander, 2, 73.

Gabriel, the name of an angel, 1, 403.

makes revelations to Mahomet, 3, 71.

Gad, ChaldÆan god of fortune, 1,

compared with Riesser, 5, 600.

compared with Steinheim, 5, 607.

Gaon, title of the principal of the Sora Academy, 3, 90–1, 93.

of the principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 93, 177.

of Isaac Ibn-Sakni, 3, 285.

of the head of the Bagdad college, 3, 429.

of Samuel ben Ali Halevi, 3, 438.

of EibeschÜtz, 5, 289.

of Elijah Wilna, 5, 389.

Gaon of Castile, Isaac Campanton, 4, 230.

Gaonate, the, Anan ben David hostile to, 3, 130.

European and African Jews independent of, 3, 208, 210.

decline of, 3, 231, 253.

See also Gaon; Geonim, the.

Garcilaso, Spanish ambassador to Rome, opposes the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

Gascony, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

banished, 3, 646.

during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.

“Gate of Heaven, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.

Gates, the, of the second Temple, 2, 111.

Gath, Philistine city, 1, 54, 80.

surrendered to the Israelites, 1, 117.

returned to the Philistines, 1, 117–18.

conquered by Hazael, 1, 221.

conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.

“Gatherer, The,” (Ha-Meassef), a Hebrew journal, 5, 399.

editors of, 5, 400.

interest in, 5, 403, 404.

contributors to, in Berlin, 5, 411.

GatiÑo, Ezra. See Ezra GatiÑo.

Gaucelin, de, lords of LÜnel, Jews under, 3, 396.

Gaul, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35.

Gaul, the Jews of, 3, 35–40.

names borne by, 3, 36.

intermarry with Christians, 3, 36.

obey the dietary laws, 3, 36.

treated with hostility, 3, 37–40.

Gaulanitis (Gaulonitis), invaded by Alexander JannÆus, 2, 44, 45.

given to Philip, 2, 119.

given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

a field in, given to Judah II, 2, 482.

Gauls, body-guard of Cleopatra, given to Herod, 2, 103.

Gayo da Rieti. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.

Gayo, MaËstro. See Isaac ben Mordecai.

Gaza, Philistine port, 1, 54.

166.

Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), disciple of Leontin, founds a Talmud school at Mayence, 3, 242, 243.

writes commentaries on the Talmud, 3, 243–4.

authority of, 3, 244, 245.

studies the Massora, 3, 244.

forbids polygamy, 3, 244.

regulates the carrying of letters, 3, 244–5.

penitential hymns by, 3, 246.

son of, an apostate, 3, 246.

protects repentant apostates, 3, 246.

memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, 3, 247.

consults HaÏ Gaon, 3, 252.

introduces Talmud study in France and Germany, 3, 281.

Talmudical work of, supplanted by Rashi’s, 3, 288.

abrogation of the polygamy ordinance of, 3, 378.

Gerson, Christian, vilifies the Talmud, 5, 181.

Gersonides. See Levi ben Gerson.

Gerundi. See En-Vidal Ephraim; Jacob ben Sheshet; Jonah ben Abraham; Nissim; Serachya Halevi.

Gerville, Cahier de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 444–5.

Gesenius, exegete, 5, 623, 695.

Gesereth ha-RoÏm. See Pastoureaux.

Gesereth Mezoraim, the persecution caused by lepers in France, 4, 57–8.

Ghassanids, the, Arab tribe, 3, 67, 68.

Ghatafan, the, Arab tribe, induced to make war upon Mahomet, 3, 79.

distrustful of their allies, 3, 80.

promise help to the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.

Ghazati. See Nathan Benjamin Levi.

Ghent, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 662.

Ghetto, Venetian Jew quarter, the first in Italy, 4, 408.

See Jew’s quarter.

Ghinucci, Geronimo de, cardinal, and the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 516, 520.

Ghirondi, rabbi of Padua, scholar, 5, 622.

Ghuzz, Turkish tribe, allied with the Jews of Khorasan, 3, 434.

Gibbethon, Danite city, occupied by the Philistines, 1, 189.

attacked by Elah’s army, 1, 192.

Omri chosen king at, 1, 192.

Gibeah (Geba), Philistine garrison of, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.

Saul’s capital, 1, 89, 91.

inhabitants of, flee before the Philistines, 1, 104.

Gibeon, Joshua’s victory at, 1, 34–5.

seat of a high priest, 1, 120.

Gibeonites, the, submit to Joshua, 1, 34.

massacre of, under Saul, 1, 94.

murder the descendants of Saul, 1, 123.

under Ezra, 1, 367.

< tenberg.org/files/43337/43337-h/43337-h.htm#Page_136" class="pgexternal">136.

among the Spanish Jews, 3, 235, 317; 4, 91.

decays in the post-Maimunic period, 3, 561.

Grammarians and Lexicographers, Jewish, list of:

Aaron ben Asher,

Abraham de Balmes,

Abraham ben MeÏr Ibn-Ezra,

Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus,

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,

Jonah Marinus,

Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi,

Judah ben Yechiel,

Lara, David Coen de

Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,

Menachem ben Saruk,

Moses ben Asher,

Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia,

Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,

Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,

Solomon Lurya.

Granada, called the city of the Jews, 3, 42.

the Jews masters of, 3, 109.

Talmud school of, 3, 236.

Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.

capital of the Berber kingdom, 3, 256.

home of the descendants of the Exilarchs, 3, 275.

massacre of the Arabs of, 3, 276–7.

invaded by Almotassem, 3, 278.

Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.

conspiracy against the Mahometans of, 3, 316.

home of the Ibn-Ezra brothers, 3, 318.

Talmud school of, destroyed, 3, 384.

Samuel Ibn-Wakar farms the import duties of, 4, 80–1.

at war with Castile, 4, 84–5.

ally of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 125, 126.

forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179, 318, 351.

war of Ferdinand and Isabella with, 4, 344.

Jewish physicians of, 4, 344.

fall of, 4, knowledge of, acquired by pagans, 2, 384.

cultivated by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 476–8.

intercourse with, interdicted by Tertullian, 2, 476–7.

permitted to glean, 2, 478.

purchases from, permitted by Judah II, 2, 483–4.

become acquainted with Jewish literature, 2, 502.

relaxing of the laws against, 2, 525.

Heber, the Kenite, in Charisi’s Tachkemoni, 3, 559.

Hebert, sets up the religion of Reason, 5, 450.

Hebrew alphabet, the, Assyrian characters of, 1, 395.

“Hebrew Chrestomathy,” by Adam Martinet, 5, 628, 629.

Hebrew grammar. See Grammar.

Hebrew language, the, cherished by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 340, 364.

JudÆans ignorant of, 1, 386.

cultivated under the HasmonÆans, 2, 14–15.

called New-Hebrew (Neo-Hebrew), 2, 15.

used in the historical writings, 2, 16.

mispronounced in Galilee, 2, 149.

of the Mishna, 2, 461.

spoken in JudÆa, 2, 461–2.

learnt by Origen, 2, 488.

in the Amoraim period, 2, 538–9.

interest in, under Theodosius II, 2, 623, 625.

Jews forbidden to teach Christians, 2, 624.

revived under Arab influence, 3, 111–12.

furnished with vowel points, 3, 112.

neglected in the ninth century, 3, 157.

studied by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5.

promoted by the controversy under ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.

improvement in, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

taught as a means for conversion, 3, 597, 640–1; 4, 245.

words of, used by Spanish satirists, 4, 181.

study of, introduced into Germany by Reuchlin, 4, 432, 433, 434.

panegyric on, by Reuchlin, 4, 433–4, 436.

study of, at the German universities advised by Reuchlin, 4, 443.

studied by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.

professorships for, instituted, 4, 471, 473, 474.

studied by Christians, 4, 471–4, 651.

widely studied in Holland, 5, 21.

society for the promotion of, 5, 398–9.

a bond for the Jews of western Europe, 5, 402.

love of, prevents apostasy, 5, 420.

importance of, in the Jewish liturgy, 5, 562.

omission of, from the divine service objected to, 5, 564.

Portuguese pronunciation of, adopted in Hamburg, 5, 571.

retained in the Vienna Temple, 5, 580.

renaissance of, through Erter, 5, gexternal">89.

policy of, 2, 89.

kills the Synhedrists, 2, 89.

appoints Ananel high priest, 2, 90.

tries to obliterate his IdumÆan descent, 2, 90.

fears Hyrcanus and Aristobulus (III), 2, 90–1.

brings Hyrcanus to Jerusalem, 2, 91.

proclaims Aristobulus (III) high priest, 2, 91.

has him murdered, 2, 92.

accused before Cleopatra, 2, 92–3.

orders the murder of Mariamne, 2, 93.

threatened by a sister of Antigonus, 2, 94.

at war with Malich, 2, 94–5.

orders the execution of Hyrcanus II, 2, 96.

confines Mariamne in Alexandrion, 2, 96.

appoints Hillel president of the Synhedrion, 2, 96, 99.

appoints Menahem deputy, 2, 100.

received with favor by Octavius, 2, 101–2.

territory of, increased, 2, 103.

executes Mariamne, 2, 104.

quells Alexandra’s sedition, 2, 105.

submits to Augustus, 2, 105.

ornaments Sebaste and CÆsarea, 2, 106.

exhausts the people by taxation, 2, 107.

degrades the high priesthood, 2, 107.

marries Mariamne II, 2, 107.

requires an oath of allegiance from his subjects, 2, 108.

remodels the Temple, 2, 109–11.

distrustful of his family, 2, 112.

appoints Antipater his successor, 2, 112, 113.

executes Mariamne I’s sons, 2, 113.

conspiracy against, 2, 113.

appoints Herod Antipas his successor, 2, 114.

contest of, with the Pharisees, 2, 114–15.

attempts suicide, 2, 115–16.

executes Antipater, 2, 116.

orders executions for the day of his death, 2, 116.

death of, 2, 117.

territory added to JudÆa by, 2, 118.

will of, 2, 119–20.

sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.

palace of, stormed by the Zealots, 2, 260.

palace of, in Galilee destroyed by Josephus, 2, 279.

Herod II, brother of Agrippa I, prÆtor and prince of Chalcis, 2, 190.

allied with Agrippa I, 2, 196.

opposes Cuspius Fadus, 2, 197.

asks for a truce, 2, 197.

titular king of JudÆa, 2, 198.

death of, 2, 199, 235.

widow of, 2, 235.

Herod ben Gamala, partisan of Rome, 2, 274.

Herod ben Miar, partisan of Rome, 2, 274.

Herod (Antipas), son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem and Herod I, disinherited, 2, Joshua, son of Jehozedek,

Judas MaccabÆus,

Manasseh,

Mathias ben Theophilus,

Menelaus the Benjamite,

Simon, son of BoËthus,

Simon Tharsi,

Uriah,

Zachariah ben Jehoiada,

Zadok.

High-roads, the king’s, built by Solomon, 1, 171–2.

“High Tower, The,” drama by Luzzatto, 5, 235.

Hilchetha Gabriatha, Talmud commentary by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.

Hilderic of Nismes, governor of Septimania, revolts against Wamba, 3, 104–5.

promises the Jews religious liberty, 3, 105.

Hildesheim, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.

Hildesheimer, the Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Hilduin, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.

Hilkia, treasurer of the Temple, envoy to Nero, 2, 248.

Hilkiah, high priest, charged with the repairs of the Temple, 1, 289.

finds the Book of the Law, 1, 292.

counsels Josiah, 1, 293.

ancestor of Ezra, 1, 365.

Hillali, oldest copy of the Bible in Spain, destroyed, 3, 387.

Hillel I, appointed president of the Synhedrion, 2, 96, 99.

disciple of Shemaya and Abtalion, 2, 96.

character of, 2, 96–7.

maxims of, 2, 97–8.

justifies the oral law, 2, 98.

justifies new laws, 2, 99.

enacts the Prosbol, 2, 100.

followers of, swear allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.

death of, lamented, 2, 130.

descendants of, presidents of the Synhedrion, 2, 130, 192.

spreads the knowledge of the Law in JudÆa, 2, 149.

the model of Jesus, 2, 149–50.

quoted by Philo, 2, 213.

compared with Philo, 2, 214.

followers of, support the Peace party, 2, 256.

the founder of Talmudic Judaism, 2, 327.

laws of interpretation by, 2, 327, 338.

laws of interpretation by, supplemented, 2, 331, 356.

reverence paid t m#Page_80" class="pgexternal">80.

killed, 3, 81.

daughter of, 3, 83.

Hulagu, Tartar sultan, ravages of, 3, 606.

founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.

Huldah, prophetess under Josiah, 1, 286, 293.

Humanists, the, espouse Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.

courted by Leo X, 4, 465.

favor Charles V’s election, 4, 468.

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, relation of, to Henrietta Herz, 5, 423.

draws up a constitution for Germany, 5, 514.

Huna, on the refugees from Sepphoris, 2, 571.

Huna (212–297), Babylonian Amora, chief teacher at Sora, 2, 545.

agriculturist, 2, 545.

and Chama ben AnilaÏ, 2, 546.

charitableness of, 2, 546.

presides over the Metibta, 2, 547–8.

death of, 2, 548.

and Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 552.

and Chasda, 2, 553.

and Mar-Sheshet, 2, 553–4.

Huna, Exilarch, buried in JudÆa, 2, 455, 509.

Huna bar Nathan, at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.

Huna ben Chiya, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, wealth of, 2, 576.

opposition to, 2, 577.

death of, 2, 577.

Huna ben Joshua, teacher at the academy of Nares, 2, 593–4.

Huna-Mar (488–508), Exilarch, Amora, 2, 631; 3, 3.

Huna-Mari, Exilarch, executed by Firuz, 2, 629.

learned in the Law, 2, 631.

HunaÏ, Gaon of Sora, reforms the divorce law, 3, 92.

Hundt, Hartwig, pamphlet by, against the Jews, 5, 532.

Hungary, adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.

Jews invited into, 3, 613.

Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263.

Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, 4, 497.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208.

rabbis of, protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.

Hungary, the Jews of, condition of, in early days, 3, 520.

possess the right of coinage, 3, 521.

farmers of salt mines and taxes, 3, 521.

kindly treated by Andreas, 3, 521.

the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council enforced against, 3, 521.

indispensable to the prosperity of the country, 3, 613.

proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614–15.

banished by Louis I, 4, 111.

liturgy of, arranged by Maharil, 4, 225.

urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

Sabbatians, 5, 149.

modify their divine service, 5, 582.

Huns, the, incursions of, 2, Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia; Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia.

Ibn-Janach. See Jonah Marinus.

Ibn-Jau. See Jacob Ibn-Jau.

Ibn-Kamnial. See Abulhassan Abraham ben MeÏr Ibn-Kamnial.

Ibn-Labi. See Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

Ibn-Migash. See Joseph ben MeÏr; MeÏr ben Joseph.

Ibn-Migash family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Ibn-Misha’l, Jewish diplomat, 3, 284.

Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

Ibn-Raz, assailant of Rabbinical Judaism in Leo Modena’s work, 5, 73–4.

Ibn-Roshd. See AverroËs.

Ibn-Rumahis, Moorish admiral, captures and sells the four emissaries from Sora, 3, 203, 208, 209.

Ibn-Sahal. See Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.

Ibn-Sahula (1245), fabulist, 3, 560.

Ibn-Said (Sid). See Zag Ibn-Said.

Ibn-Sakbel. See Solomon Ibn-Sakbel.

Ibn-Sakviyah, Karaite writer, opposed by Saadiah, 3, 192.

Ibn-Satanas. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

Ibn-Shalbib. See Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib.

Ibn-Shem Tob. See Joseph ben Shem Tob; Shem Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem-Tob.

Ibn-Shoshan. See Abraham; Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan; Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan.

Ibn-Shoshan family, the, members of, die from the Black Death, 4, 113.

Ibn-Sina (Avicenna), Mahometan interpreter of Aristotle, 3, 478.

Ibn-Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul; Moses; Samuel.

Ibn-Verga. See Joseph; Judah; Solomon.

Ibn-Vives. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

Ibn-Wakar. See Jehuda; Samuel.

Ibn-Yachya. See David; David Negro; Gedalya; Gedalya I; Gedalya II; Joseph; Moses; Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Ibn-Yachya family, the, Turkish branch of, 4, 609.

Italian branch of, 4, 616.

Ibn-Yachya-Negro. See David; Judah.

Ibn-Yachya-Negro, two brothers, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, 4, 339.

Ibn-Yaish, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI, of Castile, 4, 84.

Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj. See 41.

in Spain in the sixth century, 3, 44.

prohibited by the Council of Toledo and Reccared, 3, 46.

between Jews and Arabs, 3, 56–7.

supposed to be prevented by Jew badges, 3, 511.

in Hungary, 3, 521.

in southern Spain, 3, 527.

denounced by Moses of Coucy, 3, 546.

prohibited by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

objected to by the Remonstrants, 4, 674.

discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.

discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 496–7.

permitted in Mecklenburg, 5, 507.

“Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against Unbelievers,” by Caspar Bonnet, 5, 309.

“Investigation of Religion, The,” by Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.

“Investigation of Van Swieden’s Work in Reference to the Civil Rights of the Jews,” by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 454.

Ionians, the, buy JudÆans as slaves, 1, 227.

Ipsus, battle of, 1, 417.

Irak, name for Babylonia among the Arabs, 3, 89.

divided in jurisdiction between Sora and Pumbeditha, 3, 98.

See Babylonia.

Isaac, ambassador from Simon II to Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443–4.

Isaac, father of ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut, patron of men of letters, 3, 216, 224.

Isaac, the Jew attached to Charlemagne’s embassy to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

Isaac. See Mar-Isaac.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, at the siege of Accho, 3, 650.

suspicious of the authenticity of the Zohar, 4, 20.

Isaac the Blind (1190–1210), founder of the Kabbala, doctrines and disciples of, 3, 547–8.

Isaac the Elder. See Isaac ben Samuel.

Isaac de Leon, last rabbi of Toledo, disciple of, 4, 392.

Isaac of Mayence, repentant, apostate, 3, 303.

Isaac of Salzuflen, refused the right of settlement in Hamburg, 4, 685–6.

Isaac of Vienna, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.

Isaac the Younger. See Isaac ben Abraham.

Isaac ben Joseph, Palestinian Amora, banished from JudÆa, 2, 567.

Isaac ben Abba-Mari, Talmudist, 3, 399–400.

Isaac ben Abraham (Rizba, the Younger), Tossafist, 3, 408.

Isaac ben Abraham Akrish (1489–1575), Spanish exile, wanderings of, 4, 386.

Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Ezra, accompanies his father on his journeys, 3, 369, 375.

apostate to Islam, 3, 442.

Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif (1220–1290), Kabbalist, system of, 4, 3–4.

Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533–1596), Karaite writer, antagonizes Christianity, 4, 648–9.

Isaac ben Asher Halevi (Riba), of Speyer, Tossafist, 3, 345.

Isaac ben Baruch Albalia (1035–1094), descent of, 3, 282.

at Cordova and Granada, 3, 283.

works of, 3, 283.

escapes the massacre of Granada, 3, 283.

as astronomer, 3, 119.

