Heinrich Graetz

Aaron of York, chief rabbi of England, 588.

Aaron ben Joseph the Elder, Karaite, 607.

Aaron ben Meshullam, adherent of Maimonides, 524.

Aaron Halevi, 621.

Abassid caliphs, civil war of, 145 f.
persecute the Jews, 145.

Abdallah Ibn-SabÂ, Jewish partisan of Ali, 90.

Abdallah Ibn-SalÂm, relation of, to Mahomet, 73.

Abdallah Ibn-Ubey, ally of the Jews in Arabia, 77.

Abdel-latif, opinion of, on Maimonides, 488.

Abdul Malik, 110.

Abdulmumen, bigotry of, 451.
persecutes the Jews in Africa, 358.

Abdul-Rahman III, inaugurates the classical period of Moslem culture in Spain, 214.
and ChasdaÏ, 216 ff.

AbelÉ Zion. See Mourners of Zion.

Abodah (liturgy of the Day of Atonement), of JosÉ bar JosÉ, 114 f.
of Simon ben Caipha, 115.
connected with the Apostle Peter, 115.

Abrabanels, descent of, 43.

Abraham of Aragon, oculist, 583.

Abraham ben ChasdaÏ of Barcelona, champion of Maimonides, 544.
poet, 560.

Abraham ben David of PosquiÈres (Rabed II), 399.
death of, 490.
opposition of, to Maimonides, 490.

Abraham, son of Maimonides, 493, 495.
attitude of, in the Maimunist controversy, 525 f.
"War for God" (Milchamoth), 545.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra. See Ibn-Ezra.

Abu-Amran Moses, founder of a Karaite sect, 157 f.

Abu-Ayub, poet and court physician, 312.

Abu-Bekr, repelled by the Jews, 82.

Abu-Fadhl ChasdaÏ, Jewish vizir and poet in Saragossa, 280.

Abu-Isa, opposition of, to the Talmud, 128.

Abu-Jafar Almansur, 129 f.

Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan physician, 181.

Abu-Kariba, Arabian king converted to Judaism, 62 f.

Abulafia, MeÏr, opponent of Maimonides, 524 f., 537 f.

Abulmeni. See Abraham, son of Maimonides.

Abu-Mansur, head of the Jewish community in Egypt, 340 f.

Abu-Sahal Ali, Jewish scholar, 146.

Abu-Yussuf Almansur, imposes the Jew-badge, 511.

Abuzurj-Mihir, counselor of Hormisdas IV, 7.

Accho, Jewish community of, blotted out, 650.
nest of the Kabbalists, 626.

AchunaÏ. See Chananya.

Acrostichs, 115.

Aden, warlike Jews of, 436.

Adher-Baijan, low condition of the Jews of, 430.

Adonim. See Dunash ben Labrat.

Africa, northern, Jews of:
great men of, 248.
oppressed and persecuted, 357 ff., 451 f.

Agada, interpretation of, 495, 523, 527, 533, 535, 549, 552, 599, 619, 622.
used by Christians against the Jews, 598, 622.

Agadic discourses in the service, 116.

Agadic method of interpretation of the Bible, 152, 408, 529, 561, 608 f.

Agobard, bishop of Lyons, contest of, with the Jews, 164–8.

Ahunai, 4.

Akbara, Jewish congregation of, 429.

Akbarites, Karaite sect, 157 f.

Albalia, Isaac ben Baruch, 282 ff.
descent of, 282.
head of the Jews in Seville, 283 f.

Albergeloni, Isaac ben Reuben, Talmudist and poet, 284.

Albigenses, 390, 394.
crusade against, 501 f.
relation of, to the Jews, 501.

Aleppo, captured by the Mongols, 606.

Alexander III, pope, friendly to the Jews, 421.

Alexandria, Jewish congregation of, 444.

Alfadhel, vizir of Saladin, relation of, to Maimonides, 472 ff.

Alfassi, Isaac ben Jacob, 285 f., 315 ff.
character of, 315.
death of, 309.
disciples, 314.
education of, 285.
"Halachoth," 286.

Alfonso II of Aragon, 387.

Alfonso II (the Noble) of Castile, censured by Innocent III for protecting the Jews, 499.
persecutes the Jews, 507.

Alfonso III of Portugal, favors the Jews, 618.

Alfonso VI, conquers Toledo, 294 f.
diplomacy of, 291.
employs Jews on diplomatic missions, 291.
tolerance of, 292.

Alfonso VIII, admits Jews to high positions, 384.

Alfonso X (the Wise), admits Jews to official positions, 592 f.
code of, 595.
imposes degrading restrictions upon the Jews, 594–6.
imprisons the Jews of Castile, 616.
rebellion of his son against, 616.

Alfonso Raimundez, emperor of Castile, favorable to the Jews, 361.

Alghazali, mystic philosopher, 357.

Alhakem, caliph of Spain, death of, 239.
library of, 237.

Ali, cousin of Mahomet, 82.
supported by the Jews, 90.

Ali Halevi, principal of the Talmudic school of Bagdad, 429.

Alice of Montmorency, persecutes the Jews of Toulouse, 514.

Alides, contest of, with Ommiyyades, 92.

Alkuti, Jewish philosopher, 267.

Allegorical interpretation, adopted by Mahometans, 147.

Almalek Alashraf, captures Accho, 650.

Almamun, caliph, 147.
appealed to in internal disputes by Jews and Christians, 155.
flourishing condition of his caliphate, 146.

Almansur, regent of Andalusia, 239 ff.

Almohades, 358.
conquer Andalusia, 360.
fanaticism of, 359.
ravage Castile, 361.

Almoravides, exterminated, 357.
invade Spain, 296, 311 ff.

Almovachides. See Almohades.

Al-Mutadhil, caliph, favorable to the Jews, 183.

Al-Mutavakkil, renews Omar's laws, 176 f.

Amadia, scene of a false Messiah, 431.

Amolo, bishop of Lyons, hostility of, to the Jews, 170 f.

Amshel Oppenheimer, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, 634.

Amulets, 153.

Anan ben David, founder of Karaism, 128–35. See also Karaism.
contest of, for the exilarchate, 129 f.
death of, 135.
emigrates to Palestine, 130.
excommunicated, 134.
hostility of, to the Talmud, 129 f.
imprisoned, 129.
interpretation, his, of the Bible, 131, 133.
memorial prayers for, 135.
mental capacity of, 135.
recognizes Mahomet as prophet, 134.
view of, on Jesus, 133.
want of poetical and historical sense in, 133.
works of, 131.

Ananites. See Karaites.

Anatoli, Jacob, Maimunist, 629.
in favor with Frederick II, 566.

Andalusia, culture of, 234 ff.
fall of the princes of, 296.
flourishing condition of the Jews of, 234 ff.
persecution of the Jews of, by the Almohades, 361.

Andreas, king of Hungary, excommunicated for his indulgence to non-Christians, 521.

Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphists, among Jews, 152, 528, 552.
among Mahometans, 148 f.

Antioch, Jews of, murdered, 10 f.
uprise of the Jews against the Christians, 18.

Apostates, 122, 441 f., 572.

Aquitania, sufferings of the Jews of, from the crusaders, 570.

Arab conquest of Persia, 10.

Arabia, Jews of, 53–85.
attitude of, to the Talmud, 58, 119 f.
become thoroughly Arabic, 56 f.
condition of, 53, 56.
congregations of, 436.
conquered by the Arabians, 67 f.
customs of, 57.
difference between those of the north and those of the south, 56 f.
divisions among, 57, 77, 80.
empire of, 51.
intercourse of, with Palestine, 59.
inspire Mahomet, 71.
king of, 12.
language of, 111.
leaders of Arabian tribes, 53.
recover their importance, 71.
relations to the Arabians, 57, 67 f.
teachers of the Arabic nation, 54, 58 f.
traditions as to their original settlements, 54.
tribes of, 55.

Arabian king converted to Judaism, 62 f.

Arabic calligraphy, 255.

Arabic language, 111.
adopted by the Jews of Spain, 110 f.

Arabic tribe converted to Christianity, 56.

Arabs, acquire the art of writing from the Jews, 58.
converted to Judaism, 56, 61 f.
descent of, 60.
teachers of the Jews, 224.

Aragon, Jews of, 497 f.
compelled to support a Christian missionary, 602.
exempted from wearing the badge, 515.
favorable condition of, 387.
miserable condition of, 596–605.

Areobindus, minister of Justinian, 15.

Argun, Grand Khan of the Mongols, 646 f.
death of, 649.
favorable to the Jews, 638.

Arianists, toleration of, 26, 44 f.

Aristotle, influence of, 448.
works of, translated, 566 f.

Arnold, bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, 352.

Arnold of Brescia, 370.

Arnold of Citeaux, fanatical monk, 502, 507.

"Aruch," 290, 421.

Ashkaba (prayer for the dead), 101.

Asia, degeneration of the Jews of, 440 ff.
under the Abbassides, 437.

Asia Minor, Jewish communities of, 123 f.

Asma, Arabian poetess, 76.

Assassins, 648.

Atel. See Itil.

Atonement Day, liturgy of, 113 ff.

Atzbaha. See Elesbaa.

Aus, Arabic tribe partly converted to Judaism, 61.

Austrasia, Jews of, 40.

Austria, favorable condition of the Jews of, 516 f., 567 f.

AverroËs, 566.

Avignon, council of, prohibits the Jews from working on Sunday, 504.

Avitus, bishop of Arverna, inaugurates a persecution of the Jews in the Frankish empire, 38 f.

Azriel, Kabbalist, 548.

Baalbek, captured by the Mongols, 606.

Babylonia, supplanted by Spain as center of Judaism, 210, 228.

Babylonia, Jews of:
independent tribe of, 433 f.
organization and officials of, 96–100.
prosperous condition of, 428.
side with Ali, 90.
support the Arab conquerors, 89.

Bacharach (Germany), massacre of the Jews of, 636.

Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, physician to King Jayme of Portugal and Maimunist, 536 f.

Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, moral philosopher, 271–3.Baden (Germany), Jews of, blood-accusation against, and massacre of, 564.

Badis, king of the Berbers, bloody design of, 276 f.

Bagdad, Jews of, 156, 428.
center of science, 146.
congregation of, on the side of Maimonides, 633.
Talmudic school of, 429, 438 f.

Bahram Tshubin, Persian general, 8 f.
dethrones Hormisdas IV, 8.

Balanyiar, capital of the Chazars, 139.

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, fanaticism of, against the Jews, 410.

Barcelona, center of northern Spain, 387.
prominent Jews of, 387 f.

