Abayi, principal of Pumbeditha, 583–5. Abba-Areka. See Rab. Abbahu, 531–43.
character, 540 f.
learning, 537–9.
favors study of Agada, 540, 543.
polemics against Christianity, 540 f. Ab-bet-din, 404. Abtalion, 71. Acher (Elisha ben Abuya), apostasy, 358, 377.
malice against the Jews, 425 f.
relation to MeÏr, 437. Adam, book of, 462. Adiabene, princes of, converted to Judaism, 216 ff.
help the JudÆans in the revolution, 264.
resist Trajan, 393 f. Administration of justice, reform of, 50. Adoyot == evidence of witnesses, 343.
= older compilation of the Mishna, 460. Adultery, suspected, ritual of, abolished, 238. Aelia Capitolina == Jerusalem, 421. Agada (Hagadah), favorite study in JudÆa, 576, 623.
subject-matter, 328 f. Agape, 223. Agora-nomos, 512 f., 616. Agrippa I, 174–96.
career in Rome, and character, 175 f.
favorite of Caligula, 176 f., 189.
of Claudius, 190.
fortifies Jerusalem, 195.
liberality to the Greeks, 193 f.
made king, 177, 190.
patriotism, 189, 191, 195.
popularity, 191.
prosperity of his reign, 191 f.
reading the Torah in the Temple, 192.
death, 196. Agrippa II, 235 f.
aids the Roman army, 264.
alleviates the condition of Galilee after the war, 333.
appointed king of Chalcis, 235.
career and character, 235 f.
conduct during the war, 288.
depravity of his house, 236.
fall, 317.
flees from Jerusalem, 258.
hostile to his people, 236.
how treated by Titus, 388.
meets Vespasian, 285.
recommends peace with Rome, 257 f.
sends troops to Jerusalem to preserve peace, 259.
treachery against his people, 302. Akiba ben Joseph, 342 ff.
classifies the Halachas, 353 f.
combats Gnosticism, 381 f.
disciple of Nachum Gimso, 351 f.
legends about his early life, 351.
martyr, 428.
method and system, 352 f., 441.
new founder of the Oral Law, 354.
part played in the revolt of Bar Cochba, 408 ff.
seven disciples, 429, 433. Akylas (Aquila), 385 ff.
at the funeral of Gamaliel, 404.
Greek translation of the Bible, 386 f. Albinus, procurator of JudÆa, 248. Alexander JannÆus, 38–47.
accession to the throne, 39.
campaign in the trans-Jordanic land, 44.
coins, 46.
crucifies 800 Pharisees, 45.
cruelties in Gaza, 41.
death, 47.
desecrates the ceremony of libation, 43.
employs mercenaries, 39.
forces Judaism upon the conquered, 46.
massacres 6000 people in the precincts of the Temple, 43. Alexander JannÆus, relation to the Pharisees, 39, 42, 44, 47.
revolts against him, 44.
wanting in generalship, 39. Alexander II, 70–75.
conflict with Hyrcanus II and Pompey, 70–73.
decapitated, 75. Alexander, son of Herod, executed, 112 f. Alexander, Alabarch of Alexandria, 175 f., 190. Alexander Polyhistor, favorable representation of the Jews, 179. Alexander Severus, conditions after his death, 526 f.
kindly disposed towards Judaism and Christianity, 481 f.
relation to Judah II, 482. Alexandra, mother of Mariamne, 81, 91 f., 94.
executed, 105. Alexandria, in Egypt, Jews in, 178 ff.
adopt foreign views and practices, 13 f.
deprived of citizenship, 182.
hostility against them, 178–87.
massacre of Jews, 263.
outrages by Christians against them, 618 f.
play leading role, 12.
restored to their rights by Claudius, 191.
Talmudic schools, 359.
teachers, 329. Allegorical method of interpretation, 208 ff.
leads to apostasy from Judaism, 209. Altar, why the use of iron is forbidden in erecting, 329. Ambivius, Marcus, procurator of JudÆa, 135. Ambrosius, fanaticism against the Jews, 613 f. Amemar, principal of Nahardea, 606. Ami, 531, 534, 537. Ammonites, discussion about their admission into the Jewish community, 343, 383 f. Amoraim, the first, 479 ff.
the last, 630 f.
method, 490.
in Palestine, 531 ff. Anan, high priest, 172.
attempts to revive SadducÆism, 248.
executed by the Zealots, 296. Anan, his family, 237. Ananel, chosen high priest by Herod, 90. Andreias (Lucas), leader of the revolt against Trajan in Cyrene, 395. Anti-JudÆan movement, 178–89. Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, 80–89.
character compared with that of Herod, 84–6.
contest with Herod, 84–8.
decapitated by Mark Antony, 89.
plot against the IdumÆans, 80.
proclaimed king, 83. Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, murdered, 36 f.
rumors about his death, 38. Antipas I, son of Herod, appointed successor of his father, 114.
dies in exile, 177.
marries Herodias, wife of his brother Herod, 173. Antipater, father of Herod, 59–80.
descent, 59.
instigates Hyrcanus II to break the agreement, 59 f.
made governor of JudÆa, 67.
poisoned, 80. Antipater, son of Herod, 112–16.
adopted as royal prince, 112.
character, 173.
conspires against his father, 114.
executed, 116. Antoninus Pius, Jewish revolt against him, 447.
revokes the decrees of Hadrian against the Jews, 432. Antony, Mark, assists Herod, 87 f.
defeat of, at Actium, 96.
gives the district of Jericho to Cleopatra, 93.
and JudÆan ambassadors against the IdumÆans, 81. Apion, hatred of the Jews, 180, 390.
heads an anti-JudÆan embassy to Rome, 186. Apocalypse (of John), 369. Apocrypha, and apocryphal additions, 344.
considered by Christians as part of the Bible, 359, 488, 624. Apollos of Alexandria (Jewish Christian), 231. Arabia, Jewish fugitives in, 419. Arcadius, favorable to Jews, 615 f.Arch of Titus, 314. Archelaus, son and successor of Herod, 120–8.
bloody inauguration of his reign, 121 f.
character of his reign, 121 f. Aretas, king of the NabathÆans, interferes between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, 59–61. Aristobulus I, 35–8.
adheres to the Sadducees, 36.
assumes the title of king, 35.
campaign against the IthurÆans and Trachonites, 37.
coins, 35.
death, 38.
forces Judaism upon the conquered heathen, 37.
imprisons his mother and three of his brothers, 36.
preference for Hellenism, unpopular, 36. Aristobulus II, 56–75.
contest with Hyrcanus II, 57–75.
death, 75.
fight with Pompey, 64 f.
led a captive to Rome, 67–73. Aristobulus III, appointed high priest by Herod, 91.
assassinated, 92. Aristobulus, son of Herod and Mariamne, executed, 112 f. Aristobulus, brother of Herod II, 197. Aristocracy, JudÆan, corruption of, 147.
cowardice and servility, 142, 298.
opposed to war with Rome, 256, 274. Armenia, Jews in, 591. Arsaces, dynasty of Parthia, 513, 523. Artemion, leader of the Jewish revolt against Trajan in Cyprus, 397. Ascension (of Christ), doctrine of, 539 f. Ashi, 605–11.
principal of Sora, 605 ff.
redactor of the Talmud, 607–9.
view on the coming of the Messiah, 610 f. Asia Minor, Talmudic schools in, 358 f. Assi, 531, 534, 537. AssidÆans. See Essenes. Astronomy, 521. Augustine, hatred of the Jews, 625. Augustus (Octavianus), 101–3.
death, 135.
extends the territory of JudÆa, 103. Augustus (Octavianus), favors shown to the Jews of Egypt, 102.
to those of Rome, 103.
gracious to Herod, 101, 103. BaÂle TrÊsin, 356. Babylonia, becomes second home of the Jews, 503.