Messianic speculations in the works of, 5, 120–1.

works of, studied by Chelebi, 5, 125.

Jerusalem Jews adherents of, 5, 125.

writings of, influence Luzzatto, 5, 236.

prayer book of, used by the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.

Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, polemic works by, 4, 234.

Bible concordance by, 4, 234–5.

Isaac Pulgar, refutes the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 82.

philosopher, 4, 91.

Isaac Sanjari, converts Bulan to Judaism, 3, 140.

Isaac Triest, Jewish advocate before Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.

Isaac Tyrnau, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

orthodoxy of, 4, 227.

Isaac Zarfati, urges the German Jews to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–3.

Isaacs, the five, 3, 282.

Isabella I, the Catholic, of Castile, candidate for the throne, 4, 279.

marriage of, 4, 280.

accession of, 4, 284.

superstition of, 4, 310.

hesitates to sanction the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.

attitude of, towards the Marranos, 4, 311–12.

annoyed by opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.

See also Ferdinand and Isabella.

Isabella II, of Castile, daughter of the preceding, to marry Manoel of Portugal, 4, 373.

hostile to the Jews, 4, 373, 379–80.

demands the banishment of the Jews, 4, 374.

cruelty of, 4, 376.

death of, 4, 381.

Isabelle, countess of Chartres, persecutes the Jews of Blois, 3, 379.

Isaiah, the Babylonian, prophet, describes the suffering of the exiles, 1, 344.

oratory of, 1, 344–5.

consolation given by, 1, 345–6.

describes Israel as the apostle to the nations, 1, 346–7.

prophesies the fall of Babylon, 1, 347–8.

Isaiah, son of Amoz, prophet, prophecies of, 1, 251–3.

wife of, 1, 251.

disciples of, 1, 253–4, 279. See Anavim, the.

warns Ahaz against the Assyrian alliance, 1, 258–9.

advises neutrality between Egypt and Assyria, 1, 270.

reproves Shebna, 1, 271.

predicts the doom of Assyria, 1, 272–3.

predicts Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 273, 276.

exhorts Hezekiah not to surrender, 1, 275.

reproves Hezekiah for his reception of Merodach-baladan’s embassy, 1, 279.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

Isaiah, the Book of, reading of, forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 15.

commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, authorized to ordain disciples in France, 4, 152.

relieves Jochanan of his office as chief rabbi, 4, 4, 253.

Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, 4, 254.

privileges of, as financiers, 4, 286.

as physicians, 4, 287.

on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 287–8.

culture of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.

as printers, 4, 289.

participate in the renaissance, 4, 289, 290.

influence of German immigrants on, 4, 294.

the clergy arouses ill-will against, 4, 295–6.

Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 296.

instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.

popes friendly to, 4, 407.

joined by numerous exiles, 4, 408.

ruled over by the immigrants, 4, 408.

adherents of Asher LÄmmlein, 4, 485.

submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

suffer from the Catholic reaction, 4, 653–5.

under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, 4, 654.

conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.

bribe the censors, 4, 659.

poor, 5, 205.

emancipated by the French, 5, 459.

send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, 5, 482, 488.

emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, 5, 518.

address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 527.

influenced by the moderate Reform movement, 5, 582–3.

Italy, Lower, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

Italy, northern, the Jews of, number of, 3, 423–4.

Italy, southern, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.

driven away by the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.

Itil (Atel). See Volga, the.

Itil (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, 3, 222.

Ittai, commander of mercenary troops under David, 1, 137.

faithful to David in the war with Absalom, 1, 141.

commander at Mahanaim, 1, 144.

Ittur, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 400.

IturÆa, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, 2, 13.

IturÆans, the, converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.

Itzig, Daniel, connected by marriage with FriedlÄnder, 5, 397.

daughter of, 5, 413.

representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.

Itzig, Fanny, holds a salon in Vienna, 5, 413–14.

Itzig, Itzig Daniel, director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.

Ivan IV, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 603.

refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, 4, 633.

Izates, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 2, 216.

accession of, 2, 216–17.

arbitrator in Parthia, 2, 217.< al">595.

and Mannheimer, 5, 580.

advises the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Jacoby, Joel, author of the “Plaints of a Jew,” 5, 631, 632.

Jacopo, Flavio, poet, 4, 610.

Jaddua, high priest, and Alexander the Great, 1, 413.

Jael, Kenite woman, murders Sisera, 1, 61.

Jaen, home of ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut’s ancestors, 3, 216.

the Jews of, captives, 4, 126.

Inquisition tribunals in, 4, 325.

the Marranos of, flee, 4, 351.

Jafa, Mordecai. See Mordecai Jafa.

Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, only Jew permitted in Venice, 5, 172.

Jaffa. See Joppa.

Jager, Johann. See Rubianus, Crotus.

Jahaz, the Israelites victorious at, 1, 27.

Jakim. See Alcimus.

James (Jacob), brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes, 2, 169, 222.

rebukes Peter, 2, 231.

Jamnia (Jabne), conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.

occupied by Gorgias, 1, 476.

revenue from, given to Salome, 2, 120.

possession of the Roman emperors, 2, 324.

school established at, 2, 324–5, 334–5.

Simon II at, 2, 434.

Jamnia, the Synhedrion of. See Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia.

Jampol, the blood accusation at, 5, 279.

JannaÏ, disciple of Judah I, on the relation between the Jews and Romans, 2, 469.

permits the cultivation of the land in the Sabbatical year, 2, 469.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

JannaÏ, neo-Hebraic poet, introduces rhyme, 3, 116.

poems of, versified Agadas, 3, 116.

disciple of, 3, 116.

Janow, Hirsch (1750–1785), rabbi of Posen, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.

acuteness and godliness of, 5, 330–1.

Japha (Japhia), taken by Vespasian, 2, 287.

Japhet ben Elia, Talmudist, 3, 427.

Jarmuk, the, description of, 1, 46.

Jarmuth, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Jaroslav, Aaron, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

Jaroslaw, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640, 644; 5, 3.

Jason, brother and son of high priests, Hellenist, 1, 435.

representative of Onias III, 1, 439.

buys the high priesthood, 1, 444.

introduces games and gymnasia into JudÆa, 1, 444–6.

sends ambassadors to Olympian games, 1, 446.

deposed by Antiochus IV, 1, 446–7.

takes refuge with Aretas, 1, 447.

enters Jerusalem with troops, 1, Gideon.

Jerusalem, the site of, occupied by the Jebusites, 1, 3.

king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

physical features of, 1, 114–15.

becomes the royal residence, 1, 114.

fortified and extended, 1, 118–19.

center of religious life, 1, 119–20.

prosperity and importance of, under Solomon, 1, 168–9.

religious center for the northern tribes, 1, 185.

fortified by Rehoboam, 1, 185.

Baal-worship at, under Athaliah, 1, 212.

Jehoiada ends Baal-worship in, 1, 216–17.

the first conquest of, 1, 225.

deprived of fortifications, by Jehoash, 1, 226.

fortified by Uzziah, 1, 231.

fortified by Jotham, 1, 249.

besieged by Rezin and Pekah, 1, 258, 259.

fortified against Sennacherib, 1, 271.

celebration of the Passover at, under Josiah, 1, 295.

the nation gathers in, to pray for help against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

besieged by generals of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.

fortified by Zedekiah, 1, 311.

besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311–12.

siege of, raised, 1, 312.

siege of, resumed, 1, 313.

taken by the ChaldÆans, 1, 313–14.

destroyed by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.

destruction of, mourned by the Babylonian Jews, 1, 337–8.

return of exiles to, under Zerubbabel, 1, 354–6.

arrival of Ezra in, 1, 366.

attacked by Sanballat, 1, 371.

taken by Sanballat, 1, 372.

Nehemiah rebuilds the fortifications of, 1, 374–5.

settlers invited to, by Nehemiah, 1, 377–8.

the Law read in, by Ezra, 1, 378–80.

the walls of, consecrated, 1, 381–2.

a religious school established in, 1, 396.

suffering in, under Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

taken by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

the fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

improved by Simon the Just, 1, 421.

entered by Antiochus III, 1, 432.

taken by Scopas, 1, 432.

athletic contests introduced in, 1, 435.

gymnasia introduced in, 1, 445.

occupied by Sostrates, 1, 447.

occupied by Jason, 1, 451.

taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.

entered by Apollonius, 1, 453–4.

entered by Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 471.

desolate condition of, after the Syrian depredations, 1, 471–2.

besieged by Lysias, 1, 479–80.

occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.

fortifie gexternal">154–5.

relation of, to Judaism, 2, 155–6.

merit of, 2, 156.

miracles of, 2, 156–7.

in the towns of Galilee, 2, 157.

declares himself the Messiah, 2, 158.

calls himself the “son of man,” 2, 158–9.

public sentiment against, 2, 159–60.

followers of, in Bethany, 2, 160.

in the Temple, 2, 161.

reception of, in Jerusalem, 2, 161–2.

betrayed by Judas Iscariot, 2, 163.

trial of, 2, 163–6.

declared guilty of blasphemy by the Synhedrion, 2, 164.

execution of, according to the Roman law, 2, 164–5.

not mentioned by JudÆan historians, 2, 166.

followers of, after his death, 2, 166.

resurrection of, 2, 168.

attitude of the disciples of, to Judaism, 2, 168.

denied by Simon Peter, 2, 169.

disciples of, claim miraculous power, 2, 169–70.

compared with Philo, 2, 214.

the Messianic character of, held to have annulled the Law, 2, 221.

followers of, who cling to the Law, not molested, 2, 222.

the resurrection of, and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.

according to Paul, sets aside the Law, 2, 230.

appeals to the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.

as regarded by the Jewish Christians, 2, 366, 367.

as regarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

gradually endowed with divine attributes by the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

said to have been cursed by the Jews three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.

denial of, demanded of Christians by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

spread of the worship of, counteracted by the Synhedrion, 2, 413.

called “Lord,” 2, 413.

Julian the Apostate’s opinion of, 2, 596.

as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 133–4.

in the Talmud, 3, 574, 577, 578.

Messianic character of, confirmed by the Bible and Talmud according to Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599.

in the Biblical and rabbinical writings, according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

the advent of, discussed by ChasdaÏ Crescas, 4, 188.

proved the Messiah from the Talmud by Joseph Lorqui, 4, 207, 208–9, 211, 212.

dogma of the divinity of, found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

said to be alluded to, in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.

Jesus ben Sapphia, Zealot leader in Tiberias, 2, 274.

sets fire to a palace in Bethmaon, 2, 279.

leader of discontented Galileans, 2, 280.

Jesus, son of Pantheras, the Jesus of the Talmud, according to Yechiel of Paris, 3, 204–5.

poverty of, 5, 205–6.

speak a jargon in the eighteenth century, 5, 300.

artificial studies of, 5, 300–1.

neglect the Bible, 5, 328.

slandered by Voltaire, 5, 340.

condition of, described by Dohm, 5, 353.

emancipated in the wake of French victories, 5, 459. See Emancipation.

prejudices of Goethe against, 5, 461.

Fichte on, 5, 461–3.

and Napoleon, 5, 474, 481.

maligned by Bonald, 5, 478.

the emancipation of, dependent on that of the French Jews, 5, 480.

in the French wars, 5, 511.

excluded from Tyrol, 5, 523.

Heine on, 5, 547–8, 553–5.

debt of, to BÖrne and Heine, 5, 556.

rapid advance of, 5, 557.

historical mission of, 5, 576, 718–19.

self-respect of, 5, 590.

effect of the July revolution on, 5, 596–8.

criticised by Riesser, 5, 599–600.

contrasted with the Greeks, 5, 706–8.

the religion of, 5, 709.

faults of, 5, 713–14.

literature of, 5, 714.

See also Israelites, the; JudÆans, the; and under the various countries, cities, etc.

“Jews, The,” by Lessing, 5, 297, 320, 360.

“Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States,” by August KrÄmer, 5, 522.

Jews, the, conversion of. See under Conversion.

Jews, the, emancipation of. See under Emancipation.

Jew’s quarter, the, in Rome, 2, 68.

in Constantinople, 3, 26, 425.

in Speyer, 3, 298.

at Palermo, 3, 567.

in Seville, 3, 593.

of Toledo, 4, 118.

of Seville, mobbed, 4, 169.

in Palma, 4, 171.

Castilian Jews forced into, 4, 203.

decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

enforced by the cortes of Toledo, 4, 335.

first, in Italy, 4, 408.

enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.

in Vienna, 4, 702; 5, 172.

in Alsace and Metz, 5, 348.

of Frankfort destroyed, lass="pgexternal">357.

Jochanan ben Mattathiah Provenci, elected chief rabbi of France, 4, 152.

relieved of his office by Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, 4, 152, 162.

appeals to Spanish authorities, 4, 153.

Jochanan ben Nuri, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

upholds the ordinances of Gamaliel II, 2, 405.

Jochanan ben Torta, opposes Akiba’s Messianic hopes, 2, 410.

Jochanan ben Zakkai, disciple of Hillel, 2, 131.

abolishes the ritual for cases of suspected adultery, 2, 238.

abrogates the sin offering for murders, 2, 239.

leader of the faithful JudÆans, 2, 240.

vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 240.

importance of, 2, 322–3.

member of the Peace party, 2, 323.

takes refuge in the camp of Titus, 2, 323–4.

receives permission to establish a school at Jamnia, 2, 324.

mourns for the Temple, 2, 324.

forms a Synhedrion at Jamnia, 2, 325.

changes made by, 2, 326.

disciples of, 2, 326.

proficient in the oral Law, 2, 328.

lectures by, 2, 328–9.

on the advantages of peace, 2, 329.

intercourse of, with pagans, 2, 329, 331.

gentle character of, 2, 331–2.

description of Israel in mourning by, 2, 332.

compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, 2, 333.

death of, 2, 333.

maxim of, with regard to the study of the Law, 2, 338–9.

on Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 346.

Jochanan Aleman. See Aleman.

Jochanan. See also Johanan; John; Jonathan.

Joel, prophet, exhortations of, under Uzziah, 1, 230.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 237–40.

Joel, son of Samuel, acts as judge in Beersheba, 1, 79.

Joel, Emanuel, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.

Johanan, father of Mattathias, the HasmonÆan, 1, 459.

Johanan, son of Joiada, high priest, slays his brother in the Temple, 1, 409.

Johanan, son of Kareah, chief of the JudÆans in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.

submits to Gedaliah, 1, 321.

informs Gedaliah of Ishmael’s treachery, 1, 322.

pursues Ishmael, 1, 322–3.

Johanan, son of Simon Tharsi. See Hyrcanus I, John.

Johanan Gadi, son of Mattathias, the HasmonÆan, 1, 459.

leader of the HasmonÆan party, 1, 489.

killed by the Bene Amri, 1, 491.

Johanan. See also Jochanan; John; Jonathan.

Johannsen, bishop of Speyer, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 300–1.

154.

Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, 4, 3, 6.

writings of, 4, 10.

works of, used by Reuchlin, 4, 466.

Joseph ben ChasdaÏ, a Cordova poet, eulogizes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 273.

son of, 3, 274, 280.

Joseph ben Chiya (270–333), refuses the Pumbeditha principalship, 2, 577–8.

superstition of, 2, 578.

flees from Pumbeditha, 2, 580.

principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 581.

characteristics of, 2, 581.

method of, 2, 581.

devotes himself to the Targum, 2, 581–2.

severity of, 2, 582.

death of, 2, 583.

Joseph ben Chiya (828–833), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.

resigns, 3, 156.

re-installed, 3, 156.

Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi, of Ecija, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 76, 79.

attack on, in Valladolid, 4, 79.

jealous of Samuel Ibn-Wakar, 4, 80, 81.

patron of Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 83.

end of, 4, 84.

Joseph ben Gershom Loans (Joslin, Josselman of Rosheim, 1480–1555), representative of the German Jews, 4, 414.

warns Molcho and Reubeni against petitioning Charles V, 4, 510.

Joseph ben Gorion, a moderate zealot, 2, 271.

“Joseph ben Gorion.” See Josippon.

Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur (Ibn-Satanas or Santas), candidate for the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 229–30, 238.

liturgical poetry of, 3, 236.

translates the Mishna into Arabic, 3, 237.

excommunicated, 3, 238.

appeals to Alhakem, 3, 238.

refuses the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 240.

Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi (1150–1170), introduces Spanish culture into southern France, 3, 392.

polemical work by, against Christianity, 3, 392–3.

Joseph ben Israel, father of Manasseh, Marrano, emigrates to the Netherlands, 4, 671.

Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal (1070–1121), rabbi of Cordova, poetry of, 3, 314.

Joseph ben Joshua Cohen (1496–1575), historian and physician, dazzled by Molcho, 4, 511.

expelled from Genoa, 4, 544, 555.

historical works by, 4, 555–6, 560, 590, 608.

style of, 4, 556, 557.

Joseph ben Kisma, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

counsels subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 426–7.

Joseph ben Matthias (Flavius Josephus, 38–95), historian, descendant of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 502.

does not mention Jesus in his works, 2, Joseph Jaabez, attributes the suffering of the Jews to their heresy, 4, 343, 479.

Joseph Kara, Bible exegete, 3, 345–6.

writes commentaries on the Prophets and the Hagiographa, 3, 346.

Joseph Karo (1488–1575), infected with Messianic enthusiasm by Molcho, 4, 496–7, 537.

longing of, for martyrdom, 4, 511.

ordained by Jacob Berab, 4, 536, 538.

learning and wanderings of, 4, 537.

elaborates Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 537, 539.

visions of, 4, 537–8.

among the Kabbalists, 4, 538.

Messianic dreams of, 4, 538–9.

code by, intended to bring about religious unity, 4, 539, 612.

chief rabbi of Safet, 4, 540.

appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, 4, 580.

excommunicates Daud, 4, 599.

publishes the “Shulchan Aruch,” 4, 612.

Spanish tendencies of the code of, 4, 613.

orders Azarya deÏ Rossi’s works to be burned, 4, 616.

code of, commented upon by Moses Isserles, 4, 637.

the highest Jewish authority in the seventeenth century, 5, 51.

See also Shulchan Aruch, the.

Joseph Kaspi, philosopher, 4, 87, 91.

Joseph Orabuena, physician, chief rabbi of Navarre, 4, 184–5.

Joseph Pichon, receiver general of taxes under Henry II of Castile, 4, 138.

denounced by Jewish courtiers, 4, 156.

condemned as a traitor, 4, 156.

beheaded by the Jews, 4, 156.

the execution of, arouses excitement against the Jews, 4, 157–8, 167.

Joseph Rabban, leader of the Jews in India, 2, 629–30.

special rights conferred on, 2, 630.

Joseph Saragossi, Kabbalist, disciple of, 4, 393.

reforms life in Safet, 4, 399.

introduces the Kabbala into Safet, 4, 399.

Joseph Tob-Elem, writes a commentary on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.

Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego, traveler, employed by JoÃo II of Portugal, 4, 368.

Joseph Zevi, brother of SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 145.

Josephus, Flavius. See Joseph ben Matthias.

Josephus, pseudo-. See Josippon.

Joshua, father of Narboni, 4, 94.