Basilius, emperor, arranges disputations between Jews and Christians, 175 f.

Beaucaire (Belcaire), Jewish congregation of, 400.

Bedaresi, Abraham, 579.

Bedr, battle of, 76.

Bela IV of Hungary, favorable to the Jews, 613.

Belisarius, 4.
conquers the Vandals, 26.
subjects Italy, 31 f.

Ben-Asher, Massoret, 207.
poet, 223.

Benedict of York, maltreated, 411, 413.

Bene Mikra. See Karaism.

Benjamin of Canterbury, 409.

Benjamin of Tiberias, leader of a Jewish uprise in Palestine, 19, 22.

Benjamin of Tudela, traveler and historian, 388 f.

Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite and founder of the Makariyites, 149 f.

Ben-Naphtali, 207.

Benu-Bachdal, 55.

Benu-Kainukaa, 55.

Benu-Kinanah, Arabic tribe converted to Judaism, 61.

Benu-Kuraiza, 55.
massacred by Mahomet, 80 f.

Benu-Nadhir, 55.
driven out by Mahomet, 78 f.

Benveniste, Don Isaac, physician to the king of Aragon, 508.
work of, in behalf of the Jews, 513.

Benveniste, Sheshet, diplomatist and poet, 388, 524 f.

Berachya ben NatronaÏ Nakdan (Crispia), writer of fables, 560.

Berbers, kingdom of, 256 ff.

Bernard of Clairvaux and the second crusade, 349.
intercedes in behalf of the Jews, 353.

BÉziers, council of, prohibits the Jews from practising medicine among Christians, 582.
inhabitants of, massacred by the crusaders, 502.
Jews of, hold offices, 394 f.
Palm Sunday riots in, against the Jews, 394 f.

Bible, attacks against, 199.
Christian exposition of, 288.
Massoretic text of, 207.
oldest copy of, in Spain, 387.
study of, among Jews, 111 f., 118.

Black Jews in India, 436.

Blois, persecution of the Jews of, 378–81.

Blood-accusation, 402, 418, 499, 564, 595.
causes frequent massacres of the Jews in France and Germany, 583.
first appearance of, 378–81.
in England, 591, 643.
officially contradicted by Innocent IV, 584, 635.

Bodo (Puoto), bishop, converted to Judaism, 168 f.

Bohemia, Jews of, 305.
during the crusades, 305, 356.
plundered, 307.
Talmudic center, 420 f.

Bologna, Jews of, expelled, 421.

Bonastruc de Porta. See Nachmani.

"Book of the Pious," 408.

Boppard (Germany), massacre of the Jews of, 637, 639.

Boso, king of Burgundy, presents the Jews as a gift to the church, 175.

BostanaÏ, exilarch, 10.
descendants of, 91.
marries a daughter of Chosru, 89.
recognized by the Mahometans, 89.

Bray, massacre of the Jews of, 404.

Bribery in the Church, 578, 584, 591.

Buda, synod of, excludes the Jews from Christian society, 614.Bulan, king of the Chazars, 139.

Burgundy, Jews of, oppressed, 37.

Byzantine empire, Jews of, 10–23.
communities of, 424–7.
culture of, 425 f.
occupations of, 175.
oppression of, 122, 425.

Cabades. See Kobad.

CÆsarea, betrayed to the Arabs, 87.
riot of Jews and Samaritans against the Christians, 17.

Cairo, Jewish congregation of, 444.

Caliphate, condition of Jews under, 176 f., 183.

Cambridge, Jews expelled from, 641.

Cameos among Jews, 153.

Carenton, massacre of Jews of, 355.

Carlovingians, feeble rule of, 241.

Cassiodorus, minister of Theodoric, 30.
invectives of, against the Jews, 31.

Castile, civil war of, 363.

Castile, Jews of, 361 ff., 592–6, 615–17.
admitted to honors, 293, 384, 593.
congregations of, 617.
oppressed by Alfonso X, 616.
favorable condition of, 361 ff.
fight of, against the Almohades, 386 f.
first persecution of, 507.

Catalonia, Jews of, 389.

Censorship of the Talmud, 602 f.

Ceremonial laws explained, 484 f., 523, 553.

Ceylon, Jews of, enjoy liberty, 436.

Chagan, title of the king of the Chazars, 138.

Chaibar (Arabia), 55.
Jews of, defeated by Mahomet, 81–3.
Jews of, driven out by Omar, 85.
Jews of, warlike, 437.

Chaldean Christians support the Arabs, 89.

Chanan of Iskia, principal of Pumbeditha, 9.

Chananel of Kairuan, 248 ff.

Chananya (AchunaÏ), exilarch, 129, 137.

Chananya, principal of Sora, 10.

ChaninaÏ, exilarch, 10.

ChaninaÏ, principal of Pumbeditha, 10.

ChaninaÏ Kahana ben Huna, Gaon of Sora, 137.

Chanoch, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 229 f., 236.
contest of, with Ibn-Abitur, 229, 238.
death of, 241.

Chariot-races occasions of bloodshed, 11, 17.

Charlemagne, elevates the position of the Jews in Europe, 141 f.
embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, 143.
imposes an oath on the Jews, 144.
regenerator of Europe, 141 f.

Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, 628.

Charles the Bald protects the Jews against the clergy, 172.

Charles the Simple grants Jewish property to the church, 175.

ChasdaÏ, exilarch, 92.

ChasdaÏ, Ibn-Shaprut, 215–30.
ambassador, 218 f.
character of, 215.
correspondence of, with the Jewish king of the Chazars, 219 ff.
death of, 230.
deliverer of his people, 217.
descent of, 215.
gives Jewish history a European character, 216.
in the service of Abdul-Rahman III, 216.
patron of learning, 223, 234.
promotes the study of the Talmud, 227.
representative of a JudÆo-European culture, 188.
statesman, 187.

Chayuj, father of Hebrew philology, 237, 255.

Chazanuth, 118.

Chazaria, 138.

Chazars, 123 ff., 327 f.
army of, 221.
embrace Judaism, 138–41.
hospitality of, to Jews, 123 f.
Jewish kingdom of, 219 ff.
motive of conversion of, 139 f.
origin of, 138.
original religion of, 139.
tolerance of, 141.
wars of, 138.

Chazraj, Arabic tribe partly converted to Judaism, 61.

Cherem. See Excommunication.

Chess, invention of, 7.

Childebert I of Paris, intolerance of, 37.

Children, introduction of, to the Law, 572.

Chilperic, forces Jews to baptism, 39.

Chindaswinth, king of the Visigoths, tolerance of, 101 f.

Chintila, king of the Visigoths, forces the Jews to emigrate, 51 f.

Chiskiya, last Gaon of Pumbeditha, executed, 254.

Chivi Albalchi, first rationalist and critic, 199.

"Chobath Halebaboth," 271.

Chosroes Nushirvan imposes a poll-tax upon Jews and Christians, 5.

Chosru II, attacks the Roman possessions, 19.
favorable to the Jews, 9.

"Chozari," origin of, 327 f.

Christian emperors curtail the political rights of the Jews, 27.

Christian slaves, possession of, forbidden to Jews, 28, 33, 46, 48.

Christians and Mahometans, treatment of Jews compared, 347, 426, 506.

Christianity, hostility of, to Judaism, 34.
in western Europe at first tolerant against the Jews, 24, 34.
of the 11th century, 301.

Christianity, Islam and Judaism compared, 328, 332 ff.

Chumrata, 97.

"Church of the Mother of God" in Constantinople originally a synagogue, 26.

Church, rigor of, against Jews and heretics, 496 ff., 503 f.

Church and synagogue, attitude of, to science compared, 187 f.

Chushiel, Rosh of Kairuan, 208 ff.

Cidellus, Jewish diplomatist in the service of Alfonso VI, 292.

Clement III, 306.

Clement IV, hostile to the Jews, 605.
orders confiscation of the Talmud, 602.

Clergy, hatred of, against the Jews, 24–6, 172, 241 f., 349 f., 611.
ignorance of, 26.

Clotaire II, bigotry of, 40.

Clovis, 36 f.

Cologne, Jews of:
during the crusades, 303 f.
privileges of, 41.
when settled in, 41.

Commons massacre the Jews of London, 591.

Communism in Persia, 2 f.

Confession of faith, Jewish (Shema), forbidden, 15.

Conrad III, German emperor, protects the Jews, 351 f., 416.

Constantine VIII sends an embassy to Spain, 218.

Constantinople, Jews of, 26.

"Constitutio JudÆorum," 497.

Controversies, between Jews and Christians, 105, 576, 598, 622.
between Jews and Mahometans, 111, 119.

Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity, 38 f., 48 f., 123, 176, 246, 300, 570.
prohibited by Gregory X, 635.

Conversions, forced, to Islam, 359 f., 451, 461.

Conversions to Judaism, 21, 61, 409, 440, 445, 516, 640 f.

Converts, Jewish, to Christianity, treatment of, 49 ff., 308 f.

Cordova, center of Judaism, 228 f.
contention in, for the rabbinate, 229 f., 238 ff.
seat of a Talmudic school, 210.

"Covenant of Omar," 87, 120, 145, 176 f.

Council (of the Church. See also under the individual cities):
Lateran, 400, 421, 498.
Lateran, the Fourth, 509–12.
of Avignon, 504.
of BÉziers, 582.
of Buda, 614.
of Exeter, 645.
of Illiberis, 43.
of MÂcon, 39.
of Meaux, 171.
of Nice, 25.
of Orleans, 37.
of Oxford, 516.
of Paris, 40.
of Toledo, 49, 102.
of Vannes, 36.
of Vienna, 611 f.

Crimea, emigration of Chazars to, 222.
emigration of Karaites to, 435.

Crispia, 560.

Crusade, the first, 297.
effect of, on the intellectual condition of the Jews in Germany, 309.
in Jerusalem, 308.

Crusade, the second, 349–57.
in France, 349–51, 355.
in Germany, 351 f.

Crusade, the third, 405 ff.

Crusade against the Albigenses, 501 f.

Crusaders, brutalities of, 412–15, 497, 507, 570.

Crusades in France, 299.
in Germany, 300 ff.
voluntary death of Jews during, 300, 302 f., 305.

Cyril expels the Jews from Alexandria, 23.

"Dagger of Faith," 622.

Dagobert, decree of, against the Jews, 40.

Damascus, captured by the Mongols, 606.

Daniel, the prophet, superstition about the grave of, 435.

Daniel, the exilarch, 438.

Daniel ben Saadiah, opponent of Maimonides, 525 f.