different meanings of the word in Jewish history, 504.
division of the Jewish province in it, 505 ff. Babylonia, Jews in, 503.
become heads of schools in JudÆa, 537.
decline of learning, 626.
effect of the sojourn of the Jews in it on their mind and character, 504.
martyrs, 629.
occupations, 508.
persecutions, 508 f., 591 f., 627–30.
political condition, 508 ff.
progress, 544.
purity of descent, 505.
resist Trajan, 393 f., 397.
study the Law in JudÆa, 511 f., 518, 531.
surpass the Jews in JudÆa, 503. Babylonian colony of Jews in Galilee, devoted to the Herodian family, 274.
part played in the war with Rome, 275. Babylonian prince of captivity. See Princes of Captivity. Babylonian schools. See Schools. Babylonian Synhedrion, 143 f. Bar-Cochba, 409 ff. See Revolt against Hadrian. Barnabas (apostle), 227. Barnabas, Jose of Cyprus, 219. Bassus, procurator of JudÆa, 315. Bath-Kol, 337. Be-Rab, 514. Bechirta, 343. Bekiim, seat of a school, 348. Bene-Bathyra, chosen president of the Synhedrion by Herod, 90.
in Nisibis, 358. Bene-Berak, seat of Akiba, 355. Berachoth, eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, 363. Berenice, daughter of Salome and wife of Aristobulus, 112. Berenice, sister of Agrippa II, 235 ff.
alleviates the sorrows of the conquered Jews, 332 f. Berenice, fall, 388.
honored at Athens with a statue, 317.
intercession with Florus, 254.
relation to Vespasian and Titus, 299 f., 317. Beth-Din, after the fall of JudÆa, 325. Bethar, 416 ff. Bethshean, conflict between Jews and heathens in, 262 f. Beth-Shearim, seat of the Synhedrion, 452. Bible, interpretation of by Christians, 488 f., 499, 501.
knowledge of, among Jews and Christians, 623 ff.
cultivated in JudÆa, 623 ff.
neglect of, 536 f. Birchath ha Minim, 379 f. Bishops of Rome, 500. BoËthus and BoËthuseans, 108, 237. Boraita, 470 f. Bruria, wife of MeÏr, 436. Burial in JudÆa, merits attributed to, 548, 576. CÆsar and JudÆa, 75–77.
benevolence to the Jews, 76. CÆsarea, affray between Jews and Syrian-Greeks, 246, 252, 262.
founded by Herod, 106 f.
Jews deprived of their civil rights, 247.
Jews join in the races of the stadium, 626. CÆsarea Philippi, 138. Caiaphas, Joseph, high priest, 163, 172. Cainites (Gnostic sect), 375. Calendar, 362.
of Hillel II, 573 f.
of Mar-Samuel, 521 f., 574. Caligula demands divine honors, 183, 187.
orders his statue to be put in the Temple of Jerusalem, 188 f.
reason of his hatred of the Jews, 187.
relation to Agrippa I, 176 f.
to JudÆa, 174 f.
treatment of a Jewish embassy from Alexandria, 187. Camith, family of high priests, 237. Canon of Holy Writings completed, 344. Cantheras, family of high priests, 237. Caracalla, tolerable condition of the Jews under rule of, 468 f. Catholic Church, when created, 500. Census on Passover in Jerusalem, called the census of crushing, 251.
of Quirinus, 129 ff.
census taken by Rome for taxation, 129, 133. Chama, principal of Pumbeditha, 594 f. Chama ben AnilaÏ, model of Jewish charity, 545 f. Chanina, deputy of the high priest (Segan ha-Cohanim), 330. Chanina ben Chama, 490–2. Chanina ben Teradion, 427.
died a martyr under Hadrian, 429. Chares, leader in the war of revolution at Gamala, 289. Chasda of Cafri, principal of the school of Babylonia, 552 f. Chebrim (Guebres), 523. Chiya, 454 f. Chiya bar Abba, 536 f. Chrestus (Christian Apostle), 202, 231. Christianity and Christians, 141 ff.
ascendancy of, 531, 535.
beginning, 141 ff.
compared with Judaism, 383.
composite nature of its teachings, 373 f.
controversies with Jews, 499 ff., 539 f.
creation of the Catholic Church, 500.
dogmas, 500 f.
fanaticism against Jews, 613, 618 ff.
essence: Essenism intermingled with foreign elements, 142, 170 f., 366.
hatred of Judaism, 562, 625 f.
methods of proselytizing, 562.
peculiarities, 168 f.
persecuted by Diocletian, 533 f., 539.
proselytism, 169, 364, 533.
sectarianism, 365, 373.
separation from Judaism, 431, 563 ff.
split into a Judaic Christian and heathen-Christian sect, 232, 365 ff.
triumph over the Roman empire and paganism, 559 ff.
union with the Roman empire and its results, 566. Christianity, why it gained converts, 383. Christianity and Christians, Jewish, attitude towards the Law, 365.
called Ebionites, 168 f., 220.
Nazarenes, 168.
condemned by Samuel Hakaton, 358.
discussed in the Synhedrion of Jabne, 379 f.
divisions, 370.
incursions in Judaism, 378.
measures taken against, 382, 412 f.
not referred to in the Mishna, 476.
persecuted by Hadrian, 430 f.
points of difference from pagan Christianity, 365 ff.
relation to Jews and Judaism, 390, 412.
union with pagan Christians, 431. Christian emperors, their attitude to Jews and Judaism, 561 ff., 566 ff., 602 f., 612 ff. Christian school of Alexandria, 488. Christians in Antioch, honor Jewish institutions, 613 f. Chrysostom, fanaticism against the Jews, 613 f. Churches, first, which were built in Galilee, 565. Chuzpit, public interpreter (Meturgeman) and martyr under Hadrian, 357, 429. Cicero, hostility against the Jews, 68–70, 179. Circumcision, prohibited, 422, 424. Citizenship, Roman, full right of, extended by Caracalla, 468. Civil war in JudÆa, 295.
See also War of Revolution. Claudius banishes the Jews from Rome, 202.
favorably disposed towards the Jews of the Roman empire, 191.
friendship to Agrippa I, 190.
relation to JudÆa, 197. Clemens, Flavius, convert to Judaism, 387.
executed, 389. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, antagonism to Herod, 92, 94.
death, 102.
hostile to the JudÆans, 102. Cleopatra, mother of Ptolemy VIII, relation to JudÆa, 10, 40 f. Clergy, Christian, fanaticism against the Jews, 612 ff. Coins struck, in honor of Agrippa I, 190, 194.
by Alexander JannÆus, 46.
by Alexander II, 70.
by Antigonus, 83.
by Aristobulus, 35.
by Bar-Cochba, 411.
in honor of Hadrian, commemorating his victory over Bar-Cochba, 419.
by Hadrian, 407.
by Hyrcanus, 12.
Roman, commemorating the overthrow of JudÆa, 314.
commemorating Nerva's act of toleration to the Jews, 392.
by Salome Alexandra, 48.
of the war of revolution, 292.
by the Zealots, 268, 269. Commands, the six hundred and thirteen of the Jewish Law, 499. Consecration, feast of, celebrated in the Jewish community of Egypt, 6. Constantine, discriminations against the Jews, 562 ff.
edict of toleration, 561.
forbids the Jews to make converts, 562.
re-enacts the decrees of Hadrian against the Jews, 564. Constantius, oppresses the Jews, 566 f.
forbids the Jews to make converts and to marry Christian women, 567. Coponius, first procurator of JudÆa, 129, 135. Council, the Great, when called Synhedrion, 71.