Joshua, leader of the Israelites, 1, 31, 32–3.

victory of, at Gibeon, 1, 34–5.

contest of, with the tribes of Joseph, 1, 36.

defeats Jabin, 1, 37.

dwells among the Ephraimites, 1, 41.

declining years of, 1, 50.

death of, 1, Ebionites, the; Jewish Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.

JudÆans, the, deported to Babylonia, 1, 307.

banished, urge war against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309.

flee to Egypt, 1, 317, 318.

fugitive, molested after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.

remain in Judah, 1, 318–19, 321.

return to Jerusalem from the countries about, 1, 356.

moral degeneracy of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 358.

accused of disloyalty to Persia, 1, 361.

intermarry with the Samaritans, 1, 361–3.

neglect the Law, 1, 366.

receive Ezra with respect, 1, 367.

repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 368–9.

in part opposed to Ezra’s severity, 1, 370.

appeal to Nehemiah for aid, 1, 372.

intrigue with Tobiah against Nehemiah, 1, 376.

swear not to enslave the poor, 1, 377.

listen to Ezra’s reading of the Law, 1, 378–80.

repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 380.

swear to observe the Law, 1, 380–1.

consecrate the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.

disregard Nehemiah’s injunctions, 1, 383–4.

dissensions among, 1, 384.

reforms among, introduced by Nehemiah on his second visit, 1, 385–8.

hostility of, to the Samaritans, 1, 392.

influence of the Samaritan sect on, 1, 392–3.

cultivate the Law, 1, 393–7.

cruelly treated under Artaxerxes II and III, 1, 408–9.

taxed by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

hostility of the Samaritans to, 1, 410.

legends about, and Alexander the Great, 1, 412–13.

taxed by the Macedonians, 1, 413.

favored by Alexander the Great, 1, 414–15.

refuse to help in rebuilding the temple to Bel, 1, 415.

taken captive by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

pay tribute to the Egypto-Macedonian court, 1, 418.

settle in Alexandria, 1, 418.

settle in Antioch, 1, 419.

colonies of, in the GrÆco-Macedonian countries, 1, 418–19.

dispersed in the lands of the Ptolemies and SeleucidÆ, 1, 420–1.

choose Joseph as their leader, 1, 424.

under Greek influence, 1, 426, 427–9.

well treated by Antiochus III, 1, 433.

hated by surrounding nations, 1, 434–5.

split up into Hellenists and Chassidim, 1, 435–6.

trained in Greek athletics, 1, 445–6.

at the Olympian games at Tyre, 1, 446.

dissatisfied with Menelaus as high priest, 1, 447.

kill Lysimachus, 1,

cured by Samuel, 2, 456.

offended by Judah and Chiskiya, 2, 457.

admits the testimony of a Samaritan, 2, 457.

moderates the laws of tithes, 2, 458–9.

contemplates the abolition of the year of release, 2, 459–60.

completes the Mishna, 2, 460–1.

revises his own code, 2, 461.

prefers Hebrew, 2, 461.

gives tradition a settled form, 2, 462.

the last of the Tanaites, 2, 462.

rebuked by the widow of Eleazar ben Simon, 2, 465.

death of, 2, 465–7.

appoints his sons to offices, 2, 466.

dying wishes of, 2, 466.

announcement of the death of, 2, 466–7.

funeral of, 2, 467.

called “the Holy,” 2, 467.

maxims of, 2, 472.

work of, completed by Ashi, 2, 609.

Judah II (Rabbi, Rabbenu, 228), Patriarch, son of Gamaliel III, 2, 479.

censured for irreligiousness, 2, 480.

in favor with Alexander Severus, 2, 480–3.

royal authority of, 2, 481–2.

Roman dress of, 2, 483.

leniency of, 2, 483–5.

permits the purchase of articles of food from the heathen, 2, 483–4.

alleviations proposed by, 2, 484–5.

attacks on, 2, 485–6.

covetousness of, 2, 486.

draws a revenue from the Jewish communities, 2, 486–7.

reverence for, 2, 487.

death of, 2, 487.

Jochanan bar Napacha the companion of, 2, 493.

questions Levi bar Sissi on the neo-Persians, 2, 525.

Judah III (280–300), Patriarch, has scant knowledge of the Law, 2, 532.

determines the new-moon, 2, 532.

investigates the educational institutions of JudÆa, 2, 532.

accused of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.

levies a tax for the Patriarchate, 2, 536.

accused of Christian leanings, 2, 565.

Judah IV, Patriarch, son of Gamaliel V, 2, 612.

Judah, proselyte, informs against Simon ben Yochai, 2, 448.

Judah, treasurer of Ferdinand I of Portugal, 4, 159.

removed from office, 4, 160.

proposed as chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161, 162.

imprisoned, 4, 161.

Judah (Laudadeus) de Blanis, physician and Kabbalist, 4, 411.

Judah the Blind (JehudaÏ, 759–762), Gaon of Sora, opposed to Anan ben David, 3, 129.

author of Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.

work of, supplemented, 3, 179.

work of, superseded, 3, 286.

Judah ben Baba, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

ordains Akiba’s di nberg.org/files/43057/43057-h/43057-h.htm#Page_126" class="pgexternal">126.

leader of the Zealots, 2, 133.

resists the Roman census, 2, 133–4.

conception of the Messiah held by the disciples of, 2, 144.

morality of the followers of, 2, 151.

sons of, 2, 199.

grandsons of, 2, 239.

Judas ben Jair, killed by the Romans, 2, 315.

Judas Aristobulus, JudÆan of priestly lineage, teacher of the Egyptian king, 1, 519.

petitioned to introduce the Chanukah celebration into Egypt, 2, 6–7.

Judas Iscariot, follower of Jesus, betrays him, 2, 163.

Judas MaccabÆus, son of Mattathias, the HasmonÆan, 1, 459.

chosen to succeed his father as commander, 1, 461.

characterization of, 1, 461.

defeats Apollonius, 1, 461–2.

defeats Heron, 1, 462.

joined by the half-Hellenized, 1, 464.

exhorts his troops at Mizpah, 1, 467.

divides his army among his brothers, 1, 468.

dismisses all excused from military service by the Law, 1, 468.

defeats Gorgias, 1, 468–9, 476.

defeats Lysias, 1, 469–70.

consecrates the Temple, 1, 471–3.

fortifies the Temple mount, 1, 473.

defeats the IdumÆans and Ammonites, 1, 474.

appealed to by JudÆans in the provinces, 1, 474–5.

rescues the trans-Jordanic provinces, 1, 476.

besieges the Acra, 1, 478.

defeated at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 479.

besieged in Jerusalem, 1, 479–80.

made high priest, 1, 481.

hated by the Hellenists, 1, 481.

accused before Demetrius I, 1, 482.

retreats to the mountains, 1, 482.

gathers a new army to oppose Alcimus and Bacchides, 1, 483.

treats with Nicanor, 1, 484.

defeats Nicanor, 1, 484, 485.

negotiates with Rome, 1, 485–6.

encamps at Eleasa, 1, 486.

falls on the battlefield of Eleasa, 1, 487.

achievements of, compared with his brother Jonathan’s, 1, 501–2.

state of JudÆa after the death of, 1, 501, 519–20.

model of Cromwell, 5, 26.

Judas. See also under Jehuda; Judah.

Judenbreter, name assumed by German families, 3, 611.

JÜdenbÜhl, in Nuremberg, scene of the burning of the Jews, 4, 110.

Judenmeister, rabbis, appointed by order of Sigismund, 4, 227.

JudenstÄttigkeit, permissive residence of Jews in Frankfort, 4, 695; 5, 503.

indulgently interpreted, 4, 696.

abolished by Emperor Matthias, 4, 550–1.

theory of emanation in, 3, 551–2.

theory of creation in, 3, 552–3.

on the mission of Israel, 3, 553.

mystical importance of prayer in, 3, 553–4.

on metempsychosis, 3, 554.

on retribution, 3, 555.

on the soul of the Messiah, 3, 555.

great age fraudulently claimed for, 3, 556.

promoted by Nachmani, 3, 556–7.

transplanted to Palestine by Nachmani, 3, 607.

to be taught in secret, according to Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.

progress of, in Spain, 4, 1–23.

furtherance of, through the Zohar, 4, 22.

studied in Palestine, 4, 74–5.

in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.

influence of, increases in Spain, 4, 196.

studied by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291–2, 433, 443.

Christian dogmas in, 4, 292.

translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.

denounced by Elias del Medigo, 4, 292.

introduced into Safet by Joseph Saragossi, 4, 399.

in Salonica, 4, 405.

defended by Reuchlin, 4, 442–3, 466–7.

admired by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.

carried to Italy and Turkey by Spanish exiles, 4, 481.

Christian scholars interested in, 4, 481.

affects the liturgy, 4, 481.

expectation of the Messiah the center of, 4, 482, 483.

Safet center of, 4, 538.

esteemed by the Church, 4, 583.

influence of, in Palestine in the sixteenth century, 4, 617.

spread of, 4, 617.

induces a Jewish “dark age,” 4, 617.

influence of, on Judaism, 4, 625–7.

corrupting influence of, 4, 626–7.

influence of, on seventeenth century Judaism, 5, 51–2.

as taught by Vital Calabrese, 5, 52–3.

spread by Israel Saruk, 5, 54.

spread by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.

identified with Neo-platonism, 5, 54.

beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 55.

attacked by Leo Modena, 5, 67, 74.

ridiculed by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.

defended by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 78–9.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 84.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

influence of, on SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 118–19.

taught by SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 119.

Messianic speculation in, 5, 120–1.

at variance with Rabbinical Judaism, 5, regarded as idolaters by Samson ben Abraham, 3, 408.

in Constantinople in the twelfth century, 3, 425.

in Damascus, 3, 427.

in Askalon, 3, 427.

degeneracy of, in Asia in the twelfth century, 3, 443.

of Cairo, governed by a Nassi, 3, 444.

of Alexandria, 3, 444.

treatment of, by Maimonides, 3, 465.

disciples of Nachmani, 3, 607.

the way for, paved by the religious philosophers, 3, 625.

inclined to a reconciliation with Rabbanites, 4, 71–2.

institute pilgrim prayers, 4, 73–4.

in Poland under Casimir IV, 4, 265.

emigrate to Turkey, 4, 269.

ignorance of, 4, 269.

taught by Rabbanite teachers, 4, 269.

celebration of the Sabbath by, 4, 269–70.

efforts to reconcile, to Talmudic Judaism, 4, 270.

protected by Elias Mizrachi in Constantinople, 4, 403–4.

and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76–7.

Polish and Lithuanian, degradation of, 5, 182–3.

scattered by order of John Sobieski, 5, 182.

invited to go to Sweden, 5, 183.

accused of conspiring with Krochmal against the Talmud, 5, 608.

treated of in the Scientific Journal, 5, 626.

in Cairo reconciled with the Rabbanites by Munk, 5, 664.

history of, cleared up by Munk, 5, 666.

rise of, 5, 727.

Karben, Victor von (1442–1515), apostate, employed to write anti-Jewish pamphlets, 4, 424–5.

suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 432.

directs the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, 4, 444.

Karl Ludwig, count-palatine, offers Spinoza a professorship, 5, 108.

Karlinians, a branch of the Chassidim, 5, 388, 391.

Karmisin, the Exilarch Mar-Ukba banished to, 3, 184.

Karo. See Joseph Karo.

Kartiel, name of a Sefira, 4, 17.

Kaspi. See Joseph Kaspi.

Kasser ben Aaron, reconciles Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.

Kasr, home of David ben ZaccaÏ, 3, 186.

Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi of the “three communities,” excommunicates Kamenker, 5, 238.

forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.

Kazimierz, the Jews of, number of, 4, 632.

Kedeshim, the holy men of the Canaanites, 1, 54.

Kedeshoth, Canaanite priestesses, 1, 54.

in Samaria, 1, 198.

maintained in Jerusalem under Manasseh, 1, 283.

Kedoshim (saints), martyrs of the first crusade, 3, 302.

graves of, visited, 3, 309.

Keeper of the lists (rolls), under David, 1, 122.

manager of war, 1 les/45085/45085-h/45085-h.htm#Page_533" class="pgexternal">533.

Kovad. See Kobad.

KrÄmer, August, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 521–2.

Krems, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

Krochmal, Nachman Cohen (1785–1840), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.

Jewish and philosophical studies of, 5, 608.

partially hostile to Talmudism, 5, 608.

accused of conspiring with Karaites against the Talmud, 5, 608–9.

method of instruction of, 5, 609.

uses the Talmud in historical researches, 5, 609–10.

admiration for, 5, 610.

Rapoport disciple of, 5, 610, 614, 617.

influence of, on young Galicians, 5, 614.

style of, 5, 617.

influence of Rapoport on, 5, 617–18.

devotes himself to encyclopÆdic studies, 5, 618.

the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.

contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 622.

as exegete, 5, 695, 699.

Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist rabbi, 5, 275.

makes a Catholic confession of faith, 5, 285.

Kryvonoss, HaÏdamak leader, 5, 9.

Kufa, given to Jewish exiles by Omar, 3, 85.

residence of Ali, 3, 90.

capital of eastern Islam, 3, 93.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Ezekiel’s grave near, 3, 440–1.

Kunigunde, sister of Maximilian I, marries her father’s enemy, 4, 428.

becomes abbess of a Franciscan convent, 4, 428.

gives Pfefferkorn a letter to Maximilian, 4, 428–9.

influences Maximilian to issue mandates against the Jews, 4, 437, 440–1.

Kuraiza Place, the market place of Medina, 3, 81.

Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.

Kuru-Gismu, Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.

Kusari. See Chozari.

Kussiel. See Yekutiel.

Kypros. See Cypros.

La AsumÇÃo, Diogo de, Franciscan, professes Judaism, 4, 668.

martyr, 4, 669.

influences Rohel Jesurun, 4, 669, 670.

Labienus, persuades the Parthians to invade Syria, 2, 82.

Lachish, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Amaziah killed in, 1, 226.

headquarters of Sennacherib, 1, 273.

offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.

Ladislaus II, of Bohemia and Hungary, appealed to by the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 303.

and the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 417.

Ladislaus IV, of Hungary, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of the Council of Buda, 3, 615.

Ladislaus V (Posthumus), of Hungary, and Capistrano, 4, 2 73–4.

Lemon, Herz de, member of the Felix Libertate, 5, 453.

zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 455.

deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 458.

Lemos, Henrietta de. See Herz, Henrietta.

LenÆus, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, 1, 450.

Leo X, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407, 592.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 408.

appealed to by Reuchlin, 4, 453, 454.

worldly character of, 4, 453–4.

orders the examination of Hoogstraten and Reuchlin, 4, 454.

appealed to by Hoogstraten, 4, 455.

appoints Cardinal Grimani judge in Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 458.

yields to Hoogstraten, 4, 464.

submits the Reuchlin affair to the fifth Lateran Council, 4, 464.

suspends the Reuchlin suit, 4, 465.

Reuchlin’s work on the Kabbala dedicated to, 4, 466.

encourages the printing of the Talmud, 4, 468, 565.

Leo of Crema, a wealthy Italian Jew, 4, 287.

Leo HebrÆus. See Judah Leon Abrabanel.

Leo the Hebrew. See Levi ben Gerson.

Leo the Isaurian, emperor, forces baptism upon the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 122–3.

forces Jews to emigrate, 3, 139.

oppresses the Jews, 3, 175.

Leo Medigo. See Judah Leon Abrabanel.

Leo the Philosopher, emperor of the Byzantine empire, punishes backsliding Jewish converts, 3, 176.

Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena (1571–1649), sceptic, 5, 56.

ancestry of, 5, 65.

precocity of, 5, 65.

varied attainments of, 5, 65–6.

lacks genius and character, 5, 66.

scepticism of, 5, 66–7.

on card playing, 5, 67.

on the transmigration of souls, 5, 67.

member of the Venice rabbinate, 5, 67.

and Sarah Sullam, 5, 70.

teacher of Christians, 5, 71.

publishes a work on Jewish customs, 5, 71–2, 81.

attacks the Kabbala, 5, 74.

death of, 5, 74.

teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 75.

fickleness of, 5, 84.

criticism of the Kabbala by, attacked by Luzzatto, 5, 240.

Leon, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

suffer from the forces of Castile and Aragon, 3, 387.

not compelled to wear Jew badges, 3, 513.

letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.

taxed under Sancho, 3, 617.

accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Leon. See Jehuda ben MeÏr; Judah ben Y /li>

reprove the people for idolatry, 1, 58.

scattered from Shiloh, 1, 72.

join Samuel in a guild, 1, 76.

assist Samuel, 1, 78.

faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.

service of, in the Temple, 1, 167–8.

settle in Judah to escape idol worship, 1, 187.

recalled to the Temple under Josiah, 1, 289.

carry the Psalms into the Babylonian exile, 1, 334.

return from the Captivity under Zerubbabel, 1, 352.

leave Jerusalem, 1, 372.

lack of, in Jerusalem under Nehemiah, 1, 377.

explain the Law as read by Ezra, 1, 378–9.

at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.

tithes for, collected under Ezra, 1, 382.

lose their income, 1, 383.

return to the Temple, 1, 386.

abandon the Temple under Apollonius, 1, 454.

re-instated by the Maccabees, 1, 473.

officiate in the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.

See also Levi, the tribe of; Priests, the.

Levy, Maurice, acquaints Napoleon with the anti-Jewish agitation, 5, 498.

Lewin, Hirschel, rabbi of Berlin, and Mendelssohn, 5, 317.

Lexicon, Hebrew (Aruch, Dictionary, Iggaron, Machbereth), by Saadiah, 3, 190.

by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225, 226.

by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.

by Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, 3, 423.

Lexicon, Talmudical, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, 3, 179.

by Nachshon ben Zadok, 3, 179.

by Nathan ben Yechiel, 3, 290.

by David de Pomis, 4, 657.

See also Aruch.

Lexicons, Talmudical, revised, 5, 115.

Libanius, teacher of Julian the Apostate, 2, 595.

Libermann, Eleazar, aids the Reform movement, 5, 568, 569, 571.

Libertini, the, synagogues of, 2, 103, 201.

Libertinus, prefect of Sicily, razes a synagogue to the ground, 3, 34.

“Library of the Fine Arts, The,” Mendelssohn contributes to, 5, 300.

Liebmann, Jost, court jeweler, favorite of Frederick I of Prussia, 5, 190.

wife of, 5, 190, 219.

permitted to have a private synagogue, 5, 191.

son-in-law of, 5, 219.

Liegnitz, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 261.

“Light of the Exile, The,” Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 243.

“Light of the Eyes,” by Azarya deÏ Rossi, 4, 615.

declared heretical, 4, 616.

fate of, among Jews and Christians, 4, 616–17.

Lima, David de, builds the third synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 691.

Limpo, Balthasar cured by Simon ben YochaÏ, 2, 449.

Lucuas (Andreias), leader of the Jews of Cyrene against Trajan, 2, 395.

Lucullus, Roman commander, attacks Tigranes, of Armenia, 2, 56.

Luna, Alvaro de, favorite of Juan II of Castile, invites the aid of Jews, 4, 228.

protects the Jews, 4, 251–2.

complains of the backsliding of the Marranos, 4, 256.

confessor of, 4, 277.