Dante, 628.

David, grandson of Maimonides, 627.
and Solomon ben Adret, 620 f.
defends his grandfather, 632.

David ben Daniel, exilarch and defender of Maimonides, 632.

David ben Judah, exilarch, 155 f.

David ben Saul, opponent of Maimonides, 529.

David ben ZaccaÏ, exilarch, 186.
conflict of, with Saadiah Gaon, 195 f.

David Abudarham, 617.

David Alrui, false Messiah, 430–33.

Dayan (judge), functions of, 98.

Dei Mansi, family of, 421.

Demons, belief in, 525, 528, 534.

Dhu-Nowas. See Zorah Yussuf.

Diniz, king of Portugal, favorable to the Jews, 618.

Disputations between Jews and Christians, 576, 601 ff.
See also under Controversies.

Divorce, law of, changed, 92.
reform of, by Gershom, 244.
synodical decisions concerning, 378.

Dominicans, fanaticism of, 519, 591, 613, 641.
entrusted with the Inquisition, 542.
part taken by, in the disputation of Barcelona, 600 ff.
preachers, 545.
rivalry of, with the Franciscans, 641.

Don Judah ben Moses Cohen, physician to Alfonso X, 593.

Don MeÏr de Malea, treasurer of Alfonso X, 593.

Don Pedro II, king of Aragon, 497 f.

Don Sancho, son of Alfonso X, king of Castile, 616.
and Don Zag, 616.
rebellion of, against his father, 616.
regulates the Jew-tax, 617.

Don Zag, Isaac, treasurer of Alfonso X, 593.
and the "Tables of Alfonso," 594.
executed, 615.

Donnolo, SabbataÏ, head of Jewish science in Italy, 212–14.
relation of, to Nilus the younger, 213 f.

Dossa, son of Saadiah Gaon, 202.
and ChasdaÏ, 217.

DudaÏ, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 129.

Dunash ben Labrat, creator of the artistic form of Jewish poetry, and one of the founders of JudÆo-Spanish culture, 215.
career and character, 226.
first employs meter in Hebrew poetry, 223.
polemic of, against Menachem and Saadiah, 226.

Dunash ben Tamim, physician, 181, 211.
correspondence of, with ChasdaÏ, 211, 217.

Duns Scotus, recommends forced conversion of the Jews, 644.

East, the, loses the leadership of Judaism, 207 f.
scepticism in, 199.

Easter, Jewish, celebration of, forbidden before the Christian, 13.

Eastertide, during, Jews forbidden to appear in the streets, 37, 39, 171, 510, 518, 582, 595, 635.

Eberard, Magister JudÆorum, 161, 164.

Edward I, Jews treated by, 640–6.
Jews expelled by, 645.
justice of, to Jews, 640, 643.
proselytizing zeal of, 644.

Egica, king of the Visigoths, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 107 f.

Egilbert, bishop of Treves, inhumanity of, against the Jews, 300.

Egypt, becomes a center of Judaism, 445.
Talmudic schools of, 210.

Egypt, Jews of, 23, 443–5.
low state of culture of, 444 f.
prosperous condition of, under Saladin, 461.

Elchanan, Tossafist and martyr, 404.

Eldad, traveler, 182.

Eleanor, mother of Edward I, enmity of, against the Jews, 641, 645.

Eleazar ben Kalir, poetan, 116.
characteristics of his style, 117, 245.

Elesbaa, king of Ethiopia, destroys the Jewish kingdom of Arabia, 66 f.

Elias of London, chief rabbi of England, 588.
deposed, 591.

"Emunoth we-Deoth," 197 f.

England, Jews of, 409–16, 587–92, 640–6.
accusations against, 642 f.
act of parliament concerning, 642.
authority and functions of the chief rabbi of, 588.
blood-accusation against, 591.
converts to Judaism in, 409.
degradation of, 516.
enemies of, 504 f.
expelled, 643, 645.
impoverished, 592.
imprisoned, 645.
parliament of, 589.
occasion of the first persecution of, 410.
oppressions of, 641.
statute of Judaism for, 642.

"En-Sof," 550.

Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn, Talmudist and poet, 419.

Erwig, king of the Visigoths, edict of, against the Jews and Jewish converts, 106 f.

Eugenius III, repudiates the debts to the Jews in the second crusade, 349.

Europe, becomes the chief seat of Judaism, 383.
Judaism of, compared with that of the East, 160.

Excommunication, as inflicted by Church and Synagogue, 99, 151, 177, 528.
degrees of, 99.
employment of, in the Middle Ages, 528.

Exeter, council of, 645.

Exilarch (Prince of the Captivity), authority of, lessened by the Karaite disturbances, 137.
ceremonies of installation of, 94 f.
functions of, 89 f., 428 f.
last, 201.
under Mahometan rule, 89 f.

Exilarchate, contest for, 155, 439.
corruption of, 194.
decline of, 177, 183 ff.
dependent on the Gaonate, 137.
disputes of, with the Gaonate, 184–6.
divested of its official character, 177.
elective, 137.
extinction of, 202.
in the 12th century, 439.
revival of, 428.

Ezekiel, the prophet, grave of, resort of pilgrims, 440 f.

Ezra, the scribe, grave of, resort of pilgrims, 441.

Ezra, Kabbalist, 548.

Fables in Neo-Hebraic, 560 f.

Farraj Ibn-Solomon, physician to Charles of Anjou, 628.

Fathers of the Church put a chasm between Christianity and Judaism, 144.

Fatimide caliphate, 210.
fall of, 461.
fanaticism of, 212.

Fatimides persecute the Jews, 247 ff.

Ferdinand III of Castile, fanaticism of, 519.

Ferdinand the Catholic, 383.

Ferdinand the Holy, 592.

Ferrara, favorable condition of the Jews in, 628.

Firuz, persecutes the Jews, 1.

Firuz-Shabur (place), 8, 90.
academy of, 9.

Fosse, war of the, 80.

Fostat, residence of Maimonides, 457.

France, home of Talmudic lore, 289, 344 ff.

France, Jews of, 34 ff.
expelled, 402, 585.
impoverished, 586 f.
massacre of, 583.
intellectual condition of, 281, 345.
prosperity of, 443.
settlement of, 34 ff.
under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets, 241 f.

France, northern, Jews of, 400–9.
beginning of misfortunes of, 400.
driven out, 405.
money extorted from, 407.
lose freedom of motion, 406.
treated as chattels, 407.

France, southern, Jews of, 390 ff.
prosperity of, 489.
sufferings of, during the Albigensian crusade, 501 f.

Franciscans, fanaticism of, 519.

Frankish empire, Jews of, clerical hatred against, 164 ff., 171 ff.
favorable condition of, 141 ff., 161–70.
privileges of, 161.

Frederick I (the Valiant) of Austria, favorable to the Jews, 567 f.
statute of, for the protection of the Jews, 568.

Frederick II, German emperor, 565–9.
confines the Jews to a ghetto, 567.
draws Jewish scholars to his court, 565.
edict of, against the Jews of Austria, 569.
enmity of, against the Jews, 567 ff.
in feud with Gregory IX, 567, 580.
scepticism of, 567.

Frederick Barbarossa, makes free Jews "servi camerÆ," 416 f.
protects the Jews, 418.

Fulko de Neuilly, preaches against the Jews, 405.

Galen, 473.

Gaon and Exilarch, positions of, compared, 93.

Gaonate (see also under Geonim):
decay of, 231–4.
extinction of, 253 f.
origin of, 90.
relations of, to the Exilarchate, 90, 137 f.

Gaonic period, study of the Talmud in the, 128.

Gascony, Jews of, expelled, 646.

Gebirol, Solomon Ibn-, 265–80.
childhood of, 265.
death of, 280 f.
driven out from Saragossa, 268.
facility of muse of, 265, 267.
friend of Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 266.
Jewish Plato, 265.
legend about death of, 281.
melancholy of, 265 f.
philosophy of, 267, 269–71.
philosophy of, among Christians, 644.
poetical forms of, 301.
protected by Samuel Nagrela, 268.
versatility of, 267.
works of, translated, 503.

Gelasius, pope, attitude of, to the Jews, 29.

Gelimer, king of the Vandals, 26 f.

Geonim, 126.
authority and influence of, 118 f.
epoch of, 90 f.
literary activity of, 178 ff.

German emperor, protector of the Jews, 356 f.

German nations, character of, 416.

German princes, protect the Jews, 416.

Germany, Jews of, 40 f., 144, 416–20, 634–40.
blood-accusation against, 635 f.
compelled to be tradesmen, 242 f.
culture of, 243, 281, 357, 419.
emigration of, 637.
favorable condition of, before the crusades, 297.
first persecution of, 245.
hostility against, 419.
massacre of, 418, 583, 611, 636.
opposition of, to Maimonides, 624 f.
oppressions of, 580.
rights of, 417 f.
Talmudic study of, 419.
under Frederick II, 516 f.
under Rudolph of Habsburg, 634–40.
under the Saxon emperors, 242 f.

Gerona, home of the Kabbala, 556.

Gershom ben Jehuda, 243–5.
decrees of, 244 f.
first commentator of the Talmud, 244.
in Mayence, 243.
son of, embraces Christianity, 246.

Ghetto, 567.

Ghuzz, Turkish hordes, 434.

G'ikatilia, poet, 237, 290.

Giza, principal of Sora, 4 ff.

Granada, entirely inhabited by Jews, 256, 261.
envy against Jews of, 275 ff.
massacre of Jews of, 279.

"Great Assembly," 95.

Greece, Jews of, 27.

Greek translation of the Bible, reading of, in the synagogue, 13–15.

Gregory I (the Great), 46 f.
proselytizing of, 33 f.
protects Jewish rights, 33.
toleration of, towards Jews, 25.

Gregory VII, intolerance of, 293.

Gregory IX, condemns the Talmud, 574 f.
confirms the constitution of Innocent III, 564.
enmity of, against the Jews, 519 ff.
establishes the Inquisition, 542.

Gregory X, prohibits the compulsory conversion of Jews, 635.

Gregory of Tours, 39.

Gudeo, papal legate, 611.

Guelphs and Ghibellines, 611.

"Guide of the Perplexed," 477 ff.
influence of, in Italy, 629.
translated into Latin, 542 f.

Hadrian, pope, unfriendly to the Jews, 142.

HaggaÏ. See Robert de Redingge.

Hagin Denlacres, chief rabbi of England, 644.

HaÏ ben David, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 183.

HaÏ, son of Sherira, 234.