See Synhedrion. Council of Nice, 563.
incorporates apocryphal books in the Canon, 624. Crassus plunders the Temple, 74. Ctesiphon, 506 f. Cumanus, procurator of JudÆa, 241 ff. Cypros, wife of Agrippa I, 175. Cyprus, revolt against Trajan, 397. Cyrene, uprising of the Jews in, 331.
revolt against Trajan, 395. Cyril of Alexandria, fanaticism against the Jews, 618 f. Cyzicenus, Antiochus, King of Syria, hostility to JudÆa, 9.
defeated by Hyrcanus I, 10, 40. Daniel, book of, how considered by Christians and Porphyry, 502.
applications made of his prophecies and visions, 494 f., 527, 598. Dead, burial denied to, by Hadrian, 430. Dedication, feast of (Chanuka), observed by the heathen, 384. Dio Cassius, account of the war of Bar-Cochba, 418 f. Diocletian, attitude towards the Patriarch, 533 f.
not unfavorably disposed towards the Jews, 533.
persecutes Christians and Samaritans, 533 f., 539. Diogenes, SadducÆan and favorite of Alexander JannÆus, 42, 45, 55. Divorce, ordinance of MeÏr concerning, 439;
restricted, 50. Documents in JudÆa, dated according to the reign of the Roman emperors, 134. Domitian, 345.
decrees against the Jews, 387–9.
persecution of proselytes to Judaism, 384, 389. Drusilla, sister of Agrippa II, apostate, and wife of the procurator Felix, 235 f., 245. Earthquake in JudÆa, 61. Easter, Christian, and Jewish Passover, separated by the Church, 563. Ebionites, 168 f., 220, 366.
See also Christianity, Jewish. Ecclesiastes (Kohelet), book of, discussion concerning its holiness, 343 f. Egypt, Jews in, revolt against Trajan, 395–8.
See also Alexandria. Eighteen things, the, of Shammai, concerning the relation of Jews to the heathen, 270. Eleazar ben Ananias, gives the first impulse to the uprising against Rome; leader of the Zealots, 256, 270. Eleazar ben Arach, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 326, 334. Eleazar ben Azariah, 345.
elected patriarch of Jabne, 342. Eleazar ben Dinai, leader of a band of Zealots, 238. Eleazar ben Jair, leader of the Sicarii, 239, 315. Eleazar of Modin, killed by Bar-Cochba, 417 f. Eleazar ben Poira, reprimands Hyrcanus I, 32. Eleazar, son of Simon ben Jochai, 457.
delivers the freebooters to the Romans, 464 f. Eleazar, head of the Zealots, his part in the war of revolution, 258 f. Eleazar ben Simon, ultra-Zealot, 270. Elegabalus, emperor, favorable attitude towards Judaism, 469 f. Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, character, 346 f.
disciple of Jochanan ben Zaccai, 334, 346.
excommunicated by Gamaliel, 339 f.
upholder of tradition, 356. Eliezer of Modin, authority on Agadic explanations, 357. Embassies, JudÆan, to Rome, 126 f., 197 f., 449.
from Alexandria, 184 ff. Emigration of Jews to India, 629 f. Essenes, 23–31.
ablutions and celibacy, 25 f.
ceremonies of initiation, 31.
communism, 25, 145, 150.
dress, 26.
derivation of the name, 26.
disapprove of oath, 27 f., 108.
of war, 25.
final aim, 28 f.
idea of the Messiah, 145.
mysticism, 28.
occupy themselves with cures, exorcisms, etc., 29.
origin, from the AssidÆans, 24.
number, 30.
prophetic power ascribed to them, 100.
relation to Christianity, 219 f.
to the Pharisees, the Temple and national life, 30.
settlement, 25.
strict observance of the Sabbath and the Levitical laws of cleanliness, 24 f. Eusebius, fanaticism against the Jews, 527, 562. Excommunication (Nidui), 339.
laws about, 552.
in Babylon, 517. Exile, Roman (Galut Edom), compared with that of Babylonia, 321. Exorcism, practice of, in Christianity, 170. Fadus, procurator of JudÆa after Agrippa I's death, 197 f. Fathers of the Church, hatred of the Jews, 525 ff., 562, 613, 620, 623 ff. Felix, governor of Galilee, 242 f.
of JudÆa, 245 f. Festivals, calculations of the dates of, 325, 340, 362 f., 532, 573.
second day celebrated by the Jews outside of JudÆa, 363, 573. Festus, procurator of JudÆa, 247 ff. Firuz (Pheroces), persecutes the Babylonian Jews, 628–30. Fiscus Judaicus (Jewish taxes for Rome), 316. Flaccus, governor of Egypt, persecutes the Jews, 181–3. Florus, Gessius, procurator of JudÆa, 249 ff.
avarice, 250, 253.
cruelty, 254.
indulgent to the Sicarii, 250.
treachery, 255. Fulvia, Roman convert to Judaism, 136. Funeral, expenses and outfit of, 404. Future life, in the Mishna, 473. Gabinius, Aulus, in JudÆa, 70 f. Galba, emperor, 299. Galilee adopts many heathen superstitions, 148.
corruptness of its language, 148 f.
description of, 272.
mental condition at the time of Jesus, 148 f.
stricter morality and observance of laws and customs than in JudÆa, 148. Galilee in the war of revolution, 272 ff.
Gischala, focus of the revolution in Galilee, 272.
taken by the Romans, 290.
Mount Tabor, 290. Galilean fugitives in Jerusalem, 291. Galilee recovers after the fall of JudÆa, 333. Gallus, Cestius, Governor of Syria, 250 f., 257.
battle with the Zealots, 265 f. Gamala, 273, 289 f. Gamala, besieged, 289 f.
focus of the revolution in Galilee, 273. Gamaliel I, president of the Synhedrion, 192 f. Gamaliel II, president of Jabne, 334 ff.
arranger, 356.
character, 336, 344.
contest with Joshua, 340 ff.
death and funeral, 404.
deposed, 341.
employs excommunication, 339.
in Rome, 387, 392.
reinstated in the dignity of patriarch, 345.
severity, 338 ff.
two regulations, 338 f.
work for the union of the schools, 335 ff. Gamaliel III, sayings, 467 f. Gamaliel IV, 532 ff. Gamaliel V, 612. Gamaliel the last, 612, 617. Genseric, prince of the Vandals, and the vessels of the Temple, 611. Mt. Gerizim, temple of Jupiter erected on, 422. Gischala, 272, 290. See also Galilee. Gnosticism and Gnostics, 374–81.
combated by Akiba, 381.
doctrines, 375 ff.
influence on Jewish circles, 377, 380 f.
sects, 374 f. Gratus, Valerius, procurator of JudÆa, 135 ff. Greek culture and language, attitude of the Rabbis to, 400, 537 f. Greek Jews become preachers and missionaries of Christianity, 220 f. Greek translations of the Bible, 385 ff., 488 f. Greeks of Alexandria, hostility of, to Jews and Judaism, 178 ff. Habakkuk, book of, apocryphal additions to, 624. Hadrian, 399–432.
and the Christians, 430 f.
cruel measures against the dead, 430.
death, 432.
decrees against the Jews, 421. Hadrian disappoints the Jews concerning the restoration of the Temple, 403 f.
inaugurates a religious persecution against the Jews, 426.
journey through JudÆa, 406.
makes Jerusalem a pagan city, 407.
policy against the Jews after the war of Bar-Cochba, 422.
yielding to the Jews, 400 f. Halacha, 328 ff.
compilers of, 470.
relation to Agada and Midrash, 329.
systematic grouping of, by Akiba, 353 f. Havayot d'Abayi ve Raba, 585. Heathen, difference of attitude towards them between Hillelites and Shammaites, 270.
laws concerning them, 476–8.
relaxing of the laws against them, 525 f. Hebrew language, knowledge of, cultivated in JudÆa, 623 ff.
spoken by the population of JudÆa, 461 f. Hebrews, epistle to, 371. Helen of Adiabene, proselyte and benefactress in Jerusalem, 218 f. Helkias and Ananias, sons of Onias, and generals of Cleopatra, 10, 40 f. Hereditary sin, doctrine of, 229. Herod, 77–120.