Luna, Pedro de. See Benedict XIII.

LÜnel, Serachya Halevi Gerundi at, 3, 389.

letter to the wise men of, by MeÏr Abulafia, 3, 524.

synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.

LÜnel, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 396–8.

learning of, 3, 396.

scientific tendency of, 3, 397.

letter to, from Maimonides, 3, 489.

ask Maimonides to translate his “Guide of the Perplexed” into Hebrew, 3, 491–2.

exhorted by Maimonides to study the Talmud scientifically, 3, 492.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

accused of outraging the image of Jesus, 4, 55.

Luneville, deputies from, to the National Assembly, and Isaac Berr, 5, 438.

the peace of, 5, 464, 465.

Lupus, governor of Alexandria, executes fugitive Zealots, 2, 318.

Lupus, Trajan’s general in Egypt, 2, 395.

Lurya. See Isaac Lurya Levi; Solomon.

Lusitano. See Abraham Zacuto Lusitano.

Lusitanus, Amatus. See Amatus Lusitanus.

Luther, Martin, character of, 4, 467.

in the pantomime on the Protestant Reformation, 4, 468.

at the diet of Worms, 4, 469.

on the Wartburg, 4, 469.

translates the Bible, 4, 469.

on the Jews, 4, 470–1, 547–52.

learns Hebrew, 4, 473, 475.

encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.

pamphlet by, 4, 548.

proves the Messiahship of Jesus, 4, 548.

reviews the suffering of the Jews, 4, 549.

attacks the Talmud, 4, 549–50.

treatment of Jews proposed by, 4, 550–1.

advises the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 551–2.

Lutherans, the, in Spain, persecuted by the Inquisition, 4, 485.

the meetings of, in Poland, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.

Luzk, the Karaites of, 4, 265; 5, 182.

Luzzatto, Moses Chayim (1707–1747), dramatic poet, 5, 203–4.

a prey to Kabbalistic influences, 5, 233.

ancestry and early education of, 5, 233.

poetic gifts of, 5, 233–4.

studies in Hebrew meter by, 5, 214.

MÆsa, grandmother of Elegabalus, 2, 469.

MaËstro Gayo. See Isaac ben Mordecai.

Magdala (TarichÆa), JudÆan troops surrender to the Romans at, 2, 75.

Jesus in, 2, 154, 157.

rebels against Josephus, 2, 280.

Jewish stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

dissatisfied with a decision by Simon ben YochaÏ, 2, 449.

Magdeburg, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

a church at, granted the revenue derived from Jews, 3, 243.

Magdeburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.

banished, 4, 416.

suffer during the Black Death persecution, 4, 111.

Maggid, the dream-interpreter, of Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.

of Joseph Karo, 4, 497, 537–8.

of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 236, 237.

Maghariyites, a Karaite sect, 3, 151.

Maghreb. See Kairuan.

Magi, the, practices of, forbidden by Rab, 2, 521.

recover credit under Ardashir, 2, 524.

persecute the Christians, 2, 524.

molest the Jews of Babylonia, 2, 524–5.

fanaticism of, diminishes, 2, 525–6.

and Ashi, 2, 605.

and Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

influence of, over the Sassanian monarchs, 2, 627.

and the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.

religion of, reformed by Mazdak, 3, 1–2.

cause a persecution of the Jews, 3, 8.

Magian influence on Judaism, 1, 402–5.

Magister JudÆorum, officer in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.

Magisterial offices, certain classes of Jews exempt from, under Constantine, 2, 561, 563, 616.

Jewish exemption from, abolished by Theodosius I, 2, 615.

Jews exempt from, under Arcadius, 2, 616.

Jews forced to assume, by Justinian, 3, 13.

Jews excluded from, by the Council of Paris, 3, 40.

Jews exempt from, in Cologne, 3, 41.

See Civil offices.

Magnus, Marcus, court Jew of Frederick William I, 5, 219.

Magona, the Jews of, forced into Christianity, 2, 619–20.

Magyars, the, made intolerant by the papacy, 3, 614.

Mahadia. See Kairuan.

Mahanaim, seat of Saul’s family after his death, 1, 108, 110.

battle of, in the war with Absalom, 1, 144.

David welcomed at, 1, 144.

Maharil. See Jacob ben Moses MÖlin Halevi.

Mahdi, the founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 3, 212.

Maher-Shalal-Chash-Baz, son of Isaiah, 1,

dignity of, 5, 579.

fitted for his work in Vienna, 5, 580.

attitude of, towards Reform Judaism, 5, 580.

changes sanctioned by, 5, 580.

as a pulpit orator, 5, 581.

personality of, 5, 582.

influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.

compared with Sachs, 5, 690.

helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.

Manoel the Great, of Portugal, releases the Spanish exiles, 4, 372.

employs Abraham Zacuto, 4, 372.

kindly disposed towards the Jews, 4, 372.

sues for the hand of Isabella II of Castile, 4, 372–3.

banishes the Jews, 4, 374.

orders Jewish children to be baptized, 4, 375–6.

cruelty of, 4, 376.

limits the Jews to one port of departure, 4, 376.

tries to force the Jews into Christianity, 4, 377.

adopts milder measures towards the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

delivers Spanish Marranos to the Inquisition, 4, 379–80.

permits the last Jews to leave Portugal, 4, 380–1.

grants freedom from molestation to the Jews for a term, 4, 485.

checks the emigration of Marranos, 4, 485–6.

forbids the use of insulting names for Marranos, 4, 486.

orders of, concerning Marranos, 4, 488.

counselors of, protect the Marranos, 4, 488.

Manrique, Inigo, chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.

Mansfeld, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.

Mantin, Jacob (1490–1549), physician and scholar, ambition of, 4, 411.

instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.

persecutes Molcho, 4, 506–7.

physician to Paul III, 4, 515.

Mantua, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 371.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.

rabbis of, forbid young men to read Azarya deÏ Rossi’s works, 4, 616.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Mantua, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

in the seventeenth century, 4, 653.

appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.

Maoga-Malka. See Machuza.

Maonites, the, subjugated by Uzziah, 1, 230.

Maor, Talmudical work by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.

“Mappa,” Moses Isserles’ commentary on Karo’s code, 4, 637.

Mar-Aaron ben Samuel, candidate for the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154.

Mar-Abraham ben Sherira (816–828), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154–5.

deposed, 3, 155.

re-instated, 3, 156.

death of, 3, 156.

Mar-Amram ben Sheshna (869–881), Gaon of Sora, compiler of the liturgy of European Jews, 3, 521.

suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 522–3.

delinquencies of, reported to the pope, 4, 523.

draw up a memorial to the pope, 4, 524.

forbidden to emigrate, 4, 524.

right of, to emigrate defended before the Council of Trent, 4, 526.

liberated from the Inquisition prisons, 4, 527.

forced to abjure their Judaizing tendencies, 4, 527.

mild treatment of, requested by Paul III, 4, 527.

a profitable population to Portugal, 4, 527–8.

absolution granted to, by popes, 4, 528.

look to the Netherlands as a refuge, 4, 662–3.

admission of, into Zealand opposed, 4, 663.

first to emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 664–5.

in Amsterdam, 4, 665.

taken to Holland by the Earl of Essex, 4, 665.

capital of, acceptable to the Netherlands, 4, 667–8.

revert to Judaism, 4, 669.

suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 670.

Philip III debtor of, 4, 670.

granted absolution by Clement VIII, 4, 671.

emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 671.

invited by Christian princes to settle in their countries, 4, 675.

devotion of, to Judaism, 4, 678–9.

Catholic tendencies of, 4, 679–80.

in Hamburg as “traders,” 4, 686–7.

objected to by Lutherans, 4, 686, 687.

admitted into Hamburg as Jews, 4, 688.

importance of, for trade, 4, 689.

transported to Brazil, 4, 693.

refused permission to settle in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 4, 695.

culture of, 5, 109–18.

in Bordeaux, 5, 341–2.

See also under Amsterdam; Inquisition, the.

Marranos, the Spanish, hated by the populace, 4, 180.

endanger the existence of the Spanish Jews, 4, 180–1.

propagandists for Christianity, 4, 181–2.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197.

protected by Saul Astruc Cohen and Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 199.

the Christian confession extorted from, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202.

troublesome to the Church, 4, 255–6.

true to Judaism in secret, 4, 256.

inquisitors appointed for, 4, 256.

equal rights denied to, 4, 256–7.

plundered under Henry IV of Castile, 4, 274.

return to Judaism under Henry IV, 4, 276.

promoted to the highest offices in Castile, 4, 280.

attacked at Valladolid, 4, 280–1.

accused of Judaizing, 4, 281.

attacks upon, grow frequent, 4, 281–3.

high positions and character of, 4, 450–2.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

honor paid to CrÉmieux at, 5, 668.

Mayence, the Jews of, banished by Henry II, 3, 245–6.

perpetuate the memory of Simon ben Isaac and Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 247.

massacred in the first crusade, 3, 303.

accuse their persecutors before Henry IV, 3, 307.

charged with the blood accusation, 3, 636.

possessions of, confiscated, 3, 636.

emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.

burn themselves to escape persecution, 4, 109.

banished, 4, 413.

well treated during the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 707.

Mayence, the university of, to counsel regarding the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

attacks the Hebrew Bible, 4, 444–5.

students of, object to Reuchlin’s heresy trial, 4, 451.

Mayo, Moses, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.

Mazaca-CÆsarea (Cappadocia), study of the Law in, 2, 358.

the Jews of, lose life in the assault of Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.

Mazdak, reformer of Magianism, 3, 1.

communistic principles of, 3, 1–2.

Mazikim, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.

Measfim, the, contributors to “The Gatherer,” in Germany, 5, 399–400.

in Holland, 5, 400–1.

in France, 5, 401.

in Italy, 5, 402.

influence of, 5, 402–3, 403–5.

consider themselves the disciples of Mendelssohn, 5, 403.

the best production by, 5, 404.

mediocrity of, 5, 417.

effect of the revival of Hebrew by, 5, 420–1.

consulted by Jacobson, 5, 502.

Measfim, the, list of:

Ben-Zeeb,

Bresselau, Mendel J.

Ensheim, Moses

Euchel, Isaac Abraham

Friedrichsfeld, David

Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig

Wolfssohn, Aaron.

Meaux, the council of, re-enacts anti-Jewish restrictions, 3, 171–2.

Mebarsapes, king of Adiabene, conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.

Mebodes, Persian general, puts to death the Jews of Machuza, 3, 9.

Mebo-ha-Talmud, methodology of the Talmud, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

Mecca (Alcharam), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 56.

holy city of the Arabs, 3, 60.

a proselyte to Judaism governor of, 3, Vidal Menachem ben Solomon.

MeÏron, grave of Simon ben YochaÏ at, 4, 623.

Meisels, rabbi, helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.

Meissen, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

Mekor Chayim, philosophical work by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270–1.

Meldola, David, rabbi of London, repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath denying the blood accusation, 5, 654–5.

Melo, Francisco, millionaire in Amsterdam, 5, 205.

Memnon, governor of Coelesyria, 1, 414.

Memra, the, decisions of the Amoraim, 2, 515.

expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

“Men of Faith,” a sect of Jewish mystics, 3, 153–4.

Menachem of Merseburg (MeÏl Zedek), Talmudist, changes the Talmudic marriage law, 4, 227–8.

Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbi of Toledo, early trials of, 4, 78, 144.

studies of, 4, 144–5.

mediocrity of, 4, 145.

work by, 4, 145.

Menachem ben Perez, of Joigny, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Menachem ben Saruk (910–970), grammarian, founder of JudÆo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.

writes the introductory verses of a letter to the king of the Chazars, 3, 220.

makes Hebrew the object of research, 3, 223.

patrons of, 3, 224.

lexicographical work by, 3, 224–5.

verse of, awkward, 3, 225.

traduced to ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.

defended by his disciples, 3, 227.

disciples of, 3, 237.

grammar of, known to Rashi, 3, 289.

unhappiness of, 3, 313.

Menachem Bashyasi, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Menachem Maroli, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Menachemists, followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.

Menahem (768–758), king of Israel, murders Shallum, 1, 244.

abolishes Baal worship, 1, 244.

submits to Pul, 1, 246–7.

power of the kingdom under, 1, 247.

introduces the worship of Mylitta, 1, 247.

death of, 1, 248.

Menahem, an Essene, Hillel’s deputy in the Synhedrion, 2, 100.

Menahem ben Jair, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the Sicarii, 2, 239.

takes Masada, 2, 258.

kills the Roman garrison at Jerusalem, 2, 260.

cruelty of, 2, 260–1.

disagrees with the Zealot leader, 2, 261.

executed, 2, 261.

Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.

Mendelssohn, Dorothea, culture of, 5, 413.

marriage of, to Simon Veit, 5, 424.

and Frederick Schlegel, 5, 424.

apostasy of, 5, 424.

Mendelssohn, Henrietta, accepts Catholicism, 5, belief in, abandoned by the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 565.

doctrine of, given up by the “Friends of Reform,&# ation from, 4, 154–5.

“Mirror of the Jews, The,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Hundt, 5, 532.

Mises, Jehuda LÖb, patron of Jewish students in Lemberg, 5, 612.

exempt from excommunication, 5, 614.

MishlÉ Shualim, by Berachya ben NatronaÏ, 3, 560.

Mishna, the, code of the oral Law, the first, 2, 343, 354.

of Akiba, 2, 354.

treatise of, on proselytes, 2, 384.

of MeÏr, 2, 439–40.

completed by Judah I, 2, 460.

divisions of, 2, 460.

style of, 2, 460.

authority of, 2, 461, 462.

not committed to writing, 2, 461, 608.

language of, 2, 461–2.

history of the compilation of, 2, 462.

supplements to, 2, 470.

impresses a legal character upon Judaism, 2, 471.

asserts the equivalence of all religious commands, 2, 472.

reward and punishment according to, 2, 472–3.

on the study of the Law, 2, 473–4.

spirituality of, 2, 474–5.

casuistry in, 2, 475–6.

not hostile to Christianity, 2, 476.

contains laws against intercourse with the heathen, 2, 476–8.

permits the heathen to glean, 2, 478.

completion of, ends the work of the Tanaites, 2, 478.

study of, pursued by the Palestinian Amoraim, 2, 489–90.

not of equal legal force throughout, 2, 493.

expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

as studied by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 590–1.

amplifications and explanations of, arranged by Ashi, 2, 607–9. See Talmud, the.

translated into Arabic, 3, 237.

explained by Maimonides, 3, 451.

methodology of, by Gersonides, 4, 392.

translated into Latin, 5, 193.

See also Law, the oral; Talmud, the; Tanaites, the.

Mishna, the, commentary on, by Maimonides, 3, 458–60, 492; 4, 60.

by Abraham ben David, 3, 399.

by Lipmann Heller, 4, 704.

by Obadiah di Bertinoro, 4, 704.

Mishna, Acharona, Akiba’s code, 2, 354.

Mishna di Rabbi Judah, the final code, 2, 461. See Mishna, the.

Mishna Rishona, the earliest code, 2, 343, 354.

“Mishne Torah,” the, religious code, by Maimonides, 3, 466–72.

clears the maze of the Talmud, 3, 466, 30–1.

characterization of, 1, 30–1.

how regarded by the Essenes, 2, 28.

synagogue in Egypt attributed to, 3, 445.

prophetic faculty of, analyzed by Maimonides, 3, 483–4.

prophetic character of, denied by the philosophers, 4, 24.

the Sons of, Baruch Gad’s reports about, 5, 126.

characterized by Heine, 5, 553–5.

Moses, rabbi of Saxony, accused of using human blood, 4, 298.

Moses (Mesvi) of Baalbek, founder of a Karaite sect, 3, 158.

Moses de Cavarite, sheriff of BÉziers, 3, 395.

Moses of Coucy (1200–1260), Tossafist, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.

alienates the French rabbis from Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539.

exhorts the Jews of southern France and Spain, 3, 545–6.

ritual and ethical sermons by, 3, 546.

at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.

Bible commentary by, 3, 586.

Moses of Crete, a false Messiah, 2, 610–11.

Moses de Leon. See Moses ben Shem Tob; Zohar, the.

Moses de Trani, disciple of Jacob Berab, rival of Joseph Karo, 4, 540.

appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, 4, 580.

Moses of Trent, refuses to confess to ritual murder, 4, 298.

Moses ben Asher, Massoret, corrects copies of the Bible, 3, 207.

works of, criticised by Saadiah, 3, 207.

Moses ben Chanoch, emissary from Sora, taken captive, 3, 208.

wife of, drowned, 3, 208–9.

ransomed by the Cordova Jews, 3, 209.

reveals himself as a Talmudist, 3, 209.

chosen as rabbinical chief by the Cordova community, 3, 209.

founder of JudÆo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.

protected by ChasdaÏ Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 228.

deference paid to, 3, 228.

title of, 3, 229.

functions of, 3, 229.

death of, 3, 229.

son of, 3, 229–30.

Moses ben ChasdaÏ Taku (1250–1290), Talmudist and anti-Maimunist, 3, 624–5, 626.

Moses ben Guthiel, head of the Speyer community, and forced converts, 3, 306.

Moses ben Isaac Alashkar, Spanish exile at Tunis, 4, 391.

Talmudist, Kabbalist, and Maimunist, 4, 392.

flees to Egypt, 4, 392, 393.

Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388–1451), physician and poet, versification of, 4, 230–1.

poems by, in the Italian liturgy, 4, 231.

mediocrity of, 5, 112.

Moses ben Israel Isserles (1520–1572), Talmudist, ancestry and attainments of, 4, 637.

commentator upon Karo’s code, 4, 637–8.

as an astronomer, 4, 638.

as a philosopher, 4, 638.

teach li class="sec">refutes the assertion that Jesus is the Messiah of the Talmud, 3, 599.

characterizes the true Messiah, 3, 600.

victorious over Pablo Christiani, 3, 601.

refutes the doctrine of the Trinity, 3, 601.

publishes a report of the Barcelona disputation, 3, 603–4.

charged with blasphemy against Christianity, 3, 603–4.

exiled, 3, 604.

protected by the king against the Dominicans, 3, 604–5.

goes to Jerusalem, 3, 605.

grief of, over Jerusalem, 3, 606–7.

transplants Jewish science to Palestine, 3, 607.

disciples of, 3, 607, 609, 626; 4, 28.

in correspondence with Spain, 3, 608.

death of, 3, 608.

influence of, 3, 609.

the discovery of the Zohar attributed to, 4, 20.

commentary of, used by Aaron ben Joseph, 4, 71.

introduces the Kabbala into Palestine, 4, 75.

predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, 4, 120.

ancestor of Solomon Duran, 4, 238.

views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, Biblical exegesis of, 3, 290, 393.

Moses ben Shem Tob (Moses de Leon, 1250–1305), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 10–11.

character of, 4, 11.

wanderings of, 4, 11.

forgery by, 4, 11–12.

attributes the Zohar to Simon ben YochaÏ, 4, 12–14.

on the Messiah, 4, 18.

said to have obtained the Zohar through Nachmani, 4, 20.

death of, 4, 20.

wife of, reveals his forgery, 4, 20–1.