HaÏ Gaon, 250–3.
character of, 250.
compared with Saadiah, 250.
death of, 253.
friendly relations of, to the Christian patriarch, 250.
influence of, 252.
learning of, 250.
opinion of, on mysticism, 251 f.
systematic methods of, 251.

Hakim, caliph of Egypt, 247 f.

Hamadan, Jewish congregation of, 434.

Hariri of Basra, Arabian poet, 318.

Harith Ibn-Abu Shammir, treachery of, 68.

Haroun Alrashid, embassy of Charlemagne to, 143.
re-enacts Omar's laws, 145.

Head-dress imposed on Jews, 612.

Hebrew language, cultivation of, among Jews, 111 f.
among Christians, 579, 622.

Hebrew philology, 225, 561.

Hejira, 73.

Henry II of England, 409.

Henry III of England, treatment of Jews by, 570 f., 587 ff., 591.

Henry II, emperor of Germany, persecutes the Jews, 245 f.

Henry IV, emperor of Germany, 418.
favorable to the Jews, 293, 298, 306, 308, 416.
permits converts to return to their faith, 306.

Henry I, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 352.

Heraclius, emperor, 19 ff.
forbids the Jews to enter Jerusalem, 23.
protects the Jews, 23, 47.

Hibat-Allah, apostate to Islam, 442.

Hilderic, rebels against Wamba, 104 f.

Hillel of Verona, founder of the scientific method among the Italian Jews, 629.
admirer of Maimonides, 629.
proposes a rabbinical synod to compose the Maimunist controversy, 631.

Hinkmar of Rheims, hostile to the Jews, 171 f.

Honorius III, pope, attitude of, towards the Jews, 513, 515.

Hormisdas IV, 7 ff.
compared to Nero, 8.
dethroned and assassinated, 8.
persecutes Christians and Jews, 8.

Hugh Capet, 242.

Hujej Ibn-Achtab, leader of the Benu-Nadhir against Mahomet, 78.

Hulagu, founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 638.

Hungary invaded by the Mongols, 613.

Hungary, Jews of, 613–15, 520 f., 613.
commercial activity of, 613.
condition of, 520 f.
decrees of the synod of Buda against, 614.
fanaticism kindled against, by the Dominicans and Franciscans, 614.
Jew-badge of, 614.

Huns, 9, 138.
re-instate Kobad, 2.

Huna, exilarch and father of Mar-Zutra II, 3.

HunaÏ, Gaon of Sora, 92.

Ibn-Abbas, Judah, poet, 318.

Ibn-Abbas, Samuel, apostate to Islam, 442.

Ibn-Abitur, 229.
contest of, with Chanoch, 229 f., 238.
poetry of, 236 f.

Ibn-Alfachar, Abraham, distinguished at the court of Alfonso VIII, 384 f.
opponent of Maimonides, 541.

Ibn-Alfayumi, Jacob, Talmudist of Yemen, 436, 462.

Ibn-Aljami, Nagid of Egypt, 443.

Ibn-Alruchi. See David Alrui.

Ibn-Balam, Jehuda, grammarian, 290.

Ibn-ChasdaÏ, Samuel ben Abraham, 388.

Ibn-Daud, 43.

Ibn-Daud, Abraham, religious philosopher, 363–5.
as historian, 365 f.
dies a martyr, 386.
"Seder ha-Kabbalah," 366.

Ibn-Ezra, Abraham, 366–75.
as astronomer and astrologer, 368, 371.
character of, 366 f.
commentary of, on the Pentateuch, 371, 373.
death of, 374 f.
exegete, 368, 370.
in France, 373.
in Italy, 369, 423.
in London, 373.
marks the end of the original element in the Spanish school, 381.
philosopher, 373.
poetry of, 367.
rationalism of, 372.
restlessness of, 368, 370.
"Sabbath Epistle" of, 373 f.
travels of, 369.
versatility of, 366.
wit of, 368.

Ibn Ezra, brothers of, 318–21.

Ibn-Ezra, Jehuda, 361–3.
head of the Jews of Castile, 362.
in favor with Alfonso Raimundez, 361.
persecutes the Karaites, 362 f.
protector of the Jews, 361 f.

Ibn-Ezra, Moses, 310, 314.
career of, 319 f.
compared with Gebirol, 319.
philosophical writings of, 320.
poems of, 320 f.

Ibn-Giat, Isaac ben Jehuda, poet, 284, 318.

Ibn-Janach, creator of Hebrew syntax, 261, 263.
first rational Bible critic, 263.
opposed by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 371.
philosophical writings of, 264.

Ibn-Jau, Jacob, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 238 ff.

Ibn-Malka, Jehuda, at the court of Frederick II, 565 f.

Ibn-Migash, MeÏr, disciple and successor of Alfassi, 315 f.
disciples and descendants of, 317.
in Toledo, 362.

Ibn MoÏsha and Maimonides, 456, 474.

Ibn-Sahal, Joseph ben Jacob, rabbi of Cordova and poet, 314.

Ibn-Sahula, writer of fables, 560.

Ibn-Sakbel, Solomon, poet, 318.

Ibn-Sakni, Jacob, 284 f.
awakens interest in Talmudic studies in Babylonia, 429.

Ibn-Sarjadu, Aaron, principal of Pumbeditha, 202.

Ibn-Shalbib, Amram ben Isaac, councillor to Alfonso VI, 292, 295.
killed, 295.

Ibn-Tibbon, family of, 397 f.
as physicians, 582.

Ibn-Tibbon, Judah ben Saul, translator, 397 f.
characteristics of his translations, 398.
pedantry of, 397.

Ibn-Tibbon, translator and physician, 582.

Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel ben Judah, translator and writer, 398.
correspondence of, with Maimonides, 490.
unproductiveness of, 566.

Ibn-Tumart, Abdallah, founder of the sect of the Almovachides, 357 f.

Ibn-Zadik, rabbi of Cordova and religio-philosophical writer, 314.

Illiberis, council of, prohibits the friendly intercourse between Jews and Christians, 44.

Illyria, settlement of Jews in, 27.

Image worship in the Church, conflict caused by, 122.

Immanuel Romi, poet, 630.

Immortality, teachings of the Kabbala on, 554.

Imrulkais Ibn Hojr, Arabian poet, 68.

India, Jews of, 435 f.

Innocent III, 383, 496–504.
as president of the Fourth Lateran Council, 509–12.
brings about a change of sentiment towards the Jews, 507 f.
causes the deepest misery to the Jews, 513.
censures princes for their protection of the Jews, 498 ff.
characteristic of, 405, 496.
death of, 513.
degrades the Jews, 563.
ruthless hostility of, to the Jews, 496–501.
tyranny of, 496.Innocent IV, allows the keeping of the Talmud, 579.
contradicts the blood-accusation, 584, 596.

Inquisition established, 542.

Intermarriage between Jews and Christians, 44.

Irak, Jews of, 89.

Isaac, accompanies the embassy of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, executed, 650.

Isaac the Blind, supposed originator of the Kabbala, 547.

Isaac ben Eliakim, rabbi of WÜrzburg and martyr, 354.

Isaac ben Jacob Halaban of Prague, Tossafist, 421.

Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, 587.

Isaac ben Mordecai, physician to the pope, 628.

Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre (Ri), head of the school of Rameru and Tossafist, 403 f., 406.

Isaac, son of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, embraces Islam, 442.

Isaac the Younger (Rizba), 408.

Isaac Sanjari and Bulan, 140.

Isaacs, the five, 282 ff.

Isavites, 125.

Ishmael, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.

Isidore of Seville, 49.
polemics of, against Judaism, 50 f.

Islam (see also Mahomet):
benefits of the dominion of, to Judaism, 85, 89.
conquests of, 86 ff., 109 ff.
divisions of, 90.
hostility of, to Judaism, 84.
influence of, on Jewish history and Judaism, 71.
intolerance of, 87.
referred to in an apocalypse, 88 f.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews and Christians, 87 f.
truths of, a victory of Judaism, 72.

Islam and Christianity in their treatment of the Jews compared, 88.

Islamic theology, 146 ff.

Ispahan, Jewish congregation of, 434.

Ispahanites. See Isavites.

Israeli, Isaac ben Suleiman, writer and physician to Ubaid-Allah, 180 f., 192, 211.

Italy becomes a province of the Byzantine empire, 32.
under the Lombards, 33.
under Ostrogothic rule, 28–32.

Italy, Jews of, 27 f.
communities of, 27, 424.
favorable condition of, 421–3.
ignorance of, 290, 369, 421–3.
Maimunist controversy among, 628.
mental awakening of, 628 f.
resistance of, to Belisarius, 31 f.
settlement of, 27.
Talmudic schools of, 212.
under the Lombards, 33.
under the Ostrogoths, 28–32.
under the Papacy, 628.

Itil (Atel), kingdom of the Chazars, 138.

Jacob of Orleans, head of the school in London, 409.
kills himself, 411.

Jacob ben NatronaÏ, Gaon of Sora, 184 ff.

Jacob ben Nissim, 211, 232 ff.

Jacob ben Samuel, pupil of Saadiah, 204.

Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi, Kabbalist, 556.

Jacob Tam, 375–81.
character of, 376.
commentary of, to the Talmud, 376.
death of, 381.
descendant of Rashi, 375.
maltreated by the crusaders, 355.
poetry of, 376.
Tossafist, 343, 345, 375.

Jannai, poetan, introduces rhymes into Neo-Hebraic poetry, 116.

Jayme, king of Aragon, treatment of the Jews by, 536.

Jean d'Acre. See Accho.

Jehuda ben Abbas of Haleb, poet, 426.

Jehuda ben Sabbatai, poet, 559.

Jehuda Alcharisi, poet and translator, 559.

Jehuda Hadassi, Karaite controversionist, 362.

Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 310, 313, 315, 318, 321–43.
career of, 322 f.
character of, 321 f.
"Chozari" of, 327 f.
compared with the author of Job, 327.
disciple of Alfassi, 322.
end of life of, 342 f.
erudition of, 321 f.
evidences of Judaism by, 332 ff.
limits of philosophy set by, 331.
love poems of, 323.
national religious spirit of poetry of, 325 f.
philosopher, 326.
physician, 323 f.
pilgrimage of, to Palestine, 338–42.
power of description of, 325.
prince of poets, 321 f.
Songs of Zion of, 337 f.
subject matter of poetry of, 324 f.
view of, on poets and poetry, 324 f.
view of, on the suffering and position of Israel, 335 f.

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, Karaite champion, 205 f.

