Deuteronomy, expresses a compromise between Priests and Prophets with a leaning towards the Prophets, 307–8 Differentiation of Hebrew national legends after the political separation, 275–87 Dinah, the ‘Moving,’ i.e. the Sun, 123–5 Dionysus strikes wine and water out of the rock, as a Solar hero, 429; called Liknites, ‘in a cradle,’ 389 Divine names, Hebrew and Phenician, 246–7 Division of the kingdom, 275–7 Dragon (Serpent) denotes Rain, 224–6 Dual deities, male and female, among Semites, 16 Dualism in sexual connections, 182 Dualism, religious, occurs in savage tribes as well as in ÎrÂn, 15 Dyu, nom. Dyaus, 67 Easter, heathen goddess, 431 Eden, story of, arose at Babylon, 324–6; Elijah, Solar hero, produces drought, 167–8; a typical Jahveist, 305–6; precursor of the great Day of Jahveh, 271–2 ElÔhÎm, originally polytheistic, but became monotheistic, 270–1; idea of ElÔhÎm opposed by Jahveistic Prophets, 297–8 ElÔhÎm or Êl, names compounded with, and similar ones compounded with Jahveh, 292–3 Elohistic documents Jahveistic in character, only using ‘ElÔhÎm’ for the Patriarchal age, 313 Elohistic writings subsequent to the compromise with Jahveism, their piety, 314–5 Enoch, Solar hero, 127–8 Etymologising in legends, secondary and not original, 331–5; yet fables are invented to account for names, 332; etymologies assigned which are quite unsatisfactory, 333–4 Euhemerus, his system of mythology, regarding gods as human promoters of civilisation deified by posterity out of gratitude, 201 grave of (according to Mohammedan tradition), at JeddÂ, 280 162 Legends, Hebrew, affected by the political separation of North and South, 277–89 Lengthened forms of words have greater intensity of meaning than simple, according to the AgÂdÂ, 340 Lenormant claims Mythology for the Semites, 11 Levi, ‘Serpent,’ i.e. Rain, 183–7 Levites oppose the Solar worship of the Golden Bull, 226 Leviticus, Book of, expresses the compromise between Priests and Prophets, with a leaning towards the Priests, 308 Lightning, identified with a bird—eagle, hawk, or woodpecker, 366; Lion, Semitic symbol of Summer-heat, 396–7 LivyÂthÂn. See Leviathan Localisation of myths, 278–85 Longevity, characteristic of Solar heroes, 356; and therefore of Noah to the Arabs and Ethiopians, 356–7 Lot, ‘Night,’ and his daughters, a Solar myth, 189–95 Lot’s daughters denote the Glow of morning or evening, 194; their names, 194–5; they are made mothers of Moab and Ammon, 254 Love, especially incest, common in mythology, 187 Malachi, expresses the compromise between Priests and Prophets, 308 Mama Oello and Manco Copac, sons of the Sun, teachers of civilisation in Peru, 208 Manchu dynasty adopted Chinese civilisation, 236 Manco Copac and Mama Oello, sons of the Sun, teachers of civilisation in Peru, 208 Manna reminds us of the Nectar and Mead of the gods, 429 Me?ÔnenÎm and menachashÎm, 227 Mexican Solar and Lunar Chronology, 65 Milcah is the Moon, 158 Samson, legend of, Steinthal’s Essay on, 392–446 Sanchuniathon’s account of Phenician Mythology, 215–7 Sandan or Sandon, Assyrian and Lydian Sun-god, kills a lion, 396–7 Sarah, the ‘Princess of heaven,’ i.e. the Moon, 158 Scarabeus, worship of the, 343 Seraph, mythical name of a dragon, 197 Serpents crushed by Herakles, 184 Seth, grave of (according to Mohammedan tradition), in the valley of YahfÛfÂ, in Antilibanus, 280 Shamgar, Solar hero, another form of Samson, 429–30 Shem, the ‘Lofty,’ denotes the Heaven, 132 ShÔphe?Îm (Judges), Phenician magistrates, 242–5 Sinai, consecrated to Sin, the Moon, 160 Sinflut became SÜndflut—psychological process, 441–2 Space the earliest category understood by man, 40–2 Stars worshiped by Nomadic Hebrews, 219–30 Steinthal, H., Essay on the original form of the legend of Prometheus, 363–92; on the legend of Samson, 392–446 Stork, brought fire and brings children to earth, 367 SudÛs (sundus), greenish, the colour of Night, 149–50 SukkÔth (Tabernacles), Feast of, connected with worship of Stars and Rain, 220–2 Sulphur, red, Arabic phrase for something impossible, 143 called in Mythology the ‘Marching,’ ‘Running,’ 114–22; called the ‘Uncoverer,’ 194; regarded as an Eye, 106–10, as a Well, his light being the water, 345; as a Wheel, 381; represents Fire in heaven, and is the source of light and growth, 378; his rays described as a moisture, whether water, milk or wine, 345–7; his three phases, 204–6; his colour, 353–4, saffron, 1.Especially Max MÜller’s essay on Comparative Mythology (Chips etc., II. 1), and the ninth in the second series of his Lectures on the Science of Language; and Cox’s introductions to his Manual of Mythology, Tales of the Gods and Heroes, and Tales of Thebes and Argos. 2. Both in England and in France the attempt has been made with much taste to introduce the results of comparative mythology in the instruction of youth; in England by Rev. G.W. Cox in his Tales of the Gods and Heroes, Tales of Thebes and Argos, Tales from Greek Mythology, Manual of Mythology in the form of question and answer, 1867, and Tales of Ancient Greece, 1870, the last two of which have just been translated into Hungarian, and published by the Franklin Society; in France by Baudry and Delerot (Paris 1872). Still more recently the results of comparative mythology have also been summarised in two excellent books for children by Edward Clodd, The Childhood of the World: a simple account of Man in Early Times, 1873, and The Childhood of Religion; embracing a simple account of the birth and growth of Myths and Legends, 1875. 3. This psychological uniformity of all races of men is independent of the question of the monogenetic or polygenetic origin of races. The psychological uniformity of different races is especially conspicuous when we observe and compare individuals of the separate races in infancy, when the distinctions produced by history, education, instruction, etc., are not yet present (see Frohschammer, Das Christenthum und die moderne Naturwissenschaft, Vienna 1868, p. 208.) When we are considering the growth of mankind in general, the stage when myths are created corresponds to the infancy of the individual. 4.Das BestÄndige in den Menschenrassen und die Spielweise ihrer VerÄnderlichkeit, Berlin 1868, p. 78. 5.FranÇois Lenormant, Essai sur la Propagation de l’Alphabet phÉnicien dans l’ancien monde, Vol. I. (2nd ed., Paris 1875), p. 17. 6. Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 6. 7.On these two see Pfleiderer, Die Religion, ihr Wesen und ihre Geschichte, II. 8. 8.The title is 'ConfÉrence de la Fable avec l’Histoire sainte, oÙ l’on voit que les grandes fables, le culte et les mystÈres du paganisme ne sont que des copies altÉrÉes des histoires, des usages et des traditions des HÉbreux.' 9. Edward Wilton in the Journal of Sacred Literature, 1849, II. 374 et seq. 10.Dr. Vollmer’s WÖrterbuch der Mythologie aller VÖlker, newly revised by Dr. W. Binder, with an Introduction to Mythological Science by Dr. Johannes Minckwitz, 3rd ed., Stuttgart 1874. 11. See the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, 1875, no. 169, p. 2657. 12. Primitive Culture, I. 22. 13.See Virchow in the Monatsbericht der kÖnigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 1875, p. 11. 14.Origin of Civilisation, 3rd ed., p. 330, quoting Sibree’s Madagascar and its People, p. 396. 15.Einleitung in die Philosophie der Mythologie, pp. 62, 63. This is the idea to which Max MÜller refers in noticing the lectures of the philosopher of Berlin, in his Introduction to the Science of Religion, p. 145. 16.See his PopulÄre AufsÄtze aus dem Alterthum, vorzugsweise zur Ethik und Religion der Griechen, second edition, Leipzig 1875, especially p. 272 et seq. 17.Flach, Das System der Hesiod. Kosmogonie, Leipzig 1874; see Literar. Centralblatt, 1875, no. 7. 18.Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries, p. 32, note 2. 19.The Chaldean Account of Genesis, p. 302. 20.Sayce in the Academy, 1875, p. 586. 21.The Academy, 1875, no. 184, p. 496. The promoters of the Theological Translation Fund, by whom Kuenen’s Religion of Israel was published, Dr. J. Muir of Edinburgh, who wrote some letters to the Scotsman on the Dutch Theology, and to a certain extent Bishop Colenso, besides many others who have not avowed their views so publicly, indicate the progress of opinion in England.—Tr. 22.See Literar. Centralblatt, 1875, no. 49, p. 157. 23.Biblische Mythologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 2 vols., Stuttgart 1842; Etymologisch-symbolisch-mythologisches RealwÖrterbuch fÜr Bibelforscher, ArchÄologen und bildende KÜnstler, 4 vols., Stuttgart 1843–5. 24.I have not succeeded in obtaining a sight of Schwenk’s Mythologie der Semiten, published in 1849; but Bunsen’s condemnation of it in Egypt’s Place in Universal History, IV. p. 363, made me less anxious to get it. 25.Naturgeschichte der Sage. RÜckfÜhrung aller religiÖsen Ideen, Sagen, Systeme auf ihren gemeinsamen Stammbaum und ihre letzte Wurzel, 2 vols., Munich 1864–5. 26.In Vol. II. of his Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, translated and appended to this volume. 27.Der Semitismus, in Zeitsch. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie etc., 1875, VIII. 339–340. 28.It would be unfair not to mention the Dutch Professor Tiele as a worker on this field. In his Vergelijkende Geschiedenis der oude godsdiensten, Vol. I.: De egyptische en mesopotamische godsdiensten (Amsterdam 1872) he has occasionally inserted explanations of Hebrew myths, to which I have referred at the proper places. 29.II. 421 et seq.; see his Rivista Europea, year VI. II. 587. Cf. his review of the German edition of this work in the Bollettino italiano degli studj orientali, 1876, I. 169–172. 30.In reference to this I may refer to the eloquent expressions of Steinthal in his lecture Mythos und Religion, p. 28 (in Virchow and Holtzendorff’s Sammlung gemeinverstÄndlicher VortrÄge, Bd. V. Heft 97). 31.Mythologie der EbrÄer in ihrem Zusammenhange mit den Mythologien der Indogermanen und der Ægypter. Nordhausen 1876. 32.Ausland, 1874, p. 961 et seq., 1001 et seq. 33.The above-named work was published immediately after the conclusion of this Introduction. 34.Die ErzvÄter der Menschheit: ein Beitrag zur Grundlegung einer hebrÄischen Alterthumswissenschaft. Leipzig, Fues 1875. 35.Ibn Ya?Îsh’s Commentary on the Mufa??al, p. 74 (of the edition now being published by Dr. Jahn of Berlin). See Fables de Loqman le Sage (Éd. DÉrenbourg), Introduction, p. 7. 36.I may refer on this point to Von Grutschmid’s excellent critique on Bunsen’s attempt to explain Athene as Semitic, in the former’s BeitrÄge zur Geschichte des alten Orients, Leipzig 1858, p. 46. 37.Stade (MorgenlÄndische Forschungen, p. 232) justly insists on the good Hebrew character of the names occurring in the Hebrew stories, even against the false supposition of the original Aramaic character of the Hebrew people. 38.Zeitsch. d. D.M.G., 1871, XXV. 139; see Lepsius, Einleitung zur Chronologie der alten Ægypten, I. 326. 39.See Ibn Ya?Îsh’s Commentary on the Mufa??al of ZamachsharÎ, p. 47, in which the name of the constellation al-?AyyÛ? (Auriga, ‘The Hinderer’) is imported into this story, as hindering al-DabarÂn from coming up with his beloved. 40.al-MeydÂnÎ, Majma? al-amthÂl (ed. of BÛlÂ?), II. 209. 41.See NÖldeke in Schenkel’s Bibellexikon, 2nd ed. IV. 370. 42.Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, 1869, VI. 43.Theodor Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, II. 85. 44.W.H.I. Bleek, Reynard the Fox in South Africa, 1864, pp. xx-xxvi. See Max MÜller’s Introduction to the Science of Religion, London 1873, p. 54. 45.Histoire gÉnÉrale et SystÈme comparÉ des Langues sÉmitiques, p. 7. 46.Two instances will suffice to show how Renan’s hypothesis became the common property of educated people. It is treated as fully made out, both by Roscher, the German political economist, and by Draper, the American naturalist and historian of civilisation. The former says: ‘Life in the desert seems to be an especially favourable soil for Monotheism. It wants that luxuriant variety of the productive powers of nature by which Polytheism was encouraged in remarkably fruitful countries, such as India’ (System der Volkswirthschaft, 7th ed., Stuttgart 1873, II. 38). The latter: ‘Polytheistic ideas have always been held in repute by the southern European races; the Semitic have maintained the unity of God. Perhaps this is due to the fact, as a recent author has suggested, that a diversified landscape of mountains and valleys, islands, rivers, and gulfs, predisposes man to a belief in a multitude of divinities. A vast sandy desert, the illimitable ocean, impresses him with an idea of the oneness of God’ (History of Conflict between Religion and Science, London 1875, p. 70). This view has also passed into Peschel’s VÖlkerkunde, and Bluntschli also, in his lecture on the ancient oriental ideas of God and world in 1861, echoed Renan’s hypothesis of 1855. 47.Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, I. 297. 48.On the other side, Renan says (Hist. gÉn. 4th ed., p. 497) ‘Cette grande conquÊte (the recognition of Monotheism) ne fut pas pour elle (i. e. for the Semitic race) l’effet du progrÈs; ce fut une de ces premiÈres aperceptions.’ 49.Much of this literature has been unnoticed, as e.g. a late pamphlet by LÉon Hugonnet: La civilisation arabe, dÉfense des peuples sÉmitiques en rÉponse À M. Renan, Geneva 1873. 50.Histoire gÉnÉrale, p. 51.Geschichte des Materialismus, 1st ed., 1866, p. 77. See 2nd ed., 1873, I. 149. 52.Ib. p. 83. See 2nd ed., p. 152. 53.Cours de Philosophie Positive, Éd. LittrÉ, Paris 1869, V. 90, 197, 324. 54.Histoire gÉnÉrale, p. 486: ‘L’unitÉ de constitution psychologique de l’espÈce humaine, au moins des grandes races civilisÉes, en vertu de laquelle les mÊmes mythes ont dÛ apparaÎtre parallÈlement sur plusieurs points À la fois, suffirait, d’ailleurs, pour expliquer les analogies qui reposent sur quelque trait gÉnÉral de la condition de l’humanitÉ, ou sur quelques-uns de ses instincts les plus profonds.’ 55.Ib. p. 27. 56.Max MÜller, Chips from a German Workshop, I. 370. 57.Introduction to the Science of Religion, p. 390 et seq. 58.In Chips, &c., I. p. 341. 59.In The Myths of the New World, New York 1868. See Steinthal’s criticism of this collection in the Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie and Sprachwissenschaft, 1871, Bd. VII. 60.Myths and Myth-Makers, Boston 1873, p. 151 et seq. 61.In the sixth vol. of Waitz’s Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, where I obtained information about Schirren’s works. 62.Les premiÈres civilisations, Paris 1874, II. 113 et seq. 63.Gott in der Geschichte, I. 353; a passage which, with a large part of the volume, is omitted in the greatly abridged English translation. 64.Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte, V. ii. 18–19 (English tr. IV. 28–29). 65.Even old Plutarch observed in reference to the then favourite explanation of the myths ex ratione physica: ?e? d? ? ????e?? ?p??? e????a? ??e???? (i.e. of the sun and moon) t??t??? (Zeus and Hera), ???’ a?t?? ?? ??? ??a t?? ????? ?a? a?t?? t?? ??a? ?? ??? t?? se????? (Quaestiones Romanae, 77). See Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, III. 24: Longe aliter rem se habere, atque hominum opinio sit: eos enim, qui dii appellantur, rerum naturas esse, non figuras deorum. 66.Spiegel still does this up to a recent date in his Eranische Alterthumskunde, II. 19. 67.See Tylor, Primitive Culture, II. 287 et seq. 68.The story of Osiris and Typhon e.g. originally personified the vegetative life of nature and the struggles incident to it, but was afterwards transferred to the destinies of the human soul. See Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai, Leipzig 1872, p. 477. 69.Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, III. 183. 70.See Roth in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlÄndischen Gesellschaft, 1848, II. 217; Albrecht Weber, Akademische Vorlesungen Über indische Literaturgeschichte, Berlin 1852, p. 35. 71.See Kuenen, The Religion of Israel, London 1874, I. 226. 72.We shall treat of this in the Third Section of Chapter VIII. 73.Translated and given as an Appendix to this volume.—Tr. 74.How readily Alexander’s history was combined with the Solar myth is best proved by the fact that Arabian tradition gives Alexander a Sun-name, the variously interpreted ?Û-l-karnein = the Horned, i.e. the Beaming. 75.Translated and given as an Appendix to this volume.—Tr. 76.Wayyi?r rabbÂ, sect. XIX.: hishchÎr we-he?erÎbh. 77.See Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 1406. b. 78.See Hermann Cohen’s dissertation, Die dichterische Phantasie und der Mechanismus des Bewusstseins, in the Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie, &c. 1869, VI. 239 et seq. 79.On the German legends in which this idea occurs see Henne-Am-Rhyn, Die deutsche Volkssage, Leipzig 1874, p. 268 et seq. 80.See Ps. LXXIV. 13–14; LXXXIV. 11. There is nothing to justify those interpreters who, caring nothing for the remains of ancient myths, always wish to understand by Rahabh and TannÎn the kingdom of Egypt. 81.Angelo de Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, II. 217. On the meaning of milk and honey in the Hebrew myth, Steinthal has written exhaustively in his Treatise on the Story of Samson, given in the Appendix. 82.See Weber in the Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1855, IX. 238. 83.Al-MeydÂnÎ, Majma? al-amthÂl, II. 203. 84.KorÂn, SÛr. V. v. 69. 85.Sonne, Mond und Sterne [i.e. Bd. I. of Die poetischen Naturanschauungen, &c.], p. 4. 86.Die Naturgeschichte der Sage, I. 127. 87.See Excursus A. 88.Such names have often planted themselves firmly in popular tradition, and are accordingly mentioned in various quarters with perfect uniformity. So e.g. ?a???? and ?a???, who appear both in Rabbinical writings and in 2 Tim. III. 8 (see Jablonski, Opuscula, ed. Te Water, II. 23). 89.See Wilhelm Bacher’s treatise, Kritische Untersuchungen zum ProphetentargÛm (Zeitschrift der D. M. G. 1874, XXVIII. 7). 90.Leben Abraham’s nach Auffassung der jÜdischen Sage, Leipzig 1859. Another good compilation is that of Hamburger, Geist der Hagada, Leipzig 1857, I. 39–50. 91.BÊth ham-midrÂsh: Sammlung kleiner Midrashim und vermischter Abhandlungen aus der jÜdischen Literatur, ed. Ad. Jellinck, Vienna 1873, V. 40. 92.Max MÜller, Essays [German translation of Chips], II. 147; not in the English. 93.Rigveda, L. 8; CCCXCIX. 9. 94.Sonne, Mond und Sterne, p. 4. 95.Bab. BÂbh bathrÂ, fol. 16. b. 96.See Kuhn, Ueber Entwickelungsstufen der Mythenbildeng (Abhandl. der kÖn. Akad. d. W. 1873, Berlin 1874), p. 144. 97.BerÊshÎth rabbÂ, sect. 68. 98.See on the other side Ewald, History of Israel (2nd or 3rd ed.), II. 214. 99.Welcker, Griechische GÖtterlehre, Gottingen 1857, I. 66. 100.I find this identification, it is true, only in later books, TÂn de-bhÊ ElÎyÂ, c. 27; SÊder ?ÔlÂm, c. 21; see HalÂkhÔth gedÔlÔth (hilkhÔth haspÊd). In the SÊder had-dÔrÔth, under the year 2189, Beor is called son of Laban. On Laban see Chap. V. § 11. Besides the name Lo?mÂn, which in signification corresponds with Bile?Âm (Balaam), we find in the Preislamite genealogy of the Arabs, which in my opinion is largely mixed up with mythical names, the chief Bal?Â?u, who is said to have been a leper (Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?Â?, p. 106. 8). It should be observed that this is a man’s name with the grammatical form of a feminine adjective. 102.SÔ?Â, fol. 10. a. 103.See Excursus B. 104.‘Die andere culturhistorisch.’ I am obliged to render this convenient adjective by a circumlocution, as ‘civilisation-historical’ would be too cumbrous and hardly intelligible.—Tr. 105.I must refer those readers who are not sufficiently familiar with the terminology to Steinthal’s Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin 1871, vol. I., where all this is fully discussed in the section Elementare psychische Processe. 106.But it is to be observed that some of the expressions produced by Polyonymy [multitude of names] survive the process of fusion and remain with the original signification; thus e.g. several names for Moon in Hebrew. On such names Synonymy, a secondary function of conscious speech, then performs its work. 107.Chips, First Series, pp. 356, 361. 108.On the Pronoun Wilhelm von Humboldt’s essay, Ueber die Verwandtschaft der Ortsadverbien mit dem Pronomen, Berlin 1830, still deserves study. See also what is said below (Chap. V. § 6) on ÂshÊr. 109.Budenz, in the Hungarian review Magyar Nyelvor (‘Guardian of the Hungarian Language’), 1875, IV. 57. 110.Max MÜller, Chips, II. pp. 93–106. 112.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, I. 133. 