Moses Ibn-Ezra (Abu-Harun, 1070–1139), poet, elegy by, on Alfassi, 3, 310.

and Joseph Ibn-Sahal, 3, 314.

parentage of, 3, 318–19.

early history of, 3, 319.

compared with Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 319.

style of, 3, 319–20.

song cycle by, 3, 320.

liturgical poems by, 3, 320.

on the poetic art, 3, 320.

as a philosopher, 3, 320.

contemporary fame of, 3, 321.

elegy by, on his lady-love, 3, 321.

tribute to, by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 321.

friendship of, with Jehuda Halevi, 3, 323.

and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

Moses Ibn-Tibbon (1250–1285), physician in Montpellier, 3, 582.

Moses Ibn-Yachya, philanthropist, 4, 609.

Moses Abudiel, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 143.

Talmud study in, encouraged by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 3, 208.

the Talmud school of, 3, 242.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra at, 3, 374.

principal Jewish community of southern France in, 3, 392.

home of the Kimchi family, 3, 392.

the Jews of, excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

the archbishop of, presides over the Council of BÉziers, 3, 581.

Narbonne, the Council of, forbids Psalm singing at Jewish funeral services, 3, 47.

confirms the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 518.

Narbonne (province), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Narbonne (province), the Jews of, enjoy equality under the early Visigoths, 3, 45.

punished for conspiring against Egica, 3, 108.

the possessions of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.

Narcissus, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, 2, 196.

Nares, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

an academy founded in, 2, 593.

Narol, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 11.

Nasas, Jewish family name in Palermo, 3, 28.

synagogue erected by, razed, 3, 33–4.

Nassi, the family of, traces descent from David, 3, 43.

See Mendes, Diogo; Francisco; Gracia; and Nassi, Joseph; Reyna; Samuel.

Nassi, Joseph (JoÃo Miques), nephew of Gracia Mendesia, favorite of Maria of the Netherlands, 4, 572.

reported to have fled to Venice, 4, 573.

intercedes with the sultan for Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.

brings Gracia Mendesia to Constantinople, 4, 577.

marries Reyna Nassi, 4, 577.

in favor with Sultan Solyman, 4, 577, 594.

beneficence of, 4, 577.

gives up the trade with Ancona, 4, 579–80.

power of, 4, 594.

partisan of Selim, 4, 595.

member of the Mutafarrica, 4, 595.

denounced by the European ambassadors, 4, 595.

given a tract of land near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596, 610.

antagonized by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 596.

made duke of Naxos, 4, 596.

titles of, 4, 596.

negotiates with Ferdinand I, 4, 597.

seizes French merchant vessels, 4, 597.

traduced by Daud, 4, 598.

clears himself of the charges made by Daud, 4, 599.

incites a war with Venice, 4, 600.

appealed to, by European sovereigns, 4, 601–2.

head of a Turkish party, 4, 602.

hopes to found a Jewish state, 4, 610–11.

rebuilds Tiberias, 4, 610&# ges Judah, 1, 306.

takes Judah, 1, 307.

generals of, besiege Jerusalem, 1, 307.

banishes Jehoiakim, 1, 307.

makes Zedekiah king, 1, 308.

subdues Judah, 1, 311.

besieges Jerusalem, 1, 311–14.

defeats Apries, 1, 313.

generals of, take Jerusalem, 1, 313–14.

beheads the dignitaries of Jerusalem at Riblah, 1, 314.

blinds and exiles Zedekiah, 1, 315.

appoints Gedaliah over the Palestinian JudÆans, 1, 319.

punishes the murder of Gedaliah, 1, 325.

treats the Babylonian JudÆans kindly, 1, 329–30.

death of, 1, 331.

Nebuzaradan, chief of Nebuchadnezzar’s guard, charged to destroy Jerusalem, 1, 315.

entrusts Zedekiah’s daughters to Gedaliah, 1, 319.

exiles the last remnant of Judah, 1, 325.

Necho, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah, 1, 296–7.

makes Jehoiakim king, 1, 299.

exacts tribute from Judah, 1, 299.

Nechunya, abettor of Chananya at Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443, 444.

Nechunya ben Hakana, teacher of the Law, adherent of Hillel’s methods, 2, 331.

reputed author of a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556.

Neglib-Eddin, supposed assassin of Mongols, 3, 649.

Negro. See Ibn-Yachya.

Negropont, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.

Nehemiah, cup-bearer of Artaxerxes, appealed to by the JudÆans, 1, 372.

national enthusiasm of, 1, 373.

governor of JudÆa, 1, 373.

journeys to Jerusalem, 1, 374.

rebuilds the fortifications of Jerusalem, 1, 374–5.

disturbed by Sanballat and Tobiah, 1, 375–6.

rebukes the JudÆans for the enslavement of the poor, 1, 376–7.

unselfishness of, 1, 377.

invites settlers to Jerusalem, 1, 377–8.

exacts observance of the Law from the JudÆans, 1, 380–1.

consecrates the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.

internal improvements by, 1, 382–3.

returns to Persia, 1, 383.

returns to Jerusalem, 1, 385.

reforms the JudÆan community, 1, 385–8.

memoir of, 1, 387–8.

formation of a Jewish sect under, 1, 387.

Nehemiah, disciple of Akiba, returns to JudÆa, 2, 433.

Nehemiah (960–968), Gaon of Pumbeditha, position of, contested, 3, 208.

Nehemiah, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544.

Nehemiah, teacher of the Law in Beth-Deli, 2, 358.

Nehemiah Ashkafa, a Granada Jew, supports Balkim, 3, 258.

Nehushta, mother of Jehoiachin, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

exiled, 1, 397, 399.

characterization of, 4, 398.

ordinances by, 4, 398.

Mishna commentary by, 4, 704.

Obadiah (Servadeus) de Sforno (1470–1550), physician and writer, 4, 411.

Reuchlin’s teacher, 4, 434, 473.

Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah, 3, 124.

peculiar system of Judaism taught by, 3, 124–5.

leader of a rebellion, 3, 125.

adherents of, 3, 125.

Obeda, NabathÆan king, opposes Alexander JannÆus, 2, 44.

Oberwesel, the Jews of, murdered, 3, 637.

murderers of, fined, 3, 639.

“Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of Alsace,” 5, 350.

OcaÑa, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.

the cortes of, demand anti-Jewish legislation, 4, 279.

O’Connell, urges the emancipation of the English Jews, 5, 653.

on the Damascus affair, 5, 657.

Octavius, Caius. See Augustus.

Octavius, Cneius, Roman ambassador to Syria, 1, 481.

death of, 1, 482.

Odenathus, predatory incursions of, 2, 527.

destroys Nahardea, 2, 527.

takes Mar-Samuel’s daughters prisoners, 2, 528.

prince of Palmyra, 2, 528.

wife of, 2, 529.

Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids Christians to have intercourse with Jews, 3, 407.

Odo, legate of Innocent IV, enemy of the Talmud, 3, 579.

Odura, the family of, in the Hellenist party, 1, 489.

Offices. See under Civil; Magisterial; Religious.

Og, king of Bashan, 1, 29.

Ojeda, Alfonso de, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310.

commissioner to frame the Inquisition statute, 4, 312.

preaches the sermon at the first auto-da-fÉ, 4, 317.

Okaz, fair of the Arabs at, 3, 60.

Olam ha-Ba, the future world, 1, 405–6.

Olam ha-Tikkun, divine order of the world, Kabbalistic term, 4, 619; 5, 121, 142.

Old Testament, the, connected with the New, 2, 488.

Christian doctrines found in, 2, 499, 501, 502; 4, 141–2.

contrasted with the New, 4, 540–1.

system of, adopted by an English political party, 4, 541–2.

slandered, 4, 547.

inspires the Puritans, 5, 26, 27.

See Scriptures, the.

Oldenburg, Heinrich, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.

Olesnicki, Zbigniev, bishop of Cracow, hostile to the Jews, 4, 265.

571.

Orleans, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

councils of, pass anti-Jewish .gutenberg.org/files/43057/43057-h/43057-h.htm#Page_523" class="pgexternal">523.

Parthians, the, defeat the Syrians, 2, 5.

defeated by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 5.

the campaign of Crassus against, 2, 74.

dethrone Hyrcanus, 2, 82–3.

characterized by Levi bar Sissi, 2, 525.

invade the Roman empire, 2, 527.

Parties, in JudÆa after the death of Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 489–90.

Paruta, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, 4, 647.

Parzufin. See Parsophin.

Pascal, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376.

Paschal lamb, the, offered at Jerusalem by order of Hezekiah, 1, 268.

a substitute for, introduced in Rome, 2, 68.

Paschal sacrifice, the, supersedes the Sabbath, 2, 99.

Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.

Passau, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 306.

Passion Week. See Eastertide.

Passover, celebrated under Hezekiah, 1, 268.

celebrated under Josiah, 1, 295.

under Zerubbabel, 1, 359.

in the Sopheric age, 1, 398.

the celebration of, forbidden by Archelaus, 2, 121–2.

of the Crushing in 66, 2, 251.

the celebration of, before Easter forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 13.

observed by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.

as celebrated by SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 148–9.

the celebration of, hindered during the Reign of Terror, 5, 452.

Pastor, a Galician scholar, excommunicated, 5, 614.

Pastor, a lawyer of Naples, opposes the progress of Belisarius, 3, 32.

murdered, 3, 32.

“Pastor Fido,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.

Pastoureaux (Pastorelli, RoÏm), the, massacre of the French Jews by, 4, 55–7.

Patras, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.

Patriarch, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.

Patriarchate, the, invested with autocratic power under Judah I, 2, 452–4.

on a level with the Exilarchate, 2, 454.

extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, 2, 457.

royal authority of, under Judah II, 2, 485.

decline of the authority of, 2, 535.

decline of, 2, 560.

power of, over non-Palestinian communities ends with the adoption of a fixed calendar, 2, 573.

constitutes JudÆa the head of the Jewish communities of the Roman empire, 2, 611.

fall of, 2, 612, 617–18.

Patriarchs, the, levy a tax from the time of Judah II, 2, 487.

support of, 2, 535–6.

titles of, 2, 560–1, 612.

regarded as the chief of the Jews in the Roman empire, 2, 561.

compelled to go to Sora, 2, 607.

exclude apostates from the Jewish community, 2, 612–13.

exempt from civil duties, 2, 616.

enjo external">167.

Pedro de la Caballeria, apostate, Christian propagandist, 4, 231–2.

Pedro de Herrera, Marrano, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282–3.

Pedro de Luna, cardinal. See Benedict XIII, pope.

Pedro de Toledo, viceroy of Naples, employs Samuel II Abrabanel, 4, 409.

daughter of, 4, 410.

Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in Parliament, 5, 652.

Pekah, king of Israel, characterization of, 1, 248.

allies of, 1, 248.

licentiousness of the nobles under, 1, 250.

allies himself with Rezin of Damascus, 1, 258, 259.

submits to Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 260.

murdered, 1, 260.

Pekahiah, king of Israel, murdered, 1, 248.

Pelethites, the, mercenary troops under David, 1, 122.

in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.

faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.

in the war against Sheba, 1, 149.

attend Solomon, 1, 153.

Pelham, English minister, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 337.

Pelka, son of Casimir III, 4, 112.

Pella, destroyed by Alexander JannÆus, 2, 46.

Pelusium, besieged by Sennacherib, 1, 276, 277.

the Egyptians defeated at, 1, 450.

Penal law, the, of Judaism, 2, 473.

Penini. See Yedaya En-Bonet.

PeÑiscola, Benedict XIII holds papal court at, 4, 217.

Penitential hymns, by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 246.

Penitential prayers. See Prayers.

Penso, Isaac, Marrano banker, philanthropist, 5, 111–12.

Penso, Joseph (Felice de la Vega, 1650–1703), Marrano poet, Hebrew dramas by, 5, 112–13.

novels by, 5, 113.

celebrated by Isaac Gomez de Sosa, 5, 113.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

compared with Luzzatto, 5, 234.

Pentapolis, five Philistine cities, 1, 54.

Pentateuch, the. See Law, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation.

Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn’s translation of, for his children, published, 5, 328–9.

commentary for, by Solomon Dubno, 5, 329.

subscribers to, 5, 329, 334.

arouses the opposition of pious Jews, 5, 330–2.

interdict against, 5, 332.

forbidden in Polish towns, 5, 332.

interdicted by Raphael Cohen, 5, 333.

co-workers in, 5, 334.

appeals to the young, 5, 334–5.

influence of, on German Jews, 5, 395–6.

disseminated in Alsace, 5, 430.

Pentecost, the Feast of, c">tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa I, 2, 177.

tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

Philip, favorite of Antiochus Epiphanes, regent of Syria, 1, 477.

in Antioch, 1, 480.

Philip, papal legate, presides over the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

Philip, Syrian commander, kills the Chassidim in the caves, 1, 458.

Philip of Bathyrene, leader of Agrippa II’s troops against the Zealots, 2, 259, 274.

leaves Jerusalem, 2, 260.

escapes the machinations of Varus, 2, 274–5.

Philippi, the republican army of Rome, defeated at the battle of, 2, 81.

JudÆans in, 2, 203.

Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.

Philippi, Francis Lothair. See Wolf Levi.

Philippion, prince of Chalcis, husband of Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

Philistia, overrun by Scythians, 1, 287.

Philistines, the, characteristics of, 1, 54–5.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–59.

oppress the Israelites, 1, 61.

attack Israelite tribes, 1, 64.

harass the Israelites, 1, 66.

have possession of the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 70–2.

defeated at Eben-ha-Ezer, 1, 78.

choose a king, 1, 80.

warfare of, with the Israelites, 1, 80.

lay waste Sidon, 1, 80.

oppress Israel at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.

garrison of, at Gibeah, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.

encamp at Michmash against Saul, 1, 85–6.

defeated at Michmash, 1, 86–8.

champion of, killed by David, 1, 95, 97.

defeated by David, 1, 98–9.

under Achish, wage war with the Israelites, 1, 102–4.

wage war with David, 1, 115–118.

defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim, 1, 116.

surrender Gath to the Israelites, 1, 117.

champions of, in the war with David, 1, 117.

routed by David, 1, 118.

at war with Nadab, 1, 189.

at war with Elah, 1, 192.

sell JudÆan captives as slaves, 1, 227, 231.

attack Judah, 1, 258.

subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.

allied with Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.

molest JudÆan fugitives, 1, 318.

in possession of JudÆan territory under the SeleucidÆ, 1, 435.

join Gorgias in his invasion of JudÆa, 1, 467.

hostile to the JudÆans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 473.

Philo the Elder, Egypto-JudÆan poet, extols Jerusalem, 1, 517–18.

Philo JudÆus, conception of the Messianic age held by, 2, 144–5.

brother of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 176.

353–4.

preferred in Turkey, 4, 401.

accused of quackery by Pfefferkorn, 4, 427.

the only ones in Portugal, 4, 488.

forbidden by Paul IV to attend Christians, 4, 567.

employment of, forbidden by Gregory XIII, 4, 653.

permitted by Sixtus V to practice, 4, 656.

defended by David de Pomis, 4, 656–7.

envied in Hamburg, 4, 690.

forbidden to practice among Christians in Hamburg, 4, 692.

of Berlin, not included in the list of physicians, 5, 461.

Physicians, Jewish, list of:

Aaron ben Zion Ibn-AlamÂni,

Abraham de Balmes,

Abraham of Aragon (oculist),

Abraham ben Joseph the Elder,

Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,

Abraham Ibn-Zarzal,

Abraham Maimuni,

Abraham Zacuto Lusitano,

Abu Ayub,

Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastan,

Abu Sahal Ali,

Abulhassan Abraham ben MeÏr Ibn-Kamnial,

Amatus Lusitanus,

Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib,

Bachya Ibn-Alkonstantini,

Benjamin Assia,

Bonet de Lates,

Cardosa, Abraham Michael

Cardoso, Fernando (Isaac)

Castro, Balthasar Orobio de

Della Volta, Samuel Vita

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon

Guglielmo di Portaleone,

Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli,

Isaac II Abrabanel,

Isaac Benveniste,

Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,

Jacob ben Yechiel Lo @public@vhost@g@html@files@46752@46752-h@46752-h-55.htm.html#simon_ben_caiph" class="pginternal">Simon ben Caipha,

318.

Jewish exiles from Spain go to, 4, 352.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 365–81.

fever for discoveries in, 4, 368.

the Spanish exiles leave, 4, 369.

Spanish exiles sold as slaves in, 4, 371.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

considered a refuge for Marranos, 4, 486.

the plague in, attributed to the Marranos, 4, 486, 487.

Marranos a profitable population to, 4, 527–8.

autos-da-fÉ in, 5, 91.

discusses the re-admission of Jews, 5, 532.

Portugal, the Jews of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 617–18.

under Ferdinand I, 4, 158–9.

under JoÃo I, 4, 173.

spared Vincent Ferrer’s propaganda, 4, 218.

prosperity of, under Alfonso V, 4, 338–9.

oppose the settlement of the Spanish exiles, 4, 366.

kindly treated by Manoel, 4, 372.

banished, 4, 374.

delay departure, 4, 374–5.

children of, baptized, 4, 375–6.

urged to accept Christianity, 4, 377–8.

depart, 4, 380–1.

in the Netherlands, 4, 662.

See also Marranos, the Portuguese.

Porphyry (Malchus), philosopher, writes a commentary on Daniel, 2, 502.

Portaleone, Guglielmo. See Guglielmo di Portaleone.

Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.

Porteiro jurado, Jewish-Portuguese sheriff, 4, 159.

Porto, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

Posen, the Jewish charter burnt at, 4, 263.

number of the Jews of, 4, 632.

the Jews of, protected by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.

the German population of, 5, 3.

Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, 5, 332.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Posidonius, Nicanor’s envoy to Judas MaccabÆus, 1, 484.

Posidonius, Stoic philosopher, maligns Judaism, 2, 178.

PosquiÈres, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 399.

Potocki, Polish general, delivered to the Tartars by the Cossacks, 5, 7.

Potocki, the house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.

Prague, Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

refuses to admit Chayon, 5, 231.

EibeschÜtz as teacher in, 5, 249.

occupied by Charles VII, 5, 251.

appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.

the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

Prague, the Jews of, suffering of, during the first crusade, 3, 305.

charged with host desecration, 4, 164–6.

massacred, 4, 165.

attacked on account of the Alenu p i>

translated into Spanish by Lopez Laguna, 5, 203.

imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 234.

Mendelssohn’s translation of, 5, 335.

translated by Sachs, 5, 693.

Psammetich, king of Egypt, propitiates the Scythians, 1, 287.

Psusennes, king of Egypt, Solomon marries the daughter of, 1, 161.

Psychics. See Gnosticism.

Ptolemais. See Accho.

Ptolemy, of Chalcis, protects Aristobulus II’s family, 2, 75.

son-in-law of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

conspires against Herod and Phasael, 2, 80–1.