Jerusalem, Jews of, 506.
during the crusades, 308.
expelled, 427.
Talmudic studies of, 249.

Jesus the son of Pantheras, 577.

Jew-badge, 511–13, 564, 595.
in England, 642.
in France, 612.
in Hungary, 614.

"Jew-roaster," 611.

Jew-tax, 281, 510, 517, 588 f., 617, 642.

Jewish children taken away from their parents, 514, 570.

Jewish communities between Worms and Mayence, 41.

Jewish diplomatists, 291 f., 294.

Jewish-Himyarite empire, 51.

Jewish history, general survey of, 382 ff., 446 f., 494 f., 563 ff., 610 ff.
scientific epoch of, 187 ff.

Jewish king of Arabia, 12.

Jewish kingdom in Arabia, 62–7.

Jewish question, at Councils, 25.

Jewish soldiers, 4.

Jews (see also under the different countries):
buy protection by money, 570 f.
compelled to trade, 418.
decay of learning and poetry of, in the post-Maimunic time, 558–62.
degradation of, 563 f.
excluded from offices of honor, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567, 569, 635.
forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 23.
in service of Christian princes, 282, 291 f., 294, 312, 361 f., 384.
kill themselves to escape baptism, 404, 411, 415.
money extorted from them, 584 f., 589 ff., 634.
persecuted everywhere, 347 ff.
representatives of the commerce of the world, 142, 162.
render scientific literature accessible to Arabs and Christians, 111, 565.
scepticism among, 199.
"servi camerÆ," 356 f.
slaveholders, 29.
suffering of, in the calamities of the Roman empire, 27 f.
theological controversies among, 148 ff.
treated as property, 417.
under Christian and Mahometan rule compared, 347 f., 426.
warlike, 4, 19, 384, 433, 436.

Joan, pope, 169.

Joceus, first chief rabbi of England, 588.

Joceus, of York, 413.

John Lackland, 416.
barbarities of, towards the Jews, 504 f.
death of, 516.

Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, opponent of Maimonides, 529.
repentance of his fanaticism towards Maimonides, 580.
works of, 580.

Jonathan Cohen of LÜnel, 397.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.

JosÉ bar JosÉ Hayathom, Neo-Hebraic poet, 114 f.

Joseph Amarkala Halevi, prince of an independent Jewish tribe in Arabia, 433.

Joseph bar Abba, mystic and principal of Pumbeditha, 154.

Joseph ben ChasdaÏ, poet, 273.

Joseph ben Chiya, principal of Pumbeditha, 155.

"Joseph ben Gorion," 180.

Joseph ben Sabara, poet, 559.

Joseph ben Satia, principal of Sora, 202.

Joseph Ezobi, poet, 561.

Joseph Ibn-Aknin, favorite disciple of Maimonides, 477 f., 526.

Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, distinguished at the court of Alfonso VIII, 384.

Joseph Kara, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.

Josephus' writings in favor with Christians, 162.

"Josippon," 180.

JudÆo-Spanish culture, founders of, 215.

Judah, minister of finance in Portugal, 618.

Judah of Melun, disputation of, with Nicholas Donin, 577 f.

Judah the Blind, Gaon of Sora, 129.
Talmudic compendium of, 136.

Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, 149 f.

Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac of Paris, 408.
disciples of, 409.

Judaism: d philosophy, 327 ff., 455, 467, 478, 487, 522 f.
assumes a European character, 188.
compared with Christianity and Islam, 328 f., 332 f., 393, 463.
conversions to, 21, 640 f.
divisions of, 494 ff., 522 ff., 557 f.
religious duties of, 365.
venerated by Christians, 162.

Judghanites, 150.

Judith, empress, friendly to Judaism, 162.

Julian, king of the Samaritans, 16.

Julian, metropolitan of Toledo, 107.

Justin I, severe towards the Jews, 10.

Justin II, 26.
oppresses the Samaritans, 17 f.

Justinian, 12–17.
anti-Jewish laws of, 12 f.
closes the schools of philosophy in Greece, 7.
forbids the Confession of Faith (Shema), 15.
interferes in matters of conscience, 12 ff.
ordinances of, for the service of the synagogue, 14 f.
severity of, towards the Samaritans, 13, 16.

Kaab, leader of the Benu-Kuraiza against Mahomet, 80 f.

Kaaba, 60, 72, 453.

Kabbala, 547–57.
origin of, 535, 547.
part played by, in the religious controversies, 623, 626, 631.
principles of, 550–55.
teachings of, on the coming of the Messiah, 555.
teachings of, on the importance of prayer, 553.
teachings of, on the life after death, 554.
teachings of, on the signification of the ceremonial laws, 553.
transplanted to Palestine, 607.
what favored rise of, 549.

Kabbalists, desecrate Maimonides' grave, 631.

Kachtanites and Ishmaelites, 61.

"Kadish," 95.

KafnaÏ, exilarch, 10.

Kainukaa, driven out from Arabia by Mahomet, 76 f.

Kairuan, center of Judaism and science, 146, 210.
school of, 248 ff.

Kaliri. See Eleazar ben Kalir.

Kalonymos, learned Jew, 143.

Kalonymos, Italian Jew in the retinue of Otto II, 243.

Kalonymos ben Todros, head of the congregation of Narbonne, 392.

Kameoth. See Cameos.

Kamus, fortress in Chaibar, 82.

Karaism, 127–37.
alterations made by, 131.
causes discord in the Talmudic schools, 155 ff.
character of, 133.
divisions of, 136, 157.
effect of, on the authority of the exilarch, 137.
emphasizes freedom of inquiry, 157.
explanation of name of, 130.
gives impetus to the study of the Bible, 133, 136.
inconsistencies of, 131, 133, 159, 443.
increases the religious duties, 131.
instability of, 133.
marriage laws of, 132, 158 f.
principal dogma of, 157.
regulations of, about festivals, 131, 158 f.
spread of, 182, 207.

Karaites:
asceticism of, 181 f., 204, 437.
controversies of, with the Rabbanites, 134, 182, 203, 362 f.
cultivate Biblical philology and exegesis, 180 f., 204, 206.
in Cairo, 444.
in Crimea, 435.
in Palestine, 607.
narrow-mindedness of, 206.
polemical writings of, 191.
productive in Biblical literature, 136.
proselytism of, 203.
rigorous observance of the Sabbath, 132.
severity and gloominess of religious life of, 132 f.
superficiality of, 204, 206.

Khiva, Jews of, 435.

Khozars. See Chazars.

Kimchi, family of, 392.

Kimchi, David (Radak), grammarian and exegete, 394.
excommunicated, 531.
teacher of Hebrew to the Jews and Christians of Europe, 393.
view of, on the Talmud, 531.
zealous Maimunist, 530 f., 540 f.

Kimchi, Joseph ben Isaac, introduces Jewish-Spanish culture into southern France, 392.
writings of, 392 f.

Kimchi, Moses, 393.

Kinanah Ibn-Rabia, leader of the Chaibarites against Mahomet, 82.

Kobad, 1–5.
death of, 5.
dethroned, 2.
institutes a religious persecution, 1.
re-instated, 2.
supports Mazdak, 2.

Kohen-Zedek, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 183–200.
ambitiousness of, 192, 194.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 184 f.

Koran, introduction of, 147.
on the position of women, 92.
relation of, to Bible and Talmud, 72.

Kovad. See Kobad.

Ladislaus IV of Hungary, bigotry of, 615.

Landfried, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Lateran Council, anti-Jewish decrees of, 400, 421 f., 498.

Lateran Council, the Fourth, 509–12.

Law, knowledge of, valued, 113.

Leo the Isaurian, why he protected the Jews, 122 f.

Leo the Philosopher, intolerant towards the Jews, 176.

Leon, teacher of Gershom, 243.

Leon (Leontini), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud in France, 242.

Letter of Sherira, 232 f.

Letter-carrying, regulations about, by Gershom, 244 f.

Liturgy and liturgical poetry, 113 ff., 132, 178, 236, 245, 260, 282, 320, 367, 376, 419.

London, Jews of: cruelties against, 643.
massacre of, 591.
persecution of, 410 f.

Louis II orders the Jews out of Italy, 174.

Louis VI, favorable to the Jews, 343.

Louis VII, as crusader, 349.
favorable to the Jews, 343, 400.

Louis IX (the Saint): Jews expelled by, 585.
Jews hated by, 519, 570.
orders of, concerning the Jew-badge, 612.
persecutes the Talmud, 578, 586.
proselytizing of, 570.

Louis the Pious, 161.
favorable to the Jews, 161 ff.

LÜnel, Jewish congregation of, 396.
letter of Maimonides to, 492.

Lynn, Jews of, massacred, 411 f.

Macedonia, settlement of Jews in, 27.

Machir, learned Jew, sent by Haroun Alrashid to Charlemagne, 143.

Machuza, capital of the Jewish state in Babylonia, 4.
taken by Mebodes, 9.

MÂcon, council of, degrades the Jews, 39.

"Madda," 468, 523.
proscribed, 529.

Magharyites. See Makariyites.

"Magister JudÆorum," 161.

Mahdi, 358.

Mahomet, 71–84.
breaks with the Jews, 75 f.
character of revelations of, 71.
chief opponents of, on the Jewish side, 74.
concessions of, to Judaism, 73.
confession of faith of, 71.
corruption of teachings of, 72.
death of, 84.
enters in alliance with Jewish tribes, 73.
first doctrines of, 71.
relation of, to Judaism, 71.
revelation of, against the Jews, 78.
supported by the Jews in the propagation of the Koran, 73.
teachings of, 72.
wars of, against the Jews, 76–84.
why the Jews objected to, 74.

Mahomet Alemin, 145.

Mahomet Almuktafi, caliph, re-instates the exilarch, 428.

Mahomet Alnasir, attacks Spain, 506 f.

Mahometans, divisions among, 147 f.
philosophy and theology of, 146 f.
revival of science among, 145 ff.
scepticism among, 199.
treatment of the Jews by, 88, 176.