19. Compare al-MeydÂnÎ, ed. BÛlÂ?, II. 262. 4. 113.Both wind and rain are placed in connexion with the night in the DÎvÂn of the Hu?ailites, ed. Kosegarten, p. 125, v.5: ta?tÂduhu rÎ?u-sh-shimÂli bi?urrih * fÎ kulli leylatin dÂjinin wa-hutÛni, ‘the Northwind blows over it with his coldness every cloudy rainy night.’ 114.YÂ?Ût’s Geogr. Dictionary, I. 24. 2. 115.Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie, &c. 1874, VIII. 179. 116.See BÖttcher’s article on this group of roots in HÖfer’s Zeitschrift fÜr die Wissenschaft der Sprache (Greifswald 1851), III. 16. 117.See especially the lucid exposition of Dr. Abr. Geiger, in his Das Judenthum und seine Geschichte (2nd edit.), I. 51. 118.In other countries also human sacrifices have been abolished by a reform of religion, and sacrifices limited to beasts and vegetables; e.g. in Mexico, where the reform is attributed to Quetzalcoatl. See Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, IV. 141. 119.The Sunset is child of Night only if we keep before our eyes the mythical identity of the Morning and Evening Glow, according to § 2 of this chapter. 120.See Sir Ch. Lyell, The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (4th ed. 1873), pp. 122 et seq. and 228. See also F. Lenormant’s essay, ‘L’Homme Fossile,’ in his Les premiÉres Civilisations, I. 42. 121.Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, I. 407. Compare Hehn, Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere, 2nd edit., p. 103. 122.Bergmann, Les peuples primitifs de la race de JafÈte, Colmar 1853, pp. 42, 45, 52, 53 apud Renan, Hist. gÉn. d. langues sÉm., p. 39. It is interesting that the ancients explained the hard-bested name of the Pelasgians from this point of view, making ?e?as??? equivalent to pe?a???? = storks (Strabo, V. 313; Falconer, ed. Kramer, V. 2, § 4). Compare Pott, Etymologische Forschungen, 1836, II. 527. 123.Blau in the Zeitschrift d. D. M. G., 1858, II. 589. 124.Waitz, ibid. II. 349. 125.Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 410. a. 126.Munk, PalÄstina, Germ. transl. by Levy, Leipzig 1871, p. 190. 127.Ebers, Aegypten und die BÜcher Moses, I. 70. 128.See the passage in Schrader, Keilinschriften und das A. T., p. 64. 20. 129.See BÖttcher, AusfÜhrl. Lehrb. d. hebrÄischen Sprache, edited by MÜhlau, p. 7, note. 130.Einleitung in das Studium der arab. Sprache, p. 19. 131.Compare the Hottentot national name Saan, from s ‘to rest,’ i.e. ‘the Settlers’ (F. MÜller, Allgemeine Ethnographie, p. 75). 132.J.S. MÜller, Semiten, Chamiten und Japheiten, &c, p. 257. 133.Lenormant, Études Accadiennes, pt. 3, I. 72. 134.Al-NawawÎ (the Cairo edition of Muslim’s collection, with Commentary), V. 169. 135.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, XVI. 82 penult. 136.Burton’s First Footsteps in East Africa, London 1856, p. 174. 137.See al-NÂbigÂ, XXXI. v. 4 (Derenbourg). 138.On the Calendar of the Arabs before Mo?ammed (in Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1859, XIII. 161). 139.Sprachliches aus den Zeltlagern der syrischen WÜste, p. 32, note 21 (a reprint from Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1868, XXII.). 140.A species of lyric poem or elegy.—Tr. 141.Sa?t al-zand (BÛlÂ? edition of 1286), II. 34. Yet AgÂnÎ, I. 147. 20, in a poem of Nu?eyb: wa lam ara matbÛ?an a?arra min-al-ma?ari. 142.See an example in Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1857, V. p. 100, l. 14. 143.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, XI. 126. 144.?a?Â?, s.r. ?r?. 145.Chunnas, ‘planet,’ i.e. Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, or Mercury.—Tr. 146.Commentary on the ?orÂn (Fleischer’s edition), II. 397. 6. 147.Phaleg (ed. Frankfort), II. 124. 148.Yerach (pausal yÂrach), Gen. X. 26, 1 Chr. I. 20; elsewhere yerach denotes ‘month’ and yÂrÊach ‘moon.’—Tr. 149.Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?Â?, p. 99. 9. 150.Culturgeschichtliche StreifzÜge auf dem Gebiete des Islams, Leipzig 1873, p. viii. 151.See Creuzer, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten VÖlker, 3rd ed., I. 38. 152.Welcker, Griechische GÖtterlehre, I. 169. 153.As the myth grows more and more into a religion, and the conception of a mighty god who excels all others becomes fixed, the production of thunder and rain, &c., is gradually transferred to this originally solar god (see also Max MÜller, Chips, &c., I. 357 et seq.). The sharp division made above is therefore absolutely true only of the purely mythological stage. Conversely Indra and Varu?a, originally figures belonging to the gloomy cloudy and rainy sky, which take the highest places in the Indian religion, are in the Vedic Hymns endowed with solar traits. 154.Those to whom the philosophical terms objective and subjective are not familiar must understand them respectively as impersonal or impartial, and personal or partial; the former being that which is outside the thinker’s personality, the latter that which is within him, and therefore often the reflected image of external things on his own mind.—Tr. 155.On the disappearance of individuality in direct proportion to antiquity, see Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ueber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues, Berlin 1836, p. 4. Lazarus appears to concede to the individual too much influence on the origin of speech; see Leben der Seele II. 115. 156.See the article ‘Das Epos’ in Zeitschrift fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie, &c. 1868, V. 8, 10. 157.NÖldeke, BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber, p. 185. 12. 158.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, VI. 137. 17. 159.Durrat al-gauwÂs (ed. Thorbecke), p. 178. 4. 160.YÂ?Ût, I. 934. 2. 161.Romance of ?Antar, IV. 97. 2. 162.This connexion is found among the Polynesians: ‘The time-reckoning in all Polynesia conformed to the moon. They reckoned by nights,’ &c., Gerland, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker. 71. Only the nights had names, the days had none, ibid., pp. 72. Both the chronology according to moons and the counting of days by nights are linguistically demonstrated of the Melanesian group. See the comparison in Gerland, ibid., pp. 616–619. 163.Laz. Geiger, Ursprung und Entwicklung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft, II. 270. 164.Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, in German, II. xcviii. and III. xx. 165.God in History, II. 433–5. 166.De Bello Gallico, VI. 18: ‘Spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur.’ 167.Germania, XI: ‘Nec dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium computant. Sic constituunt, sic condicunt: nox ducere diem videtur,’ in connexion with the public assemblies at the changes of the moon. The fact must not be overlooked that, according to Caesar, ibid. 22, the Germans ‘agriculturae non student, majorque pars victus eorum in lacte, caseo, carne consistit.’ See also, on this subject, Pictet, Les origines Indo-EuropÉennes et les Aryas primitifs, II. 588. 168.And in ‘Se'nnight.’—Tr. 169.The identical English term ‘Leap year’ is another apposite example.—Tr. 170.See the Hungarian review, Magyar Nyelvor, I. 26–28. 171.In Rawlinson’s History of Herodotus, App. to Book II. chap. VII. § 16–20 (ed. of 1862, vol. II. p. 282 et seq.). 172.Waitz, l. c. IV. 174. 173.See Karl Andree, Forschungsreisen, &c., II. 205. 174.Mommsen, History of Rome, I. 217 (ed. 1862), 230 (ed. 1868). 175.Welcker, Griechische GÖtterlehre, I. 555. 176.Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ed. 1862, vol. II. p. 283, § 17. 177.Die quinÄre und vigesimale ZÄhlmethode, Halle 1867. 178.Waitz, l. c. II. p. 224, compared with Bastian, Geographische und ethnologische Bilder, Jena 1874, pp. 144, 155. 179.See on this J. Muir, Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogon and Mythology (Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, N.S., 1864, I. pp. 54–58). 180.Max MÜller, Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series, p. 430. 181.Max MÜller, Chips, &c., II. p. 65. Muir, l. c. p. 77 et seq. 182.This is connected with MÜller’s view that ‘language must die before it can enter into a new stage of mythological life’ (Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series, p. 426). 183.Lectures, &c., Second Series, p. 432. 184.Rawlinson, History of Herodotus, I. 211. 185.V. 3: ???? ??? t??t? ?p???? sf? ?a? ???a??? ? ??te ??????ta?? e?s? d? ?at? t??t? ?s?e??e?. 186.The literature is clearly and concisely enumerated in G. Rawlinson’s essay On the Early History of the Athenians, §8-11 (Hist. of Herod., Bk. II. Essay II.). But it must be added that the idea of the learned author—‘The Attic castes, if they existed, belong to the very infancy of the nation, and had certainly passed into tribes long before the reign of Codrus’—does not agree with the historical sequence demanded by the connexion of the tribes with nomadic life and that of the caste with fixed tenure. In the very nature of the case the division into tribes is proper to nomadism, which knows of no systematic occupation with arts and trades, whereas the division into castes presupposes such an occupation with trades and arts as only a sedentary life renders possible. Therefore, between tribes and castes the priority will always have to be assigned to the former. 187.Spiegel, Ueber die eranische Stammesverfassung (Abhandlungen der kÖn. bair. Akad. d. W., 1855, Bd. VII.); Kasten und StÄnde in der arischen Vorzeit (Ausland, 1874, No. 36). 188.Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, in German, III. vi. 189.Ibid. II. xiv.-xv. 190.Zeitschrift d. D. M. G. 1852, VI. 67 et seq. 191.God in History, II. 8. 192.Narrative of a Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, I. 8. 193.See Welcker. Griechische GÖtterlehre, I. 551. 194.Zur hauranischen Alterthumskunde (Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1861, XV. 444). 195.It should be noted that from Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?Â?, p. 96. II, it is evidently possible that in such compounds the word ?abd itself may belong to the idol; he writes wa-?abdu shamsin za?amÛ ?anamun wa-?Âla ?aumun bal ?aynu mÂin ma?rufatun wa-hua ismun ?adÎmun: ‘?Abd Shams is in the opinion of some an idol, others say it is the name of a well-known spring of water: it is an old name.’ 196.Tuch, Sinaitische Inschriften (Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1849, III. 202).—Osiander, Vorislam. Religion der Araber (Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1853. VII. 483). 197.TÂj-al-?arÛs, II. 209. 198.Schlottmann, Die Inschrift Eshmunazar’s, Halle 1868, p. 84. 199.YÂ?Ût, IV. 85. See al-JawÂlÎ?Î’s Livre des locutions vicieuses (ed. Derenbourg in MorgenlÄnd. Forschungen), p. 153. 200.Zur vergleichenden Religionsgeschichte, 1 Art. (Ausland 1872), p. 4. See also 1871, p. 1159. 201.Compare also the Himyaric proper name Ben SÎn (HalÉvy, Études sabÉennes [Journal Asiat. 1874, II. 543]). 202.Lenormant, Les premiÈres civilisations, II. 158. 203.Schrader, Die HÖllenfahrt der Istar, p. 45. 204.Egypt’s Place in Universal History, IV. 342. 205.In his essay on the Egyptian antiquities at the Great Exhibition of 1867 at Paris. 206.I must explain that the preceding four sections were already written down, before I could get a sight of Kuhn’s essay, which appeared later. 207.Ueber Entwickelungsstufen der Mythenbildung, Berlin 1874; from the Abhandlungen der kÖnigl. Akademie d. Wiss. zu Berlin (phil.-hist. Klasse), 1873, pp. 123–137. 208.Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries, their Ages and Uses, London 1872, pp. 9 et seq. and 28. 209.The same is stated of some American tribes by Sir J. Lubbock, The Origin of Civilisation, ed. 3, 1875, pp. 273, 306, et seq. 210.Georg Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, I. p. 200. 211.But we cannot on this account characterise the Semites generally by the assertions, ‘The Semites are in general a pastoral people,’ ‘the Semites live in tents,’ as Friedrich von Hellwald does in his Culturgeschichte in ihrer natÜrlichen Entwickelung, p. 134. A glance at the sedentary Phenicians and the settled Semites of Mesopotamia shows at once the important exceptions. It must also not be overlooked that agriculture was in practice to no small extent among the Phenicians; even the Romans call a kind of threshing machine, the ‘Punic:’ Varro, De re rustica, I. 52; cf. Lowth, De sacra poesi Hebraeorum, Oxford 1821, Prael. VII. p. 62. The commerce with Egypt, which von Hellwald brings into prominence, is no sufficient reason why the favourite characterisation of the Semites does not apply to these nations. The Hebrews continued their nomadic life for a long time after they had made intimate acquaintance with Egypt; and the nomadic Arabs were not materially influenced by communication with sedentary nations. 212.Given by Josephus Langius, Florilegii magni seu Polyantheae ... libri XXIII., Lugduni 1681, I. 120, as by Aristophanes; but the author and the translator have searched the works and fragments of Aristophanes in vain. 213.Ovid also begins with the life of the fields; his golden age is distinguished from the others only in this, that: Ipsa quoque immunis, rastroque intacta, nec ullis Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus; and Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat: Nec renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis. (Metamorph. I. 101–2, 109–10.) 214.History of Herodotus, tr. G. Rawlinson, IV. c. 46, note 5. 215.Muslim’s Collection of Traditions (ed. of Cairo with commentary), I. 138; al-JauharÎ, s.r. fdd. Cf. Dozy, Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien, Leipzig 1874, I. 17. 216.Al-BuchÂrÎ, Recueil des Traditions Musulmans (ed. Krehl), II. 385 (LX. No. 29). 217.Al-BuchÂrÎ, Recueil &c., II. 74 (XL I. No. 20). 218.Al-BuchÂrÎ, Recueil &c. p. 67, No. 2. It is true these expressions might be balanced by a few somewhat opposite in character, such as that which declares that in the judgment of the Prophet the best business is Trade; according to other reporters Manufacture; according to others (whose version is regarded as the correct one) Agriculture (see al-NawawÎ on Muslim’s Collection of Traditions, IV. 32). Still such sentences, even when confirmed by others, cannot weaken the force of those cited in the text. I must also mention in conclusion that al Sha?rÂnÎ in his Book of the Balance (KitÂb al-mÎzÂn, Cairo [Castelli], 1279, II. 68) mentions this question as a point of difference among the canonical authorities of Islamic theology: the school of al-ShÂfe?Î regards trade as the noblest occupation, whilst the three other ImÂms (AbÛ ?anÎfÂ, MÂlik b. Anas, and A?med b. ?anbal) declare for field-labour and manufactures. 219.See Alfred von Kremer, Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Khalifen, I. 16. 220.Von Kremer, ibid. pp. 71, 77; Culturgeschichtlichte StreifzÜge, p. xi. 221.Ibn ?Abdi Rabbihi, KitÂb al-?i?d al-ferÎd, ed. BÛlÂ? 1293 A.H., vol. III. p. 347. 222.Futuh as-ShÂm, being an account of the Moslem conquests in Syria, ed. Nassau Lees, Calcutta 1854, I. 9 et seq. 223.This satirical reproach of the BedÂwÎ often occurs, e.g. sometimes in the Romance of ?Antar in passages which are not accessible to me at the present moment. We meet with it also in the Persian king Yezdegird’s satire on the Arabs (Chroniques de Tabari, transl. by Zotenberg, III. 387). Later also, in Ibn Ba?Û?Â, Voyages, III. 282, where the Indian Prince describes his Beduin brother-in-law Seif al-DÎn Gada, who had at first charmed him, but afterwards been disgraced for his want of manners, by the epithet mÛsh chÂr, i.e. ‘field-rat-eater;’ ‘for,’ adds the traveller, ‘the Arabs of the Desert eat field-rats.’ See also AgÂnÎ, III. 33, l. 4 from below, where BashshÂr b. Burd accuses a BedÂwÎ of hunting mice (?eydu fa?rin). 224.ProlÉgomÈnes, trad. par de Slane, pp. 255–273. 225.A collection of similar poetical passages is to be found in Freytag’s Commentary on the amÂsÂ, pp. 601 and 606. 226.?amÂsÂ, Text, p. 340, 3 infr. 227.E.g. YÂ?Û?, Geograph. Dict., II. 118. s.v. gamal. 228.al-NÂbigÂ, III. 2. 229.Journal Asiatique, 1868, II. 378. 230.Just as can be said of another passage closely connected with the above, Is. XL. 26. On the contrary, especially in the latter passage, the host of stars is compared to a war-host, ?ÂbhÂ; and the idea that each star is a valiant warrior is also not strange to Arabic poetry (e.g. ?amÂsÂ, p. 36, l. 5, comp. Num. XXIV. 17); for the conception of ?eb hash-shamayÎm ‘host or army of heaven,’ has taken as firm root among the Arabs as among the Hebrews. ‘For thou art the Sun,’ says al-NÂbig (VIII. 10) to king No?mÂn, ‘and the other kings are stars; when the former rises, not a single star of these latter are any longer visible.’ With this is connected the expression juyÛsh al-?alÂm ‘the armies of darkness’ (Romance of ?Antar, XVIII. 8. 6, XXV. 60. 69). In the last passage, indeed, it stands in parallelism with ?asÂkir al-?i? w-al-ibtisÂm ‘armies of light and smiling,’ just as with the synonymous juyÛsh al-geyhab (?Antar, XV. 58. 11). 231.On this peculiarity of the poets of the towns an opinion of ?AjjÂj very much to the point occurs in the KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, II. 18. 232.The Heart of Africa, I. 28. 233.Quer durch Afrika, I. 121. 234.Palgrave, Central and Eastern Arabia, I. 463. 235.De Sacrificio Kajin, p. 169, ed. Mangey, Oxford 1742. In another treatise Philo distinguishes two kinds of shepherds and two kinds of agriculturists, of which one kind is blameworthy, and the other praiseworthy. There is a distinction between p???? and ????t??f??, and on the other hand between ??? ????t?? (probably answering to the Hebrew ?ÔbÊd adÂmÂ), and ?e????? (probably intended to represent the Hebrew Îsh adÂmÂ). See De Agricultura, p. 303 et seq. 236.Geographische und ethnologische Bilder, pp. 191–97. 237.Lettres persanes, Lettre CXXI. 238.See Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii, Vienna 1549, p. 61, where a Tatar formula of execration is said to be ‘ut eodem in loco perpetuo tamquam Christianus haereas.’ 239.Travels in Arabia, ed. Ouseley, 1829, p. 381. 240.A notable illustration of this relation is presented by the Arabic proverb, ‘If you hear that the smith (of the caravan) is packing up in the evening, be sure that he will not go till the following morning’ (al-MeydÂnÎ, BÛlÂ? edition, I. 34). Notice the occasion of the origin of this proverb, in the commentary on the passage. 241.Personal Narrative of Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, 2nd ed. 1857, I. 117. 242.Burton’s First Footsteps in Eastern Africa, p. 240. 243.Kant’s Kleinere Schriften zur Logik und Metaphysik, herausgegeben von Kirchmann, II. 4 (Philosoph. Bibliothek, Hermann, Bd. XXXIII.). 244.Osiander (Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1853, VII. 437) is inclined to combine with this the old Arabic RayÂm or RiyÂm. 245.The added Abh in AbhrÂm, compared with the other expressions in which the quality of father is not emphasized, finds an exact parallel in ?? ( = G?)-?t?? and Ga?a. 246.Opuscula Arabica (ed. W. Wright, Leyden 1859), p. 30. 2; 34. 5. This usage is made possible by the signification Cloud, which is peculiar to the word sam in Arabic (Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammed, I. 544). 247.Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, I. 311. 248.See the Count von Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipzig 1876, I. p. 306 et seqq. 249.Or Future, or Imperfect, as it is more generally termed.—Tr. 250.It is worthy of note that in Arabic pluralia fracta can be formed from this class of proper names. An interesting example of this is Tan?umu b. ?ami?ata, the name of the ancestor of the tribe TanÂ?um. See Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?Â?, p. 85 and gloss h. 251.Strictly the Dawn.—Tr. 252.This theory explains the connexion of ?Ârach with zÂrach ‘to be bright.’ Accordingly, I should like to place the Hebrew ?Âra?ath lepra in this same etymological group, as the relationship between ? and ? does not require demonstration; the signification would then be that of ‘whiteness’ (see Lev. XIII. 3, 4). 253.Hermann VÁmbÉry, Uigurische Sprachmonumente und das Kudatku Bilik, Innsbruck 1870, p. 238 a. 254.E.g. vol. IV. 26 ult.; XVIII. 3, 11. 19, 93. 11; XXV. 5. 12, 6. 6 &c. I always quote the octavo edition of the Romance of ?Antar, printed by Sheikh ShÂhÎn in thirty-two small vols., Cairo 1286. 255.In De Sacy, Chrestomathie Arabe, II. 151. 13. 256.It is entitled Nuzhat al-asrÂr fÎ mu?Âwarat al-leyl w-al-nahÂr, and is in MS. in the University Library at Leipzig: cod. Ref. no. 357, fol. 11–18. 