betrothed to Mariamne, 81.
building of the Temple, 109–11.
children, 119.
cities and buildings erected by him, 105–7.
cringing policy towards Rome, 89, 127.
cruelty, 87, 89, 115.
death, 116 f.
discord in his family, 119 f., 177.
disease, 111, 115 f.
distrust of his people, 108, 111.
escapes from JudÆa to Rome, 83.
executes Hyrcanus, 96.
exhausts the people by taxation, 107.
governor of Coelesyria, 79.
governor of Galilee, 77.
introduces games into Jerusalem, 105.
judgment of Augustus on him, 116.
last bloody orders with regard to the nobles of JudÆa, 116.
love of pomp and display, 105, 109.
proclaimed king of JudÆa by the Senate of Rome, 86.
relation to his children, 112–4, 116.
relation of the Pharisees to him, 114 f.
struggle for the crown of JudÆa, 87 f.
suicidal attempt, 116.
before the Synhedrion, 78.
will concerning JudÆa, 119 f. Herod II, 173.
death, 199.
prince of Chalcis in Lebanon, 190, 196 f.
titular king of JudÆa, 197, 199. Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and PerÆa, 137.
beheads John the Baptist, 147. Herodias, wife of Antipas, 175.
dies in exile, 177. Hieronymus (Jerome), studies Hebrew with Rabbis, 623 f. High priests, frequent change of, 137, 249.
right of appointment reserved by Rome, 172. High-priesthood, corruption and degradation, 236 f., 246, 249.
dignity of, inherent in certain families, 237.
strife for it, 237. Hillel, 96–130.
appointed president of the Synhedrion by Herod, 96.
character, 96 f.
death, 30.
descent from David, 96.
disciple of Shemaya and Abtalion, 96, 98.
his expositions attain authority, 338.
founder of Talmudic Judaism, 327.
gives the Oral Law a rational basis, by introducing the seven rules, 98.
maxims, 97.
modifies the laws concerning the year of release, 100.
part played in the Paschal controversy, 99.
presidency hereditary in his family, 130. Hillel, school of, 131. Hillel II, 560.
act of self-renunciation, 572 f.
and Joseph, the apostate, 565 f.
calendar, 573 f. Hillelites, belong to the peace party, 256. History, cultivated under the HasmonÆans, 15 f. Honorius, emperor of the West, laws of, against the Jews, 616 f. Huna, principal of the school of Sora, 545–8.
charity, 546 f.
death, 548. Huna ben Chiya, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, 576 f. Huna-Mari, Prince of the Captivity and martyr, 629. Hypatia, 619. Hyrcanus I, John, 1–34.
ambitious, 13.
assures the independence of JudÆa, 11.
campaign against the Parthians, 5.
coins, 12.
compared to Solomon, 1, 11, 34.
condition of the people under his reign, 13–17.
destroys the Samaritan temple on Mt. Gerizim, 8.
embassy sent by him to Rome, 4 f., 9.
employs mercenaries, 7.
expels the Hellenists and destroys Samaria, 11.
extends the boundaries of JudÆa, 11 f.
forces Judaism on the IdumÆans, 8.
reprimanded by Eleazar ben Poira, 32.
relation to the religious parties, 31 ff.
wars, 7–11. Hyrcanus II, 57 ff.
contest with Aristobulus II, 57–66.
arrangement between them, 58.
broken by Hyrcanus, 59.
characters of both contrasted, 57 f.
interference of Rome, 61 ff.
part played by Antipater, 59 ff.
rise of a republican party in JudÆa, 63.
his ears mutilated by the Parthians, 82.
executed by Herod, 96. Hyrcanus, son of Alexander JannÆus, high priest, 48. IdumÆans forced to accept Judaism, 8 f.
part played by them in the war of revolution, 295, 298, 301. Images, Roman, introduced by Pilate into Jerusalem, 139.
of the emperor put up in the synagogues of Alexandria, 183. Independence, JudÆan, when lost, 66. Indo-Jewish colonists, 629 f. Informers, 425 f., 464 f., 570. Iron, its use in the erecting of an altar, why forbidden, 329. Isebab, martyr under Hadrian, 429. Ishmael ben Elisha, 355 f.
clear thinker, 356.
death (martyrdom), 356, 427.
mildness, 423 f.
system, 355 f.
view, his, on Jewish Christianity, 378. Isidorus, leader of an uprising against the Jews in Alexandria, 181. Izates, prince of Adiabene, convert to Judaism, 216 f. Jabne (Jamnia), seat of the school and Synhedrion after the fall of Jerusalem, 324 ff.
See Schools and Synhedrion. James, brother of Jesus, 169, 222. Jerusalem after the war of Bar-Cochba, 421 f.
Jews forbidden to enter it, 422, 564.
ploughed, 421.
See also War of Revolution. Jesus of Nazareth, 148–68.
addresses himself to the neglected and the outcast, 152, 165.
adopts Essene principles, 150 f., 154.
aim and purpose, 151, 155.
attitude towards Judaism and the heathen world, 155 f.
before the court of justice, 163 f.
before Pilate, 164.
character, 149.
claims to be the Messiah and son of God, 158 f.
condition of Galilee at his time, 148.
death and its effects, 165.
descent, 148.
disciple of John the Baptist, 148.
disciples, his, to which class they belonged, 153 f., 160.
education and mental culture, 148 f. Jesus in Jerusalem, and why he went there, 160–3.
merits, his, wherein they consist, 156.
miraculous deeds, 156 f.
reason of opposition to him, 161 f.
religiousness, 149 f.
resurrection, belief in his, 168.
Rome's part in his death, 164 f., 171.
teachings, 150, 154 ff.
victim to a misunderstanding, 165.
when public sentiment rose against him, 159.
work, 152 f., 157. Jesus ben Sapphia, leader in the revolution at Tiberias, 274. Jews in Alexandria. See Alexandria. Jews in Armenia, 591. Jews and Christians, connection between them severed, 431. Jews and heathen, hatred between them, 262 ff., 313 f. Jews prohibited from entering Jerusalem, 422, 564. Jews, inner life of, after the fall of JudÆa, 322, 360–5. Jews, moral and religious condition of the middle class of, 146, 151. Jews in Rome, 67–9.
after the war of revolution, 316.
religious persecution of, 137 f. Jews and Samaritans, hatred between them, 135, 243 ff. Jews, significance of their dispersion in the Roman empire and in Parthia, 200 f. Jews' tax (fiscus Judaicus), 332. See Taxes. Jezdijird, king of Persia, friendly attitude towards the Jews, 609 f. Jezdijird III, persecutes the Jews of Babylonia, 627 f. Job, book of, view of Simon ben Lakish on, 497. Jochanan bar Napacha, 492–5. Jochanan ben Zakkai, 322–33.
abolishes the ritual of suspected adultery, 238.
abolishes the sin-offering for the shedding of innocent blood, 239.
becomes vice-president of the Synhedrion, 240.
burnt-offerings, his view on their value, 324.
character, 331.
combats the Sadducees, 323.
compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, 333.
death, 333.
disciples, 326.
establishes the school of Jabne, 324 f.
heir of Hillel's mind, 323.
holds converse with pagans, 329.
joins the peace party, 323.
nine changes made by him, 326.
school, his, at Jerusalem, 323.
teachings, 326 ff.
why he sided with Rome, 329.
work, his, after the fall of JudÆa, 322 ff. John the Baptist, an Essene, 145 ff., 150.
beheaded by Herod Antipas, 147.
not hindered in his work by the Pharisees, 147. John of Gischala, leader in the revolution, character, 273, 296 f.
death, 314.
conduct as general, 290, 304. John, son of Zebedee, 169, 222. Jonathan, leader of the Sadducees, 31, 33. Jonathan, son of Uziel, 131. JosÉ, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 630. JosÉ ben Chalafta, 442. JosÉ, the Galilean, 357. JosÉ ben Kisma, 426 f. Joseph the Apostate, 564 ff. Joseph ben Chiya, principal of the school of Pumbeditha, 577 f., 581–3. Joseph of Gamala, leader in the revolution, 289. Joseph ben Gorion, general in the war of revolution, 271. Joseph ben Matthias. See Josephus. Josephus, Flavius (Joseph ben Matthias), 276 ff.
accused with the Synhedrion, 281.
adherent of Agrippa II, 278, 280.
associates with the Essenes, 276.
character, 280, 282 f., 288, 302.
death, 391.
devoted to Rome, 277.
education, 276 f.
governor of Galilee during the revolution, 271 ff., 277.
history of the war, written by him, 319.