Maimonides, Moses ben Maimun (see also Maimunist controversy), 446–93, 522–45.
aim of, 450, 522.
articles of faith of, 459 f.
attitude of, to the Aristotelian philosophy, 478.
attitude of, to the Karaites, 465, 475.
averse to poetry, 449.
birth of, 447.
brothers of, 457.
character of, 449 f.
commentary of, on the Mishna, 458–61.
conception of Judaism of, 456, 459, 522.
condemned in Accho, 631.
controversy about the system of, 522 ff.
correspondence of, with Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 490 f.
court physician of Saladin, 472 f., 489.
death of, 492 f.
descendants of, 493.
descent of, 447.
doctrine of, on immortality and resurrection, 476, 478 f., 523 f.
education of, 447 f.
effects of death of, on Judaism, 494 f.
effects of teachings of, on Judaism in southern France, 526.
epitaphs on the grave of, 493, 631.
ethical philosophy of, 533.
explanation of the ceremonial laws by, 484 f., 523.
fame of, 471, 489 ff.
feigns Islam, 451 f.
first to develop a Jewish system of belief, 459.
funeral of, 493.
"Guide of the Perplexed of," 477.
"Iggeret Teman" of, 462–4.
in Palestine, 457.
Mahometan opinion of, 488.
medical learning of, 473, 489.
mental organization of, 448, 458, 467.
"Mishne-Torah" of, 466–70.
non-Jewish elements in the system of, 487, 522 f., 526.
opponents of, 471 f., 475, 490, 522 ff.
physician, 458, 491.
religio-philosophical system of, 478 ff., 522.
settles in Cairo, 457.
supreme head of the Jews of Egypt, 474.
view of, on feigned apostasy and martyrdom, 453–6.
view of, on miracles, 483, 523.
view of, on persecution and suffering of Israel, 463.
view of, on prophecy, 482, 523.
view of, on tradition, 459, 469 f.
wanderings of, 447 f., 451, 456 f.
works of, burnt, 543.
writings of, 451 f., 458, 462, 466, 477, 488.

Maimun, father of Maimonides, 317.

Maimun Asha, Arabian poet, 70.

Maimuni. See Maimonides.

Maimunist controversy, 522–45, 623–34.
abated, 580.
Dominicans appealed to in, 542 f.
evil consequences of, 546 f.
excommunication employed in, 529, 632.
in the East, 525 f.
in Germany, 623–7.
in Italy, 628.
in southern Europe, 526 ff.
part taken in, by the Kabbala, 631 f.

Makariyites, Karaite sect, 151.

Malka bar Acha, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 137.

Maor, 389.

Mar-Aaron, 157.

Mar-Abraham ben Sherira, principal of Pumbeditha, 154 f.

Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora and compiler of a liturgical order of prayers, 178.

Mar bar Huna, principal of Sora, 10.

Mar-Chanina, grandfather of Mar-Zutra II, 3.
executed, 4.

Mar-Isaac, murdered, 3.

Mar-Isaac, first Gaon of Sora, 90, 92.

Mar-Raba, 92.

Mar-Ukba, exilarch, 184 f.

Mar-Yanka. See NatronaÏ.

Mar-Zemach I, first of the literary Geonim of Pumbeditha, 178.
author of an Aruch, 179.

Mar-Zutra, posthumous son of Mar-Zutra II, 4.
teacher at Tiberias, 12.

Mar-Zutra II, exilarch, 3.
executed, 4.
king of a Jewish state, 4.
leader of a Jewish insurrection, 3 f.

Marhab, Jewish hero in Chaibar, 82.

Mari bar Mar, principal of Pumbeditha, 9.

Massora, development and importance of, 112.
in Germany, 244.

Massorets, 207.

Matthew Paris, chronicler, 591.

Mauritius, Byzantine emperor, 18.
resists Chosru, 9.

Mayence, blood accusation and massacre of Jews of, 636.
during the crusades, 302 f.
rabbinical synod in, 517.
school of, 247.

Mazdak, reformer of Magianism and communist, 1 f.

Meaux, Council of, passes anti-Jewish decrees, 171 f.

Mebodes, Persian general, massacres the Jews of Machuza, 9.

Mecca, 60.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.

Medicine, practice of, by Jews among Christians, forbidden, 581 f.

Medina, becomes the lawgiver for millions, 86.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.

MeÏr of Rameru, Tossafist, 345.

MeÏr of Rothenburg, 579.
corpse of, ransomed, 640.
dies in prison, 640.
eccentric piety of, 625,
leader of Jewish emigrants from Germany, 637–40.

"Men of Faith," 153.

Menachem ben Saruk, first grammarian and one of the founders of JudÆo-Spanish culture, 215.
controversy of, with Dunash, 226 f.
death of, 227.
disciples of, 227.
relation of, to ChasdaÏ, 224, 226.
works of, 224 f.

Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.

Merovingian kings, bigotry of, 39 f.
narrow-mindedness of, 143.

Merv, center of science, 146.

Meshullam ben Jacob, head of LÜnel, 396.

Messer-Jawaih of Bassorah, Jewish physician, 111.

Messiahs, false, 120, 124, 149, 331–3, 462.

Messianic hopes, 298, 313, 360, 606, 637.

Metatoron, 88, 153.

Metempsychosis, 547, 554.

Meters, first employed in Neo-Hebraic poetry, 223.

Meturgeman in the schools, 438.

Michael ben Kaleb of Thebes, Jewish poet, 426.

Michael Scotus, astrologer of Frederick II, 566 f.

Mishna, commentary on, by Maimonides, 458 ff.
origin of, discussed, 233.
translated into Arabic, 237.

"Mishne-Torah" of Maimonides, 466 ff.

Moawiyah, contest of, with Ali, 90.

Modestus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, fanaticism of, 22.

Mongols, 646 ff.
establish a kingdom in Persia, 637.
invade Europe, 580 f.
invade Hungary, 613.
Jewish soldiers among, 581.
ravages of, in Palestine, 606.

Montanists persecuted by Leo the Isaurian, 122 f.

Montpellier, flourishing condition of the Jewish congregation of, 395.
seat of a medical college, 583.

Mordecai ben Joseph of Avignon, 612.

"Moreh Nebuchim." See "Guide of the Perplexed."

Moses the Lawgiver, distinguished character of his prophetic faculty, 483 f.
supposed synagogue of, 445.

Moses of Baalbek, founder of a Karaite sect, 158.

Moses of Coucy, 576.
itinerant preacher, 545 f.
Tossafist and Maimunist, 539.
work of, on the Law, 586.

Moses ben Chanoch, one of the founders of JudÆo-Spanish culture, 208, 215.
death of, 229.
functions of, 228 f.
relation of, to ChasdaÏ, 228.
spreads Talmudic studies in Spain, 208 f.

Moses ben ChasdaÏ, fanatic opponent of Maimonides, 624 f.

Moses ben Jehuda Cohen, rabbi of Safet, 633.

Moses ben Maimun. See Maimonides.

Moses ben Nachman. See Nachmani.

Moses, son of Kalonymos, 143.

Mosul, Jewish congregation of, 429 f.

"Mourners of Zion," 182, 437.

Mozarabs, 215.

Munich, Jews of, massacred, 636 f.

Musa, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.

Mushka, fanatical Judghanite, 150.

Mutazilists (Mahometan rationalists), 147, 150.

Muza Ibn-Nosair, governor of Africa, 109.

Mysticism (see also Kabbala), 153 f., 251, 535.
in France, 160.
in Italy, 160.

Nachmani, 530–57, 598–609.
character of, 531.
commentary of, to the Bible, 607.
death of, 608.
disputation of, with Pablo Christiani, 598–601.
erudition of, 532.
exiled, 604 f.
hostile to Ibn-Ezra, 534, 608.
influence of, 609.
in Palestine, 605–7.
method of exegesis of, 562, 608.
opponent of Maimonides, 608.
part taken by, in the Maimunist
controversy, 530–6.
physician, 532.
religious system of, 533–5.
reverence of, for rabbinical tradition, 531, 557.
Talmudic works of, 532.
view of, on Agada, 599.
votary of the Kabbala, 535, 556.

Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, 179.

Nagid, Egyptian exilarch, 443.

Nagrela, Joseph, son of Samuel, vizir and Nagid in Granada, 274.
indiscretion of, 275.
killed, 278.

Nagrela, Samuel, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 254–65.
career of, 255.
characteristics of, 254 f.
compiles a methodology of the
Talmud, 259.
death of, 274.
diplomatist, 257.
friend of Gebirol, 268, 274.
philosopher, 261.
poet, 259 f.
supports learning, 260.
vizir, 256.
writings of, 259 f.

Nakdan, 560.

Naples, favorable condition of the Jews of, 422.

Narbonne, 45.
principal Jewish congregation of
southern France, 392–4.
Talmudic school of, 143, 242.

Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 208, 242.

Nathan ben Yechiel of Rome, author of the Aruch, 290, 421.

NatronaÏ II, Gaon of Sora, 178.

NatronaÏ ben ChasdaÏ, 137.

NatronaÏ ben Nehemiah, principal of Pumbeditha, 121 f.

Nazareth, inhabited by Jews, 12.

Neapolis (Shechem), capital of the Samaritans, 12.

Nechunya ben ha-Kana, Kabbalistic manuscript attributed to him, 556.

Neo-Hebraic poetry, 112, 317 f.
artistic form of, 223.
compared with that of the Bible, 113.
decline of, 558 f.
didactic element of, 113.
effect of, on the divine service, 117 f.
introduction of rhyme into, 116.
last poets of, 559 f.
liturgical character of, 113.
meters employed in, 223.
subject matter of, 113.

Nestorian Christians, persecuted by the Sassanian princes, 89.

Nevers, Count, favorable to the Jews, 500.

New Misr. See Cairo.

New Nineveh, Jews of, ignorant, 430.

New Year celebrated for two days, 428.
liturgy of, 113 ff.

Nice, Council of, 25.

Nicholas III, 594.

Nicholas Donin, apostate, 572–8.
accuses the Talmud, 573.
disputation of, 576–8.
instigates a persecution of the Jews, 573.

Nilus the Younger, Abbot of Rossana, relations of, to Donnolo, 213.

Nissi Naharvani, reconciles the Exilarchate and Gaonate, 186.

Nissim of Kairuan, 248 ff.

Northampton, blood-accusation of, 643.

Norwich, Jews of, massacred, 412.

Nureddin, attacks the Christians in Asia, 349.

Oath imposed on the Jews by Charlemagne, 144.

Obadiah, Jewish king of the Chazars, 140 f.

Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishah, pseudo-precursor of the Messiah and leader of a rebellion, 124 f.

Oberwesel (Germany), Jews of, massacred, 637, 639.

Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians, 407.

Offices of honor, Jews excluded from, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567, 569, 635.

Omar, bestows rewards on Jews and Christians, 89.
captures Jerusalem, 87.
"covenant" of, 87, 145.
death of, 90.
fanaticism of, 84 f.
repelled by the Jews, 82.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews
and Christians, 87 f.

Omar II, bigotry of, 120.