257.Of this literature I will now draw attention only to a ?asÎd of the old Persian poet AsadÎ, which is now made accessible in the edition of RÜckert’s Grammatik, Poetik und Rhetorik der Perser, published by the care of W. Pertsch, Gotha 1874, pp. 59–63. But it contains little that harmonises with the argumentation of the above-employed Arabic tract. 258.Nuzhat al-asrÂr &c., fol. 14 verso, 17 verso. 259.E.g. AbÛ-l-?AlÂ’s Poems in the edition with commentary, BÛlÂ? 1286, II. 107, line 1: wa-tabtasimu-l-ashrÂ?u fajran. 260.See AbÛ-l-?AlÂ, ibid., p. 211, line 5: fÎ ma??aki-l-bar?i. 261.Vol. I. 193. Compare a beautiful passage in a poem of Ibn Mu?eyr, given by NÖldeke, BeitrÄge zur Poesie der alten Araber, p. 34, to which we shall recur farther on. 262.Ursprung der Mythologie, p. 109 et seq. 263.Most persons know this tense as Future, or as Imperfect.—Tr. 264.Similar correlative names in Hellenic mythology are Pro-metheus and Epi-metheus. 265.Muslim’s Collection of Traditions, edition with Commentary, Cairo 1284, V. 118. The commentator, Al-NawawÎ, puts the name al-?Â?ib in combination with another name of the Prophet of identical meaning, viz. al-Mu?fÎ. The name al-?Â?ib occurs elsewhere also as a proper name, e.g. as the name of a friend of the poet al-A?sha (KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, VI. 73). 266.ShÂhnÂmeh, ed. Mohl, VII. v. 633, according to RÜckert’s ingenious interpretation in the Zeitschrift der D. M. G., 1856, X. 145. 267.De Principiis, ed. Kopp, p. 385. 268.The sun itself is called a golden egg (Ad. Kuhn, Zeitschr. fÜr vergl. Sprachforschung, I. 456). 269.King Henry VI., Part II. Act IV. beginning. 270.Heinrich Heine, The Baltic [sic! i.e. ‘die Nordsee’ = the German Ocean], Part 2, No. 4 in E.A. Bowring’s translation. 271.In Henne-am-Rhyn, Die deutsche Volkssage, Leipzig 1874, p. 292, No. 544. 272.Catullus, LIX. [LXI.] vv. 84–86. 273.EmÎr Chosrev of Delhi, in RÜckert, Grammatik, Rhetorik und Poetik der Perser, p. 69. 6. 274.See Excursus C. 275.Pauly, RealencyklopÄdie, VII. 1277; Wilhelm Bacher, Ni?ÂmÎ’s Leben und Werke, Leipzig 1871, p. 97, note 13. 276.Al-Bei?ÂwÎ, Commentarius in Coranum, ed. Fleischer, I. 572. 17. Bacher, l.c. 277.Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, II. 170. 278.See Excursus D. 279.See e.g. Brugsch, Histoire d’Égypte, 1st ed., I. 37. 280.De Osir. et Isid., c. XXXIV. 281.De Pythiae oraculis, c. XII., and compare the pseudo-Plutarch, De vita et poËsi Homeri, c. CIV. 282.So says Yal?Û?. ShÔchÊr ?Ôbh has the reading AkramÂnia, which is difficult of identification (Germania?). 283.Yal?Û? and ShÔchÊr ?Ôbh on Ps. XIX. 7. 284.Ursprung der Mythologie, p. 273. 286.Compare Eckhel, Doctrina Nummorum veterum, V. 15. 287.Die Religion der RÖmer, Erlangen 1836, II. 218. Compare Mommsen, History of Rome (translation), I. 185, ed. of 1868. 288.Fr. Lenormant, Les premiÈres civilisations, Paris 1874, II. 29–31. 289.It is well known that the story of Jonah was long ago connected with the myth of Herakles and Hesione, or that of Perseus and Andromeda (Bleek, Einleitung ins A. T., Berlin 1870, p. 577). Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 306, should also be consulted. What Emil Burnouf says in his La Science des Religions, Paris 1872, p. 263, is quite untenable; he finds in the myth ‘un image de la naissance du feu divin et de la vie dont il est le principe.’ 290.Nonnus, Dionysiaca XL. 443; Movers, Religion der PhÖnizier, p. 394. 291.Aesch., Prom., vv. 505, 467, Dind. I must also refer to Tangaloa, the chief figure in the Polynesian mythology, who is described as the first navigator. This characteristic, and the fact that Tangaloa is regarded as the originator of every handicraft (see the chapter on the Myth of Civilisation), with other features on which Schirren lays stress in determining his nature, seem to claim for him a solar character. Gerland (Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, VI. 242) disputes this interpretation. 292.JahrbÜcher fÜr die bibl. Wissenschaft, X. 21; History of Israel, I. 265 et seq. 293.In his essay PhÖnikische Analekten, in the Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1865, XIX. 536. 294.Sepp, Jerusalem und das Heilige Land, Schaffhausen 1863, II. 687. 295.Vergelijkende geschiedenis van de egyptische en mesopotamische Godsdiensten, Amsterdam 1872, p. 434. 296.Julius Braun, Naturgeschichte der Sage, I. 41. See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 316. 297.E. Jacques, Vocabulaire Arabe-malacassa, in Journ. Asiat., 1833, XI. 129, 130. 298.Gerland, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, VI. 242. 299.‘Wimpern der MorgenrÖthe,’ and so Ewald translates aph?appayim in Job, i.e. eyelashes, eyelids being ‘Augenlieder.’ Yet Gesenius understands the word as palpebrae, i.e. eyelids (though both this word and cilium are occasionally used indiscriminately in either sense). ???fa??? is only ‘eyelid;’ the Arabic ?awÂjib is only ‘eyelash.’—Tr. 300.Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 1003. a; compare Orph. VIII. I. 13. In the Thesmophoriazusae v. 17, Aristophanes makes Euripides call the eye ‘the imitation of the disc of the sun;’ compare Acharn. v. 1184: ? ??e???? ?a, ‘O glorious eye!’ as an address to the Sun. 301.Al BuchÂrÎ, IX. 30, 35. 302.YaÇna, I. 35, III. 49. 303.Eberh. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, p. 165. 304.Haneberg, ReligiÖse AlterthÜmer der Bibel, MÜnich 1869, p. 49; Movers, Die PhÖnizier, I. 411, where other combinations are given. 305.The seven days of the week are imagined to have a connexion with the sun. According to Diodorus, I. 272, the inhabitants of Rhodes at the time of Cadmus worshipped the Sun-god, who had begotten seven sons on that island. 306.Muir, Sanskrit Texts, V. 64. 307.YÂ?Û?, Geogr. WÖrterb., III. 762. 308.See Excursus E. 309.Hartung, Religion und Mythologie der Griechen, Leipzig 1865, II. 87–94. 310.al-MeydÂnÎ Majma? al-amthÂl, II. 111. 21. 311.Wa-kÂn auwal m asbal al-leyl riwÂ?ah wa-?ad iswadd al-?alÂm biag-sÂ?ah, Romance of ?Antar, V. 170. 17. Accordingly, insadal is said of night as well as of a tent, e.g. ?Antar, VI. 60. 14, 95. 5. 312.I wish to mention here a suggestion received in a letter from Prof. de Goeje of Leyden, to take the name Hebhel in the appellative sense ‘herdsman,’ and compare it with the Arabic abil, the initial breathing being aspirated. The Hebrew ÂbhÊl, ‘pasture,’ would then belong to the same group. But see also on the latter word an ingenious conjecture of Derenbourg in the Journal Asiatique, 1867, vol. I. p. 93. 313.Wa-leylatun ?achyÂ?u yarma?illu * fÎh ?ala-l-shÂrÎ nadan much?allu, MS. of Univ. Leyden, Cod. Warner, No. 597, p. 345. 315.Die Genesis, Leipzig 1860, p. 64. 316.Levy, in the Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1860, XIV. 404. 317.Compare Gelpke’s article Neutestamentliche Studien, in the Theo. Studien u. Kritiken, 1849, pp. 639 et seq. 318.See Excursus F. 319.PremiÈres Civilisations, II. 81. 320.We do not wish to overlook the fact that the word ?ayn in Himyaritic is a name of dignity, like Prince, Ruler, Lord, and may therefore, if this signification is adopted, be a synonym for Ba?al. See PrÆtorius in the Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1872, XXVI. 432. 321.See Fleischer’s NachtrÄgliches to Levy’s Chald. WÖrterb. Über d. Targ., II. 577. b. 322.YaÇna, I. 35, XVII. 22; Khordavesta, III. 49, VII. 4; Spiegel, Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen, III. 27: ‘The beautiful Dawn we praise; the brilliant, endowed with brilliant horses, who remembers men, remembers heroes, and is provided with splendour, with dwellings. The morning Dawn we praise; the cheering, endowed with fast horses.’ Vendidad, XXI. 20: ‘Rise up, O splendid Sun! with thy fast horses, and shine on the creatures.’ In the Sun’s Yast (it is the sixth), in almost every verse from the invocation to the end of the prayer, this epithet is applied to the Sun; and in the tenth Yast chariots and flaming horses are assigned to Mithra (see the references in Spiegel, l. c. III. xxv.). 323.A rough imitation of: PhÖbus in der Sonnendroschke Peitschte seine Flammenrosse. Atta Troll, XXII. 1. 324.Schwartz, Sonne, Mond und Sterne, pp. 106–109. 325.According to Rawlinson this conception came from the Assyrians to the Persians. Put the learned explorer of Assyrian antiquity seems to ignore the solar significance of the winged disc when he says: ‘The conjecture is probable that ... the wings signify Omnipresence and the circle Eternity’ (History of Herodotus, note to I. c. 135, I. 215 of the edition of 1862). 326.Hebrew scholars will observe that I here abandon the usual interpretation, and understand eshken in the second member of the setting of the sun. In this way the first member speaks of the rising, the second of the setting of the sun (= b hash-shemesh), which dips into the water at the further edge (horizon) of the sea (acharÎth yÂm). 327.See Excursus G. 328.Iliad, VIII. 485. See Plutarch, De vita et poes. Hom., c. CIII. 329.E.g. al-SuytÛ?i in the ?usn al-mu?Â?arÂ, &c: ‘fa i? acha?at fÎ-l-hubÛt’ (ap. Weyer’s Diss. de loco Ibn Khacanis de Ibn Zeidun, p. 87, n. 82). 330.The Sun is in all the Semitic as well as in many Aryan languages grammatically feminine, and the myths frequently assign to the Sun a female form. It is therefore necessary sometimes to use the feminine pronoun.—Tr. 331.In Ahlwardt, Chalaf al-a?mar, p. 49. I. See Vita Timuri, II. 48: ‘?ad jana?at al shams lil-gurÛb.’ 332.Compare Ps. XVII. 8, LXI. 5 [4]; and accordingly in tastÎrÊm besÊther pÂnekhÂ, Ps. XXXI. 21 [20], ‘thou hidest them in the hiding-place of thy face,’ we must emend pÂnekh ‘face,’ into kenÂphekh ‘wings.’ 333.Romance of ?Antar, V. 136 ult., 236 penult. In the Babylonian epos of Istar’s Descent to Hell, v. 10 (Lenormant, PremiÈres Civilisations, II. 85), Night is compared to a bird. 334.This interpretation, here erroneously employed, is occasioned by the fact that in the Semitic languages the notion of ‘part’ is conveyed by words which properly denote ‘side:’ the two sides of a thing are two parts of it. Thus, even in literary Arabic the word ?araf, and in vulgar Arabic the word jÂnib (which is etymologically connected with the Hebrew kÂnÂph ‘wing’) are used quite in the sense of ba?? ‘a part.’ An interesting modern example of this lies before me in the Arabic text of the terms of the latest 5,000,000l. loan by the Egyptian Minister of Finance, in which the third article says: 'The shares fall under the ordinary laws regulating buying and selling and bequest—sawÂ?an kÂna fÎ jÂnib minhu au fÎhi bil-kÂmil—equally whether it concerns a portion of them or the whole' (al-JawÂ?Ïb, a weekly paper, XIV. No. 695, p. 2, c. 2, of the year 1291). 335.E.g. Romance of ?Antar, V. 80 ult., 168 v. 6: Saar?alu ?ankum l urÎdu sawÂ?akum * wa?a??idukum fÎ jun?i kulli ?alÂmin ‘I go away from you, I want not the like of you; but I shall seek you under the wings of all darkness.’ 336.al-AgÂnÎ, II. 12. 3, is also noticeable: ‘?amrun tawassa?u jun?a leylin mubridi.’ 337.Deutsche Mythologie, p. 141. 338.Ebers, Aegypten und die BÜcher Mosis, p. 70. 339.Fiske, Myths and Myth-Makers, pp. 71, 154. 340.The sun is called celer deus by Ovid, Fasti, I. 386; and Herodotus, I. 215, says: t?? ?e?? ? t???st??. See Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., p. 38. 341.BerÊshÎth rabbÂ, sect. 22. 342.Even Philo lays the chief momentum of the story of Hagar on her flight: ???ta? ??? (sc. ? ?e??? ?????) p???a??? t?? ?p?d?d?as???t??, ?a??pe? ?a? ??? f?s??? ?p? t?? ??a? ?t? ?a???e?sa ?p?d?a ?p? p??s?p?? t?? ????a? (De profugis, p. 546, ed. Mangey). 343.I leave it for the present undecided whether the name Terach, given to Abraham’s father, belongs to this class. Ewald (History of Israel, I. 274) puts it in connexion with Ârach ‘to wander,’ though in an ethnological sense. 345.The first to discover this origin of the relative asher was the Hungarian Csepregi, pupil of the great Schultens, Dissert., Lugd., p. 171 (quoted by Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 165): he did not, however, follow out the idea very clearly. Compare also Stade’s view, essentially the same, in the MorgenlÄndische Forschungen, Leipzig 1875, p. 188; I could not get a sight of this till after the above was ready for the press. On the other side Schrader, Jen. Literaturzeit 1875, p. 299. 346.In Assyrian the Moon is called ar?u, with a mere hamz (Schrader, Assyr.-babyl. Keilinschr., p. 282). In Arabic the reverse has happened; from warch (yÂrÊach) has been formed the verb arracha ‘to fix the time (by the lunar calendar), to date,’ the w (Heb. y) being weakened into hamz (aleph). Whether the Coptic Ioh and Arabic yÛ? are connected with yÂrÊach (the abrasion of r is not uncommon), is another question. 347.So BÖttcher, AusfÜhrl. Lehrbuch der hebr. Sprache, I. 516–17. 348.The poet DÎk al-Jinn had a mistress named DÎn (Ibn Challi?Ân. ed. WÜstenfeld, IV. 96. 7). See also AbÛ ?Uyeyn al-MuhallabÎ (AgÂnÎ, III. 128. 2, 6). 349.Edwin Norris, Assyrian Dictionary, I. 248. 350.We find also al-?ulya opposed to al-dunya in Ibn ChÂ?Ân ?alÂ?Ïd al-?i?yÂn, ed. BÛlÂ? 1284, p. 60 ult.: ‘wa-dÂmat laka-d-dunya * wa-dÂmat laka-l-?ulya.’ 351.Cod. Leyden, Warner’s Fund, No. 597, p. 325. 352.It also deserves consideration whether DÎn as the feminine of DÂn denotes the Moon: compare LÂbhÂn, LebhÂnÂ; ÂshÊr, AshÊrÂ. In that case the above myth would speak of the abduction of the Moon by the Morning-dawn, i.e. the disappearance of the moon at sunrise. It would then be the same myth as the Hellenic one of the abduction of HelenÊ (SelÊnÊ) by Paris. 353.Angelo de Gubernatis, ibid. p. 278 et seq. 354.See Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1855, IX. 758. 355.Edwin Norris, Assyrian Dictionary, I. 347. The signification ‘having locks’ might also be mentioned as a possibility for zalÎchÂ. In that case we should have to notice the Syrian zelÎchÊ of the Peshi?tÔ in Song of Songs, I. 11, where the parallelism to gedÛlÊ demands something like ‘locks of hair;’ and this meaning agrees with that of zelach in Syriac: fudit. 356.It is well-known that the gutturals ? ? and ? ch often change into ? f. The Arabic ?ada? ‘cup’ becomes in Turkish ?adef; the name YehÛd is pronounced in jest Jufut. Compare the Arabic na?acha with na?afa, and the Mehri ehÛ, denoting ‘mouth,’ with Arabic fÛ, Hebrew peh, etc. 357.See Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1855, IX. 758. 358.See Pfleiderer, Religion und ihre Geschichte, II. 271. 359.Brinton, Myths of the New World, pp. 159 et seq. 360.2 Kings, I. 8, II. 11. Compare the fiery, flame-red chariot of Ushas (Rigveda, VI. 64. 7). 361.Das alte Griechenland im neuen, p. 23. 362.Supplement to the Augsburg Allgem. Zeitung, 1874, No. 344. p. 5377. 363.Compare Renan, Hist. gÉnÉr. des Langues sÉmitiques, p. 28. 364.Called in the English Bible Lamech, which is derived from the pausal form LÂmekh through the LXX. ??e?, as is the case with many names, e.g. Abel, Japheth, Jared, though not all; cf. on the other side Jether, Zerah, Peleg. The ordinary form, such as Lemech, ought to be preferred.—Tr. 365.Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie, pp. 138–150. 368.Ps. XIX. 5 [4]. We have already remarked (p. 111) that the tents which originally belonged to the sky at night are frequently transferred to the sky of daytime; see also Is. XL. 22. And Noah uncovers himself, bethÔkh oholÔ ‘in the middle of his tent’ (Gen. IX. 21). 369.In al-JauharÎ, s.r. kfr. 370.In Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 193; ?atta ara a?nÂ?a ?ub?in ablaj * tasÛru fÎ a?jÂzi leylin ad?ajÂ. The expression a?jÂz al-leyl also occurs in a verse of Farazda?, KitÂb al-AgÂnÎ, XIV. 173. 19, and of Ashga?, ibid. XVII. 35. 13. 371.See also ShÂhnÂmÊh, VII. 395, with RÜckert’s conjecture suggested in Zeitsch. der D. M. G., 1856, X. 136. 372.Lazarus Geiger, Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschl. Sprache und Vernunft, I. 447. 373.Schwartz, Sonne, Mond und Sterne, p. 228. 374.In G. Rawlinson’s History of Herodotus, I. 490 et seq. One might also think of the Arabic nafara ‘to fly.’ The Sun is a fugitive, as has been already shown. 375.Lenormant, PremiÈres Civilisations, II. 21. 376.On the primary signification of the root mrd in Semitic, see Fried. Delitzsch, Studien Über indogerm.-semit. Wurzelverwandtschaft, Leipzig 1873, p. 74. 377.Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, p. 17, and Die assyr.-babyl. Keilinschriften, p. 212. Compare Merx, Grammatica Syriaca, p. 201. 378.Levy, PhÖnizische Studien, pt. II. p. 24. 380.I am fully aware that in Hebrew poetry arrows are frequently, indeed most frequently, to be understood of lightning. ‘He sends out his arrows and scatters them; lightnings in great number and discomfits them’ (Ps. XVIII. 15 [14]). But the arrows of Joseph’s adversaries must from the very nature of the myth be rays of the sun. If the hunter is the Sun, then the rays can only be something which the hunter in that ancient time used for shooting. Mythology is not the product of a well-thought-out consistent system, and so nothing is more likely than that two different things should be treated in the same way by virtue of some feature common to both. Thus the solar ray and the lightning are the same in mythology—an Arrow. 381.See a fuller description in Schwartz, Sonne, Mond und Sterne, pp. 218–220. 382.J.G. MÜller, Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen, p. 429. 383.See this question treated and its literature cited in Creuzer, Symbolik und Mythologie, 3rd ed., I. 57. 384.For the description of the Sun as an Opener, I am enabled to insert a supplementary datum, borrowed from a book which was published when p. 97 of the present work (to which I refer back) was already printed. In a cuneiform Hymn to Samas, the Sun-god, he is addressed thus: O Samas! from the back of the heavens thou hast come forth: The barrier of the shining heavens thou hast opened; Yea the gate of the heavens thou hast opened. (German translation of George Smith’s Chaldean Account of Genesis, with additions by Dr. Fr. Delitzsch, Leipzig, 1876.) The passage quoted is one of Delitzsch’s additions, p. 284. I think this Hymn is a remarkable illustration of our hypothesis that YiphtÂch, ‘the Opener,’ is a linguistic description of the Sun. 385.I owe to the kindness of my honoured friend Dr. Hampel, Custos of the archeological section of the Hungarian National Museum, the verification of a reference in the Bulletino dell’ Instituto di Correspondenza Archeologica, 1853, p. 150, to a stone which exhibits the same representation of the head of Janus as the coin in question, viz.: ‘una testa doppia, di cui una facie È barbata, l’altra giovanile.’ 387.Compare Sol languidus (Lucretius, De rerum nat., V. 726). 388.The Arabian historians transfer the entire Biblical story of Samson (Arabic ShamsÛn), to the time of the MulÛk al-?awÂ?if; and in their narrative the hero fights against RÛm [i.e. the Greek Empire at Constantinople]; for the jawbone of an ass is substituted that of a camel. See Ibn al-AthÎr al-Ta?rÎch al-kÂmil, BÛlÂ? edition, I. 146. 389.Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie, p. 144, where Sif and Loki of the Scandinavian mythology are also mentioned. The hairiness of the solar heroes has been translated into an ethnographical peculiarity in modern Greek popular legends. Bernhard Schmidt (Das Volksleben der Neugriechen, I. 206) says, ‘In Zante I encountered the idea that the entire power of the ancient Greeks lay in three hairs on the breast, and vanished if these were cut off, but returned when the hairs grew again.’ 390.See Ewald, History of Israel, I. 345, note 1. 391.In Gen. XXVII. 11, the received punctuation is Îsh sÂ?Îr.—Tr. 392.Compare Tiele, Vergel. Geschied. p. 447. 393.Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie, p. 146; see above, p. 34. 394.Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Menschheit, pp. 45–60.—Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft, Bd. II. book 3.—Compare Lazarus, Leben der Seele, II. 80; ibid. p. 185 note. 395.For Silver the three North-Semitic languages, Assyrian, Aramaic, and Hebrew, have the same word, and in so far ‘form a strict union,’ as Schrader says, in opposition to the South-Semitic languages, which employ other words for the designation of this metal.' Keilinschriften und das A. T., p. 46. 396.ChÂrÛ? = gold has in recent times been frequently met with on Phenician territory, e.g. in the Inscription of Idalion published by Euting, II. 1, in the Inscription of Gebal (De VogÜÉ in the Journal asiat. 1875, I. 327), and in an unpublished Carthaginian Inscription (Derenbourg in Journal asiat. 1875, I. 336). 