John of Gischala, compared to, 285 f. Josephus, Flavius, promoter of the revolution, 278.
religious zeal, 279.
sows discord in Galilee, 281, 283.
surrenders to Vespasian, 288.
weakens Galilee, 283, 286.
uprising against him in Galilee, 280.
writings, his, 389 f. Joshua, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 326, 337. Joshua ben Chananya, 404 f.
character, 348 ff.
conciliator, 356.
conversations with Hadrian, 406 f.
dissuades from rebellion, 403, 407.
establishes the school of Bekiim, 348 ff.
intermediary between the Jewish nation and Roman intolerance, 350.
supposed to have been patriarch, 350. Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, establishes schools, 249.
executed by the Zealots, 296. Joshua ben Levi, 486, 492, 497 f., 530. Joshua, son of Perachia, 20. Joshua Phabi, high priest, deposed by Herod, 107. Jotapata, fortress in Galilee, 286 f. Jovianus, emperor, grants toleration, 602. JudÆa, annexed to Syria, 73, 128.
condition after Agrippa I's death, 197 ff.
condition after the war of revolution, 332, 360.
confusion of, after Herod's death, 119, 123–5.
divided by Herod among his three sons, 119.
divided into five legislative provinces, 71.
divided by Vespasian into lots, 312.
recovers its full extent under Agrippa I, 190.
sufferings of, under Constantius, 568 f.
uprisings against Rome, 73, 88, 123 ff., 198, 242, 246, 255.
when it lost its independence, 66. Judah I, patriarch (Rabbi), 450–67.
assumes autocratic authority, 452 f.
attitude towards the Samaritans, 457.
changes introduced by him, 457–9.
charity, 451.
completes and compiles the Mishna, 460.
death, 465–7.
education, his, 450 f.
severity and irritability, 454–6. Judah II, 479–87.
and Alexander Severus, 482.
character, 485–7.
death, 487.
moderation of laws introduced by him, 483 f. Judah III, 533 ff. Judah IV, 612. Judah ben Baba, martyr under Hadrian, 429. Judah ben Ezekiel, principal of the schools of Pumbeditha and Sora, 549, 552.
method, 550.
opinion, his, on the returning of the Jews from Babylonia to JudÆa, 551. Judah ben Ilai of Usha, 442. Judah ben Tabbai, president of the Great Council, 49.
resigns the presidency, 54.
"Restorer of the Law," 49. Judah ben Zippori, 115. Judaism, and Greek philosophy, efforts to reconcile them, 208 f.
converts to, 383 f.
leaning of Romans towards it, 136.
movement against it, 178–89.
and paganism, 186, 203 ff., 373. Judas "the Galilean," 125, 133, 239, 258. Judas Iscariot, 163. Julian, emperor, 595–603.
attitude toward Christianity and Judaism, 596 f.
attempts to restore the Temple of Jerusalem, 599–601.
epistle to the Jewish communities, 597 f.
ideal, his, of government, 595 f. Julianus, leader of the revolt against Trajan in JudÆa, 395. Justus, son of Pistus, historian of the JudÆan war, 319 f.
leader of the revolution in Tiberias, 274.
opponent of Josephus, 390. Kalba-Sabua, father-in-law of Akiba, 351, 355. Kalla == Talmudic lectures, 515. Kingdom of God, 143.
of heaven, 145, 167, 226. Lampo, leader of an uprising against the Jews in Alexandria, 181. Law, oral (tradition), 327 ff.
acquires a settled form through Judah I, 462.
becomes a distinguishing feature of Judaism, 608.
meaning of the term, 327.
observance, its, enforced after the fall of JudÆa, 363 f., 479 f.
study of (Talmud Torah), highly esteemed, 473 f.
set above its practice, 427.
and the priesthood, 544.
forbidden by Hadrian, 426 f. Laws, dietary, observed by the heathen, 384. Laws concerning the heathen (Aboda Zara), 476–8. Laws against the Romans relaxed under Alexander Severus, 483. Laying on of hands, 356. Libation of water, ceremony of, on the Feast of Tabernacles, 43, 51. Libertini, 68. Literature, JudÆan, character of, under Hyrcanus I, 15.
JudÆan-Grecian, 204 ff. Longinus, Cassius, in JudÆa, 80, 197. Longinus, philosopher, 529. Lydda, assembly of, after the war of Bar-Cochba, 423.
seat of a school, 346, 497, 530. Maas'se Bereshith, M. Merkaba, 381. Maccabees, first book of, written in Hebrew, 16. Machuza, city in Babylonia, 506 f.
seat of a school, 584.
decline, 593. Magi of the Neo-Persians, attitude toward the Jews, 627 f. Malich poisons Antipater, father of Herod, 80. Malo, Apollonius, calumniator of the Jews, 178 ff. Manicheans, 627. Mar bar-Ashi, principal of the school of Sora, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 628. Mar-Sheshet, 553 f. Mar-Zutra, 606. Marcus Aurelius, 447.
attitude toward the Christians, 449.
averse to the Jews, 463.
permits the Jews to enter Jerusalem, 458. Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus and wife of Herod, 93.
executed, 104 f. Mariamne, daughter of Simon and wife of Herod, 107. Mariamne II, sister of Agrippa II, 235. Marriage, lax customs of, among the Babylonian Jews, 516 f. Marriages between Jews and Christians forbidden by Constantius, 567. Marsus, governor of Syria, 195 f. Martyrdom and martyrs, Jewish, under Hadrian, 425–8.
in Babylonia, 629. Masada, fortress, in the war of revolution, 292 f., 315 f. Masechta, meaning of, 354. Mata, city in Babylonia, 506. Matthias ben Margalot, 115. MeÏr (Miasa or Moise), 434 ff.
method, 438, 476.
ordinances, 439.
relation to Acher, 437.
to the philosopher Euonymus, 437 f.
wisdom, 437. Memra, term for decisions and deductions, 515. Menachem, the Essene, deputy of Hillel, 100. Menachem ben Jair, leader of the Sicarii, 239, 243, 258.
executed, 261. Mercenaries employed in JudÆa by Hyrcanus I, 7.
by Alexander JannÆus, 39. Messiah, ideas of, entertained by the various parties, 144.