Ommiyyades and Alides, 92, 100.
caliphs of, 110.
empire of, broken up into small principalities, 255 f.
last, 125.

Opposition in history, its mission, 127.

Orleans, Council of, enacts severe measures against the Jews, 37.

Osius, bishop of Cordova, 44.

Othman, killed, 90.

Oxford, Council of, passes hostile resolutions against the Jews, 516.

Pablo Christiani, apostate, 597 ff.
denounces the Talmud, 602.
disputation of, with Nachmani, 597 ff.
inspires action against the Jews, 612.

Pachda, exilarch, 3.

Palestine:
captured by the Mongols, 606.
condition of Jews of, 10, 427.
conquest of, by the Arabs, promoted by Jews and Samaritans, 87.
emigration of Jews to, 505 f.
Jewish communities of, 427.
Jewish congregations of, take up the cause of Maimonides, 633.
Jews forbidden to build synagogues in, 10.
Jews of, take up arms against Heraclius, 83.
possessed by Christians, 11 f.
subordinates itself to Babylonia, 100.
under Christian rule, 341, 427.

Paltoi ben Abayi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 177.

Parchon, Solomon ben Abraham, 423.

Paris, Council of, passes anti-Jewish measures, 40.
Talmudic academy of, 586.
Talmudic academy of, closed, 403.

Parliament, Jewish, in Worcester, 589.

ParnesÉ-ha-Keneset, 99.

Paul of Tarsus, 72.

Pauline Christianity, what it effected in Judaism, 127.

Pentateuch, system of reading of, in the synagogue, 444.

Persecutions of the Jews, influence of, on their mental condition, 512 f.
spread of, 563.

Persia, captured by the Arabs, 86.
communism of, 1 ff.
Mongol kingdom, 637.

Persia, Jews of, 1–10.
establish a small state, 4.
persecuted, 2–4, 8, 89.
rebel against Zendiks, 2 f.

Petachya, traveler, 421, 440.

Peter of Amiens, 297.

Peter of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against the Jews, 349 f.

Peter the Apostle and the Abodah, 115.

Philip III of France, bigotry of, 613.

Philip Augustus, extorts money from Jews and expels them, 402.
massacres Jews, 404.
receives Jews, 405 f., 498.

Physicians, Jewish, 583.

Philo's writings in favor with Christians, 162.

Phocas, treatment of the Jews by, 18.

"Pileum cornutum," 612.

Pilgrimages to graves, adopted by Jews, 440, 445.

Pinehas Ibn-Azura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 74, 76.

"Pirke Aboth," explained by Maimonides, 459.

"Piyutim," 117.

"Placitum JudÆorum," 103.

Poetanic compositions, 114.

Poetanists, 114 ff.

Poetry, among the Arabs, 214.
among the Spanish Jews, 58, 68 ff., 317.
Neo-Hebraic. See Neo-Hebraic poetry.
liturgic. See Liturgy.

Poitou, Jews of, persecuted, 573.

Poland, Jews of, take part in Talmudic learning, 421.
commercial activity of, 613.

Polygamy among Jews, 244, 378.

Popes, toleration of, towards the Jews, 25, 29, 33.
protect the Jews, 421.

Portugal, favorable condition of the Jews of, 617 f.

PosquiÈres, Jewish congregation of, 399.

Prelates, moral condition of, 281.

Prince of the Captivity. See Exilarch.

Prophecy and prophets, 482 ff.

Proselytizing zeal of the Church, 25 f.

Provence, Jews of:
culture of, 391.
favorable condition of, 389 ff.
Jew-badge of, 612 f.
political relations of, 390.

Pumbeditha, school of, 92 f.
center of Judaism in Babylonia, 183.
closed, 8.
contest about the office of the principal of, 154.
extinction of, 254.
independent of the exilarchate, 177.
influence of, 160.
position of the principal of, 94 ff.
revenues of, 97 f.
rises to importance, 202.
under HaÏ Gaon, 225.

Purple manufactured by Jews, 425.

Pyrenean peninsula, condition of the Jews of, compared with that of those in other European countries, 618 f.

RabaÏ of Rob, 5.

Rabba ben Ami, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 178.

Rabbanites, 134.

Rabbinical epochs in Spain, 273, 282.

Rabbinical synods, 376, 378, 517.

Rabbis and Christian prelates compared, 287.

Rabed II, 399.

Rambam. See Maimonides.

Ramban. See Nachmani.

Rameru, center of Talmudic studies, 403.
Jewish congregation of, during the second crusade, 355.

Ramon Berengar IV, 387.

Rashba. See Solomon ben Adret.

Rashbam. See Samuel ben MeÏr.

Rashi, 286–9.
career of, 286.
character of, 287.
commentary of, on Talmud and
Bible, characterized, 288.
death of, 309 f.
descendants of, 289, 345.
descent of, 286.
elucidates the Talmud, 288.
grammatical erudition of, 289.
liberal attitude of, toward compulsory
converts, 308 f.
Rabbi of Troyes, 287.
works of disciples of, 444.

Rationalism in the East, 199.

Ratisbon, Jews of, during the crusades, 305.
privileges of, 635.

Raymond de Penyaforte, Dominican General, fanaticism of, 519 f., 597, 601 f.
arranges a religious disputation, 598.
persecutes Nachmani, 604.
proselytizing of, 621.

Raymund Martin, anti-Jewish writings of, 622.

Raymund Roger of BÉziers, defeated by the crusaders, 502 f.

Raymund V of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 399.

Raymund VI of Toulouse, compelled by Innocent III to depose Jewish officers, 501 f.
favors the Jews, 400.

Raymund VII of Toulouse, favors the Jews, 513 f.

Reccared oppresses the Jews, 46 f.
edict of intolerance of, 34.

Receswinth, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 102, 104.

Rechabites, 55.

Refraction of light, first noted, 146.

Resh Kalla or Rosh, 210 f.

Resh Galutha. See Exilarch.

Revival of science among the Arabs, 146.
part taken in, by Jews, 146.

Rhabanus Maurus taught by Jews, 162 f.

Rhine district, origin of Jews of, 40 f.

Ri, 403.

Riba, Tossafist, 345.

Riban, Tossafist, 345.

Richard the Lion-hearted, first persecution of the Jews in England occurs at coronation of, 410 f.
protects the Jews, 411.
truce of, with Saladin, 405.

Rizba, 408.

Robert de Redingge, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 640 f.

Roderic, last of the Visigothic kings, 109.

Roger II, favorable to the Jews, 422 f.

"Rokeach," 517.

Roman empire, suffering of the Jews during calamities of, 27 f.

Rudolph, monk, instigates the people against the Jews during the second crusade, 351.

Rudolph of Habsburg, treatment of the Jews by, 634–40.
extorts money from the Jews, 634.
injustice of, to the Jews of Mayence, 636.
prohibits Jewish emigration from
Germany, 639.
protects Jews, 635.

RÜdiger, bishop of Speyer, favorable to the Jews, 297 f.

Rurik, 222.

Russia, Jews of, take part in Talmudic studies, 421.

Russians, war of, with the Chazars, 221.

Ruta al Jahud, 42.

Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, treachery of, against the Jews, 303.

Saad-Addaula, Jewish physician to Argun, Grand Khan of the Mongols, 638.
minister of finance, 646 f.
encourages learning, 648.
executed, 649.

Saadiah Gaon, 187–202.
career of, 188.
combats rationalism, 199.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 195 f.
death of, 202.
defends Judaism against Christianity and Islam, 199.
deposed from the Gaonate, 196.
"Emunoth we-Deoth," 197 f.
endeavors to reconcile reason with Talmud and Bible, 190.
excommunicated, 195.
founder of scientific Judaism, 188, 197.
Gaon of Sora, 193.
idea of, of God, 189 f.
inaugurates a new epoch of Jewish history, 187.
magnanimity of, 201.
personality of, 188.
polemics of, against the Karaites, 189 ff.
polemics of, against the Massora, 207.
re-instated into the Gaonate, 200 f.
retires to Bagdad, 196.
translates the Bible into Arabic, 189 f.
works of, 189 f., 192, 196 f.

SabbataÏ ben Solomon of Rome, 630.

Sabureans (SaburaÏ), 6 f.

Safet, Jewish congregation of, takes the side of Maimonides, 633.

Safia, Jewess, captured by Mahomet, 83.

Sahal of Taberistan, Jewish physician and mathematician, 146.

Sahal, Abulsari, Karaite zealot, 203 f.

Saladin, conquers Egypt, 461.
favorable to the Jews, 461.
resists the Christians, 405.
tolerance of, 474.

Salvatierra, Jewish community of, destroyed, 507.

Samaritans, 12 f.
communities of, 427.
help the Arabs to conquer Palestine, 87.
insurrections of, 13, 16.
massacre Christians, 16 f.

Samarkand, Jews of, 435.

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, 408.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.
narrowness of, 524.
opponent of Maimonides, 505.

Samuel of Chateau-Thierry, 576.

Samuel ben Abraham Saporta, defender of Maimonides, 539, 543.

Samuel ben Ali Halevi, rabbi of Bagdad, 438 f.
head of the opposition to Maimonides, 472, 475 ff., 525.

Samuel ben Chofni, last Gaon of Sora, 253.

Samuel ben MeÏr, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.

Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, Tossafist, 586.

Samuel Cohen ben David, head of the Talmudic school of Bagdad, 633.

Samuel Halevi, scientist at the court of Alfonso X and inventor of a water-clock, 594.

Samuel Ibn-Adiya, Jewish Arabian poet and chief, 68 ff.
fidelity of, 69.
poems of, 70.

Samuel Tam, Tossafist, 345.

Sar Shalom, head of the Jewish congregation of Ispahan, 434.

Saragossa, capital of Aragon, 387.

Saul, son of Anan, leader of the Karaites, 136.

Scepticism in the East, 199.

Schism in the Church, 614.

Scientific epoch in Jewish history, beginning of, 187 ff.

Seal of the exilarch, 89 f.

"Sechel ha-Poel," 480.

Secret Jews, control exercised over, 104, 107.
treatment of, 101 ff.

"Seder ha-Kabbalah," 366.

"Sefiroth" (in the Kabbala), 551.

Semuna, principal of Pumbeditha, 56.

Serachya ben Isaac, 630.

Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 389.

Serene, false Messiah and leader of a movement against the Talmud, 120 f.

"Servi camerÆ," 516, 520.
original signification of, 356 f.
legend about the origin of, 417.
when the Jews were turned into, 416.

Sens, Jewish community of, 499.

Seville becomes the center of Jewish Spain, 284.

Shechem. See Neapolis.