Ptolemy I Soter, of Egypt, conquers Coelesyria, 1, 416.

opposed by Antigonus, 1, 417.

defeats Antigonus, 1, 417–18.

protects the JudÆans, 1, 418.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, of Egypt, threatens to divide JudÆa among foreign colonists, 1, 423.

and the Septuagint, 1, 514.

Ptolemy III Euergetes, of Egypt, makes Joseph tax-gatherer, 1, 425.

Ptolemy IV Philopator, of Egypt, retains Joseph, son of Tobiah, in office, 1, 425.

defeats Antiochus the Great, 1, 426.

introduces bacchanalian revelries, 1, 428.

son of, 1, 429.

favors Hyrcanus, 1, 430.

death of, 1, 432.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes, of Egypt, Coelesyria re-conquered for, 1, 433.

makes Hyrcanus governor of trans-Jordanic territory, 1, 437.

Ptolemy VI Philometor, of Egypt, treaty of, with Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 450.

proclaimed king, 1, 452.

daughter of, marries Alexander Balas, 1, 496.

receives Onias IV kindly, 1, 506.

ally of Demetrius I, 1, 506.

struggle of, with Ptolemy Physcon, 1, 506–7.

assisted by the JudÆans, 1, 507.

presents Onias IV with land for a Temple, 1, 508.

permits Onias IV to fortify his Temple, 1, 510.

entrusts the Egyptian ports to Onias IV, 1, 510.

causes a Greek translation of the Law to be made, 1, 510–11.

appoints a conference between the JudÆans and the Samaritans, 1, 517.

death of, 1, 518.

heir of, slain, 1, 518.

Ptolemy VII Physcon, of Egypt, proclaimed king, 1, 450.

reconciled with his brother, 1, 452.

conspires against Ptolemy VI, 1, 506, 507.

Cyrene given to, 1, 507.

marries Cleopatra, his brother’s widow, 1, 518.

cruelty of, 1, 518–19.

revenge of, on the JudÆans, 1, 519.

as author, 1, 519.

supports Alexander Zabina, 2, 6.

Ptolemy VIII Lathurus, of Egypt, aids Antiochus IX, 2, 10–11.

flees from Alexandria, 2, 12.

defeats Alexander JannÆus, 2, 587.

covetousness of, 2, 587–8.

heartlessness of, 2, 588.

partiality of, in applying the Law, 2, 588–9, 628.

and Benjamin Assia, 2, 590.

discourses of, popular, 2, 590.

method of, 2, 590–1.

authority of, 2, 591.

prevents persecutions, 2, 591–2.

punished by Shabur II for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.

assisted by Ifra-Ormuzd, 2, 592.

death of, 2, 593, 602.

Rab Abba. See Rabba bar Huna.

RabaÏ of Rob, a Saburean, 3, 5.

Rabba bar Abbahu, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.

Rabba bar Chana, authorized by Judah I to teach, 2, 454.

Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba, 309–320), principal of the Sora academy, 2, 548, 583.

modesty of, 2, 585.

Rabba bar Matana, Amora, proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 583.

Rabba bar Nachmani (270–330), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.

dialectics of, 2, 575, 576.

a member of the family of Eli, 2, 575.

brothers of, 2, 575–6.

emigrates to JudÆa, 2, 576.

returns to Babylonia, 2, 576.

proposed as the principal of the academy of Pumbeditha, 2, 576.

and Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 577.

principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 578.

subjects treated by, 2, 578.

method of, 2, 578–9.

position of, among students of the Law, 2, 579.

rebukes the immorality of the Jews, 2, 579.

and Mar-Ukban, 2, 579.

death of, 2, 580–1.

foster-father of Abayi Nachmani, 2, 583.

Rabba ben Ami (869–872), Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 178.

Rabban, title of the president of the Synhedrion in his capacity as teacher of the Law, 2, 335.

Rabbana, title of honor in Babylonia, 2, 544.

title given to Ashi, 2, 606.

Rabbanism, certain features of, adopted by Benjamin Nahavendi, 3, 151.

Rabbanites, the, partisans of authority, opponents of the Karaites, 3, 134.

denounce the Karaites as heretics, 3, 134.

literary unfruitfulness of, in the eighth century, 3, 136.

antagonistic to science, 3, 149.

adopt Karaite teachings, 3, 157.

begin scientific work in the ninth century, 3, 180.

shunned by the Karaites, 3, 182.

neglect the Scriptures, 3, 189.

endeavor to effect a reconciliation with the Karaites, 4, 69–70, 71–2, 270 Page_191" class="pgexternal">191.

Jeremiah released at, 1, 320.

Ramathaim, taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.

Rambam. See Moses ben Maimun.

Ramban. See Moses ben Nachman.

Rameru, the Jews of, attacked during the second crusade, 3, 355–6.

center of Talmud study, 3, 403.

Rameses, rallying place of the Israelites on leaving Egypt, 1, 17.

Rami, brother of Judah ben Ezekiel, his critic and opponent, 2, 550–1.

Ramon Berengar IV, unites Aragon and Catalonia, 3, 387.

Ramoth-Gilead taken by Ben-hadad II, 1, 205, 206.

Jehu made king of Israel at, 1, 210.

Ramson, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.

Raphael, the healer, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Raphia, Antiochus the Great defeated at, 1, 426.

south-western limit of JudÆa under Alexander JannÆus, 2, 46.

Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda (1790–1867), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.

disciple of Krochmal, 5, 610.

descent of, 5, 610.

learning of, 5, 610–11.

and Erter, 5, 614.

makes pilgrimages to Krochmal, 5, 614, 617.

excommunicated, 5, 614.

rabbinical appointments of, 5, 615, 619.

style of, 5, 617.

influence of Krochmal on, 5, 617–18.

devotes himself to biographical research, 5, 618–19.

the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.

system of, used by Zunz, 5, 620.

contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 621–2.

inspires Luzzatto, 5, 624.

influence of, on Sachs, 5, 690.

Rashba. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

Rashbam. See Samuel ben MeÏr.

Rashi. See Solomon Yizchaki.

Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, to abolish the poll-tax on Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.

“Summons” addressed to, by Michael Berr, 5, 460.

addressed by Christians on the subject of Jewish emancipation, 5, 463.

Rationalists, Mahometan. See Mutazilist.

Ratisbon, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

council of, protects the Jews during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

under the ban of the empire, 4, 305.

fined by the emperor, 4, 306.

Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 510.

Ratisbon, the diet at, refuses to form a crusade against the Turks, 4, 267–8.

petitioned in behalf of the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 465.

petition to, supported by the Austrian representative, 5, 466.

Ratisbon, the Jews of, suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.

privileges granted to, 3, 635.

not permitted to appear on the street at Easter, 3, 635.

saved from

Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, origin of, 5, 564.

principles of, 5, 565.

achievements of, 5, 565.

produces a split in Judaism, 5, 565–6.

aided by Jacobson, 5, 568.

liturgy of, approved by some authorities, 5, 569.

action of the Hamburg Dayanim against, 5, 570.

supported by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570.

innovations of, declared heterodox, 5, 571.

branches of, 5, 573.

members of, belong to the Society for Culture, 5, 584.

precipitates a quarrel, 5, 672.

compiles a new prayer book, 5, 672–3.

charges of, against Bernays, 5, 673.

Reformation, the Protestant, in Germany, 4, 422.

affected by the Talmud, 4, 423.

affected by the study of Hebrew, 4, 434.

beginnings of, 4, 467.

pantomime on, 4, 468.

spread of, 4, 469.

effect of, on the Jews, 4, 470–1.

effect of, on Judaism, 4, 471.

results of, 4, 540–3.

influence of, in Poland, 4, 633.

in Poland and Lithuania, 4, 646–7.

effect of, on the Jews of Poland, 4, 647–8.

Reggio, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.

Reggio, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Isaac (II) Abrabanel, physician at, 4, 385.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.

Mordecai of Eisenstadt in, 5, 209.

Regnault, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.

Rehoboam, son of Solomon, 1, 177.

undisputed succession of, 1, 179.

lacks ability, 1, 179–80.

and the rebellious Shechemites, 1, 180–1.

flees from Shechem, 1, 182.

makes a treaty with the king of Damascus, 1, 183.

fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 184.

defeated by Shishak, 1, 184–5.

indifference of, 1, 188.

permits Astarte worship, 1, 188–9.

end of the reign of, 1, 189.

Reign of Terror, the, suffering of the Jews under, 5, 450.

end of, 5, 452.

Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 5, 320.

collects subscriptions for Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.

brother-in-law of, 5, 333.

Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, predecessor of, 5, 179.

rejects revealed religion, 5, 319–20.

work by, published by Lessing, 5, 320–3.

ReÏs, Arabic word for Nagid, 3, 443.

Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 588.

Romagna, the, the Talmud burnt in, under Julius III, 4, 565.

Roman, distinction between, and non-Roman disappears, 2, 468.

Roman eagle, the, torn down by JudÆans, 2, 115, 121.

Roman era, the, used in public documents, 2, 134.

Roman exile, the, 2, 321.

Roman garrison of Jerusalem, the, under Metilius, 2, 255.

capitulates to the Zealots, 2, 260.

retreats to the towers of the wall, 2, 260.

destroyed by the Zealots, 2, 261.

Roman governors of JudÆa, the, severity of, 2, 241. See JudÆa, the Roman governors of.

Roman provinces, the, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.

the Jews of. See under Jews, the.

Roman Senate, the, acknowledges the rights of Ptolemy VI, 1, 506.

gives Cyrene to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.

defied by Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.

promulgates a law against Judaism in Rome, 2, 136.

Roman standard, the, obnoxious emblems on, 2, 139.

Romano, Solomon. See Baptista, John.

Romans, the, defeat Antiochus the Great, 1, 434.

in the second century before the common era, 1, 443.

favor Antiochus IV, 1, 443.

espouse the cause of Egypt against Antiochus IV, 1, 453.

order Lysias to give up elephants in the army, 1, 481–2.

Judas MaccabÆus negotiates with, 1, 485–6.

allies of JudÆa under Simon Tharsi, 1, 525–6.

embassy sent to, by John Hyrcanus, 2, 4–5.

forbid Antiochus IX to molest the JudÆans, 2, 9.

besiege the Temple, 2, 123.

take of the Temple treasures, 2, 124.

end the revolt against Sabinus, 2, 126.

leaning of, towards Judaism, 2, 136–7.

in JudÆa despise the JudÆans, 2, 246–7.

of JudÆa receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

kindly treated by the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411–12.

under Antoninus Pius, persecute the Jews, 2, 446.

See also Rome.

Romantic movement, the, in Germany, 5, 515–16.

Romanus, teacher of Alexander Severus in Jewish customs, 2, 482.

Rome (city), JudÆans in, before Pompey’s time, 2, 67.

JudÆan quarter in, 2, 68.

struggle of parties in, after CÆsar’s death, 2, 79–80.

conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383–5.

the bishops of, bring about the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

a synagogue in, burnt by Christians, 2, 614.

the fall of, and the Jews, 3, 27–8.

the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

riot in, against Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.

immorality of, in the ninth century, 3, 169.

Council of, decrees against Jews’ holding of 4, 644.

condition of, inquired into by Alexander I, 5, 472–3.

certain classes of, exempt from exceptional laws, 5, 473.

forced to attend schools, 5, 473.

forced into the cities, 5, 473.

Russia, Little, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.

the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.

Russia, West, the Haidamaks in, 5, 11.

the Jews banished from, 5, 12.

Russians, the, wage war with the Chazars, 3, 221.

Ruta al Jahud, a fortress near Saragossa, 3, 42.

Ruth, the Book of, composed to counteract Ezra’s views on intermarriage, 1, 370–1.

Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, permits the massacre of Jews by crusaders, 3, 303, 306.

accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.

flees to Erfurt, 3, 307.

Ruthenia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.

Ruy Capron, ancestor of the Jew hater Pacheco, 4, 278.

Saad-Addaula (Mordecai Ibn-Alcharbiya), physician to Argun, 3, 638.

regulates the finances of Argun, 3, 646.

advises diplomatic connections with Europe, 3, 647.

administration of, 3, 647–8.

patron of learning, 3, 648.

intrigue against, by the Mahometans, 3, 648–9.

Mongol enemies of, 3, 649.

execution of, 3, 649.

Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187, 188.

last important exponent of Eastern Judaism, 3, 188.

wide knowledge of, 3, 188.

decided character of, 3, 188.

attacks the Karaites, 3, 189.

translates the Bible into Arabic, 3, 189–90.

Hebrew grammar and lexicon by, 3, 190.

attacks the Karaite calendar, 3, 190–1.

later works of, against Karaism, 3, 192.

appointed Gaon of Sora, 3, 193.

dissatisfaction of, with Babylonian-Jewish communal life, 3, 193–4.

refuses to abet the injustice of the Exilarch, 3, 195–6.

deprived of his office, 3, 195.

names Josiah Hassan Exilarch, 3, 195.

deposed by Caliph Kahir, 3, 196.

at Bagdad, 3, 196.

arranges a prayer book, 3, 196.

collects the rules of the calendar, 3, 196.

writes against Aaron ben Asher, 3, 196–7, 207.

philosophical works of, 3, 197–8.

skepticism of the time of, 3, 198–9.

combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.

in favor with the caliph Abradhir, 3, 200.

reconciled with David ben ZaccaÏ, 3, 200–1.

restored to the Gaonate of Sora, 3, 201.

responses of, 3, 597.

SadducÆism, revived by the high priest Anan, 2, 248.

Sadducees, the, the sect opposed in religion and politics to the Pharisees, 2, 17.

wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.

pay a tribute to the purity of the Pharisees, 2, 20.

the kernel of the HasmonÆan following, 2, 21.

derivation of the name of, 2, 21.

patriotism of, 2, 21.

political and religious principles of, 2, 21–2.

position of, with regard to the Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.

unpopularity of, 2, 23.

employed as diplomatists by John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.

replace the Pharisees in state offices, 2, 33.

actively opposed by the Pharisees under Alexander JannÆus, 2, 42–3.

compose the Great Council, 2, 42.

favored by Alexander JannÆus, 2, 42–3.

deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.

make the sacrifices depend on voluntary contributions, 2, 52.

persecuted by the Pharisees, 2, 53, 55.

protected by Salome Alexandra, 2, 55.

support Aristobulus, 2, 58.

reconciliation of, with the Pharisees, begun by Hillel, 2, 98.

a sect of, 2, 108.

opposed to the oral or traditional law, 2, 327, 462.

the opposition of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

Sadolet, bishop of Carpentras, on Paul III’s friendliness to the Jews, 4, 515.

Safa Berurah, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.

Safet, the Jews of, excommunicate the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 633.

Kabbalistic center, 4, 74, 399, 405, 622–3.

importance of, 4, 399, 531.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 399.

influence of Solomon Molcho in, 4, 529–30.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 538.

Azarya deÏ Rossi’s works declared heretical at, 4, 616.

Chayim Vital in, 5, 52.

Luzzatto at, 5, 244.

Safi (Assafi), Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.

Safia, daughter of Hujej Ibn-Achtab, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 83.

Safran, Karaite center, 3, 158.

Sagan. See Segan.

Sahaduta di Mehemnuta, Sabbatian work, 5, 162.

Sahal Rabban (800), physician and mathematician, translates the Almagest, 3, 146.

Said. See Saadiah ben Joseph.

Saida. See Sidon.

Saif-Eddin Ghasi, friendly to the Jews of Mosul, 3, 429.

St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, influences the election of the Polish king, 4, 604.

Saint Etienne, Rabaud, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the Jews, 5, 439.

St. Gall, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.

St. Gilles, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, Greek literature of, 1, 517.

hostile to JudÆa under John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.

Temple of, destroyed, 2, 7–8.

pollute the Temple, 2, 135.

cruelly treated by Pontius Pilate, 2, 171–2.

murder Galilean pilgrims, 2, 243.

of Acrabatene, exterminated, 2, 243.

join the JudÆans against Rome, 2, 268.

influence Hadrian against the Jews, 2, 403.

receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

religion of, mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.

participate in the revolt of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.

testimony of, declared valid, 2, 457.

enmity of, to the Jews, 2, 457–8, 534.

compelled to idolatry by Diocletian, 2, 533.

declared heathens by the Synhedrion, 2, 534.

weakened by their hostility to the Jews, 2, 535.

in Babylonia and Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584.

forbidden to enter military service under Honorius, 2, 617.

evidence of, declared invalid by Justinian I, 3, 13.

obliged to assume the decurionate, 3, 13.

forced into Christianity, 3, 16–17.

massacre the Christians of CÆsarea, 3, 17.

oppressed by Justin II, 3, 17–18.

help the Arabs in Palestine, 3, 87.

in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Samarkand, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.

Samega, John Hyrcanus at, 2, 7.

Samiel. See Samael.

Samogitia, Karaites in, 5, 182.

Samos, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Sampsigeramus, king of Emesa, allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.

Samson, judge, fights with the Philistines, 1, 64, 66.

hero of a poem by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.

subject of Luzzatto’s drama, 5, 234.

the Syrian Hercules, 5, 715.

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist, regards Karaites as idolaters, 3, 408; 4, 72.

emigrates to Jerusalem, 3, 505.

anti-Maimunist, 3, 524, 527.

party of, defeated, 3, 526.

brother-in-law of, 3, 539.

Samson ben MeÏr, collects twenty signatures against the study of science, 4, 38.

Samuel, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 439.

Samuel, disciple of Jochanan bar Napacha, defends a political offender before Zenobia, 2, 529–30.

Samuel, Jewish treasurer of Ferdinand IV of Castile, 4, 51–2.

Samuel, Kabbalist, disciple of Abraham Abulafia, 4, 6.

Samuel, prophet, characterization of, 1, 72–3.

descent of, 1, 73.

at Shiloh, 1, 73.

prophetic inspiration of, 1, 73, 124.

Sardes, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

Sardinia, Roman JudÆans banished to, 2, 136–7.

the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Sardinia, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347.

Sarepta (Zarephath), Elijah dwells in, 1, 203.

Sariel, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.

Sarkel, Chazar fortress, taken by Sviatislav, 3, 222.

Sarmatia, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.

SarrÃo, ThomÉ, Portuguese Marrano leader, 4, 516.

Sarsar, meeting place of Kohen-Zedek and David ben ZaccaÏ, 3, 186.

Sar Shalom, rabbi of the Persian congregations, 3, 434.

Sartaba. See Alexandrion.

Saruk, Israel, introduces the Luryan Kabbala into Italy and Holland, 5, 54.

Sason, Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 5, 641.

Sasportas, the family of, distinguished in Oran, 5, 169.

Sasportas, Jacob, scholar, accompanies Manasseh ben Israel to England, 5, 38.

rabbi of London, 5, 50.

opposes the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 141, 150, 161.

tries to expose SabbataÏ’s roguery, 5, 151.

Sasportas, Jacob, zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 455.

Sassanides, the, dynasty of, established by Ardashir, 2, 523.

Satan, beginning of the belief in, 2, 170.

Satanov, Sabbatians before the council of rabbis at, 5, 276.

Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

Satire, the favorite burden of Jewish Andalusian poetry, 3, 224.

Satirical romance, the, in Hebrew poetry, 3, 559.

Saturnalia, the, Jews have no intercourse with the heathen before, 2, 477.

Saubert, John, translator of Templo’s work, 5, 115.