Joshua ben Levi's idea of, 498.
scene of his coming expected to be JudÆa, 548.
suffering, idea of, 166 f. Messianic hopes, 610 f.
part they played in the war of revolution, 291 f.
what promoted them, 142 ff. Messiahs, false, 198, 240 f., 247, 409 ff., 610 f. Metibta == Talmudic school, 547. Meturgeman (interpreter), 541.Middle Ages, when they began for Judaism, 617. Midrash, 328 f. Migration of nations, 604 f. Minim, MinÆans == Jewish Christians, 369, 377 ff. Mishna, 460 ff.
character, 471 ff.
tendency, 474 f.
ethical and spiritual importance of, 462.
judicial feature (legalism), 471–6.
style, 489.
teaching with regard to future life, 473. Mishna of Rabbi Akiba, 354.
di Rabbi Judah, 460 ff. Mishna Rishona and Acharona, 354. Monobaz, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 216 f. Monuments erected in JudÆa in honor of Roman emperors, 106, 138. Moses, false Messiah in Crete, 611. Naasites. See Ophites. Nachman ben Jacob, 554–7. Nachum Gimso, teacher of Akiba, 330 f. Nahardea (Naarda), becomes the Jerusalem of Babylonia, 505.
seat of a school, 358, 443, 498, 522.
demolished by Odenathus, 527. Nahar-Pakod, seat of the Babylonian Synhedrion, 443. Nares, school of, 593 f. Nasi. See Patriarch. Nathan of Babylon, 434, 442 f. Nazarenes. See Christianity. Nechunya ben Hakana, 330 f. Neo-Persians, their attitude toward Jews and Christians, 523–6, 627 ff. Nero, death, 297.
in Greece, 284.
and the house of Herod, 245. Nerva, emperor, friendliness toward the Jews, 391 f. New Hebrew (Mishnic) dialect, 461.
how distinguished from old Hebrew, 15. New moon, fixing the time of, 325, 336, 362 f., 532, 572.
manner of announcing it, 362 f. Nicator, Demetrius, king of Syria, 5 f. Nicolaus of Damascus, friend and historian of Herod, 90, 114.
favorable representation of the Jews, 179. Niger, hero in the war of revolution, 264, 296. Nisibis, 358. Oath of allegiance to Herod refused by the Shammaites, 108. Oath of purgation (Shebuoth hesset), 556. Octavianus. See Augustus. Odenathus and the Jews, 527 ff. Onkelos Targum, 387, 581. Ophites (Naasites), Gnostic sect, 375. Ordinances of MeÏr, 439.
of Usha, 405. Ordination, 361.
prohibited by Hadrian, 426. Origen, 501.
and Hillel II, 487.
work in the interpretation of the Bible (Hexapla), 488 f. Osius (Hosius), bishop of Cordova, fanaticism against the Jews, 620. Otho, emperor, 299. Palmyra (Tadmor), 528. Papa bar Nachman, principal of the school of Nares, 593 f. Papus, leader of the revolt against Trajan in JudÆa, 395. Parthians, relation of, to JudÆa, 82, 447. Parthia, conquered by Trajan, 393. Parthian empire, Jews in, 503 f. Parties, religious, when appeared, 17.
See Pharisees and Sadducees. Parties of war and peace, 256 ff., 321.
See also War of Revolution, Sicarii, Zealots. Passover of the "Crushing," 251. Patriarch (Nasi), title assumed by Gamaliel, 334. Patriarchate, attitude of the Roman government to it, 360 f., 597 f., 613, 616 f.
authority and functions, 360–3.
decay of, 535, 560.
extinction of, 612.
influence of, impaired by Christianity, 612 f.
tax of, 486 f.
titles and privileges of, 560 f., 612, 617 f. Patriarchs, enumeration and names of, 618.Paul (Saul of Tarsus), 219 ff. Paul (Saul of Tarsus), abrogates the Law, 226 f., 229.
character, 223.
conception of Christianity as the very opposite to Judaism, 230.
conversion to Christianity, and its psychological process, 224–6.
Christianity, his, different from that of Peter, 230.
at Damascus, 226 f.
doctrines, 225 ff.
energy, 365.
fanaticism against the Nazarenes, 221 f., 224.
hated by the Jewish Christians, 367 f.
hereditary sin, his doctrine of, 229.
new direction and stability to Christianity, given by him, 223.
missionary travels, 227 f.
quarrel between him and the Judaic-Christian apostles, 231.
resurrection of Christ, his belief in, 225.
teachings, his, gain the victory, 373.
what favored his success among the heathen, 228. Paul, bishop of Constantinople, intolerance of, 562. Paul of Samosata, 529. Persecutions, religious, of the Jews, 136 f., 568 ff., 616 f., 622. Perso-Roman war, 601 f. Pescennius, Niger, emperor, harshness of, against the Jews, 463 f. Peshito (Syriac translation of the Bible), 582. Peter, Simon (Kephas), 169, 222, 231. Petronius, governor of Syria, 188. Phabi, family of high priests, 237. Pharisees (Parushim), 17 ff.
adherents to the Law, 19.
and Alexander JannÆus, 39, 42, 44.
attitude toward Herod, 114 f.
cardinal principle: preservation of Judaism, 18.
Divine providence, emphasis laid upon, 18.
guardians of Judaism and strict morality, 20.
mildness in the administration of justice, 20.
name, derivation of, 18.
relation to the Essenes, 30.
and to other parties, 17–20.
reward and punishment after death, their doctrine of, 19. Pharisees, tradition, importance ascribed to, 19. Phasael, brother of Herod, 80.
commits suicide, 82. Pheroras, brother of Herod, 112. Philip, tetrarch of BatanÆa and Trachonitis, 137 f. Philo, the Alexandrian, 191 ff.
compared with Hillel and Jesus, 214.
defends Judaism, 212 f.
ambassador to Rome, 184 ff.
faithful to Judaism, 210 f.
life, his, 185.
philosophical system, 211 ff.
principal aim, 188.
visits Jerusalem, 194. Phineas ben Samuel, made high priest by the Zealots, 294 f. Pilate, Pontius, procurator of JudÆa, 138 ff.
cruelty, 171.
introduces Roman emblems and insignia into Jerusalem, 139.
possesses himself of the treasury of the Temple, 140. Pinchas ben JaÏr, 459 f. Pirke Aboth, 478. Poetry, why not produced under the Maccabees, 15. Pompey in JudÆa, 63–7.
enters the Holy of Holies, 66. Poppea Sabina, favors Judaism, 248. Porphyry on the book of Daniel, 502. Posidonius, Stoic, slanders Judaism, 178. Possession by evil spirits, belief in, 29. Prayers, formulated, introduced by Gamaliel II, 363. Prayers for rain, 541. Priestly vestments, kept in charge of the Roman procurators, 129. Princes of Captivity in Babylonia (Resh Galutha), arbitrariness, 513.
arrogance, 555.
neglect of religion, 554.
position, dignity and authority, 508–11. Procurator in JudÆa, authority and duties, 128 f. Procurators of JudÆa, Albinus, 248.
Ambivius, 135.
Bassus, 315.
Coponius, 135.
Cumanus, 241.
Fadus, 197.
Felix, 242.
Festus, 247.
Flaccus, 181.
Florus, 249.
Gratus, 135.
Pilate, 138.
Rufus, Annius, 135.
Rufus, Tinnius, 411.
Rufus, Turnus, 421.
Silva, 316. Prosbol, 100. See also Hillel. Proselytes to Judaism, 215 ff.
discussion about their admission, 384 f.
Jews forbidden to make, 433, 562.
persecuted by Domitian, 389. PtolemaÏs, besieged by Alexander JannÆus, 40. Ptolemy VIII, Lathurus, enmity against JudÆa, 10 ff., 40. Pumbeditha, capital of Jewish Babylonia, 506.
center of North Babylonia, 549.
rise of its school, 575 ff. Purim, celebration of, 620 f. Quietus, Lucius, general under Trajan in the revolt of Mesopotamia, 397–9.
in JudÆa, 399 f. Quirinus, governor of Syria, takes a census in JudÆa, 129 ff. Rab (Abba-Areka), 470, 484.