"Shema," forbidden, 15.

Shemaria ben Elchanan, 208.

Shem-Tob of Tortosa, physician and writer on medicine, 582 f.

Shem-Tob Falaquera publishes a vindication of the "Guide of the Perplexed," 634.

Sherira, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 231–4.
character of, 232.
death of, 234.
descent of, 232.
imprisoned, 234.
letter of, 232 f.

Shiites, 150.

Sicily, Jews of, 569.
favorable condition of, 422.

"Siddur Rab Amram," 178.

Sigismund, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.

Sigismund, king of Burgundy, oppresses the Jews, 37.

Silk manufacture by Jews, 425.

Simcha Cohen, martyr of Worms, 302.

Simon of Cairo, author of the "Halachoth Gedoloth," 179.

Simon ben Caipha, Neo-Hebraic poet, 115.

Simon ben Isaac ben Abun, poet, 245 f.

Simon bar YochaÏ, connected with mysticism, 606.
foretells the rise of Islam, 88 f.

Simon de Montfort, 508 f.
leader of the crusade against the Albigenses, 502.
persecutes the Jews of Toulouse, 513, 515.

Sinjar, Seljuk Sultan, encounter of, with the Jews, 434 f.

Sinzig, Jews of, burnt alive, 611.

Sisebut, 173.
fanaticism of, 40.
persecutes the Jews, 47 ff.

Sisenard, king of the Visigoths, persecutes the secret Jews, 49 ff.

Slave trade of the Jews, 28 f., 40, 142, 229, 305.

Solomon, exilarch, 128, 428.

Solomon of Tarascon, 612.

Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, opponent of Maimonides, 527 f., 536 f.
invokes the Dominicans against the Maimunists, 542 f.

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret, 609, 618–23.
and David Maimuni, 620 f.
attitude of, to Kabbala and philosophy, 619.
character of, 619.
converses with Christian theologians, 623.
fame of, 620 f.
polemical writings of, against
Christianity and Islam, 623.
standard-bearer of Judaism, 621.

Solomon ben Yerucham, Karaite champion, 206.
opponent of Saadiah Gaon, 191.

Solomon Ibn-Gebirol. See Gebirol.

Solomon Petit, Kabbalist and fanatical anti-Maimunist, 626.
in Accho, 627, 630 f.

Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders to Omar, 87.

Sora, academy of, 4 f., 92 f.
closed, 8, 202.
contest for the Gaonate, 156 f.
decline of, 183, 202.
extinction of, 253.
position of principal of, 93 ff.
regains its reputation, 186.
regeneration of, under Saadiah Gaon, 193.
revenues of, 97 f.
strife with Pumbeditha, 183 ff.

Spain, Christian, 34, 43 f., 291, 361, 507, 592, 615, 618.
Mahometan, 109 ff., 214 ff., 313 ff.

Spain, Jews of:
admitted to high offices, 234 f., 256 ff., 312 f., 383 f.
attain the highest development, 383 f.
characteristics of, 235 f.
center of Judaism, 42, 210, 228 f., 254, 618.
confer names upon localities, 42.
culture of, 234 f.
enjoy toleration, 44 f.
faithful to their religion, 236.
first persecution of, 278, 281.
first rabbinical epoch of, 273.
founders of culture of, 215.
friendly intercourse of, with Christians, 43 f.
importance of history of, 41.
impoverished, 121.
intermarriage of, with Christians, 44.
nobility of, 43, 235 f.
partisans, 317.
persecuted, 360.
prosperity of, 214, 229.
rabbis of, characterized, 609.
second rabbinical epoch of, 288.
settlement of, 34 f., 42 f.
support the Mahometan conquest, 109.

Speyer, Jews of, during the crusades, 301.
privileges of, 297 f.

Stamford, Jews of, maltreated, 412.

Stephanus, governor of Palestine, killed by the Samaritans, 16 f.

Stephen, king of England, protects the Jews during the second crusade, 356.

Stephen Langton, enemy of the Jews, 516.

St. Gilles, Jewish congregation of, 399.

Sunna (Mahometan tradition), 110.

Superstition among Jews and Christians, 546.

Susa (Tuster), Jewish congregation of, 434 f.

SÜsskind (SÜzkint) of Trimberg, Jewish German poet, 420.

Suwailin, plots against Mahomet, 84.

Sviatislaw, conquers the kingdom of the Chazars, 222.

Swintila, king of the Visigoths, dethroned, 49.
tolerant to the Jews, 49.

"Synhedrion, the great and the smaller," 96.

Synods of the Church. See Councils of the Church.

Synods, rabbinical, 376, 377 f., 517.

Syrian Christians render scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 111.

"Tables of Alfonso," 594.

"Tachkemoni," 318.
of Alcharisi, 559.

Talmud:
attitude of the Arabic Jews toward, 119 f.
causes suffering to the Jews, 573 f.
committed to writing, 6.
confiscated and burnt, 579.
degeneracy of study of, 128.
effect of condemnation of, by the Church, 579.
movement against, 124, 127 ff.
persecuted, 573–9.
put on trial in Aragon, 602.
stagnation of the development of, 5.
study of, becomes the center of Jewish life, 571 f.
subjected to censorship, 602 f.
supplants the Bible, 128, 317.

Talmud, Babylonian, authority of, 118 f.
Jerusalem, studied, 249.

Talmud, copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 203.

Talmudic Judaism abandoned by a part of the Jews, 120–2.

Talmudic lexicography, 179.

Talmudic schools:
aim of, 6.
closed, 8.
lack of creative power of, 5 f.
literary activity of, 180.
of Cordova, 210.
of Egypt, 210.
of Kairuan, 248 f.
of Narbonne, 143, 242.
of Paris, 586.
of Tiberias, 12.

Talmudic studies:
in Bohemia 420 f.
in France, 344 ff., 408.
in Germany, 419.
in Italy, 421.
in Spain, 227 ff., 282.

Talmudic teachers have to flee, 4, 8.

Tarik, the Mahometan conqueror of Spain, 109.

Tax, Jewish. See Jew-tax and Tithe.

Ten, importance of the number in the Kabbala, 552.

"The History of the Maccabees," 180.

Theobald, Count of Chartres, part taken by, in the first blood accusation, 379 f.

Theodatus, supported by the Jews, 31.

Theodoric, attitude of, towards the Jews, 29 f.

Theodosius II, 26.
laws of, against the Jews, 10, 28 f., 171.

Thomas À Becket, kindles fanaticism against the Jews, 409.

Tiberias, Jews of, driven out by Omar, 87.
school of, 12.

Tiberius, emperor, 18.

Tiflisites, Karaite sect, 158.

Tithe, paid by Jews, 499, 516, 518, 582.

Toledo, 384.
center of Jewish learning, 361.
confession signed by the Jews of, 103 f.
conquered by Alfonso VI, 294 f.
Council of, passes decrees against secret Jews, 49 ff., 102.
culture of the Jews of, 386.
delivered by the Jews to the Mahometans, 109.
Jewish congregation of, at the head of Spain, 537.
number of Jews in, 384.
riot against the Jews of, 386.
Talmudic school of, 362.

Torah, distinguishing character of, 484 f.

Tossafists, 344–6, 403 f., 408, 470.
last, 587.
method of, 344.
one-sidedness of, 529.

"Tossafoth," old, 404.

Toulouse, Jews of, 399 f.
indignities suffered by, 174.

Tovey on the Jews, 642.

Treves during the crusades, 300.

Troyes, rabbinical synod of, 378.

Tudela, Jews of, obtain equal rights with the Christians, 388.

Tuster. See Susa.

Ubaid-Allah Ibn-Suleiman, vizir, favors the Jews, 183.
founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 180 f.

Unitarians among Mahometans, 358.

Usury of Jews and Christians, 399, 401, 510, 571, 642.

Vandals conquered by Belisarius, 26.

Vannes, Council of, forbids the clergy to attend Jewish banquets, 36.

Venantius Fortunatus, 39.

Vessels of the Temple transported from Carthage to Constantinople and Jerusalem, 26 f.

Vienna, Council of, degrades the Jews, 611 f.
Jews of, excluded from offices, 635.

Visigoths:
constitution of, 47.
treatment of Jews by, 44 f., 101.

Vizirs, Jewish, 256 ff., 274, 280, 312.

Vowel-points, introduction of, 7, 112, 207.

Wadil-Kora (Arabia), Jews of, 55 f.
driven out by Omar, 85.

Walid I, 110.

Walter, archbishop of Sens, intercedes in behalf of the Jews and the Talmud, 578.

Walter von der Vogelweide, 420.

Wamba, king of the Visigoths, deposed, 104–6.

Waraka Ibn-Naufal and Mahomet, 71.

Wecelinus, convert to Judaism, 245 f.

Werner, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 636.

William II, of Sicily, favorable to the Jews, 422 f.

William the Conqueror, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 294.

Wimpfen, ransoms the body of MeÏr of Rothenburg, 640.

Witiga, king of the Visigoths, 109.

Wolfram of Eschenbach, 420.

Worms, during the crusades, 301.
Jews of, favored by Henry IV, 293.

Wratislaw, ruler of Bohemia, extorts money from the Jews, 307 f.

WÜrzburg, Jewish martyrs of, 354.

Xeres, battle of, 109.

Yathrib (Medina), seat of Jewish learning, 59.

Yechiel of Paris, disputation of, with Nicholas Donin, 576 f., 598 f.
emigrates to Palestine, 587.
head of the Talmudic school of Paris, 586.

Yechiel ben Abraham, financier of pope Alexander III, 421.

"Yekum Purkan," 95.

Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, head of the Jews in Saragossa, 266.
friend of Gebirol, 266.
killed, 266.

Yemen, benevolence of the Jews of, 436.
Maimonides' letter to, 462–4.

Yezid I, 110.

YishaÏ ben Chiskiyah, exilarch of Damascus, defends Maimonides, 627, 632.

Yizchaki ben Yasus, Biblical critic, 273.

Yizchaki Solomon. See Rashi.

Yom Tob of Joigny, 414.

York, Jews of, exterminated, 413–16.

ZaccaÏ ben AchunaÏ, exilarch, 137.

Zainab, Jewess, captured by Mahomet, 83 f.

Zedekiah, Jewish physician to Charles the Bald, 170.

Zendik, 2.

Zenki, father of Nureddin, 429.

Zeno, emperor, hatred of, against the Jews, 10 f.

Ziadeth-Allah, Aghlabite prince, 180.

Zorah Yussuf, Jewish king in Arabia, 64.
intolerance of, 65.