397.The consideration of the Hebrew cheres ‘Sun’ might suggest that both it and the old word for gold (chÂrÛ?), composed of possibly related sounds, both originated in the notion of shining. 398.Al-Ma??arÎ, Analectes, etc., Leyden edition, I. 369. 3. 399.Al-JauharÎ, s.r. kbr. 400.YÂ?Ût, Geogr. Dictionary, II. 609. 8. 401.Zur himjarischen Alterthumskunde, in Zeitsch. der D. M. G., 1865, XIX. 247. Compare HalÉvy, Etudes sabÉennes, in Journal asiat., 1874, II. 523. 402.PseudowÂ?idÎ, ed. Nassau Lees, p. 181. 6. 403.Hist. de l’Économie politique en Turquie, in Journal asiat., 1864, I. 421. Compare also Sprenger, Alte Geographie Arabiens, p. 56. 404.The use of black should also be noticed; dirhem saud and kara gurush. 405.In al-Tha?ÂlibÎ in the Zeitsch. der D. M. G., 1854, VII. 505. 406.Culturgeschichtliche StreifzÜge, p. xi. 407.Compare AgÂnÎ, III. 90. 10. Fada?a bichÂzinihi wa-?Âla kam fÎ beyt mÂlÎ fa?Âla lahu min al-wara? w-al-?ayn ba?Îyyatun. 408.Thorbecke, Antarah, ein vorislamischer Dichter, Leipzig 1867, p. 41. 409.al-?arÎrÎ, Paris edition, 2nd ed., p. 467. 410.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, XVII. p. 11. 411.M.A. Levy in Zeitschr. der D. M. G., 1870, XXIV. p. 191. 412.HalÉvy, ibid. p. 539. 413.Freytag points this word uray?.—Tr. 414.J. Levy, ChaldÄisches WÖrterbuch, I. 345. 415. ‘The Sun had long since in the lap Of Thetis taken out his nap; And, like a lobster boil’d, the Morn From black to red began to turn’— —says Hudibras, canto II. 416.In the Babyl. TalmÛd, YÔm 28. b, the falling of the shades of night is described as the time when meshacharÊ kÔthÂlÊ ‘the walls are black.’ 417.Called by Freytag an eagle.—Tr. 418.In HarÎrÎ (Paris edition, 2nd ed.), p. 644. 4, we read of the Dawn: ?Îna na?al chi?Âb al-?alÂm ‘when the dye of darkness was washed off.’ The Arabic word here used for ‘dye’ is generally employed of gay colours, e.g. al-?innÂ; but it is self-evident that here only al-ku?l can be meant. 419.In Persian black hair is called mÛ i-ZengÎ ‘Gipsies’ hair,’ and zulf-i-Hindu, ‘Indian hair,’ i.e. black like an Indian’s (e.g. RÜckert, Grammatik, Poetik und Rhetorik der Perser, p. 287). So in the well-known verse of ?afi?, in which the poet gives away all Bochara and Samarkand for the black mole (bechÂl-i-Hinduwesh, ‘Indian mole’) of his Turkish boy (DÎwÂn RÂ, no. 8. v. 1; ed. Rosenzweig, I. 24). 420.Sa?t-al-zand, I. 91. 7. 421.E.g. Romance of ?Antar, VII. 115. line 4 from below: wa-kasa-l-leylu ?ullat al-sawÂd. 422.Varro treats it as self-evident that ‘black’ is the most suitable epithet for Night, and is thereby tempted to a very curious etymology in his work De ratione vocabulorum. He explains the word fur ‘thief’ by saying that in the old Latin fur-vum was equivalent to ‘black,’ and thieves practise their dark deeds at night. ‘Sed in posteriore ejusdem libri parte docuit (scil. Varro) furem ex eo dictum quod veteres Romani furvum atrum appellaverint: at fures per noctem quae atra sit facilius furentur’ (Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, I. 18. 3–6). 423.Opuscula arabica, ed. W. Wright, Leyden 1859, p. 30. 11; compare p. 31. 12. 424.AgÂnÎ, XI. 44. 425.Ibid., XVIII. 139. 426.Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 344. 427.Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 345. 428.I?y ?ulÛm al-dÎn, II. 148. 429.Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 1183. 430.Chabas, Etudes sur l’antiquitÉ historique d’aprÈs les sources Égyptiennes, etc. 2nd edition, Paris 1873, p. 34, where the article by Le Page Renouf is referred to. 431.Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 193, whom I follow as a reliable ancient authority; al-JauharÎ and Freytag after him understand a?ba? somewhat differently. 432.AbÛ-l-?AlÂ, II. 107. 3–4. 433.Sa?t al-zand, I. 93. 1. These ideas of the relations of colours are found expressed with characteristic energy by the eccentric Persian poet AbÛ Is?Â? ?allÂjÎ; he says, ‘When the Sun in the blue vault turns his cheek into yellow, it makes me think of saffron-coloured viands on an azure dish’ (RÜckert, Grammatik, Poetik und Rhetorik der Perser, p. 126). The conception of turning grey combines that of both colours—the white appearing beside the black. According to AgÂnÎ, II. 41. 7; those clouds which combine the two colours are called shÎb ‘grey’ (al-sa?Â?ib allatÎ fÎh sawÂd wa-bayÂd). 434.I will mention here that according to al-GazÂlÎ (I?jÂ, IV. 433) the stars have various colours, some tending towards red, others towards white, others towards leaden: wa-tadabbar ?adad kawÂkibihÂ, wachtilÂf alwÂnih faba??uh tamÎl ila-l-?umr wa-ba??uh ila-l-bayÂ? wa-ba??uh ila launi-r-ru?Â?. 435.AbÛ-l-?AlÂ, I. 195. 1. 436.In YÂ?Ût, IV. 911. 7. 437.?arÎrÎ’s Ma?ÂmÂs, p. 675. 7: IstanÂra-l-leyl al-bahÎm. 438.See Excursus H. 439.AgÂnÎ, I. 158. 23. 440.al-An?Â?i, TazyÎn al-aswÂ?, etc., p. 405. 441.Ma?ÂmÂs, p. 128; cf. Mehren, Rhetorik der Araber, p. 99. 442.al-BuchÂrÎ, IX. 35. 443.The notion of the white colour of the moon is also the foundation of one of the Hebrew names of the moon. In the verse ?abyatun admÂ?u mithla-l-hilÂlÎ ‘a gazelle red like the new moon’ (AgÂnÎ, VI. 122. 21) the moon is treated as red. But in the appellation al-layÂli al-bÎ? ‘white nights,’ by which are meant nights illumined throughout by the moon, the moonshine is associated with a white colour. 444.Die HÖllenfahrt der Istar, p. 75. 445.HalÉvy, ibid., p. 556. 446.See Excursus I. 447.See Excursus K. 448.Among the Arabic names of the sun, we find the curious appellation al-jaun (Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 324), a word of colour, which belongs to the a?dÂd of the Arabic philologians, i.e. words with contradictory signification, and may denote either white or black (see Redslob, Die arab. WÖrter mit entgegengesetzter Bedeutung, GÖttingen 1873, p. 27). Al-jaun is especially the setting sun, e.g. l ÂtÎhi ?atta tagÎb al-jaunÂ, ‘I cannot come to him till the jaun sets;’ and the setting sun is well described by a colour-word which, by its faculty of standing for either white or black, answers to the transition from sunshine to darkness. 449.Communicated by Henne Am Rhyn, Deutsche Volkssagen &c., p. 219. no. 427. 450.Nagyidai CzigÁnyok. In the original Hungarian: Most az Éj fÖlvette tolvajkÖpÖnyegÉt, EltakarÁ azzal pitykÉs ÖltÖzetÉt. 451.On Regina coeli, see Jablonski, Opuscula, II. 54 et seq. (ed. Te Water). 452.In Fox Talbot, quoted by Schrader, Die HÖllenfahrt der Istar, p. 98. 453.Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1873, XXVII. p. 404. 454.G. Rawlinson, History of Herodotus, App. B. I., Essay X. (I. 484). 455.Schwartz, Sonne, Mond und Sterne, 269, 274. 456.See especially Osiander in the Zeitsch, d. D. M. G., 1865, XIX. 242 et seq. 457.In YÂ?Ût, IV. 406. 458.The constant epithet ‘holding the seed of bulls’ brings to view the idea that the influence of the moon produces fertility in cattle (Spiegel, Die heiligen Schriften der Parsen [in German], III. xxi.). According to Yasht, VII. 5, it is the moon ‘that produces verdure, that produces good things.’ Compare Catullus, XXXII (XXXIV) v. 17–20, where the poet apostrophises the Moon— Tu cursu, Dea, menstruo Metiens iter annuum, Rustica agricolae bonis Tecta frugibus exples. 459.This connexion is also clear in the Hottentot mythology. Heizi Eibib, which means moon, is there the name of the man to whom grave-tumuli are consecrated, and who is addressed in prayer for good sport and numerous herds (Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, II. 324). 460.Max MÜller’s view (Introduction to the Science of Religion, p. 184), ‘When Jeremiah speaks of the Queen of Heaven, this can only be meant for Astarte or Baaltis,’ is correct only if Baaltis be identified with the Moon. The correctness of this identification, which was first asserted by Philo Byblius, and has been conceded by the older interpreters Grotius and Lyra, and by many modern ones, is very probable; for the name Baaltis stands in the same relation to Ba?al (Sun) as Milk to Melekh, LebhÂn to LÂbhÂn, and AshÊr to ÂshÊr. Tiele also (Vergelijkende Geschiedenis, p. 512) says the same as MÜller. 461.MidrÂsh ShÔchÊr ?Ôbh on Ps. XIX. 7. 462.The contrast of Leah’s weak eyes to Rachel’s beauty belongs not to the mythic stage, but to the epic description. 463.There is no reason to separate the word shilhÊ from the Shaph?Êl shalhÎ, as Levy does in his Chald. WÔrterbuch, II. 481; compare Reggio in the Hebrew journal Ozar Nechmad, I. 122. 464.See Zeitschr. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, 1869, VI. 237, 252. 465.Rohlfs, Quer durch Afrika, I. 204. 466.Opuscula Arabica, pp. 16–39. 467.E.g. ?amÂsÂ, p. 609, v. 6: NÂbigÂ, VI. v. 9. 468.?amÂsÂ, p. 391, v. 2. 469.Commentary on ?amÂsÂ, ibid. 470.The Arabian poet Ibn MayyÂdÂ, in a description of the lightning (AgÂnÎ, II. 120. 9), says 'it lights up the piled-up cloud, which is like a herd of camels, at the head of which those that long for their home cry out with pain: yu?Î?u ?abÎran min sa?Âbin ka?annahu * hijÂnun arannat lil-?anÎni nawÂzi?uh. 471.The ancient Arabs understood that the thunder and lightning were caused by the clouds whence they issued. Many passages might be quoted in support of this, but LebÎd Mu?alla? v. 4, 5, is sufficient. ?anna (to sigh, to groan with desire) is therefore equivalent to ‘to thunder,’ e.g. AgÂnÎ, XIII. 32. 8. ?ad ra?adat samÂ?uhu wa-bara?at wa-?annat warja?annat. 472.See W. Wright, Opuscula Arabica, p. 20. 10; 21. 7. 473.Ibid., p. 29. 2. 474.KitÂb al-AgÂnÎ, XIX. 157. 1. 475.Jeremiah XXXI. 15, Matth. II. 18. 476.Compare al-SherbÎnÎ Hezz al-?u?Ûf, etc., lithographed Alexandria, p. 253. The Arabs also said of the red evening-sky that ‘it wept bloody tears’ (al-Ma?rÎzÎ, al-Chi?a?, BÛlÂk edition, I. 430). 477.Clemens Alex. Strom. V. 571. 478.See NÖldeke’s BeitrÄge zur altarab. Poesie, p. 34. 479.In mythology the clouds are also called udders. See Mannhardt, German Mythenf., pp. 176–188; so in Arabic, Ibn Mu?eyr apud NÖldeke l. c. 480.Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?a?, ed. WÜstenfeld, pp. 13, 14. 481.Ibnat al-?inab, in the celebrated wine-song of WÂlid b. YazÎd (AgÂnÎ, VI. 110. 5). Wine is well known to be called in Hebrew ‘Blood of the grape,’ dam ?ÊnÂbh (Deut. XXXII. 14); compare the Persian chÔni rÛz in Wa??Âf ed. Hammer, p. 138. 6: shahzÂdegÂn b yekdiger chÔni rÛz chordend. 482.In Siamese luk mei is ‘son of the tree, fruit’ (Steinthal, Charakteristik, p. 150); compare MidrÂsh rabb Leviticus, sect 7, where ‘children of the tree’ are spoken of, chÂla?t khÂbhÔd la?Ê?Îm bishebhÎl benÊhem. The pearl is called by Wa??Âf, p. 180. 15, zÂdei yem ‘son of the sea.’ A curious mythological relationship is found in the Polynesian system; the year, a daughter of the first pair, combined with her own father to produce the months, and the children of the latter are the days (Gerland, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, VI. 233). 483.Fleischer in the Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1853, VII. 502 note. 484.AgÂnÎ, XX. 54. 16. 485.Arabic tradition knows another name besides ZalÎch for this person. In al-?abarÎ her name is given as RÂ?Îl; see Ouseley, Travels in various Countries of the East, London 1819, I. 74; also in al-Bey?ÂwÎ’s AnwÂr al-tanzÎl, ed. Fleischer, I. 456–8. 487.Sonne, Mond und Sterne, pp. 1. et seq. 488.Weil, Biblische Legenden der MuselmÄnner, p. 39. Zeitschrift d. D. M. G., 1861, XV. 86. 489.Das Volksleben der Neugriechen, Leipzig 1871, I. 36. 490.Chips, &c. vol. II., the latter part of ‘Comparative Mythology,’ and Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series, Lecture IX. ‘The Mythology of the Greeks.’—Tr. 491.Plutarchi Fragmenta et Spuria, ed. Fr. DÜbner, in F. Didot’s Collection, Paris 1855, p. 83. 492.Lettres assyriologiques et Épigraphiques, Paris 1872, II. fifth letter. 493.MÜller, History of Sanskrit Literature, p. 530; Chips, &c., II. 163 et seq.; Fiske, Myths, p. 113. 494.Schoolcraft, Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes, 1851, II. 136. 495.See Geiger, JÜd. Zeitschrift fÜr Wissenschaft und Leben, vol. VIII. p. 285. Breslau 1869. 496.Kuenen (in his Religion of Israel, I. 111 in the translation) expresses the opinion that only the degree of mutual relationship between the fathers of tribes was a later idea: that, e.g. the less noble tribes were called sons of Jacob’s slave-girls, and those that were bound together by closer fraternal feelings were regarded as sons of the same mother. Compare now also Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin 1875, I. 268. 497.There still remain some names whose etymological explanation is difficult, as Re?ÛbhÊn and Shim?Ôn. YissÂsekhÂr (Issachar) translated literally might be ‘the Day-labourer,’ certainly a fitting designation for the Sun, expressing how he does his day’s work, like a day-labourer. Yet I cannot look upon that as a mythical description, because it would be an unpardonable anachronism to suppose that that primeval age when myths were created would speak of day-labourers, especially after the fashion in which the idea is expressed by the word YissÂ-sekhÂr, ‘he takes up his wages.’ 498.Which according to al-DamÎrÎ, ?ayÂt al-?aywÂn, BÛlÂ? 1274, II. 219, is used only of the rising sun; we can say ?ala?at al-gazÂl ‘the gazelle rises,’ but not garabat ‘he sets.’ AbÛ Sa?Îd al-RustamÎ the poet (in Beh al-DÎn al-?ÂmilÎ, KeshkÛl, p. 164. 13) carries out the mythological figure still further, using the verb na?a?a ‘to butt,’ said of horned beasts. Describing a fine building, he says tanÂ?a?a ?arna-sh-shamsi min sharafÂtihi, that ‘as to splendour it butts in rivalry with the sun’—as if the palace and the sun were knocking their horns together. 499.Babyl. Tract. YÔmÂ, fol. 29. a: ‘As the hind’s horns branch out to every side, so also the light of dawn spreads out to all sides.’ 500.Journal asiatique, 1861, II. 437. 501.Caussin de Perceval, Essai sur l’histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme, I. 260. 502.Given in the Appendix to this work. 503.Lenormant, La Magie chez les ChaldÉens, Paris 1874, p. 140. In the decadence of magic, however, the horns, which are connected with magic, are used even outside the cycle of solar gods; e.g. ‘On voit Bin la tÊte surmontÉe de la tiare royale armÉe de cornes de taureau, les Épaules munies de quatre grandes ailes, etc.,’ ibid. p. 50. Here the horns are for butting, not to symbolise rays. However, in this particular case of Bin the mythical meaning is not very clear. As he is sometimes called ‘the southern sun over ?ElÂm,’ ibid. p. 121, the horns in the passage quoted may have something to do with his solar character. 504.Deorum Concilium, 10. 505.See Herodotus, II. 42, IV. 181. 506.We will not claim any importance for the fact that in Sanchuniathon’s account of the sacrifice of Isaac the name JeÛd is given instead of Isaac; consequently if JeÛd be identical with the Hebrew JehÛdÂ, the fact that JeÛd is here equivalent to Isaac would prove the solar character of JehÛdÂ. 507.Angelo de Gubernatis, in his Zoological Mythology, is peculiarly indefinite on the mythological significance of this animal; compare Pleyte, La Religion des PrÉ-Israelites, Leyden 1865, p. 151, where much useful information will be found on the worship of the Ass. 508.See Gesenius, Thesaurus, pp. 494 and 1163. 509.On the Arabic proper name ?imÂr, YÂ?Ût, II. 362, may be consulted; cf. Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-ishti?Â?, p. 4. The Arabic proper name Mis?al is also connected with the Ass; it alludes to the screeching of the wild-ass; see TebrÎzÎ’s Scholia to the ?amÂsÂ, p. 200 penult. Compare al-MeydÂnÎ, II. 98: akfar min ?imÂr. 510.?azwÎnÎ, ed. WÜstenfeld, I. 77, II. 166. I must also just refer to the story of Mu??im, as told in YÂ?Ût, IV. 565, and mention that Mu??im ‘he who gives food’ is likewise the name of an ancient Arabian idol. Even Krehl, in his work on the Preislamite Religion of the Arabs, p. 61, attempted to explain mythologically the story of IsÂf and NÂ?ilÂ, interpreting the latter name as ‘she who kisses.’ 511.Pharez and Zarah in the English Bible, derived through the LXX. from the pausal forms PÂre? and ZÂrach.—Tr. 512.And English Daybreak.—Tr. 513.From Hajnal ‘dawn,’ and hasadÁs, abstract substantive from root hasad ‘to split, tear open.’—Tr. 514.AbÛ NuwÂs says of the dawn, maftÛ?-ul-adÎmi, YÂ?ut, III. 697. 22. 515.This hymn is applied to Dan, to whom it is quite unsuitable, as Dan has a solar character. We are tempted to conjecture that it originally referred to a non-solar figure, perhaps actually to Levi, whose name is synonymous with nÂchÂsh ‘serpent.’ This is the more probable, because no separate section of Jacob’s Blessing is devoted to this son, and in the only words relating to him he is coupled with Simeon. 516.See Zeitsch. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie &c., 1871, VII. 307. 517.The first chapter of the VendidÂd translated and explained, in Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place &c. III. 494 et seq. 518.As raoidhitem may also signify ‘running’ (root rudh = to flow and to run), a ‘running snake,’ literally the same as nÂchÂsh bÂrÎach, might be meant. 519.MÖller, Kosmogonie, p. 193. 520.Max MÜller, Chips &c., II. 164; Fiske, Myths &c., p. 113. On the blinding, see p. 109 et seq. 521.See al-DamÎrÎ, ?ayÂt al-heyvÂn, I. 70. 522.See Excursus L. 523.Connected with gashiya ‘to veil.’ 524.See Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 749. 525.Max MÜller, Chips &c., II. 68. 526.Arsala achÂhu SheybÛb ta?t al-leyl, ?Antar, VI. 102. 9. 527.?amÂsÂ, p. 566. v. 2. 528.LibÂsan, compare SÛr. VII. v. 52; XIII. v. 3; yugshÎ-l-leyla-n-nahÂra. 529.In YÂ?Ût, I. 24. 2. 530.?arÎrÎ, p. 162, 2nd ed.; compare the Commentary, in which particular stress is laid on the act of covering up: li?annahu yuga??Î m fÎhÎ. Compare al-MeydÂnÎ, II. 112. 23: al-leyl yuwÂrÎ ?a?anan. 531.Eur. Ion, v. 1150; it is also called p??????? ??d?a ????sa, and in Aeschylus, Prom. v. 24 p?????e??? ???, from the gay robe of stars. 532.Compare King Richard II., III. 2. ‘The cloak of night being pluck'd from off their backs.’ 533.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, III. 28. 24. 534.I quote also a passage from the Uigur language: ‘The creation tore its black shirt,’ i.e. the day has dawned: VÁmbÉry, Kudatku Bilik, p. 218; compare p. 70, ‘I have put off the cloak of darkness;’ p. 219, ‘The daughter of the west spreads out her carpet.’ 535.Max MÜller, Chips, &c., II. 83. Schwartz, Ursprung d. Mythologie, p. 245. 536.al-Bey?ÂwÎ’s Commentary on the ?orÂn, I. 19. 21 et seq. AbÛ-l-Ba?Â, KulliÂt, p. 305. 537.See Excursus G. 538.Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 322. 539.The Poetical Works of BehÂ-ed-DÎn Zoheir of Egypt. By E.H. Palmer, Cambridge 1876, I. 108. 7. It is impossible to quote this edition without an expression of admiration for the perfection to which Arabic typography has been brought in England in this magnificent Oriental work, the production of which redounds to the imperishable credit of the University of Cambridge. It may be pronounced one of the most beautiful Oriental books that have ever been printed in Europe; and the learning of the editor worthily rivals the technical get-up of the creations of the soul of one of the most tasteful poets of IslÂm, the study of which will contribute not a little to save the honour of the poetry of the Arabs. Here first we make the acquaintance of a poet who gives us something better than monotonous descriptions of camels and deserts, and may even be regarded as superior in charm to al-MutanabbÎ. 540.BeitrÄge zur Geschichte der Sprachgelehrsamkeit bei den Arabern, no. 1, in the Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1871, Jan. p. 222 et seq.; or in the reprint p. 18 et seq. 542.See Vatke, Biblische Theologie, p. 327, and Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 711, where importance is attached to this. 543.The conception of Cherubim penetrated even into Mohammedan regions, e.g. ?Âfi?, ed. Rosenzweig, III. 526 penult., chalweti kerrÛbiÂn ?Âlem-i-?uds. 544.Ueber die sÜdarabische Sage, Leipzig 1866 p. 27. 545.See Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 697. 546.See Dillmann, in Schenkel’s Bibellexikon, I. 511. 547.Ibid., V. 284. 548.An interesting Arabic parallel to this occurs in YÂ?Ût, III. 496. Tha?Îf and al-Nacha?, who with their herds were migrating together, determine to separate: ‘So one said to the other: Assuredly this land can never support both me and thee. If thou goest to the west, then I will go to the east; and if I go to the west, then do thou go to the east. Then said Tha?Îf, Well, I will choose the west. Then said al-Nacha?, Then I go to the east.’ Ibid., p. 498, occurs an equally curious arrangement between two nomad tribes. 