Agoranomos in Babylonia, 512 f.
and Artabanus IV, king of Parthia, 513.
career, 511 ff.
compared to Hillel, 517.
descendants, 518.
establishes the school of Sora, 513 ff.
humility, 517 f.
method of teaching, 515.
reforms introduced by him, 516 f.
strictness, 513, 515 f., 526. Raba, principal of the school of Machuza, 584–93.
character, 586–8.
method, 590. Rabba bar Nachmani and his brothers, 575–81. Rabban, title, 325, 335. Rabbana, title, 544, 606. Rabbi, title, 335, 357.
of Judah I, 453.
of Judah II, 480. Rabina, principal of the school of Sora and last Amora, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 630 f. Reket, name for Tiberias, 571. Release, year of, laws of, modified, 100, 458 f., 469. Religious persecutions. See Persecutions. Restoration of the Law. See Simon ben Shetach. Resurrection, a matter of contention between the various schools, 225.
expected to take place in JudÆa, 548. Resurrection of Christ, 225. Revolts, Jewish, under Antoninus Pius, 447.
under Constantius, 569 f.
under Hadrian, 399–446.
under Trajan, 393–9. Rigle == festival season of lectures, 515.
= time of paying homage to the Prince of Captivity, 607. Rimmon, Plain of, headquarters during the revolts against Trajan and Hadrian, 395, 403, 416. Rome adopts Syrian habits, 468. Roman eagle over the entrance to the Temple, 111, 115. Roman empire, decline of, 527, 560, 604 f.
division of, by Theodosius, 615. Rufus, Annius, procurator of JudÆa, 135. Rufus, Tinnius, procurator of JudÆa, 411. Rufus, Turnus, general of Hadrian and oppressor of the Jews, 421. Rules, seven, of Hillel, 356.
thirteen of Ishmael, 356. Sabbath, observed by the heathen, 384. Sabinus, plunders the treasury of the Temple, 123. Sacrifices, daily, cease, 305. Sadducees (Zadukim), 17 ff.
attitude toward the daily sacrifices and the laws of cleanliness, 23, 52.
consider the Pentateuch only as binding, the tradition as of subordinate value, 22.
deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 50. Sadducees, difference between them and the Pharisees in points of ritual, 22 f.
form the aristocracy, 21.
laxity toward false witnesses, 22.
officers of state and army taken from among them, 21.
place the national interests above the Law, 21.
persecuted under Salome Alexandra, 55.
repudiate the idea of judgment after death, 21.
relation to the Pharisees, 17 f.
rigor in the administration of justice, 22. Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander JannÆus, and regent, 47–56.
champion of the Pharisees, 39.
coins, 48.
death, 56.
entrusts the management of affairs to the Pharisees, 48.
last independent ruler of JudÆa, 56.
protects the Sadducees, 55.
prosperity of the country under her reign, 48.
restoration of the Law, 49–53. Salome, sister of Herod, 93, 119, 128.
bequeaths her possessions to the Empress Livia, 128.
hatred of Mariamne, 104, 112. Samaritan Messiah, 171.
Torah, 457. Samaritans, relation to the Jews: of friendliness, 534.
of hatred, 402 f., 457 f.
completely excluded from the Jewish community, 534 f.
join the Jews in the war of revolution, 268.
in the revolt against Hadrian, 410.
treachery against the Jews, 417 f. Samaritans persecuted by Diocletian, 533 f.
worship idols, 439. Samuel the younger (Hakatan), 357 f. Samuel, Mar (Arioch), 518 ff.
attitude toward the heathen, 520.
character, 519.
decree concerning the law of the land, 519 f.
learning and versatility, 521 f.
and Shabur I, 520. Sassanides, dynasty of, 523. Satan and demons, belief in, among the early Christians, 170. Scaurus, legate of Pompey, arbitrates between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, 61. Schools of the Talmud, 324 ff. Schools of Babylonia, 544 ff.
decline, 593 ff.
deterioration of manners of the teachers, 588 f.
estrangement between the teachers and the people, 588 ff.
hierarchy and dignitaries, 547.
independence of the schools of JudÆa, 548.
opposition to the schools of JudÆa, 557.
superiority over the schools of JudÆa, 531 f., 537, 544, 560.
teachers, 454.
two methods of instruction, 574. Schools in JudÆa, 324 ff.
in Jabne, 324 ff.
in other places, 335.
decline of the JudÆan schools, 543, 548 f., 560.
oppressed by hostile Christianity, 611. Schools, Babylonian and JudÆan, their different methods, 557 f. Schools outside of JudÆa and Babylonia, in Asia Minor and Alexandria, 358 f. Schools of Shammai and Hillel, 101, 335 f. Schools, prohibited by Hadrian, 426. Second day of feasts, celebrated by the Jews outside of JudÆa, 363, 573. Secret scrolls, 461. Seder Olam, 442. Sepphoris, capital of Galilee, 137.
destroyed under Constantius, 570.
seat of the principal school and the Synhedrion under Judah I, 452.
sympathizes with Rome, 276, 283, 414. Septuagint, 625. See also Greek translations of the Bible. Seth, family of high priests, 237. Severus, emperor, laws against Jews and Christians, 464.Severus, bishop of Magona (Mahon), fanaticism against the Jews, 619 f. Severus, Julius, general of the Roman army against Bar-Cochba, 414 ff. Shabur I, 520, 526. Shabur II, 580 ff.
and Chama of Nahardea, 594 f.
oppresses the Jews in Babylonia, 591 f. Shaliach Zion, 535. Shammai, 100 f.
hatred of the heathen, 132.
school of, 131 ff.
forms the nucleus of the Zealot faction, 133, 256.
erects a barrier between Jews and heathen, 270.
harsh and repellant to proselytes to Judaism, 132.
has the majority in the Synhedrion, 132 f.
rigor, 131 ff. Shammaites and Hillelites, 270. Shechem (Neapolis), 7, 457. Shemaya, 71.
president of the Synhedrion, 79. Shila, principal of the school of Nahardea, 512. Sibylline books and sayings, 95, 204 f., 402, 462, 610. Sicarii, revolutionary party, 239, 242.
cruelty, 249, 261.
nefarious practices, 239.
put a Roman garrison to death, 258. Sidetes, Antiochus, of Syria, besieges Jerusalem, 3 f.
expedition against the Parthians, 5. Sidra == school, 514. Silas, the Babylonian, hero in the war of revolution, 264. Silva, procurator of JudÆa, 316. SimlaÏ, 498 ff.
controversies with the Fathers of the Church, 501 f. Simon Bar-Giora, patriot and leader in the war of revolution, 264.
character, 293.
death, 314.
heroism, 313.
in Jerusalem, 297 f. Simon ben Gamaliel, president of the Synhedrion, 240.
sides with the war party, 269. Simon II, patriarch, 443 f.
ambition, 444 f.
patriarchate, 445. Simon ben Jochai, 434, 447 ff.
ambassador to Rome, 449.
rational system, 440 f. Simon Bar-Kappara, wit, 455 f., 466. Simon ben-Lakish (Resh Lakish), 49–57.
and Judah II, 488 f.
view on the book of Job, 497. Simon Magus, a nickname of Paul, 368. Simon ben Shetach, brother-in-law of Alexander JannÆus, 39.
crucifies 80 women for witchcraft, 54.
mediator between the Pharisees and Sadducees, 42.
president of the Synhedrion, 54.
promoter of instruction, 50.
"Restorer of the Law," 49.
his son condemned through false witnesses, 54 f. Simon, martyr under Hadrian, 427. Simon Stylites, fanaticism against the Jews, 621. Sin offering for shedding of innocent blood abrogated, 239. Sirach, 359. Song of Songs (Shir-Hashirim), discussion about its holiness, 343 f. Sopheric teachers, 327. Sora, seat of the school of Rab, 512 ff.
becomes the chief school of Babylonia, 548.
decline of the school, 583.
regains its reputation under Ashi, 605–7. Sora and Pumbeditha, schools of, compared, 574 f. Stephen, 221. Strabo, favorable representation of Jews and Judaism, 179 f. Swine, breeding of, why it was forbidden by the Synhedrion, 60. Swine's head put up in the gate of Jerusalem, 422. Sylvester, bishop of Rome, hatred of the Jews, 562. Symmachus, disciple of MeÏr, 440. Synagogues in Jerusalem, 201. Synhedrion (Great Council):
Synhedrion of Babylonia, 443 f.