Saul, choice of, as king, 1, 83.

qualities of, 1, 83.

discontent with, 1, 83.

son of. See Jonathan.

offends Samuel at Gilgal, 1, 86.

condemns Jonathan to death, 1, 88–9.

at Gibeah, 1, 89–90.

defeats the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.

homage paid to, at Gilgal, 1, 90.

creates new offices, 1, 91.

defeats Agag, 1, 91–2.

beginning of the madness of, 1, 93–4.

orders a massacre of the Gibeonites, 1, 94.

royal ostentation of, 1, 94–5.

permits David to fight with Goliath, 1, 97.

invites David to his court, 1, 98.

fears David as a rival, 1, 99.

attempts David’s life, 1, 99.

murders the descendants of Eli, 1, 100.

consults the witch of Endor, 1, 103.

death of the sons of, 1, 560.

as interpreted in the Zohar, 4, 15–16.

as explained by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.

study of, neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.

study of, neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 231, 234.

concordance of, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234–5.

taught to Karaites by Rabbanites, 4, 269.

in Hebrew declared heretical, 4, 444–5.

German translation of, by Luther, 4, 469, 475.

study of, encouraged by Luther and Reuchlin, 4, 474–5.

translated into the European languages, 4, 475, 540.

in Hebrew, demand for copies of, 4, 475–6.

studied by Marranos, 4, 485.

Ferrara Spanish edition of, dedicated to Gracia Mendesia, 4, 576.

translated into Polish, 4, 647.

polyglot edition of, published by Arias Montano, 4, 651.

study of, declines under the influence of the Polish Talmudists, 5, 17.

neglect of, among Jews, 5, 327.

studied by German Jews, 5, 395.

French translation of, projected, 5, 449.

Heine’s admiration for, 5, 553–4.

translation of, by Sachs, 5, 693.

See also Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; and under the various books.

Scriptures, the, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 370–3.

by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.

by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, 3, 206.

by Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi, 3, 392.

by Joseph Kara, 3, 345.

by Moses ben Nachman, 3, 607.

by Rashi, 3, 288.

by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.

by Samuel ben MeÏr, 3, 345.

by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.

by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.

by Yizchaki, 3, 273.

See Law, the, commentary on.

Scriptures, the, exegesis of. See Exegesis of the Bible.

Scriptures, the, translations of. See under Translation.

Scrutinium Scriptuarum, polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.

Scythians, the, invade Media, Assyria, and Philistia, 1, 287.

bribed by Psammetich of Egypt, 1, 287.

ravage JudÆa, 1, 287.

Scythopolis. See Bethshean.

“Searching the Scriptures,” polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.

Sebaste. See Samaria.

Sebastian, of Portugal, defeated in Africa, 4, 381.

Sebastus, harbor of CÆsarea, built by Herod, 2, 526.

Shabur II, king of the neo-Persians, and the Jews, 2, 580.

oppresses the Jews, 2, 591–2.

punishes Raba bar Joseph for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.

and Chama of Nahardea, 2, 594–5.

at war with Julian the Apostate, 2, 601.

concludes peace with Jovianus, 2, 602.

Shach. See Cohen, SabbataÏ.

Shachna. See Shalom Shachna.

Shakers, the, origin of, 5, 378.

Shakespeare, defended from the charge of Jew baiting, 5, 552–3.

Shalal. See Isaac Cohen Shalal.

Shaliach Zion, messengers of the Synhedrion, 2, 535.

Shallum, conspires against the king of Israel, 1, 243.

made king of Israel, 1, 244.

murdered, 1, 244.

Shallum, uncle of Jeremiah, 1, 290.

Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, subdues Tyre and Phoenicia, 1, 263.

propitiated by Hoshea, 1, 263.

conquers Phoenicia a second time, 1, 264.

ends the kingdom of Israel, 1, 264–5.

Shalom of Neustadt, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

Shalom Shachna, Talmudist in Poland, 4, 634, 639; 5, 4.

Shaltiel-Chen, famous Jewish family, 3, 630.

Shamgar, judge, chastises the Philistines, 1, 61.

Shammah, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Shammai, president of the Synhedrion, with Hillel, 2, 100.

character of, 2, 100–1.

maxims of, 2, 101.

spreads the knowledge of the law in JudÆa, 2, 149.

the rules of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 349–50.

Shammai, the disciples of, conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.

morality of, 2, 151.

Shammai, the followers of, refuse to take the oath of allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.

hostile to Herod, 2, 114–15.

constitute the Zealots, 2, 133.

support the revolutionary party, 2, 256.

prohibit the purchase of certain articles from the heathen, 2, 270.

Shammai, the school of, 2, 101.

rigor of, 2, 131–2.

Pharisee principles of, 2, 132.

displeased with Jesus, 2, 162.

disputes with the school of Hillel under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 336.

estimation of, by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.

limits the application of tradition, 2, 462.

Shaphan, scribe, the family of, joins Jeremiah, 1, 292.

receives Deuteronomy for Josiah, 1, 292.

Sharbarza, Persian general, takes Jerusalem, 3, 19.

Sharon (Shefelah), plain, description of, 1, 45.

Shealtiel, son of Jehoiachin, entreats for the return of the JudÆans to Palestine, 1, 342.250.

leader of, 2, 258.

take the fortress of Masada, 2, 258.

join the Zealots in the Temple, 2, 260.

kill the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 260.

cruelty of, 2, 260–1.

escape to Masada, 2, 261.

one of the factions in Jerusalem, 2, 301.

Sichin (Asochis), the JudÆans defeated at, 2, 40.

stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

Sicily, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

subjugated by Belisarius, 3, 31.

a synagogue in, razed, 3, 34.

a refuge for Jewish fugitives, 3, 569.

Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 7–8.

opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 319–20.

Sicily, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

in the twelfth century, 3, 422–3, 424.

wear Jew badges, 3, 518.

excluded from offices under Frederick II, 3, 567.

persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 77.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

Siddur Rab Amram, the liturgy of the European Jews, 3, 178.

Siderius, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.

Sidillo. See Samuel Sidillo.

Sidon (Saida), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.

center of Phoenician culture, 1, 53.

laid waste by the Philistines, 1, 80.

surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

urges revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.

the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean JudÆans, 1, 475.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Sidra, academy, 2, 514.

Sigismund, emperor, advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, 4, 216.

the Jews under, 4, 218, 219.

has the privileges of the Jews confirmed by Martin V, 4, 219.

in the Hussite war, 4, 225.

protection of, ineffectual, 4, 227.

appoints three Judenmeister, 4, 227.

death of, 4, 248.

Sigismund, of Burgundy, raises a barrier between Jews and Christians in Burgundy, 3, 37.

Sigismund I, of Poland, kindly disposed towards Jews, 4, 419.

Sigismund III, of Poland, confirms the privileges of the Jews, 4, 643.

alienates the Cossacks, 5, 2.

Sigismund, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

Sigismund Augustus, of Poland, appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.

death of, 4, 603, 642.

protects the Jews, 4, 633.

Sihon, king of the Emorites, defeated by the Israelites, 1, 27.

Silas, the Babylonian, JudÆan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264.

Silesia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 15.

Israelites in, 1, 20.

Sinai, mount, the Israelites at, 1, 20–1.

SinaÏ, title of Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 581.

Sinaitic revelation, the, characterized, 1, 23.

place of sacrifices in, 1, 24–5.

Sinhajas, the, a Berber race, found a kingdom in the south of Spain, 3, 256.

unfriendly to the Arabs, 3, 261.

Sinjar Shahin-Shah, Seljuk Sultan, expedition of, against the Ghuzz, 3, 434.

assigns a final resting place to the supposed remains of Daniel, 3, 435.

Sinzheim, Joseph David (1745–1812), compelled to flee from Strasburg, 5, 452.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 483–4.

character of, 5, 484.

attainments of, 5, 484.

rabbi of Strasburg, 5, 484.

on the commission to answer the twelve questions to the Notables, 5, 490.

works out the report of the commission, 5, 490.

president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

opens the first session of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

delivers the closing speech of the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

not gifted with the temper of a reformer, 5, 559.

Sinzig, the Jews of, burnt in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.

Sippai of Gath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.

Sirach. See Jesus Sirach.

Sirach, grandson of Jesus Sirach, translates Ecclesiasticus into Greek, 2, 359.

“Siraj,” Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 458.

Sisebut, Visigothic king, fanaticism of, 3, 40, 47.

renews Reccared’s anti-Jewish laws, 3, 48.

orders the Jews to be baptized or banished, 3, 48.

laws of, repealed by Swintila, 3, 49.

Sisenand, Visigothic king, the Jews under, 3, 49–50.

Sisera, Jabin’s general, defeated by Barak, 1, 61.

Akiba said to be a descendant of, 2, 351.

Sixtus IV, pope, has Kabbalistic writings translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.

refuses to canonize Simon of Trent, 4, 299.

authorizes the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.

appoints four inquisitors, 4, 312.

censures the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 318–19.

sanctions the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 319.

troubled by the opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.

appoints a chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.

forbids Marranos to be judges in heresy trials, 4, 321.

infamy of, 4, 321.

modifies the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.

recalls his bull, 4, 322–3.

appoints Torquemada inquisitor-general for Spain, 4, 324.

congratulated on his accession by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 340.

Sixtus V, pope, removes restrictions from the Jews, 4, 655–6.

a Talmudic dictionary dedicated to, 4, 657.

pu roversy to the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.

denounced for inviting Dominican interference, 3, 543–4.

partisans of, punished, 3, 544.

imitated by Abba-Mari, 4, 32.

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), disciple of Nachmani, 3, 609.

character of, 3, 618–19.

as Talmudist, 3, 619–20.

as Kabbalist, 3, 619.

authority of, 3, 620, 621.

assists Maimonides’ grandson, 3, 620.

refutes Raymund Martin, 3, 623.

informed of the condemnation of the Eastern Anti-Maimunists, 3, 634.

warns the Sicilian congregations against Abraham Abulafia, 4, 7.

denounces the Messiah of Avila, 4, 9.

in correspondence with Samuel Sulami, 4, 26.

invited to oppose Levi of Villefranche, 4, 28, 29.

appealed to by the Tibbonide party, 4, 33.

refuses to prohibit the study of science without the co-operation of twenty congregations, 4, 34.

pronounces the ban on science, 4, 38, 39–40.

tries to have the ban accepted beyond his own community, 4, 40.

attacked by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 42–4.

protests admiration for Maimonides, 4, 44–5.

in correspondence with Eleazar ben Joseph, 4, 49.

again interferes in the controversy on the study of science, 4, 50.

death of, 4, 51.

has Maimonides’ works translated into Hebrew, 4, 60.

disciple of, 4, 74, 147.

Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, disciple of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, teaches Hebrew to the Italians, 3, 423.

Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati, French Talmudist, on the Spanish rabbis of the fourteenth century, 4, 144, 162.

Solomon ben Asher, letter to, from Abraham Maimuni, 3, 545.

Solomon ben Jacob, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, virtues of, 3, 384.

Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi, travels and learning of, 4, 602–3.

employed as an agent by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 603.

brings about the election of Henry of Anjou as king of Poland, 4, 605.

concludes peace between Turkey and Venice, 4, 605–6, 608.

honors shown to, in Venice, 4, 605–6.

secures the position of the Venetian Jews, 4, 606–7.

supplants Joseph Nassi, 4, 627.

as a diplomat, 4, 628–9.

sons of, live in Venice, 4, 629.

wife of, saves the sultan’s wife, 4, 630.

supports Stephen Bathori as candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 642.

Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed, poet and satirist, 4, 182, 230.

Solomon ben Yerucham (RuchaÏm, 885–960), defends Karaism against Saadiah, 3, 191.

combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, the Jews in, 5, 727–8.

Spain, the Jews of, forbidden to trade with Christians, 2, 620.

held in high esteem in the sixth century, 3, 43–4.

well treated by the early Visigoths, 3, 45.

defend the passes of the Pyrenees, 3, 45.

orthodoxy of, under the Visigoths, 3, 45.

under the Catholic Visigoths, 3, 46–52.

under Reccared, 3, 46–7.

under Sisebut, 3, 47–9.

emigrate, 3, 48–9, 51–2.

under Swintila, 3, 49.

under Sisenand, 3, 49–50.

refute Isidore of Seville, 3, 50–1.

under Chintila, 3, 51–2.

enthusiastic for science and culture, 3, 214–15.

cultivate their own individuality, 3, 215.

not permitted to hold offices under the Mahometans, 3, 216–17.

the first persecution of, 3, 279, 281.

as diplomats at Mahometan and Christian courts, 3, 281–2, 291.

devote themselves to the study of the Talmud, 3, 282.

culture of, in the first half of the twelfth century, 3, 313, 317–18.

politics of, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

culture of, at its zenith, 3, 343.

active in the struggle between the Christians and the Almohades, 3, 363.

history of, in Abraham Ibn-Daud’s work, 3, 366.

struggle against Jew badges, 3, 513.

Maimunists, 3, 526–7, 536.

philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.

higher culture of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 615.

superior to the Jews of other countries, 3, 618.

Castilians the leaders of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 75.

neglect Jewish science, 4, 86, 91.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101–2.

humiliated by the civil war between Pedro and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 126.

at the beginning of Henry II’s reign, 4, 136.

intellectual decadence of, 4, 143–4.

selfishness of, 4, 153–5.

informers against, 4, 155–6.

effect of persecution on, 4, 166–7, 172–3.

persecution of, in 1391, 4, 167–73.

existence of, endangered by the forced converts, 4, 179, 180.

recognize Solomon Levi as their enemy, 4, 185–6.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197–8.

crusade against, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202–3.

conversion of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.

take refuge in Portugal, 4, 218.

send delegates to Martin V, 4, 219.95.

supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 95.

“The Theologico-Political Treatise” by, 5, 95–107, 108.

finds the source of law in might, 5, 96–7.

hostile to Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 101–3.

on God, 5, 98–9.

on man, 5, 99–100.

on knowledge, 5, 100–1.

on Christianity, 5, 102–3.

on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.

peaceableness of, 5, 107, 109.

refuses a pension, 5, 107.

refuses a professorship, 5, 108.

publishes his “Treatise” anonymously, 5, 108.

attack by, upon Judaism leaves the Amsterdam Marranos unaffected, 5, 117.

compared with SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 118.

on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 142.

letter to, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.

publishes his Ethics, 5, 167.

death of, 5, 167.

refuted by Isaac Orobio de Castro, 5, 167.

influences Richard Simon, 5, 178.

system of, repugnant to Mendelssohn, 5, 299.

Spinozism, Lessing charged with, 5, 372.

Spira, Nathan, Palestinian emissary at Reggio, 5, 126.

“Spirit of the Laws,” by Montesquieu, 5, 336.

Sprinz, David, rabbi of Nuremberg, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

Stambuli, Aaron, of Damascus, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.

Stamford, the Jews of, persecution of, 3, 412.

Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, of Poland, forbids the meeting of the synod of the Four Countries, 5, 387.

Starodub, the Jews of, massacred by Haidamaks, 5, 10.

States General, the Dutch, forbids the sale of Spinoza’s “Treatise,” 5, 108.

StÄttigkeit. See JudenstÄttigkeit.

Steel, Lord Chief Baron, on the commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.

Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig (1790–1866), physician, emphasizes the mission of the Jew, 5, 602–3.

first work by, 5, 603–4.

deplores the estrangement of the Jews, 5, 603–4.

second work by, 5, 604–6.

contrasts heathenism and Judaism, 5, 604–5.

keeps aloof from the Jewish community, 5, 606.

externally faithful to Judaism, 5, 607.

expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.

Stephanus, governor of PalÆstina Prima, oppresses the Jews, 3, 16.

killed by the Samaritans, 3, 17.

widow of, reports his death at Constantinople, 3, 17.

Stephen, of England, protects the Jews from the crusaders, 3, 356.

Stephen, Greek JudÆan, stoned for blasphemy, 2, 221.

Stern, lecturer in Berlin, founds the Reform Association, 5, 683.

Stoic system, the, and MeÏr, 2, 438.

Strabo, geographer, friendly to the >

confiscation of prayer books on, 4, 430.

Tabi, favorite slave of Gamaliel II, 2, 336.

“Tables of Testimony, The,” defense by EibeschÜtz, 5, 270.

Tables of the Seven Planets, by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 367.

Tables of the Testimony, the, 1, 22.

Tabor, mountain, description of, 1, 44.

considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.

Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, defeated at, 2, 73.

fortress of, in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.

fortress of, taken by the Romans, 2, 290.

fire signals on, 2, 363.

Tabyome. See Mar bar Ashi.

Tab-Yomi. See Lipmann of MÜhlhausen.

Tachkemoni, satirical romance by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.

romance by Jehuda Alcharisi, 3, 559.

Tachos, king of Egypt, at war with Artaxerxes II, 1, 408.

Tachpanches. See Taphnai.

Tacitus, historian, on the conversions to Judaism, 2, 384.

Tadmor. See Palmyra.

Tafilet, the Jews of, fortunes of, 5, 168.

Taima, castle of Shoraich, 3, 70.

submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Taku. See Moses ben ChasdaÏ Taku.

Talleyrand, speaks to the National Assembly in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.

reactionary leader, 5, 512.

Talmai, of Geshur, protects Absalom, 1, 134.

Talmas, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Talmide Chachamim, disciples of the wise, 1, 396.

Talmud, the, application of the oral Law to new questions, 2, 328, 329.

the creation of Pumbeditha and Machuza, 2, 591.

the sole object of attention of the disciples of the Amoraim, 3, 5.

stagnation in the development of, 3, 5–6.

made available for practical use by the Sabureans, 3, 6.

committed to writing, 3, 6–7.

teachings of Mahomet borrowed from, 3, 72.

the result of the opposition of Pauline Christianity, 3, 127.

supplants the Bible, 3, 128.

opposition to, without result, 3, 128.

opposed by Anan ben David, 3, 130.

rendered popular and intelligible by the Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.

exposition of, the work of the Geonim, 3, 178–9.

the exclusive subject of the literary activity of the Geonim, 3, 180.

criticised in Saadiah’s time, 3, 198.

copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 3, 203, 228.

studied carefully by Sherira, 3, 232.

studied by the Jews of Spain in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.

scientific study of, founded by Jehuda ben MeÏr, 3, 242.

civil law of, treated by HaÏ Gaon, 3, 251.

methodology of, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

wo 57-h/43057-h.htm#Page_635" class="pgexternal">635.

the constitution of the Babylonian Jewish community, 3, 118.

authority of, extended by the Islamic conquests, 3, 118–19.

irksome to the Arabian Jews, 3, 119–20.

printed by Daniel Bomberg, 4, 468.

See also Talmud, the.

Talmud, the Jerusalem (or Palestinian), compiled, 2, 609.

compilers of, unknown, 2, 612.

compared with the Babylonian, 2, 634.

studied at Kairuan in the eleventh century, 3, 249.

commentary on, by David FrÄnkel, 5, 294.

Talmud, shel Erez-Israel. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.

Talmud, the, of the Holy Land. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.

Talmud Torah, graded Jewish school in Amsterdam, 4, 681–2.