549.De vita solit. I. 10. Inventores artium quarundam post mortem divinitatis honore cultos audivimus, grate quidem potius quam pie. Nulla enim est pietas hominis qua Deus offenditur, sed erga memoriam de humano genere bene meritorum inconsulta gratitudo mortalium, humanis honoribus non contenta, usque ad sacrilegas processit ineptias. Hinc Apollinem cithara, hinc eundem ipsum atque Aesculapium medicina, Saturnum, Liberumque et Cererem agricultura, Vulcanum fabrica deos fecit. 550.Ausland, 1875, p. 219 et seq. 551.Sir G. Wilkinson on Herodotus, II. 79, note 5. 552.Even Herder compared together these two sources of information on the story of JemshÎd, in the Appendix to vol. I. of his writings on Philosophy and History. 553.Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, Basle 1867, p. 423. This myth of civilisation is given also by Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 318 et seq. 554.See Dr. Robert Hartmann, Die Nigritier: eine anthropologisch-ethnologische Monographie, Berlin 1876, Thl. I. p. 176. 555.Brinton, Myths of the New World, New York 1868, p. 130. 556.Otto Henne-Am-Rhyn, Die deutsche Volkssage, etc., p. 281 et seq. 557.Ibid., p. 285, the author says on the other hand: ‘The blind sister is of course always the invisible new moon, the half-black and half-white the half moon, the quite white the full moon.’ 558.See Hellwald, Ueber GynÄkokratie im alten Amerika, third art. in Ausland for 1871, no. 44, p. 1158. In the language of the Algonkins the ideas Night, Death, Cold, Sleep, Water, and Moon are expressed by one and the same word. 559.A vogul fÖld És nÉp, Reguly Antal hagyomÁnyaibÓl, Pest 1864, p. 139. 560.In the Hottentot story it is the Hare (on his solar significance see supra p. 118) that is represented as the origin of death, in opposition to the Moon (Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, II. 342). 561.See the article ‘Une genÈse vogule,’ in Ujfalvy’s Revue de Philologie, Paris 1874, livr. 1. The original text and a Hungarian translation are given by P. Hunfalvy in his lately quoted work, p. 119–134. 562.Ausland, 1875, p. 951 et seqq. 563.Whitney, Language and the Study of Language, London 1867, p. 346. 564.Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 305. 565.Waitz, l.c. I. 464 note. Among other examples Waitz quotes this: ‘In Mexico Huitzlipochtli, was born of a woman who took to her bosom a feather-ball is a solar designation, is not easily determined.’ In connexion with it I will only mention that Shakspeare in one passage calls the sun a ‘burning crest.’ But even this night,—whose black contagious breath Already smokes about the burning crest Of the old, feeble, and day-wearied sun,— Even this ill night, your breathing shall expire.—King John, V. 4. 566.Man?i? al-?eyr, ed. Garcin de Tassy, p. 58 (from a communication of my friend Dr. W. Bacher). 567.By the Red the Sun is surely unquestionably to be understood, and not, as Max MÜller says (Introduction to the Science of Religion, p. 64), the Earth. 568.It should at the same time be noticed that in Arabic, in which, as in Hebrew, men are usually called banÛ Adam, the expression banÛ ?awwÂ?a (sons of Eve) also occurs; e.g. in a verse of the Kumeyt (AgÂnÎ, XV. 124; wa-cheynu banÎ ?awwÂ?a), in a poem of AbÛ-l-?Al al-Ma?arrÎ, I. 96. 1, of al-Murta?Î in the KeshkÙl of al-?ÂmilÎ, p. 169. 569.Ursprung der menschlichen Sprache und Vernunft, II. 42. 570.See Excursus M. 571.Die KitÂb al awÂ?il der Araber, Halle 1867; congratulatory article on occasion of the meeting of the German Oriental Society at Halle. 572.I know this work (entitled Mu?Â?arat al-awÂ?il wa-musÂmarat al-awÂchir) from a manuscript of it in the public Viceregal Library at Cairo. In the catalogue of the year 1289, p. 92 antepenult, it is erroneously entered with the title Muchta?ar al-awÂ?il wal-awÂchir. 573.al-Ma??arÎ, Analectes de l’historie et de la littÉrature des Arabes d’Espagne, II. 69. The awÂ?il are there called u?Ûl al-ashyÂ. 574.A general view of this literature can now be obtained from Ibn al-NedÎm’s Fihrist. 575.The name YissÂ-sekhÂr (Issachar) must also fall under our consideration here, if we treat it as a Solar name (Day-labourer). See supra, p. 177. 576.See Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums, 1874, I. 206, 266. 577.Can the Semitic Ôhel ‘Tent of the Nomads’ be concealed in the word ???t??? 578.Egypt’s Place in Universal History, IV. 223. 579.Besides German scholars, Dutch orientalists and historians of religion especially have written very ably on the passage in Amos; the latest of whom, Tiele, in his Vergelijkende Geschiedenis, pp. 539 et seq., mentions in a note the most prominent Dutch labours on the subject. 580.No weight must be attached to the word malkekhem ‘your king,’ in which many have tried to find a datum for the high antiquity of the worship of Moloch by the Hebrews; for the suffix shows that the word cannot be taken as MÔlekh, the name of a god. And the worship of that God appears everywhere as one borrowed from the Canaanites. 581.E.g. in the following fragment of a poem: ‘We lived in ChaffÂn in company with a people, may God give them rain by the constellation of the Fishes (sa?Âhum AllÂh min al-nau? nau? al-simÂkeyn), then may a constellation give them abundant water (farawwÂhum nau?), [a constellation] whose shining spreads light abroad’ (in Freytag, Darstellung der arabischen Verskunst, p. 253). 582.See Lane in the Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1849, III. 97. Krehl, Vorislamische Religion der Araber, p. 9. 583.YÂ?Ût, IV. 85. 19. TÂj al-?ÂrÛs, II. 209. 584.Sa?adia, who translates Job XXXVIII. 28, eglÊ ?Âl ‘store-houses of dew,’ by the Arabic anwÂ? ‘stars,’ Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 21. 585.See Num. XIV. 14, where before the two pillars are mentioned it is only said that the cloud stood over them. 586.For Hebraists I note that I take the ??? be in be?ammÛd ?ÂnÂn as Beth essentiae. 587.?ayÂt al-?aywÂn, II. 52. 588.Bastian, Geographische und ethnographische Bilder, p. 169, and some passages in books of African travel quoted by Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, II. 169. 589.Ricerche per lo studio dell’ antichitÀ assira, Turin 1872, p. 467. 590.Tiele, Vergelijkende Geschiedenis, p. 301, however, calls this last epithet ‘much too general to draw any conclusion from.’ 591.Lazarus Geiger, Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprach und Vernunft, I. 346. 592.In Petermann’s Geogr. Mittheilungen, 1874, XX. 330, pt. 9. 593.K. Andree, Forschungsreisen etc., II. 362. 594.The Academy, 1874, p. 548, col. 2. 595.See Excursus D. 596.Accordingly this appellation belongs to the same category as those which are noticed above, p. 175. In genealogical notes elsewhere also the Serpent occurs as ancestor; I need only mention the case which stands nearest to our subject in prehistoric Arabia—that of al-Af?a b. al-Af?a, ‘the Viper,’ head of a branch of the people of Jurhum, Ibn ?AbdÛn, p. 71 et seq. 597.On the solar significance of the Bull-worship see Kuenen, Religion of Israel, I. 236 et seq. 598.I believe the historical narrative in Ex. XXXII. 26–29 is to be taken in this sense. It is solar worship that is forcing its way into the strictly nomadic religion of the Hebrews, and the Levites are guardians of the nomadic religion. 599.See Bastian in the Zeitschr. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie, 1868, V. 153. 600.Ebers, Aegypten und die BÜcher Moses, I. 245 et seq. 601.On the adoration of the night-sky a passage of the MidrÂsh should be consulted (MechiltÂ, ed. Friedmann, fol. 68 a), in which the possibility of a demÛth chÔshekh ‘an idol of Darkness,’ is assumed. 602.Most recently by Ewald, Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott, I. 234 et seq. On the purpose and importance of the interpretation of winds and clouds among the Babylonians, see Lenormant, La divination et la science des prÉsages chez les ChaldÉens, Paris 1875, pp. 64–68. 603.De Izraelieten te Mekka, Haarlem 1864, p. 29. 604.See my remark in the Zeitschr. d. D. M. G., 1874, XXVIII. 309. 605.Palgrave gives an excellent picture of this state, in his Central and Eastern Arabia, I. 34: ‘The Bedouin does not fight for his home, he has none; nor for his country, that is anywhere; nor for his honour, he never heard of it; nor for his religion, he owns and cares for none. His only object in war is ... the desire to get such a one’s horse or camel into his own possession, etc.’ 606.Josephus, Contra Apionem, I. 14. 607.See Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums, 1874, I. 253. 608.In Ezek. XXVII. 17, the wares, the export of which made the Hebrews dependent on the Phenicians, are enumerated in detail. 609.Die Vorurtheile Über das alte und neue Morgenland, in Abhandl. der kÖnigl. Gesellsch. der Wissensch., Gottingen 1872, XVII. 98. 610.So e.g. Jas. Fergusson, Rude Stone Monuments, p. 38; Mommsen, History of Rome, 1868, II. 18 et seq. 611.Lenormant, Essai sur la propagation de l’Alphabet phÉnicien dans l’ancien monde, ed. 2, Paris 1875, I. p. 25. 612.W.D. Whitney, Language and the Study of Language, London 1867, p. 169; cf. F. von Hellwald, Culturgeschichte, p. 154. 613.Hellwald, ibid., p. 482. 614.Movers, Die PhÖnizier, II. 2. 439 et seq. 615.Histoire gÉnÉrale des langues sÉmitiques, p. 200. 616.See my Studien Über TanchÛm Jeruschalmi, Leipzig 1870, p. 12. 617.Die Semiten in ihrem VerhÂltniss zu Chamiten und Japheiten, Basel 1872, p. 134. 618.This question will be found very satisfactorily discussed in Stade’s article ‘Erneute PrÜfung des zwischen dem PhÖnicischen und HebrÄischen bestehenden VerwandtschaftsverhÄltnisses,’ in the MorgenlÄndische Forschungen, Leipzig 1875, pp. 169–232. 619.See Merx, Archiv. f. wissensch. Erforsch. d. A. T. pt. 1. 1867, p. 108. 620.In late Aramaised Hebrew we find the feminine kehant (= kÔheneth) for a Priest’s Wife, equivalent to Êsheth kÔhÊn; see Levy, Chald. WÖrterb. I. 356 a. It comes thence to be used in a general signification, of an honest, irreproachable woman, in opposition to pundÂ?Îth, properly an innkeeper, in Mishn YebhÂmÔth, XVI. 7. 621.See Ernst Meier’s essay on the former in Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1865, XIX., and Nathan Davis, Carthage and her remains, London 1861. 622.Die geschichtlichen BÜcher des A. T., Leipzig 1866. 623.Bibelkritisches, in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1873, XXVII. 682–89, especially the theses 22–26. Zunz appears to have laboured independently of Graf, but arrives at almost the same results. 624.BargÉs, who has earned great credit for his elucidation of the Marseilles table in several writings, disputes the authenticity of the inscription discovered by Davis (Examen d’une nouvelle inscription phÉnicienne dÉcouverte rÉcemment dans les ruines de Carthage et analogue À celle de Marseille. Paris 1868). 625.History of Israel, II. 360. 626.Geschichte der Juden, Leipzig 1874, I. 407 et seq. 627.See Stade’s exhaustive exposition in the MorgenlÄndische Forschungen, p. 197. But I cannot share the opinion of my respected friend, that the Hebrews could borrow nothing from the Phenicians because the two nations passed through a completely distinct religious and political development. 628.Shefa?-?Adad in Nabatean, quoted by Ernst Meier in Zeitsch. d. D. M. G. 1873, XVII. 609, is also problematical. 629.Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums, I. 371. 630.The data belonging to this subject are lucidly brought together in Kuenen’s Religion of Israel, I. 182. 631.Semiten, Chamiten und Japhetiten, p. 160 et seq. 632.Equally exaggerated on the other side, however, is Tiele’s view (Vergelijk. Geschied., p. 182), treating the story of Samson as borrowed from the Canaanites. See also Duncker, l.c. II. 65. 633.This fact, moreover, refutes Buckle’s thesis (assuming the very opposite course of development), which makes history to be the earlier, and to be subsequently degraded to ‘a mythology full of marvels.’ This thesis has been estimated at its true value by Hermann Cohen in an article entitled Die dichterische Phantasie und der Mechanismus des Bewusstseins, in the Zeitsch. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie etc., 1869, VI. 186–193. 634.Mommsen, l.c. book III. chap 1. 635.Holtzmann, Deutsche Mythologie, p. 28. 636.Paul Gyulai, VÖrÖsmarty Élete [Life of VÖrÖsmarty], Pest 1866, p. 49 et seq. 637.See Excursus N. 638.Godgeleerde Bijdragen, 1866, p. 983 et seq. With him Kuenen agrees, The Religion of Israel, I. 311 et seq. 639.Like the Hungarian national hero Nicolas Toldi, who overcomes the Czech (Bohemian) hero in single combat. 640.Compare Genesis rabbÂ, § 48. 641.See ShÂhnÂmeh (ed. Mohl), p. 124. vv. 121–29 and pp. 139–40, etc. 642.Hartung, in the first part of his Religion und Mythologie der Griechen, contradicts himself again and again on this subject. At first he makes monotheism precede all development of religion (p. 3), then he sees nothing religious at all in monotheism (p. 28), and next the growth of religion proceeds from polytheism to monotheism, not the reverse way (p. 32). 643.Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, I. 363 note. 644.La Magie chez les ChaldÉens, p. 72. 645.Annales de la Philosophie chrÉtienne, an 1858, p. 260. 646.Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, ed. Green and Grose, vol. II. p. 311; compare Buckle’s History of Civilisation in England, in 3 vols. vol. I. p. 251; Pfleiderer, Die Religion und ihre Geschichte, II. 17. Before Hume the view that Polytheism was a degradation of a previous Monotheism was generally admitted. But Hume’s exposition did not put an end to this radically false idea. Creuzer’s great work, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten VÖlker, besonders der Griechen, is based on this false assumption, and Schelling’s Philosophy of Religion starts from the same premiss. And many able English scholars still speak again and again of the degradation of the primeval Monotheism into Polytheism. Not only one-sided theologians start from this axiom; Gladstone’s mythological system, in his Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, and Juventus Mundi is founded upon it, all progress in history, philology and mythology notwithstanding. 647.In Virchow and Holtzendorff’s Sammlung gemeinverstÄndlicher wissenschaftlicher VortrÄge, 1870, Heft 97, p. 20. 648.Polit. I. 1. 7: ?a? t??? ?e??? d? d?? t??t? p??te? fas? as??e?es?a?, ?t? ?a? a?t??, ?? ?? ?t? ?a? ???, ?? d? t? ???a??? ?as??e???t?? ?spe? d? ?a? t? e?d? ?a?t??? ?f?????s?? ?? ?????p??, ??t? ?a? t??? ???? t?? ?e??. Waitz, Anthropologie der NaturvÖlker, I. 466, says: ‘Considering the multitude of superhuman beings, it is certainly very natural to follow the analogy of human relations, which is often carried out with great consistency, and to assume gradations of power among them, one being regarded as the first and highest of all. But this idea may easily be rendered unfruitful through the very analogy which suggested it, because in human society the power and repute of individuals are frequently changing.’ But even this fact is not unfruitful with regard to religion; for on this analogy a world of gods with a head liable to change may be imagined. 649.Schelling’s SÄmmtliche Werke (Cotta’s edition, 1856), II. Abth. I, 52 (Einleitung in die Philosophie der Mythologie). 650.Theogon. vv. 882–85. 651.Palgrave, Central and Eastern Arabia, I. 33. 652.Von Holtzendorff in the Zeitsch. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie etc., 1868, V. 378. 653.Waitz, l.c. II. 126 et seq. and especially pp. 167, 439, on the religion and politics of the Negroes, and Gerland in the sixth volume of the same work (passim) on similar institutions among the Polynesians. 654.In Tylor, Primitive Culture, II. 306. 655.Die Religion der Zukunft, Berlin 1874, p. 102. 656.Histoire gÉnÉrale etc., p. 131. 657.Thus this much-discussed verse contains no prophecy, but a recollection of the phases of the growth of religion in past times. 658.Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah, I. 115 et seq. The jealousy with which the Mohammedans for a long time forbad Christians and Jews to visit the graves of the Patriarchs only began at the year 664 A.H. ‘L’an 664 Bibars dÉfendit aux chrÉtiens et aux juifs d’entrer dans le temple de HÉbron; avant cette Époque ils y allaient librement, moyennant une rÉtribution’ (QuatremÈre, MÉmoire gÉogr. et hist. sur l’Égypte, Paris 1841, II. 224). 659.Ibn ?uteybÂ, Handbuch der Geschichte, ed. WÜstenfeld, p. 10. 660.Burton and Drake, Unexplored Syria, London 1872, I. 33. 661.YÂ?Ût, Mu?jam, IV. 291. 11 et seq. 662.Ibid., p. 438. 16. 663.Burton and Drake, l.c. p. 35. 664.Rosen in Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., XI. 59. 665.YÂ?Ût, III. 720. 3. 666.Zunz, Geogr. Literatur der Juden, no. 109, Gesammelte Schriften, I. 191. 667.Alfred von Kremer, Mittelsyrien und Damaskus, Vienna 1853, p. 118. 668.al-DamÎrÎ, ?ayÂt al-?aywÂn, I. 59: ‘?AlÎ is the earliest ImÂm whose burial-place is not known. It is said that before his death he ordered it to be kept secret, knowing that the sons of Umayya would attain to power, and that his grave would not then be safe from desecration. Nevertheless, his grave is shown at various places.’ 669.Or ‘And they buried him’ (LXX. ??a?a?), as it is understood by many excellent scholars.—Tr. 670.SiphrÊ debhÊ Rabh, ed. M. Friedmann, Vienna 1864, § 357 and note 42 of the editor. 671.YÂ?Ût, II. 589. 21. 672.Sepp, Jerusalem und das Heilige Land, II. 245. 673.?Ûr HÂrÛn, YÂ?Ût, III. 559; ?azwÎnÎ, I. 168; see Burckhardt in Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 392. 674.Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1862, XVI. 688. 675.Burton, Personal Narrative etc., 1st ed. II. 117, or 2nd ed. I. 331. 676.Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., l.c. p. 656. On duplicates in Mohammedan and Christian traditions about graves, see Sepp’s article on Samaria and Sichem, (Ausland, 1875, pp. 470–72). 677.A mala fides should not be assumed even in the case of inscriptions like those mentioned by Procopius, De Bello Vandalico, V. 2. 13; see Munk’s Palestina, German translation by Levy, p. 193, note 5. They are everywhere old legendary popular traditions, which in later time become fixed by an inscription. From such inscriptions we must distinguish fictitious sepulchral monuments, in which the intention to delude is manifest, e.g. the inscription on the graves of Eldad and Medad, on which see Zunz, l.c. no. 43, p. 167. On Jewish accounts of the burial-places of the ancients Zunz, l.c. pp. 182 and 210, should be consulted. 678.Sepp, l.c., II. 269. 679.Voyages, I. 205, II. 203. A brief list of graves of prophets which are shown at Tiberias and some other places is given in YÂ?Ût, III. 512. 680.See Gesenius, Thesaurus, p. 141. 681.If this means that he belonged to the tribe of Ephraim, it is easy to understand why the author of the Chronicle (1 Chr. IV. 18 et seq.) claims him for the tribe of Levi, when we consider the generally acknowledged Levitical tendency of that late book of history. It would appear to one holding Levitical sentiments impossible that a man who is said to have often offered sacrifices (1 Sam. IX. 13), and to have served in the sanctuary of Shiloh under the High-priest Eli, should have been anything but a Levite. 682.Consequently the discarded ? th must be regarded as an inflexion, and shows us that the word has no connexion with Crete. 683.Ewald, AusfÜhrl. Lehrb. d. hebr. Sprache, § 164. c; Grammar transl. Nicholson, § 343 end. 684.Aug. Knobel, Die BÜcher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Josua, p. 544. On the Northern origin of this book most candid Biblical critics are agreed. 685.Ursprung der Sagen von Abraham, Isak und Jakob. Kritische Untersuchung von A. Bernstein. Berlin 1871. 686.As the drawing up of the Canon belongs to an age in which the antagonism between North and South had ceased to exist, the literary products of the North which were still preserved from old times obtained a place in it, though always brought into harmony with the all-pervading theocratic character by occasional interpolated modifications of sentiment. 687.With respect to the originality and the specifically Hebrew character of the notion of Jahveh, I consider the most correct assertion yet made to be what Ewald declared in reference to the alleged Phenician Divine name Jah; for when we examine the passages and the data on which Movers’ and Bunsen’s opposite view is based, their apocryphal nature strikes us at the first glance. This is especially true (to mention one case only) of the passage of Lydus, De mens. IV. 38. 