Synhedrion of Jabne, 321 ff.
authority and sphere of action, 325, 337, 360.
destroyed by Quietus, 400.
dignitaries, 360 f.
Synhedrion of Jabne, position of the patriarch in it, 361 ff.
procedure of its meetings, 361 f.
Synhedrion of Jerusalem, acquires great importance under Gamaliel I, 192.
letters and mandates, 192 f.
limitation of its authority by the procurator, 71, 129.
overthrow of, by the Zealots, 296.
presidency of, passes over from the high priest to the Pharisees, 48 f.
regains its former supreme authority during the war of revolution, 269.
removal from the Hewn-stone Hall to the Commercial Hall of Bethany, 239.
reorganization, 50.
weakness exhibited by, during the war of revolution, 271.
Synhedrion of Usha, 405.
dissolved by persecutions, 448. Syria, anarchy in, 6. Syrian habits adopted by Rome, 468. Tabernacles, feast of, ceremony of libation of water, 43, 51. Tacitus, 384. Talmud, Babylonian, 328 f.
characterization of, 632–5.
its influence upon Jewish life and history, 634 f.
its nature and relation to the Mishna, 591.
redaction, 605–9, 630–2.
redaction not committed to writing, 608. Talmud, Jerusalem, redaction of, 609, 612. Talmud, Babylonian and Jerusalem, compared, 634. Talmudic epoch, 321 ff. Talmudic Judaism, 327 f. Talmudic schools, 335. Tanaites, 356 ff.
end of the second generation, 429.
last generation, 450.
the last, 462. Tanchuma bar Abba, last Halachic authority of JudÆa, 611 f. Targumim, 387, 581 f. Tarphon (Tryphon) of Lydda, 357.
on Jewish Christianity, 378. Taxes, for the patriarch and the maintenance of the schools, 486 f., 535 f.
prohibited by Honorius, 617. Taxes for Rome, 134, 388, 391, 463, 469, 572, 598.
collectors of, ostracized, 134.
method of their collection, 129 f.
withheld, 257 f.
under Hadrian, 420. Taxes for the Temple, 52 f., 201.
from Babylonia, 505.
those of Asia Minor seized upon, 68. Taxes paid by the Jews in Babylonia, 508. Temple of Jerusalem, becomes the common center of the Jews, 201.
the hotbed of the revolution, 259.
destruction of by the Romans, 307 f.
that of Herod, 109–111.
restoration of, attempted by Hadrian, 401 f.
and Julian, 599–601.
when the visible signs of divine mercy ceased to appear in it, 237.
vessels of, 449, 611. Temple of Onias in Egypt, closed by Vespasian, 318. Temple, Samaritan, on Mt. Gerizim, destroyed by Hyrcanus I, 8. Tertullian, 476. Theater, Greek, Judaism ridiculed in, 542 f. Theodosius I, protects the Jews against Christian fanaticism, 612 f. Theodosius II, hostility against the Jews, 617 ff.
seizes upon the taxes for the patriarch, 622. Theudas, false Messiah, 198, 240. Tiberias, focus of the revolution, 272.
foundation of, 137.
seat of the patriarch, 480.
seat of a school, 493 f. Tiberius, emperor, expels the Jews from Rome, 202.
lightens the burdens of taxation in JudÆa, 135.
mildness towards the Jews, 172.
persecutes the Jews in Rome, 136 f. Tiberius, Alexander, nephew of Philo, apostate, governor of Egypt, 300.
governor of Jerusalem, 198 f.
orders a massacre of the Jews in Alexandria, 263 f.
treachery against JudÆa during the war of revolution, 302. Tigranes, king of Armenia, threatens JudÆa, 55 f. Tithes, paid after the fall of JudÆa, 363. Titus, 285, 388.
cruelty, 304, 308, 312.
at Gischala, 290.
humanity to the Jews of Antioch, 313. Titus, arch of, 314. Tobit, book of, its object, 430. Tradition. See Law, Oral. Trajan, 393. Trajan day (Yom Trajanus), 401. Treasury of the Temple, plundered by Pilate, 140. Trinity, dogma of, 500 ff. Triumvirate, Roman, and Herod, 81.
of teachers at Pumbeditha, 575 ff. Tur-Simon, fortress in the war of bar-Cochba, 415 f. Turbo, Martius, general under Trajan, suppresses the revolt in Egypt, 397 f. Usha (El-Uz), assembly of, 433.
seat of the Synhedrion, 405, 444 f. Valens, emperor, protects and honors the Jews, 603. Valentinian I, grants toleration, 603. Valerianus, emperor, 527. Varus, quenches a revolt in JudÆa, 123, 125 f. Varus, representative of Agrippa II in CÆsarea, cruelty and treachery, 274 f. Verus Commodus, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 447 f. Vespasian, 284 f.
avarice, 316, 318.
attitude towards the Jews of Rome after the revolution, 316 f.
campaign in Galilee, 286 ff.
character of his warfare, 285, 297 ff.
proclaimed emperor, 300. Vessels of the Temple, fate of, 449, 611. Visible signs of divine mercy, when, ceased to appear in the Temple, 237. Vitellius, emperor, 299. Vitellius, governor of Syria, kindness of, to the Jews, 172 f. Vulgata, 625. War of the Revolution, the JudÆan, with Rome, 233 ff.
character and chief cause of, 234.
cruelties, 315.
differences in the attitude of the parties, 292.
encounter between Cestius Gallus and the Zealots, 265 f.
first campaign, 264 ff.
heroism of the Jews, 306.
internal strife between the various parties of JudÆa, 295, 298, 301.
JudÆa divided into lots, 312.
leaders, 270 f.
prisoners of war, fate of, 311 f., 321.
starting point of the revolution, 259.
tactics pursued by the Romans, to weaken JudÆa by internal strife, 297.
traitors, 302, 304 f.
triumph of Vespasian and Titus in Rome, 314 f.
Zealots, ultra, obtain the reins of the government, 271.
the war in Galilee, 272 ff.
the war at Jerusalem, 291 ff.
beginning of the siege by Titus, 301, 303.
destruction of the city, 309.
famine, 304, 306.
number of killed, 309.
pestilence, 306.
population of the city during the war, 292.
resistance after the fall of the Temple, 309.
struggle around the Temple, 305 ff.
stubborn defense, 304 f.
See also Galilee, Josephus, JudÆa, Zealots. Wisdom, book of, 205–8. Wisdom, of the Chaldeans, influences the Rabbis, 577 f. "Wise men," 356. Witnesses in law courts, how questioned, 50, 53. Wood-carrying, feast of, 52 f., 260. Women, education of, 474. Worship, public, after the destruction of the Temple, 363. Zabina, Alexander, usurps the throne of Syria, 6. Zadok, disciple of Shammai, and leader of the Zealots, 133. Zadok, teacher at Jabne, 330, 338 f.Zaken, title, 361. Zealots (Kannaim), called also Galileans, 133.
attitude towards the Synhedrion, 293 ff.
comprised at first the followers of Shammai, 133.
conflict with the Sicarii, 261.
in Cyrenaica, 318.
establish a community in North Arabia, 319.
in Egypt, 317 f.
fate after the war, 315–19.
licentiousness, 238 f.
last ones, how they fell, 316. Zealots, part played by them in the war, 258 ff.
principles and purpose, 133.
religious and republican party, 133.
self-confidence, 291 f.
struggle about the high priesthood, 294 f.
watchword, 133. ZeÏra, 557 f. Zend-Avesta, 524. Zenobia, 529 f. Zerubbabel, supposed ancestor of the Princes of Captivity in Babylonia, 509.
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