Talmud Torah, synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689–90.

Talmud Torah, the greatest virtue, according to the Mishna, 2, 473–4.

Talmud Torah schools, contrasted with the rabbinical colleges, 5, 700.

Talmudical Judaism, founded by Hillel, 2, 327.

rejected by Arabian Jews, 3, 120.

opposition to, led by Serene, 3, 120–2.

opposition to, led by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.

opposed by the adherents of Anan ben David, 3, 129.

Anan ben David’s opposition to, inconsistent, 3, 135.

superiority of, over Karaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 334.

as regarded by Maimonides, 3, 469–70.

undermined by Maimonides’ arguments, 3, 529.

becomes Rabbinism in Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 89.

efforts to reconcile the Karaites to, 4, 270.

See also Rabbinical Judaism.

Talmudical lexicon. See Lexicon, Talmudical.

Talmudists, the, dialecticians, 2, 591.

ranged against the Maimunists and the Kabbalists, 3, 558.

of the sixteenth century characterized by Solomon Lurya, 4, 635–6.

disputations of, in Poland, 4, 640–1.

Polish, dominant influence of, 5, 17.

mocked at by the Chassidim, 5, 379.

Talmudists, list of:

Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,

Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri) (Tossafist),

Chananel ben Chushiel,

Chanoch ben Moses,

ChasdaÏ Crescas,

Chushiel,

407.

imposed on the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.

imposed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.

exacted from the Jews by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.

upon the German Jews discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.

imposed on Jews enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

levied on Jewish immigrants by Frederick II in Sicily, 3, 569.

imposed on the Jews by the Council of BÉziers, 3, 582.

levied by Henry III upon the Jews of England, 3, 589.

on the Jews of Castile regulated by Sancho, 3, 617.

on the Jews of England decreed by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.

imposed on the Jews by Emperor Louis IV, 4, 96–7.

levied on the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.

levied on the French Jews under John the Good, 4, 130–1.

exacted from the Jews by Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.

imposed on Marranos in Algiers, 4, 199.

imposed on the Spanish Jews for the war with Granada, 4, 344.

imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.

paid by the Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 673.

levied on the Jews of Vienna, 5, 170.

paid by the Jews of Brandenburg, 5, 173.

paid by the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.

See Poll-tax, the; Taxes; Tithes.

Tax, the Patriarch’s, levied from the time of Judah II, 2, 486–7, 536.

forbidden by Honorius to be collected, 2, 617.

collected by the imperial officials under Honorius, 2, 622.

Tax-gatherers. See Taxes, the farmers of.

Taxes, paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

imposed upon the Jews under Constantius, 2, 569, 572.

laid upon the Jews by Louis the Pious, 3, 161.

imposed upon the German Jews burdensome, 3, 517.

the payment of, discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.

paid by the Jews of Poland, 4, 632.

imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 652, 702.

imposed on the Frankfort Jews, 4, 700.

paid by the Jews of Metz and Alsace, 5, 348.

discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 446.

removed from the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.

imposed on the Jews of Austria, 5, 508.

See Poll-tax, the; Tax, the; Tithes.

Taxes, the farmers of (tax-gatherers, receivers-general), Jews act as, 1, 425; 2, 253; 4, 80–1, 132, 138, 150, 156, 275, 75.

Tertullian, Church Father, prohibits intercourse between heathens and Christians, 2, 476–7.

Teruel, opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.

“Teshuboth,” by Dunash ben Labrat against Saadiah, 3, 226.

Tetragrammaton, the, pronounced by SabbataÏ Zevi, 5, 122.

Tetrarch, title of the governors of JudÆa, 2, 81.

See also Herod I; Herod Antipas; Phasael; Philip.

Teutomania, retards the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 516.

Texeira, a family of Marranos in Holland, 4, 690.

Texeira, Diego, de Mattos, banker in Hamburg, 4, 690–1; 5, 140.

Texeira, Manoel (Isaac SeÑor, 1630–1695), diplomat in Hamburg, Sabbatian, 5, 140.

intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

Texeiras, the, millionaires in Hamburg, 5, 205.

Texel, Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Thabit, a friend of the Benu-Karaiza, 3, 81.

Thafar. See Zafara.

Thapsacus (Tiphsah), frontier town of Israel under David, 1, 129.

Theatre, the, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 542.

Thebes, Zealots flee to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 318.

Thebes, the Jews of, occupations of, 3, 425.

fine Talmudists, 4, 406.

Themudo, George, inquires into the life of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489.

Theobald, count of Chartres, imprisons the Jews of Blois on the blood accusation, 3, 379.

offers to release them for a sum of money, 3, 379.

has them burnt at the stake, 3, 380.

Theodatus, Ostrogoth, supported by the Jews, 3, 31–2.

Theodebert, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Theodora, wife of Justinian I, and her Samaritan favorite, 3, 17.

Theodoric, of Burgundy, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Jews in the army of, 3, 36.

Theodoric, founder of the Ostrogothic empire, 3, 27.

hostile to the Jews, 3, 29–30.

protects Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.

successors of, 3, 31.

Theodosia. See Kaffa.

Theodosia, the straits of, the Jews of the Byzantine empire settle on, 3, 123.

Theodosius I (the Great, 379–395), emperor, protects the Jews and the Patriarchs from the bishops, 2, 612–13.

orders the rebuilding of a synagogue at Callinicus, 2, 614.

enacts laws for and against the Jews, 2, 615.

division of the Roman empire under, 2, 615.

the laws of, govern the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.

Theodosius II, emperor of the East, forbids the building of synagogues, 2, 617.

bestows distinctions on Gamaliel V, 2, 617–18.

orders the Spanish Jews to cease mockery of Christianity, 2, 620.

rebuked by Simon Stylites, 2, 621–2.

anti-Jewish laws of, enforced by Justin I, 3, 10.

expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 46.

(633), decrees of, against back-sliding converts, 3, 49–50, 51.

(the eighth) confirms the anti-Jewish laws of the fourth Council, 3, 102.

cited by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511.

Toledo, the Jews of, give a written assurance of their acceptance of Christianity, 3, 103–4.

well treated by Alfonso VI, 3, 295.

prosperity and culture of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

assist Alfonso VIII against the Almohades, 3, 386–7.

attacked by foreign crusaders, 3, 507.

try to prevent the enforcement of Jew badges, 3, 513.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 537–8, 540–1.

under Sancho, 3, 617.

supposed to be opposed to the study of science, 4, 38.

ravages of the Black Death among, 4, 113.

suffer during the civil war between Pedro and Henry II, 4, 118–19, 124, 126, 136–7.

efforts to reorganize, 4, 140.

decadence of, 4, 140, 142.

persecuted in 1391, 4, 169–70.

Toletum. See Toledo.

Tomaso, Father, in Damascus, disappearance of, 5, 634–5.

Jews suspected to be the murderers of, 5, 635.

reward for the murderer of, 5, 652.

inscription on the tomb of, 5, 668.

Tongern, Arnold of, Dominican professor of theology, 4, 424.

tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.

satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

Torah, the. See Law, the; Pentateuch, the.

Toro, fortress of, Pedro decoyed into, 4, 118.

the cortes of, petition that restrictions be laid on the Jews, 4, 138–9.

the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.

Toron de los Caballeros, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Torquemada, Thomas de, confessor of Isabella of Castile, 4, 310.

refutes the work of a Marrano, 4, 312.

appointed inquisitor, 4, 319.

appointed inquisitor-general of Spain, 4, 324.

appoints Inquisition tribunals in different parts of Spain, 4, 324.

appoints inquisitors for Aragon, 4, 326.

publishes the “Constitutions” for inquisitors, 4, 326–7.

has two Marrano bishops burned, 4, 333.

bids the rabbis of Toledo inform against Judaizing Marranos, 4, 335–6.

condemns Jews to the stake on the blood accusation, 4, 343.

urges the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346, 348.

forbids intercourse between Christians and the exiled Jews, 4, 350.

tries to convert the Jews, 4, 350.

complains of the Marranos, 4, 355.

victims delivered to the Inquisition by, 4, 141.

expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.

attacked by ChasdaÏ Crescas, 4, 187.

found in the Kabbala by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 292.

inculcated by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216–17, 220.

in the Frankist confession of faith, 5, 280, 281, 285, 287.

belief in, threatened, 5, 682.

Tripoli, Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.

Triumvirate, the first, divides the Roman possessions, 2, 73–4.

Triumvirate, the second, formation of, 2, 81.

purpose of, 2, 143.

Trok (Troki), Karaite center, 4, 265; 5, 182.

Troyes, the birthplace of Rashi, 3, 286.

Rashi the rabbi of, 3, 287.

rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377, 378.

college of, sold, 4, 48.

the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.

“True Shepherd, The,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.

Tryphon. See Diodotus Tryphon.

Tryphon, JudÆan envoy to Claudius, 2, 197–8.

Tsiruf, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5.

Tuch, exegete, 5, 695.

Tucker, Josiah, favors the naturalization of the Jews in England, 5, 338.

Tudela, protects Marranos concerned in the murder of Arbues, 4, 357.

Tudela, the Jews of, enjoy equality with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 388.

attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.

baptized, 4, 358.

TugaÏ Bey, Tartar chieftain, defeats the Polish troops, 5, 11.

Tugendbund, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.

Tulczyn, the Jews of, betrayed by the Poles to the Cossacks, 5, 9–10.

Tunis, Louis IX dies at, 3, 612.

forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 391–2.

Turbo, Martius, Trajan’s general, in Egypt, 2, 397–8.

cruelty of, 2, 398.

Ture Zahab. See Levi, David.

Turim (Tur), religious code compiled by Jacob ben Asheri, 4, 88.

based on Maimonides’ code, 4, 88.

treats of religious practice, 4, 88.

compared with Maimonides’ code, 4, 89.

Kabbalistic elements in, 4, 89.

reception of, 4, 89–90.

Turkey, the beginnings of, 4, 267.

hospitable to Jews, 4, 268.

the Karaites in, 4, 269–71.

tolerance of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

Spanish exiles go to, 4, 358.

treatment of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 339.

school founded by, 5, 405.

Velasquez de Tordesillas, bishop of Segovia, accuses the Jews of host desecration, 4, 195–6.

Venaissin, Jews in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.

the Jews of, expelled by Pius V, 4, 592.

Venice, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

the Abrabanel family at, 4, 385–6.

Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.

exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.

the Marranos of, unmolested, 4, 500.

Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 504–5.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 526.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

the rulers of, prosecute Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.

ordered by Turkey to liberate Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.

ambassador of, denounces Joseph Nassi, 4, 595.

hostility of, to Joseph Nassi, 4, 600.

war of, with Turkey, 4, 600.

imprisons the Levantine merchants, 4, 600.

peace of, with Turkey, 4, 605–6.

Elias Montalto in, 4, 673.

the war of, with Turkey enriches Smyrna, 5, 119.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 138, 150.

Nathan Ghazati in, 5, 161.

Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216–17.

honor shown to CrÉmieux at, 5, 668.

Venice, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 600–1.

depart, 4, 606.

position of, secured by Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 606–7.

number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 650.

in the time of Leo Modena, 5, 68.

order Luzzatto to justify himself, 5, 238.

Venice, the rabbis of, exact a promise from Luzzatto not to teach the Kabbala, 5, 239.

offended by Luzzatto, 5, 239–40.

excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 240, 242.

excommunicate the writer of Sabbatian amulets, 5, 263, 264.

Venus, temple to, on Golgotha, 2, 422.

Vera y Alarcon, Lope de, martyr, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.

Verdun, fortress of, refuge of the Jews, 4, 56.

Verona, Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

Vesoul family, the, privileges of, 4, 150.

extinction of, 4, 152.

Vespasian, general of the Roman army in JudÆa, 2, 284.

met at Ptolemais by JudÆan partisans of Rome, 2, 285.

army of, 2, 285.

defeats Josephus, 2, 285.

defeated at Jotapata, 2, 285–6.

takes Gabara, 2, 286.

takes Jotapata, 2, 287.

kindly disposed to Josephus, 2, 288.

take Frank, 5, 273.

Wallenstein, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.

Walter Cornutus, archbishop of Sens, and the burning of the Talmud, 3, 578.

Walther von der Vogelweide, the style of, adopted by SÜsskind von Trimberg, 3, 420.

Wamba, Visigothic king, revolt against, 3, 104–5.

expels the Jews from Narbonne, 3, 105.

Jews enjoy religious freedom under, 3, 105, 106.

forced by Erwig to become a monk, 3, 106.

“War for God,” defense of Maimonides by his son, 3, 545.

“War of the Fosse,” between Mahomet and an alliance of tribes, 3, 80.

Waragi, the, wage war with the Chazars in the tenth century, 3, 221.

Waraka Ibn-Naufal, convert to Judaism, influences Mahomet, 3, 71.

Wars of God, the, book of, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.

Warsaw, Frank’s baptism at, 5, 288.

the duchy of, created by Napoleon, 5, 500.

Wartburg, the, Luther on, 4, 469, 475.

Wasit, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Water-gate, the, Ezra reads the Law near, 1, 378.

Water libation, the, mocked at by Alexander JannÆus, 2, 43.

re-introduced under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.

as celebrated on the Feast of Tabernacles, 2, 51.

Water-Town, the. See Rabbath-Ammon.

Way, Lewis, addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 525–7.

Wecelinus, chaplain, proselyte, lampoons Christianity, 3, 245.

Weil, Jacob, teacher of Israel Bruna, defends him, 4, 302.

death of, 4, 303.

Weil, Moses, rabbi of the German Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 681.

Weissenburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.

indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.

Weissenfels, rabbinical synod at, 4, 163.

Well poisoning. See Black Death, the.

Wenceslaus, emperor, punishes the priests, 4, 164.

appealed to, by the Bohemian Jews, 4, 165–6.

exacts a poll-tax from the Jews, 4, 166.

friend of the rabbi of Prague, 4, 166.

deposed, 4, 178.

Wenzel, Francis, apostate, tries to arouse prejudice against the Jews, 5, 191.

Werner, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 3, 636.

“Werner, the good,” supposed to have been murdered for ritual purposes, 3, 637.

Werry, English consul at Damascus, abets Ratti Menton, 5, 639.

Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.

Wessely, Moses, aids Lessing, 5, 326.

Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig, (1725–1805), poet, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

inspired by Mendelssohn, 5, 366.

youth and education of, 5, 366–7.

interested in the Bible, 5, 367.

piety of, 5, 367.

poetic gifts of, 5, 577.

disciples of, 3, 586.

obtains supplies from Palestine, 3, 586.

emigrates to Palestine, 3, 587.

buried at Chaifa, 3, 608.

Yechiel of Pisa, financier and patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 286.

friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 286.

ransoms Jewish prisoners, 4, 287.

on Jewish physicians in Italy, 4, 287.

accused of protecting the Jews by means of bribery, 4, 297.

instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.

sons of, help the Spanish exiles, 4, 360.

Yechiel ben Abraham, manages the finances of Pope Alexander III, 3, 421.

Yedaya En-Bonet Bedaresi (Penini, 1280–1340), poet, bombastic style of, 4, 26, 42–3.

works of, 4, 43.

defends the study of science, 4, 43–4.

on the expulsion of the French Jews, 4, 49.

Yekum Purkan, blessing for the Exilarchs and Geonim, 3, 95.

Yekutiel (Kussiel) of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237, 245.

spreads Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.

Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, protector of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 266.

Yemen, a part of southern Arabia, 3, 54.

king of, converted to Judaism, 3, 62–3.

under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.

Yemen, the Jews of, numerous, 3, 56.

prevent the spread of Christianity, 3, 56.

in the twelfth century, 3, 436.

benevolence of, 3, 436.

forced into Islam, 3, 461–2.

consoled by Maimonides, 3, 462–4.

devoted to Maimonides, 3, 464.

rescued from persecution by Maimonides, 3, 474.

See also Himyarite kingdom, the.

Yezid I, Ommiyyade Caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.

patron of learning, 3, 110.

cross-questions the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.

YishaÏ ben Chiskiya, of Damascus, Exilarch, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 627.

excommunicates Solomon Petit, 3, 632–3.

reports the condemnation of the Anti-Maimunists of Accho, 3, 633.

Yizchaki. See Abraham; Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus; Solomon.

Yoktan, ancestor of the Himyarites, 3, 60.

Yom bar Gerizim, anniversary of the destruction of the Samaritan Temple, 2, 8.

Yom Tob, of Joigny, counsels the Jews of York to slay one another, 3, 414–15.

Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob (926–928), Gaon of Sora, 3, 192.

Yom Trajanus, a half-holiday, 2, 401.

York, the governor of, deposed, 3, 416.

York, the Jews of, persecuted under Richard I, 3, 413–15.

take refuge in the citadel, 3, 413.

refu s the Bald, 3, 170.

ZeÏra I, Amora, a Babylonian, 2, 531.

emigrates to JudÆa, 2, 557.

method of, 2, 557–8, 590.

modesty of, 2, 558.

death of, 2, 558.

ZeÏra II, Amora, proposed as principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 583.

and the Machuzan marriages, 2, 586–7.

ZeÏra bar Chanina, political offender against Zenobia, 2, 529–30.

Zekenim, elders among the Israelites, 1, 7.

Zelah, family tomb of Saul, 1, 124.

Zemach. See Mar-Zemach.

Zemach ben KafnaÏ, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 200.

Zemach ben Shahin, candidate for the Sora Gaonate, 3, 192–3.

Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, Kabbalist, 5, 125–6.

Zemach David, history by David Gans, 4, 638–9.

Zend-Avesta, Persian code, compiled by Ardashir, 2, 524.

Zendiks, the, adherents of the Magian religion reformed by Mazdak, 3, 2.

recruited from the lower classes, 3, 2.

Zenki, makes Mosul a capital of the Eastern Caliphate, 3, 429.

kindly disposed to Jews, 3, 429.

Zeno, Emperor of the East, hostile to the Jews, 3, 10–11.

Zeno Cotylas, governor of Philadelphia, protects Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 3.

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, the court of, 2, 529.

feeling of the Jews against, 2, 529–30.

end of, 2, 530.

Zephaniah, captain of the Temple, beheaded, 1, 314.

Zephaniah, prophet, prophecy of, 1, 286–7.

Zerah, Egyptian general, defeated by Asa, 1, 190.

Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoiachin, intercedes with Cyrus for the return of the JudÆans, 1, 351.

leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, 1, 351–2.

governor of JudÆa, 1, 352.

erects an altar on the site of the Temple, 1, 356.

refuses the help of the CuthÆans, 1, 357–8.

urges the completion of the Temple, 1, 359.

returns to Babylon, 1, 360.

great-grandson of, accompanies Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.

the Exilarchs descended from, 2, 509.

Zevi. See Elijah; Joseph; Mordecai; SabbataÏ; Sarah Zevi; Jacob Querido.

Zevi Ashkenazi, Chacham, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 221.

as a Talmudist, 5, 221.

rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 221.

and Solomon Ayllon, 5, 221.

denounces Chayon, 5, 221–2.

refuses to co-operate with Ayllon, 5, 222.

excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.

abused by the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, 5, 224.

deserted by the German community, 5,

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