14: ?? ?a?da??? t?? ?e?? ??O ?????s?? ... t? F??????? ???ss? ?a? S???OT d? p???a??? ???eta? ?t? (See Bunsen, Egypt’s Place in Universal History, vol. IV. p. 193). As to the occurrence of the name Jahveh in the Assyrian theology there is not yet sufficient certainty. Eberhard Schrader, who refers to it, imagines the name to be borrowed from the Hebrew (Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, p. 4). 688.To this may be added that the Moabite Stone speaks of the vessels of Jahveh which king Mesha carried off as plunder from the Northern kingdom (line 18). Kuenen goes too far in finding a connexion between the worship of Jahveh in the Northern kingdom and the figures of bulls (Religion of Israel, I. 74 et seq.) 689.In the article Ueber die nabathÄischen Inschriften von Petra, Hauran u.s.w., in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1860, XIV. 410. 690.This must not be placed in the same category with cases in which the insertion of [ ] can be explained phonologically (Ewald, AusfÜhrliches Lehrb. der hebr. Spr. § 192. c; BÖttcher, I. 286). See the Agadic explanation of this, which I have quoted in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1872, XXVI. 769. 691.The changes of name mentioned in 2 Kings XXIII. 34, XXIV. 17, should also be considered here. It is not probable that these changes were ordered by the Kings of Egypt and of Babylon; for in that case the names received in exchange would have been quite different, Egyptian and Babylonian respectively in form (compare Dan. I. 7). The change of ElyÂ?Îm into YehÔyÂ?Îm is especially noticeable, for it is a direct alteration of an Elohistic into a Jahveistic name. Such a change is usually the simple consequence of a religious revolution, as is seen in other cases. Thus, e.g. King Amenophis IV., when he directs his fanaticism against the worship of Ammon, and places that of Aten in the foreground, changes his Ammonic name into Shu en Aten, ‘the light of the solar orb.’ See Brugsch, L’histoire d’Égypte (1st ed.), I. 119, and Lenormant, PremiÈres civilisations, I. 211. Of Mo?ammed also we are told that he altered those portions of his followers’ names which savoured of idolatry, substituting monotheistic terms; thus one ?Abd ?Amr had his name changed to ?Abd al-Ra?mÂn (WÜstenfeld, Register zu den genealogischen Tabellen, p. 27). The pious philologian al-A?ma?Î always calls the heathen Arabic poet Imru-l-?eys, Imru AllÂh, changing the name of the heathen god ?eys into the monotheistic AllÂh (Guidi on Ibn HishÂmi’s Commentary etc., Leipzig 1874, p. XXI.). 692.As Pope in the Universal Prayer: ‘Father of all: ... Jehovah, Jove, or Lord!’—Tr. 693.For instance Strauss, in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1869, XXIII. 473. But not only Jahveh, but even ElÔhÎm was brought from China. The glory of publishing this eccentric idea to the world belongs to M. Adolphe SaÏsset, who wrote a whole book, entitled Dieu et son homonyme, Paris 1867, to prove very thoroughly that the ElÔhÎm of Genesis was really—the Emperor of China! The book is 317 octavo pages long. 694.Vergelijkende Geschiedenis, pp. 555, 561. 695.To this group belongs, on Arabian ground (besides the well-known ?arrÂf and kÂhin), the mu?addath ‘the well-informed;’ on whom see De Sacy’s Commentary on ?arÎrÎ, 2nd ed., p. 686. 696.Mommsen, History of Rome, edition of 1868, III. 446 et seq. 697.This is meant only as a general assertion, and is the general impression left by the Prophetical books. There are, in this as in other respects, various grades perceptible between the different Prophets. The prophetical Jahveistic idea is not so powerful and exclusive in all as in the Babylonian Isaiah. 698.‘I am I’ (hÛ being equivalent to the verb to be)='I am who I am.'—Tr. 699.See Kuenen, Religion of Israel, III. 41. 700.Bunsen must be named as the writer who lays the most stress on the importance of this anÎ anÎ hÛ, bringing this formula into connexion with the metaphysical definition of the idea of Jahveh (God in History, I. p. 74 et seq.). Lessing’s ‘Nur euer Er heisst Er’ (only your He is called He, Nathan der Weise, I. 4) is with justice adduced by Bunsen. 701.B. Constant de Rebecque, Du PolythÉisme Romain, II. 102, quoted by Buckle, Civilisation, II. 303. 702.It is best to read with Gesenius mi??esem for mi??edem. 703.Hosea XIV. 4 [3] must also be noted, where the alliance with Assyria is condemned in the words ‘Asshur will not save us; we shall not ride on horses.’ See also Zech. IX. 10, X. 5, Micah V. 9 [10]. 704.See Ezek. XXXVII. 15–28. 705.See on the other side Zunz in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1873, p. 688, thesis 14 et seq. 706.These two passages (Mic. VI. 4 and Mal. III. 22 [IV. 4]) appears not to have been noticed by Michel Nicolas in his 'Etudes critiques sur la Bible,' Paris 1862, I. 351, where he says of Moses, ‘Son nom ne se trouve que deux fois dans les Écrits des prophÈtes qui sont parvenus jusqu'À nous—(Esaie, LXIII. 12; JÉr. XV. 1).’ 707.I have given particular prominence to this on account of the opposite view taken by Max MÜller in his Chips, I. 361 et seq. 708.His fondness for humanising God by anthropomorphic expressions is the only feature, the reasons for which are not patent. 709.See Knobel, Die BÜcher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Josua, pp. 539, 554. 710.See Knobel, Die BÜcher etc., p. 529. 711.The relative clause is dependent upon DebharÎm only. 712.See Knobel, Die BÜcher etc., p. 579. 713.See Supplement to the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung of June 19, 1874. 714.I will here cite a passage of Ibn ChaldÛn, although not decisive on questions like the present: ‘Know that the Persians and Indians know nothing of the ?ÛfÂn (deluge); some Persians say that it took place only at Babylon.’ (History, vol. II.) Edward Thomas, in the Academy, 1875, p. 401, quotes a passage of al-BÎrÛnÎ, in which it is said that the Indians, Chinese and Persians have no story of a Deluge, but that some say that the Persians know of a partial deluge. Burnouf believed the idea of a Deluge to be originally foreign to Indian mythology, and to have been borrowed, probably from Chaldaic sources (BhÂgavata PurÂ?a, III. XXXI., LI.). A. Weber (in the Indische Studien, Heft 2, and on occasion of a critique of NÊve’s writings on the Indian story of the Deluge, in the Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1851, V. 526) declares himself in favour of the indigenousness of the Indian story, in opposition to Lassen and Roth, who agree with Burnouf. 715.The similarities and differences of the respective stories of the Deluge are lucidly placed side by side by George Smith in The Chaldean Account of Genesis, p. 286 et seq. 716.Tuch, Commentar Über die Genesis, 1st ed. 1838, p. 149; 2nd ed. 1871, p. 47. 717.Academy, 1873, no. 77. col. 292. 718.See Westminster Review, April 1875, p. 486. 719.Geschichte des Alterthums, 4th ed. 1874, I. 186. 720.The Chaldean Account of Genesis, pp. 60–112. 721.Consult also Dr. Jacob Auerbach’s article Ueber den ersten Vers der Genesis in Geiger’s Zeitsch. fÜr Wissenschaft und Leben, 1863, Bd. II. p. 253, who, I now see, comes very near to these ideas, but does not express them fully or clearly. 722.This view is expounded by Kuenen in his Religion of Israel, II. 156. 723.This appears to be Bunsen’s opinion: God in History, I. 101. 724.See Max MÜller’s essay Genesis and the Zend-Avesta (Chips, I. 143 et seqq.). The Dutch scholar Tiele occupies nearly the same position as Spiegel on this question, which he discusses fully in his book De Godsdienst van Zarathustra, Haarlem 1864, p. 302 et seq. 725.Les Ruines, XX. 13. System. 726.I must mention a third view on the concurrence of the Hebrew with the Aryan story of the primeval age; it is that which was first declared by Ewald in his History of Israel, I. 224 et seqq., and is adopted by Lassen and Weber among the Germans, and by Burnouf and (with some hesitation) Renan among the French. In this view the coincidences in the respective primitive stories are to be accounted for by common prehistoric traditions which the Aryans and the Semites formed in their original common dwelling-place concerning primeval history. Renan speaks shortly on the subject in his Histoire gÉn. des Langues sÉmitiques, pp. 480 et seq. 727.Naturgeschichte der Sage, I. 8. 728.Die religiÖsen, politischen und socialen Ideen der Asiatischen CulturvÖlker, etc., edited by M. Lazarus, Berlin 1872, p. 590. 729.Commentar zur Genesis, 1st ed. 1838, p. 200; 2nd ed. 1871, p. 157. 730.It should be observed that in the postexilian imitation of this sermon of castigations (now called in the Synagogue tÔkhÂchÂ) in Lev. XXVI. 14–43, the circumstance that the people would be carried off by an enemy ‘whose language they understood not’ is omitted. Other points in the tÔkhÂch of Leviticus indicate that it was imagined by one who had a knowledge of the Captivity; so e.g. the especial accentuation of residence in the land of an enemy, as in vv. 32, 36, 38, 39. 731.George Smith, The Chaldean Account of Genesis, pp. 158 et seqq. 732.Fiske, Myths and Myth makers, pp. 71, 154. See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 357 et seq. 733.From Sepp’s Jerusalem und das heilige Land, II. 157. 734.In YÂ?Ût, Geogr. Dictionary, II. 893. The explanation of the name ThakÎf in YÂ?Ût, III. 498, quite reminds one of the Old Testament way of giving etymologies of names. 735.See some useful quotations in L. LÖw’s BeitrÄge zur jÜd. Alterthumskunde, Szegedin 1875, II. 388; and very interesting references in Pott’s Wilhelm von Humboldt und die Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin 1876, p. CIX. et seq. 736.Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1853, VII. p. 28. 738.Ibn Dureyd, KitÂb al-IshtÎ?Â?, ed. WÜstenfeld, GÖttingen 1853, p. 9. 739.See Ewald, History of Israel, I. 19 et seq. 740.I have referred to this in Zeitschr. d. D. M. G. 1870, XXIV. 207. 741.According to Rabbinical views, ÂbhÔth V, Mishn 21. 742.The author refers on p. 127 recto to his earlier work, Bigyat al-muta?allim wa-fÂ?idat al-mutakallim. ?ÂjÎ Chalf does not know this book of the author’s. 743.BerÊsh. r. sect. 53; see Beer, Leben Abraham’s, p. 168, note 506. 744.See Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei Griechen und RÖmern, p. 342. 745.See on ra?mÂn and ra?Îm al-Bey?ÂwÎ’s Comm. in Coranum, ed. Fleischer, 5. 11. 746.KitÂb al-agÂnÎ, IV. 191. My translation differs from Sprenger’s. 747.Sprenger, Leben Mohammed’s, I. 112. 748.MS. of the Leipzig University Library, Cod. Ref. no. 357. 749.See Sprenger, ibid. p. 111. 750.See Lenormant, PremiÈres Civilisations, I. 359. 751.Aegyptische Studien, in the Zeitsch. der D. M. G., X. 683. 752.De Iside et Osiride, c. LXXIV. 753.Herod. II. 73: t? ?? a?t?? ???s???a t?? pte???, t? d?, ??????. 754.On other animals, rather fantastic than mythological, belonging to Egyptian antiquity, see Chabas, Études sur l’antiquitÉ historique, Paris 1873, pp. 399–403. 755.Herod. II. 41: ???? ?? ??? ?a?a???? ??? t??? ??se?a? ?a? t??? ?s???? ?? p??te? ????pt??? ????s?? t?? d? ????a? ?? sf? ??est? ??e??, ???? ??a? e?s? t?? ?s???. 756.E.A. Bowring’s translation of the Book of Songs, where the ‘Nordsee’ is rendered ‘Baltic’! 757.Later Edda, I. 90, Gylf. 35. 758.Lepsius, Aelteste Texte des Todtenbuchs, Berlin 1867, p. 42. 759.AgÂnÎ II. 118. 7. 760.See especially Schwartz, Sonne, Mond und Sterne, p. 30 sq. 761.See Gutschmid in Zeitschr. d. D.M.G. 1861, XV. 86. 762.See W. Bacher’s NizÂmÎ’s Leben und Werke, p. 21. 763.MS. of the Leipzig University Library, Suppl. 7. fol. 30 recto. 764.YÂ?Ût. III. 92; Krehl, Vorislam. Religion des Araber, p. 12 etc. See also Ewald, History of Israel, I. 272. note 4. 765.See Frankel’s Monatsschrift fÜr jÜd. Geschichte, II. 273. See on assonance of names, Zeitschr. d. D.M.G. XXI. 593. 766.E.g. ?amÂsÂ, p. 221; compare Zeitsch. d. D.M.G., 1849, III. 177. 767.See Gutschmid, l.c. p. 87. 768.In Ewald’s Jahrb. fÜr bibl. Wissenschaft, 1853, V. 139. note 53. 769.Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, edited by RÖdiger, § 141; Ewald, AusfÜhrl. Lehrb. der. Heb. Spr. § 282. c. 770.Paul Hunfalvy in the monthly magazine Magyar Nyelvor, 1874, III. 202. 771.Ibid., 1873, II. 179. 772.RÜckert, l.c., p. 62. v. 18. 773.Such as ?amz al-I?fahÂnÎ; compare YÂ?Ût, I. 292–3, 791. 20; III. 925, 629. 18 sq., IV. 683. 10. and my BeitrÄge zur Geschichte der Sprachgelehrsamkeit bei den Arabern, Vienna 1871–3, no. I. p. 45 and no. III. p. 26. 774.Leviticus rabbÂ, sect. 12: ÔthÔ hÂ-?Ê? sheÂkhal mimmennÛ ÂdÂm hÂ-rÎshÔn ?anÂbhÎm hÂyÂh. 775.Ibn IyyÂs, in the book BadÂ?i al-zuhÛr fÎ wa?Â?i al-duhÛr, Cairo 1865, p. 83: see my article Zur Geschichte der Etymologie des Namens NÛ? in Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1870, XXIV. 209. 776.Ibn al-SikkÎt, p. 19, al-JauharÎ, s. v. f??l. On the proverbial longevity of the lizard see KÂmil, ed. W. Wright, p. 197. 18; al-DamÎrÎ, II. 34; al-JauharÎ, s. v. ?sl; Burckhardt’s Reisen in Syrien, note by Gesenius in the German translation, p. 1077. 777.Rosenzweig, III. 465. 778.See A. von Kremer, Culturgeschichtliche StreifzÜge auf dem Gebiete des Islams, Leipzig 1873. 779.See KitÂb al?ikd, MSS. of the Imperial Hofbibliothek, Vienna, A.F., no. 84, vol. I. pp. 188 sq. The data bearing on this subject I have collected and published in a essay on the Nationality-question in IslÂm, written in Hungarian, Buda-Pest 1873. 780.See al-NawawÎ’s Commentary on Muslim’s Collection of Traditions, ed. Cairo, I. 124. 781.Compare al-DamÎrÎ ?ayÂt al-?aywÂn, II. 316 sq. 782.Al-Mas?ÛdÎ, Les Prairies d’or, II. 148 sq.; al-KazwÎnÎ, ed. WÜstenfeld, I. 199; YÂ?Ût, Mu?jam, II. 941. 783.Al-Ma?rÎzÎ, History of the Copts, ed. WÜstenfeld, GÖttingen 1847, p. 90. 784.Petermann, Reisen im Orient, I. 147. 785.Kremer, Mittelsyrien und Damaskus, p. 194. 786.See W.K. Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore, London 1863, chap. II.—Tr. 787.See Kelly, ibid., p. 74.—Tr. 788.See Kelly, ibid., p. 83.—Tr. 789.See Kelly, ibid., 163–5—Tr. 790.See Kelly, Curiosities etc., p. 89.—Tr. 791.See Kelly, Curiosities etc., p. 83–85, 151.—Tr. 792.See Kelly, ibid., p. 83, 141–3.—Tr. 793.See Kelly, Curiosities etc., pp. 37, 43.—Tr. The literal meaning of his name is qui in matre tumescit vel praevalet, i.e. a boring-stick like the lightning. 794.In English mangle, substantive and verb. The verb mangle ‘to tear’ is probably the same, derived from the action of boring. To mantle—to winnow corn, to rave, to froth, may be from the same original root, represented by the Sanskrit, math, manth, in the sense ‘to shake.’ See Halliwell, Dict. of Archaic and Provincial Words. The Greek ???? ‘tumult’ is connected with the same root by Gr. Curtius, GrundzÜge der griech. Etymologie, No. 476.—Tr. 795.The penis. The Latin mentula, as Prof. Weber reminds me, is clearly the same. 796.The boring-stick and the penis. 797.? in Sanskrit is pronounced as r with a very short vowel, e.g. like ri in merrily.—Tr. 798.Halliwell, l.c., gives in provincial English bliken ‘to shine,’ blickent ‘shining,’ and blink ‘a spark of fire.’—Tr. 799.c in Sanskrit is the English ch in church.—Tr. 800.This is supported by the analogy of the French apprendre. It should also be noted that Plato, in defining the signification of a????e??, says that it means p???at?? t???? ?a??e?? t?? ?p?st??? (Euthyd. 277. e.). 801.On all this see my Einleitung in die Psychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. 802.It is explained by Lazarus, Leben der Seele, II. p. 166, and by me in Grammatik, Logik und Psychologie, pp. 319–340, and in Charakteristik der Typen des Sprachbaues, pp. 78 et seq. 803.The male is the Pramantha, the female the ?s???a (the lower piece of wood and the female pudenda). 804. See Kelly, Curiosities etc., pp. 35–38, 137–150, 158.—Tr. 805.Num. XX. 12, XXVII. 13, 14.—Tr. 806. Sage, a ‘saying’ or legendary story, which may have no historical foundation, but be produced out of mythic matter. Where, as here, it is sharply distinguished from history, I render it legend; elsewhere story, which is generally the best English equivalent, notwithstanding its derivation from historia.—Tr. 807.The allusion is to the story of Bruin the bear and the honey, in Reynard the Fox: see Reinhart, v. 1533–1562, Reinaert, v. 601–706, in Jacob Grimm’s edition, Berlin 1834; and Goethe’s modern German version, canto 2.—Tr. 808.Welcker, Griechische GÖtterlehre, I. 478. 809.Welcker, ibid., 490. 810.Studer, Buch der Richter, p. 320: Sachs, BeitrÄge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, II. p. 92. 811.Preller, RÖmische Mythologie, p. 437–8. 812.Ovid, Fasti, IV. 679 et seqq. 813.Judges XV. 8. 814.Judges XV. 15–19. 815.VIII. 5. 1, p. 353. 816.III. 22. 8. 817.Judges XV. 19: ?Ên ha??ÔrÊ. 818.Judges XV. 16. 819.Buch der Richter, p. 185. 820.Judges XV. 17: RÂmath LechÎ. 821.v. 19. 822.Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie. 823.MakhtÊsh, v. 19. 824.I formerly saw in the Jawbone the representative of the Harpe (toothed sickle), with which Herakles cuts off the heads of the Hydra, and which Kronos and Perseus also employ—the latter when he beheads Medusa. I have changed my view in favour of that here propounded, through consideration of the ‘throwing,’ which undoubtedly is significant. But complete certainty is unattainable. What meaning can be attached to the circumstance that the jawbone is called a ‘fresh’ (new) one (v. 15)? 825.Judges XVI. 1–3. 826.Welcker, Griech. GÖtterlehre, II. 776; Preller, Griech. Mythol., II. 154, 167; Movers, PhÖnizier, I. 442. 827.Welcker, ibid., II. 761. 828.Judges XVI. 4: Nachal SÔrÊ?, i.e. Valley of the Vine. 829.I formerly took DelÎlÂ, i.e. the ‘Worn out,’ to be a personification of Nature, worn out and no longer productive in the winter-season. Then the name DelÎl might be compared with that of Aphrodite Morpho, supposing Movers (p. 586) to give the right interpretation of the latter, in discovering it to be the Syriac word for Fatigue, Flagging. Then DelÎl would be the Winter-goddess, and might be a peculiar phase of Derketo, who was worshiped in conjunction with the barren Sea-god Dagon (see Stark, Gaza, p. 285). Pausanias (III, 15. 8) relates that there was at Sparta an old temple with an image of Aphrodite to whom it belonged—i.e. Astarte, Semiramis, etc. This temple (alone of all the temples that Pausanias knew) had an upper story, in which was an image of Aphrodite Morpho. She was represented sitting, veiled, and with her feet bound. Pausanias himself interprets the fetters to indicate women’s attachment to their husbands; but this reading is not binding on us. I regard this Morpho as a picture of Nature fettered and mourning in winter. Similarly, and also at Sparta (ibid. 5) the bound Enyalios signifies the restrained solar heat of Mars. However, this interpretation of DelÎl as Winter stands in no contradiction to what is said in the text. Moon-goddess, Love-goddess, Chaste goddess, and Winter, are only different aspects of the same mythological figure, to which a name capable of many interpretations is very suitable. Stark (Gaza, p. 292) is right in asserting the hostility of Herakles to the descendants of Poseidon, the gloomy sea-god, who according to Semitic conceptions I believe to have been also the Winter-god (Dagon). But Movers (p. 441) appears to be also right in showing how, besides combating the creatures of Typhon, Melkart-Herakles is also hostile to the evil Moon-goddess. For she is only the female figure corresponding to the male Moloch, Typhon and Mars. In the Greek myth the place of the Semitic Lunar Astarte is occupied by Hera, the adversary of Herakles. She is confounded both with AshÊr the goddess of Love, and with Astarte. Thus there was in Sparta an Aphrodite Hera (Paus. III. 13. 6). To her goats were sacrificed at Sparta, and only there, as to the Semitic Birth-goddess; and she was called ‘Goat-eater’ (??a a????f????, ib. 15. 7; Preller, Griech. Myth., p. 111; but I am of opinion that the goats have not the same meaning in her case as in that of Zeus). In the character of Astarte, as an evil Moon-goddess, a female Moloch or Mars, she appears when she sends the Nemean lion, the Solar heat, into the land, and on other occasions when she is put into connexion with the powers of evil (Preller, p. 109). The conception which unites opposite natural forces in the same divine person, which then appears under a modified form, could not be better expressed in architecture than it is in the above-mentioned temple of Aphrodite. The lower story is a temple of the Armed Aphrodite; the upper a temple of Aphrodite Morpho: thus the whole is a temple of the strict goddess, below of the Summer, above of the Winter. The fact that a deity of the Solar heat and the Fire is regarded as also a deity of the Sea, may be explained not only by the equal barrenness of the Desert—a sea of sand, and the Sea—a desert of water, but perhaps also by the opinion, attributed by Plutarch (de Is. et Os. c. 7) to the Egyptians, that the sea is not an independent element but only a morbid emanation from fire. To Morpho or Winter corresponds Hera, as one at variance with Zeus, or as a widow (Preller, p. 108). Thus then it will be clear that DelÎl may be both the Birth-goddess (AshÊrÂ) and the evil Moon-goddess (Astarte), or more accurately the Winter-goddess (Derketo). If Semiramis exhibits a combination of AshÊr with Astarte, then DelÎl shows a similar combination of AshÊr with Derketo, who is only a modification of Astarte. 830.The derivation from the root shmn is impossible, that from the root shmm far-fetched. The simple derivation from shemes ‘sun’ appears to be rejected by Bertheau (Buch der Richter, p. 169) only ‘because the long narrative concerning Samson presents no reference to a name of any such signification’ (as ‘the Sunny,’ the Solar hero), and because, as he says, ‘we do not expect to find a name of this kind anywhere in Hebrew antiquity.’ But the matter appears to us now in a very different light, and the connexion with the Sun which Bertheau did not expect to find has now become clear. 831.That Dagon really had the form of a fish, which Movers denies, surely appears certain from 1 Sam. V. 4 (see Stark, Gaza, p. 249). And it would be an excess of diplomatic accuracy, such as we are not justified in ascribing to the Hebrew writer, to suppose that his only reason for writing dÂgÔn was that the Hebrew dÂgÂn ‘corn’ was pronounced DÂgÔn in Phenician. Moreover, such a word as ‘Corn’ (dÂgÂn) cannot well be a proper name. The formation of proper names of men and places by the termination Ôn is excessively common, and requires no citation of examples. 832.Judges XVI, 22. 833.Judges XIII. 834.1 Sam. I. 835.Num. VI. 1–21. 836.1 Sam. I. 28. 837.1 Sam. II. 11, 18, III. 3, I. 11. 838.Amos II. 11, 12. 839.Lev. X. 9. 840.Num. VI. 6, 7. 841.The circumstance that this was ‘of Jahveh’ (Judges XIV. 4) is a fiction interpolated into the legend by the systematising author. 842.It will be seen from the above, that I am far from subscribing to the judgment on the heathen religions which has in recent times been widely diffused among philosophers and philologians. I agree essentially with the judgment of the natural mind, which always sees delusion and superstition in heathendom. But it does not follow from this that the heathens were absolutely immoral: they invested with their own morality gods who were intrinsically representations of nature only. 843.See Preller, Griech. Mythol. II. 97; Gerhard, Griech. Mythol. § 711. 844.For this assertion I must for the present refer to what I have said in an article, Zur Charakteristik der semitischen VÖlker, in the Zeitschr. fÜr VÖlkerpsychologie etc. Vol. I. p. 328 et seqq. In Liebner and others’ JahrbÜcher fÜr deutsche Theologie, V. p. 669 et seqq., there is a long article by Diestel, Der Monotheismus des Ältesten Heidenthums, vorzÜglich bei den Semiten. He also declares himself averse to the assumption of a primitive Monotheism, because it is destitute of all historical proof. He brings many points judiciously into the light, especially the absence of an accurate conception of Monotheism (p. 684). But when he objects to me, that in the above-quoted article (p. 330) I am too hard on the expression Instinct used by Renan, inasmuch as it is to be understood as implying only an individual disposition of the religious mind, not a momentum of half-animal physical life. I must observe in reply, that I can scarcely imagine how else instinct can be understood but as a ‘half-animal momentum’; and even reason, taken as an instinct, is eo ipso degraded to a momentum of half-animal physical life. And if Diestel here means by instinct a ‘disposition of the mind,’ I can see in such dispositions scarcely anything more than momenta of half-animal physical life. Moreover, I cannot admit any such ‘dispositions of the religious mind,’ which have the special object of their belief determined beforehand. A disposition to reasonableness in general, or to religiousness in general, does dwell in the human mind; but not a disposition so defined as to its object that a limited idea, such as Monotheism, could be a priori inherent in it. 845.By J. Olshausen in Hirzel’s Hiob, p. 60 note.—But Ewald says expressly (Ijob, 1854, p. 126) that Rahab is everywhere a mythological name for a sea-monster, even where it stands for Egypt.—Tr. 847.See Zeitsch. d. D. M. G., 1849, III. p. 200 et seq. 848.Hebrew livyÂthÂn, nÂchÂs; Sanskrit V?tra, Ahi. 849.The literal and only possible translation of the first three words of the verse, ge?ar chayyath ?aneh, rendered correctly in the Septuagint and Vulgate; for which the English A.V. unaccountably substitutes ‘Rebuke the company of spearmen,’ while the Prayer-book version goes even further astray.—Tr. 850.Ba?al kÛn, see Movers, I. 292. 851.Job IX. 8; bÂmothÊ yÂm.—Tr. 852.Is. XIV. 14; bÂmothÊ ?Âbh.—Tr. 853.It will be inferred from the above reasoning, that I should be inclined to assign an early age to the writer of the Book of Job. But I can find no reason for making him older than Amos; indeed, he may have lived into the lifetime of Isaiah. I must further remark that Schlottmann (Das Buch Hiob verdeutscht und erlÄutert, pp. 69–105, especially 101 et seqq.) has expressed ideas similar to those propounded by me, though starting from assumptions utterly different in principle. To the passages of Job which he places side by side with corresponding ones of Amos (p. 109), the following may be added: Amos V. 8 and IX. 6, ‘who calleth to the water of the (Cloud-) Sea,’ and Job XXXVIII. 34, ‘wilt thou lift up thy voice to the Cloud?’ 854.Prometheus, p. 391. 855.Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers etc., p. 30. 856.P. 392. 857.Preller, ib. I. 438; Kuhn, ib. p. 24, 243. 860.Schwartz, Ursprung der Mythologie, p. 251. 861.In English Tues-day, Wednes-day, Thurs-day, Fri-day, Satur-day, from Anglo-Saxon names of gods, Tiu or Teow, WÔden, Thunor, Frige, SÆtern.—Tr. 862.E.g. the Lady-bird, in German MarienkÄfer; its Danish name, MarihÖne, was, according to Grimm, anciently FreyjuhÖna ‘Freyja’s hen.’ So Venus’ Looking-glass (Speculum Veneris) is also called Lady’s Glass; Pecten Veneris is Lady’s Comb. There are very numerous plants named after Our Lady, which were probably originally dedicated to Freyja or Venus, as Lady’s Mantle; Lady’s Thistle or Lady’s Milk (Carduus Marianus: ‘distinguished at once by the white veins on its leaves.... A drop of the Virgin Mary’s milk was conceived to have produced these veins, as that of Juno was fabled to be the origin of the Milky Way.’ Hooker and Arnott, British Flora, p. 231); Lady’s Smock (Cardamine); Lady’s Bower or Virgin’s Bower (Clematis); Lady’s Fingers (Anthyllis); Lady’s Tresses (Spiranthes or Neottia); Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium).—Tr. 863.As this German example will not be familiar to all English readers, it is necessary to give a few words of explanation. The great Deluge (Gen. VI.-VIII.) is called in modern German SÜnd-fluth, which seems to be Sin-flood = Flood on account of sin. But in Old High German it is written Sin-vluot and Sint-vluot, which cannot be identical with the assumed meaning of the modern word, since sin (peccatum) is in Old High German sunta. Moreover, sin is a prefix well known to most of the Teutonic languages, denoting (1) always, (2) great. In the former sense we have it in the Old English singrene ‘evergreen;’ in the latter in the Anglo-Saxon sinhere ‘great army.’ Hence it is assumed that the word in German altered its pronunciation when the prefix sin became obsolete, being then supposed to be intended for SÜnd-fluth, as is shown in the text. See Grimm, Deut. Gram. II. 554, Graff, Althochd. Sprachschatz, VI. 25, EttmÜller, Lex. Anglosax. p. 638, Vigfusson, Icelandic English Dict. s. v. SÍ. Prof. Steinthal appears now (in a letter to the translator) to doubt whether this history of the word is tenable; but the assumption that it is so may at least be allowed, in order to retain this excellent example of the psychological progress.—Tr. 865.Ps. XIX. 6 [5]. 866.Judges XVI. 28: ‘Give me strength only this once, O God, and I will avenge myself with the vengeance of one of my two eyes on the Philistines.’ This is the only possible meaning of the very simple Hebrew words nekam achath mishshethÊ ?Ênay, which were misunderstood by the LXX and Vulg.; and the German and English versions have merely followed the latter.—Tr. 867.Jer. X. 12, V. 24; Gen. VIII. 22. LONDON: PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET London, March 1876. GENERAL LIST OF WORKS PUBLISHED BY Messrs. Longmans, Green, and Co.
HISTORY, POLITICS, HISTORICAL MEMOIRS, &c. The History of England from the Accession of James II. By the Right Hon. Lord Macaulay. Student’s Edition, 2 vols. cr. 8vo. 12s. People’s Edition, 4 vols. cr. 8vo. 16s. Cabinet Edition, 8 vols. post 8vo. 48s. Library Edition, 5 vols. 8vo. £4. Critical and Historical Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review. By the Right Hon. Lord Macaulay. Cheap Edition, crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Student’s Edition, crown 8vo. 6s. People’s Edition, 2 vols. crown 8vo. 8s. Cabinet Edition, 4 vols. 24s. Library Edition, 3 vols. 8vo. 36s. Lord Macaulay’s Works. Complete and uniform Library Edition. Edited by his Sister, Lady Trevelyan. vols. 88 vo. with Portrait, £5. 5s. The History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada. By J.A. Froude, M.A. Cabinet Edition, 12 vols. cr. 8vo. £3. 12s. Library Edition, 12 vols. 8vo. £8. 18s. The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. By J.A. Froude, M.A. 3 vols. 8vo. £2. 8s. Journal of the Reigns of King George the Fourth and King William the Fourth. By the late Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville, Esq. Edited by H. Reeve, Esq. Fifth Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. price 36s. The Life of Napoleon III. derived from State Records, Unpublished Family Correspondence, and Personal Testimony. By Blanchard Jerrold. In Four Volumes 8vo. with numerous Portraits and Facsimiles. Vols. I. and II. price 18s. each. ? The Third Volume is now in the press. Recollections and Suggestions, 1813–1873. By John Earl Russell, K. G. New Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. 16s. Introductory Lectures on Modern History delivered in Lent Term 1842; with the Inaugural Lecture delivered in December 1841. By the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D. 8vo. price 7s. 6d. On Parliamentary Government in England: its Origin, Development, and Practical Operation. By Alpheus Todd. 2 vols. 8vo. £1. 17s. The Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III. 1760–1870. By Sir Thomas Erskine May, K.C.B. D.C.L. Fifth Edition. 3 vols. crown 8vo. 18s. Democracy in Europe; a History. By Sir Thomas Erskine May, K.C.B. D.C.L. 2 vols. 8vo. [In the press. Lectures on the History of England from the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward II. By W. Longman, F.S.A. Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. 15s. The History of the Life and Times of Edward III. By W. Longman, F.S.A. With 9 Maps, 8 Plates, and 16 Woodcuts, 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. History of England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles the First, 1624–1628. By S. Rawson Gardiner, late Student of Ch. Ch. 2 vols. 8vo. with two Maps, 24s. Popular History of France, from the Earliest Times to the Death of Louis XIV. By Elizabeth M. Sewell, Author of ‘Amy Herbert’ &c. Crown 8vo. [Nearly ready. The History of Prussia, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; tracing the Origin and Development of her Military Organisation. By Captain W.J. Wyatt. Vols. I. & II. A.D. 700 to A.D. 1525. 8vo. 36s. History of Civilisation in England and France, Spain and Scotland. By Henry Thomas Buckle. 3 vols. crown 8vo. 24s. A Student’s Manual of the History of India from the Earliest Period to the Present. By Col. Meadows Taylor, M.R.A.S. Second Thousand. Cr. 8vo. Maps, 7s. 6d. Studies from Genoese History. By Colonel G.B. Malleson, C.S.I. Guardian to His Highness the MaharÁjÁ of Mysore. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Native States of India in Subsidiary Alliance with the British Government; an Historical Sketch. By Colonel G.B. Malleson, C.S.I. Guardian to the MaharÁjÁ of Mysore. With 6 Coloured Maps, 8vo. price 15s. The History of India from the Earliest Period to the close of Lord Dalhousie’s Administration. By John Clark Marshman. 3 vols. crown 8vo. 22s. 6d. Indian Polity; a View of the System of Administration in India. By Lieut.-Colonel George Chesney. Second Edition, revised, with Map. 8vo. 21s. Waterloo Lectures; a Study of the Campaign of 1815. By Colonel Charles C. Chesney, R.E. Third Edition. 8vo. with Map, 10s. 6d. Essays in Modern Military Biography. By Colonel Charles C. Chesney, R.E. 8vo. 12s. 6d. The British Army in 1875; with Suggestions on its Administration and Organisation. By John Holms, M.P. New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. with Diagrams, 4s. 6d. The Oxford Reformers—John Colet, Erasmus, and Thomas More; being a History of their Fellow-Work. By Frederic Seebohm. Second Edition. 8vo. 14s. The New Reformation, a Narrative of the Old Catholic Movement, from 1870 to the Present Time; with an Historical Introduction. By Theodorus. 8vo. price 12s. The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. By Geo. W. Cox, M.A. late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. A History of Greece. By the Rev. Geo. W. Cox, M.A. late Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. Maps, 36s. The History of the Peloponnesian War, by Thucydides. Translated by Richd. Crawley, Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Tale of the Great Persian War, from the Histories of Herodotus. By Rev. G.W. Cox, M.A. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. General History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great; with a Sketch of the Subsequent History to the Present Time. By the Rev. George W. Cox, M.A. Author of ‘The Aryan Mythology’ &c. Crown 8vo. with Maps, 7s. 6d. General History of Rome from the Foundation of the City to the Fall of Augustulus, B.C. 753-A.D. 476. By the Very Rev. C. Merivale, D.D. Dean of Ely. With 5 Maps, crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. History of the Romans under the Empire. By Dean Merivale, D.D. 8 vols. post 8vo. 48s. The Fall of the Roman Republic; a Short History of the Last Century of the Commonwealth. By Dean Merivale, D.D. 12mo. 7s. 6d. The Sixth Oriental Monarchy; or the Geography, History, and Antiquities of Parthia. Collected and Illustrated from Ancient and Modern sources. By Geo. Rawlinson, M.A. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. 16s. The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy; or, a History of the Sassanians: with Notices Geographical and Antiquarian. By Geo. Rawlinson, M.A. With Map and 95 Illustrations. 8vo. 28s. EncyclopÆdia of Chronology, Historical and Biographical; comprising the Dates of all the Great Events of History, including Treaties, Alliances, Wars, Battles, &c. Incidents in the Lives of Eminent Men, Scientific and Geographical Discoveries, Mechanical Inventions, and Social, Domestic, and Economical Improvements. By B.B. Woodward, B.A. and W.L.R. Cates. 8vo. 42s. The History of Rome. By Wilhelm Ihne. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 30s. Vols. III. and IV. in preparation. History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne. By W.E.H. Lecky, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. By W.E.H. Lecky, M.A. Cabinet Edition, 2 vols. crown 8vo. 16s. Introduction to the Science of Religion: Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution; with two Essays on False Analogies and the Philosophy of Mythology. By F. Max MÜller, M.A. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. Translated from the German of Dr. E. Zeller, by Oswald J. Reichel, M.A. Crown 8vo. 14s. Socrates and the Socratic Schools. Translated from the German of Dr. E. Zeller, by the Rev. O.J. Reichel, M.A. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. Plato and the Older Academy. Translated, with the Author’s sanction, from the German of Dr. E. Zeller by S. Frances Alleyne and Alfred Goodwin, B.A. Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Post 8vo. [Nearly ready. Sketch of the History of the Church of England to the Revolution of 1688. By T.V. Short, D.D. sometime Bishop of St. Asaph. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Historical Geography of Europe. By E.A. Freeman, D.C.L. 8vo. Maps. [In the press. The Student’s Manual of Ancient History: containing the Political History, Geographical Position, and Social State of the Principal Nations of Antiquity. By W. Cooke Taylor, LL.D. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Student’s Manual of Modern History: containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations, their Political History, and the Changes in their Social Condition. By W. Cooke Taylor, LL.D. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The History of Philosophy, from Thales to Comte. By George Henry Lewes. Fourth Edition, 2 vols. 8vo. 32s. The Crusades. By the Rev. G.W. Cox, M.A. Fcp. 8vo. with Map, 2s. 6d. The Era of the Protestant Revolution. By F. Seebohm, Author of ‘The Oxford Reformers.’ With 4 Maps and 12 Diagrams. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. The Thirty Years War, 1618–1648. By Samuel Rawson Gardiner. Fcp. 8vo. with Maps, 2s. 6d. The Houses of Lancaster and York; with the Conquest and Loss of France. By James Gairdner. Fcp. 8vo. with Map, 2s. 6d. Edward the Third. By the Rev. W. Warburton, M.A. Fcp. 8vo. with Maps, 2s. 6d. The Age of Elizabeth. By the Rev. M. Creighton, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. Fcp. 8vo. with Maps, 2s. 6d. BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS. The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay. By his Nephew, G. Otto Trevelyan, M.P. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, price 36s. The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart. F.R.S. Corresponding Member of the National Institute of France, &c. Partly written by himself; edited and completed by William Pole, F.R.S. Member of Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers. [In the press. Arthur Schopenhauer, his Life and his Philosophy. By Helen Zimmern. Post 8vo. with Portrait, 7s. 6d. The Life, Works, and Opinions of Heinrich Heine. By William Stigand. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait of Heine, price 28s. Memoirs of Baron Stockmar. By his Son, Baron E. Von Stockmar. Translated from the German by G.A.M. Edited by F. Max MÜller, M.A. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s. Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, a Memoir of his Life; with Selections from his Correspondence. Abridged from the larger work, and edited by his Daughter, Lady Bourchier. With Portrait, Maps, &c. Crown 8vo. price 7s. 6d. Life and Letters of Gilbert Elliot, First Earl of Minto, from 1751 to 1806, when his Public Life in Europe was closed by his Appointment to the Vice-Royalty of India. Edited by the Countess of Minto. 3 vols. post 8vo. 31s. 6d. Autobiography. By John Stuart Mill. 8vo. 7s. 6d. Isaac Casaubon, 1559–1614. By Mark Pattison, Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. 8vo. price 18s. Biographical and Critical Essays, reprinted from Reviews, with Additions and Corrections. By A. Hayward, Q.C. Second Series, 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. Third Series, 1 vol. 8vo. 14s. The Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, of Thrybergh, Bart. M.P. for York, &c. 1634–1689. Written by Himself. Edited from the Original Manuscript by James J. Cartwright, M.A. 8vo. price 21s. Lord George Bentinck; a Political Biography. By the Right Hon. B. Disraeli, M.P. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography. By the Right Hon. Sir J. Stephen, LL.D. Cabinet Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland; Swift, Flood, Grattan, O'Connell. By W.E.H. Lecky, M.A. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Dictionary of General Biography; containing Concise Memoirs and Notices of the most Eminent Persons of all Ages and Countries. By W.L.R. Cates. New Edition, 8vo. 25s. Supplement, 4s. 6d. Life of the Duke of Wellington. By the Rev. G.R. Gleig, M.A. Crown 8vo. with Portrait, 5s. The Rise of Great Families; other Essays and Stories. By Sir Bernard Burke, C.B. LL.D. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B. By John Clark Marshman. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Vicissitudes of Families. By Sir Bernard Burke, C.B. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s. MENTAL and POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. Comte’s System of Positive Polity, or Treatise upon Sociology. Translated from the Paris Edition of 1851–1854, and furnished with Analytical Tables of Contents. In Four Volumes, each forming in some degree an independent Treatise:— Vol. I. General View of Positivism and Introductory Principles. Translated by J.H. Bridges, M.B. formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. 8vo. price 21s. Vol. II. The Social Statics, or the Abstract Laws of Human Order. Translated by Frederic Harrison, M.A. 8vo. price 14s. Vol. III. The Social Dynamics, or the General Laws of Human Progress (the Philosophy of History). Translated by E.S. Beesly, M.A. Professor of History in University College, London. 8vo. [Nearly ready. Vol. IV. The Synthesis of the Future of Mankind. Translated by Richard Congreve, M.D., and an Appendix, containing the Author’s Minor Treatises, translated by H.D. Hutton, M.A. Barrister-at-Law. 8vo. [In the press. Order and Progress: Part I. Thoughts on Government; Part II. Studies of Political Crises. By Frederic Harrison, M.A. of Lincoln’s Inn. 8vo. 14s. ‘We find from this book—a large part, and by far the more valuable part, of which is new—that Mr. Harrison has devoted careful attention to what we shall call the constructive problems of political science. Whoever has mistaken him for a commonplace Radical, either of the Chartist or the Trades Unionist type, has been wrong.... The best political thinkers for a quarter of a century or upwards have more or less vaguely felt that one grand problem they had to solve was how our governing apparatus may be made to yield good government; but we are not aware that any writer has looked it more fully in the face, or more carefully scanned it with a view to a solution, than Mr. Harrison.’ Literary World. Essays, Political, Social, and Religious. By Richd. Congreve, M.A. 8vo. 18s. Essays, Critical and Biographical, contributed to the Edinburgh Review. By Henry Rogers. New Edition. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 12s. Essays on some Theological Controversies of the Time, contributed chiefly to the Edinburgh Review. By Henry Rogers. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. Democracy in America. By Alexis de Tocqueville. Translated by Henry Reeve, Esq. New Edition. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 16s. On Representative Government. By John Stuart Mill. Fourth Edition, crown 8vo. 2s. On Liberty. By John Stuart Mill. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. crown 8vo. 1s. 4d. Principles of Political Economy. By John Stuart Mill. 2 vols. 8vo. 30s. or 1 vol. crown 8vo. 5s. Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. By John Stuart Mill. Second Edition. 8vo. 6s. 6d. Utilitarianism. By John Stuart Mill. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 5s. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. By John Stuart Mill. Eighth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 25s. Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy, and of the principal Philosophical Questions discussed in his Writings. By John Stuart Mill. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 16s. Dissertations and Discussions. By John Stuart Mill. 4 vols. 8vo. price £2. 6s. 6d. Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind. By James Mill. New Edition, with Notes, Illustrative and Critical. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. The Law of Nations considered as Independent Political Communities; the Rights and Duties of Nations in Time of War. By Sir Travers Twiss, D.C.L. F.R.S. New Edition, revised; with an Introductory Juridical Review of the Results of Recent Wars, and an Appendix of Treaties and other Documents. 8vo. price 21s. Church and State; their relations Historically Developed. By T. Heinrich Geffcken, Professor of International Law at the University of Strasburg. Translated from the German by E. Fairfax Taylor. [In the press. A Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence. By Sheldon Amos, M.A. 8vo. 18s. A Primer of the English Constitution and Government. By Sheldon Amos, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. Outlines of Civil Procedure. Being a General View of the Supreme Court of Judicature and of the whole Practice in the Common Law and Chancery Divisions under all the Statutes now in force. With Introductory Essay, References, Time Table, and Index. Designed as a Systematic and Readable Manual for Students, and as a Handbook of General Practice. By Edward Stanley Roscoe, Barrister-at-Law. 12mo. price 3s. 6d. Principles of Economical Philosophy. By H.D. Macleod, M.A. Barrister-at-Law. Second Edition, in 2 vols. Vol. I. 8vo. 15s. Vol. II. Part I. price 12s. The Institutes of Justinian; with English Introduction, Translation, and Notes. By T.C. Sandars, M.A. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 18s. Lord Bacon’s Works, Collected and Edited by R. L. Ellis, M.A. J. Shedding, M.A. and D.D. Heath. New and Cheaper Edition. 7 vols. 8vo. £3. 13s. 6d. Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional Works. Collected and edited, with a Commentary, by J. Spedding. 7 vols. 8vo. £4. 4s. The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle. Newly translated into English. By R. Williams, B.A. 8vo. 12s. The Politics of Aristotle; Greek Text, with English Notes. By Richard Congreve, M.A. New Edition, revised. 8vo. 18s. The Ethics of Aristotle; with Essays and Notes. By Sir A. Grant, Bart. M.A. LL.D. Third Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. price 32s. Bacon’s Essays, with Annotations. By R. Whately, D.D. New Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Picture Logic; an Attempt to Popularise the Science of Reasoning by the combination of Humorous Pictures with Examples of Reasoning taken from Daily Life. By A. Swinbourne, B.A. Second Edition; with Woodcut Illustrations from Drawings by the Author. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. Elements of Logic. By R. Whately, D.D. New Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. Elements of Rhetoric. By R. Whately, D.D. New Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought: a Treatise on Pure and Applied Logic. By the Most Rev. W. Thomson, D.D. Archbishop of York. Twelfth Thousand. Crown 8vo. 6s. An Introduction to Mental Philosophy, on the Inductive Method. By J.D. Morell, LL.D. 8vo. 12s. Philosophy without Assumptions. By the Rev. T.P. Kirkman, F.R.S. Rector of Croft, near Warrington. 8vo. price 10s. 6d. Ueberweg’s System of Logic, and History of Logical Doctrines. Translated, with Notes and Appendices, by T.M. Lindsay, M.A. F.R.S.E. 8vo. 16s. The Senses and the Intellect. By A. Bain, LL.D. Third Edition, 8vo. 15s. The Emotions and the Will. By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. Third Edition, thoroughly revised, and in great part re-written 8vo. price 15s. Mental and Moral Science; a Compendium of Psychology and Ethics. By A. Bain, LL.D. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. Or separately: Part I. Mental Science, 6s. 6d. Part II. Moral Science, 4s. 6d. On the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion. By the late Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart. New Edition, 8vo. 14s. Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature. Edited, with Notes, &c. by T.H. Green, M.A. and the Rev. T.H. Grose, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. Hume’s Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. By the same Editors. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. ? The above form a complete and uniform Edition of Hume’s Philosophical Works. MISCELLANEOUS & CRITICAL WORKS. Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works of the late Henry Thomas Buckle. Edited, with a Biographical Notice, by Helen Taylor. 3 vols. 8vo. £2. 12s. 6d. Short Studies on Great Subjects. By J.A. Froude, M.A. Cabinet Edition, 2 vols. crown 8vo. 12s. Library Edition, 2 vols. demy 8vo. 24s. Manual of English Literature, Historical and Critical. By Thomas Arnold, M.A. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Lord Macaulay’s Miscellaneous Writings. Library Edition, 2 vols. 8vo. Portrait, 21s. People’s Edition, 1 vol. cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. Lord Macaulay’s Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches. Students’ Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. Speeches of the Right Hon. Lord Macaulay, corrected by Himself. People’s Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. The Rev. Sydney Smith’s Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review. Authorised Edition, complete in One Volume. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. sewed, or 3s. 6d. cloth. The Wit and Wisdom of the Rev. Sydney Smith. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. German Home Life; a Series of Essays on the Domestic Life of Germany. Reprinted, with Revision and Additions, from Fraser’s Magazine. 1 vol. crown 8vo. [Nearly ready. The Miscellaneous Works of Thomas Arnold, D.D. Late Head Master of Rugby School and Regius Professor of Modern History in the Univ. of Oxford. 8vo. 7s. 6d. Realities of Irish Life. By W. Steuart Trench. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. sewed, or 3s. 6d. cloth. Lectures on the Science of Language. By F. Max MÜller, M.A. &c. Eighth Edition. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 16s. Chips from a German Workshop; being Essays on the Science of Religion, and on Mythology, Traditions, and Customs. By F. Max MÜller, M.A. 4 vols. 8vo. £2. 18s. Southey’s Doctor, complete in One Volume. Edited by Rev. J.W. Warter, B.D. Square crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. Lectures delivered in America in 1874. By Charles Kingsley, late Rector of Eversley. Crown 8vo. 5s. Families of Speech. Four Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution. By F.W. Farrar, D.D. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Chapters on Language. By F.W. Farrar, D.D. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 5s. A Budget of Paradoxes. By Augustus De Morgan. Reprinted, tenth Author’s Additions, from the AthenÆum. 8vo. 15s. Apparitions; a Narrative of Facts. By the Rev. B.W. Savile, M.A. Author of ‘The Truth of the Bible’ &c. Crown 8vo. price 4s. 6d. The Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown. Translated by the Right Hon. Sir R.P. Collier. Crown 8vo. 5s. Miscellaneous Writings of John Conington, M.A. Edited by J.A. Symonds, M.A. With a Memoir by H.J.S. Smith, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 28s. Recreations of a Country Parson. By A. K. H. B. Two Series, 3s. 6d. each. Landscapes, Churches, and Moralities. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Seaside Musings on Sundays and Weekdays. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Lessons of Middle Age. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Leisure Hours in Town. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. The Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of a Scottish University City. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. The Commonplace Philosopher in Town and Country. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Present-Day Thoughts. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. Critical Essays of a Country Parson. By A. K. H. B. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. The Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson. By A. K. H. B. Three Series, 3s. 6d. each. DICTIONARIES and OTHER BOOKS of REFERENCE. A Dictionary of the English Language. By R.G. Latham, M.A. M.D. Founded on the Dictionary of Dr. S. Johnson, as edited by the Rev. H.J. Todd, with numerous Emendations and Additions. 4 vols. 4to. £7. Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, classified and arranged so as to facilitate the expression of Ideas, and assist in Literary Composition. By P.M. Roget, M.D. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. English Synonymes. By E.J. Whately. Edited by Archbishop Whately. Fifth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. Handbook of the English Language. For the use of Students of the Universities and the Higher Classes in Schools. By R.G. Latham, M.A. M.D. &c. late Fellow of Kings College, Cambridge; late Professor of English in Univ. Coll. Lond. The Ninth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. A Practical Dictionary of the French and English Languages. By LÉon Contanseau, many years French Examiner for Military and Civil Appointments, &c. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. Contanseau’s Pocket Dictionary, French and English, abridged from the Practical Dictionary, by the Author. Square 18mo. 3s. 6d. A New Pocket Dictionary of the German and English Languages. By F.W. Longman, Balliol College, Oxford. Founded on Blackley and FriedlÄnder’s Practical Dictionary of the German and English Languages. Square 18mo. price 5s. A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities. With 2,000 Woodcuts from Ancient Originals, illustrative of the Arts and Life of the Greeks and Romans. By Anthony Rich, B.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. New Practical Dictionary of the German Language; German-English and English-German. By Rev. W.L. Blackley, M.A. and Dr. C.M. FriedlÄnder. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Mastery of Languages; or, the Art of Speaking Foreign Tongues Idiomatically. By Thomas Prendergast. Second Edition. 8vo. 6s. A Greek-English Lexicon. By H.G. Liddell, D.D. Dean of Christchurch, and R. Scott, D.D. Dean of Rochester. Sixth Edition. Crown 4to. 36s. A Lexicon, Greek and English, abridged for Schools from Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. Fourteenth Edition. Square 12mo. 7s. 6d. An English-Greek Lexicon, containing all the Greek Words used by Writers of good authority. By C.D. Yonge, M.A. New Edition. 4to. 21s. Mr. C.D. Yonge’s New Lexicon, English and Greek, abridged from his larger Lexicon. Square 12mo. 8s. 6d. A Latin-English Dictionary. By John T. White, D.D. Oxon. and J.E. Riddle, M.A. Oxon. Fifth Edition, revised. 1 vol. 4to. 28s. Whites College Latin-English Dictionary; abridged from the Parent Work for the use of University Students. Third Edition, Medium 8vo. 15s. A Latin-English Dictionary adapted for the use of Middle-Class Schools, By John T. White, D.D. Oxon. Square fcp. 8vo. 3s. White Junior Student’s Complete Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary. Square 12mo. 12s. Separately { English-Latin, 5s. 6d. { Latin-English, 7s. 6d. M'Culloch’s Dictionary, Practical Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. Edited by H.G. Reid. 8vo. 63s. Supplement, price 5s. A General Dictionary of Geography, Descriptive, Physical, Statistical, and Historical; forming a complete Gazetteer of the World. By A. Keith Johnston. New Edition, thoroughly revised. [In the press. The Public Schools Manual of Modern Geography. Forming a Companion to ‘The Public Schools Atlas of Modern Geography.’ By Rev. G. Butler, M.A. In the press. The Public Schools Atlas of Modern Geography. In 31 Maps, exhibiting clearly the more important Physical Features of the Countries delineated. Edited, with Introduction, by Rev. G. Butler, M.A. Imperial 8vo. price 5s. cloth; or in imperial 4to. 3s. 6d. sewed & 5s. cloth. The Public Schools Atlas of Ancient Geography. Edited, with an Introduction on the Study of Ancient Geography, by the Rev. G. Butler, M.A. Imperial Quarto. In the press. ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. The Universe and the Coming Transits; Researches into and New Views respecting the Constitution of the Heavens. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. With 22 Charts and 22 Diagrams. 8vo. 16s. Saturn and its System. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. 8vo. with 14 Plates, 14s. The Transits of Venus; A Popular Account of Past and Coming Transits, from the first observed by Horrocks A.D. 1639 to the Transit of A.D. 2012. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, with 20 Plates (12 Coloured) and 27 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. Essays on Astronomy. A Series of Papers on Planets and Meteors, the Sun and Sun-surrounding Space, Stars and Star Cloudlets. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. With 10 Plates and 24 Woodcuts. 8vo. 12s. The Moon; her Motions, Aspect, Scenery, and Physical Condition. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. With Plates, Charts, Woodcuts, and Lunar Photographs. Crown 8vo. 15s. The Sun; Ruler, Light, Fire, and Life of the Planetary System. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Second Edition. Plates and Woodcuts. Cr. 8vo. 14s. The Orbs Around Us; a Series of Familiar Essays on the Moon and Planets, Meteors and Comets, the Sun and Coloured Pairs of Suns. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Second Edition, with Chart and 4 Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Other Worlds than Ours; The Plurality of Worlds Studied under the Light of Recent Scientific Researches. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Third Edition, with 14 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Brinkley’s Astronomy. Revised and partly re-written, with Additional Chapters, and an Appendix of Questions for Examination. By John W. Stubbs, D.D. and F. Brunnow, Ph.D. With 49 Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 6s. Outlines of Astronomy. By Sir J.F.W. Herschel, Bart. M.A. Latest Edition, with Plates and Diagrams. Square crown 8vo. 12s. The Moon, and the Condition and Configurations of its Surface. By Edmund Neison, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society &c. Illustrated by Maps and Plates. [Nearly ready. Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes. By T.W. Webb, M.A. F.R.A.S. New Edition, with Map of the Moon and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. ‘By universal consent of observers in this country, Mr. Webb’s Celestial Objects has taken the place of a standard text-book. With a book so well known and so highly appreciated, we have little more to do than to mention the appearance of a new edition, which we know has been wanted for some time, and which those who survey the glories of the heavens will be anxious to obtain.’ The Student. A New Star Atlas, for the Library, the School, and the Observatory, in 12 Circular Maps (with 2 Index Plates). By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Crown 8vo. 5s. Larger Star Atlas, for the Library, in Twelve Circular Maps, photolithographed by A. Brothers, F.R.A.S. With 2 Index Plates and a Letterpress Introduction. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. Second Edition. Small folio, 25s. Dove’s Law of Storms, considered in connexion with the ordinary Movements of the Atmosphere. Translated by R.H. Scott, M.A. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Air and Rain; the Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology. By R.A. Smith, F.R.S. 8vo. 24s. Air and its Relations to Life, 1774–1874; a Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1874, with some Additions. By Walter Noel Hartley, F.C.S. Demonstrator of Chemistry at King’s College, London. Small 8vo. with Illustrations, 6s. Nautical Surveying, an Introduction to the Practical and Theoretical Study of. By J.K. Laughton, M.A. Small 8vo. 6s. Schellen’s Spectrum Analysis, in its Application to Terrestrial Substances and the Physical Constitution of the Heavenly Bodies. Translated by Jane and C. Lassell; edited, with Notes, by W. Huggins, L.L.D. F.R.S. With 13 Plates and 223 Woodcuts. 8vo. 28s. NATURAL HISTORY and PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Professor Helmholtz’ Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects. Translated by E. Atkinson, F.C.S. With many Illustrative Wood Engravings. 8vo. 12s. 6d. Ganot’s Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons; a Course of Physics divested of Mathematical FormulÆ and expressed in the language of daily life. Translated by E. Atkinson, F.C.S. Second Edition, with 2 Plates and 429 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Correlation of Physical Forces. By the Hon. Sir W.R. Grove, F.R.S. &c. Sixth Edition, with other Contributions to Science. 8vo. 15s. Weinhold’s Introduction to Experimental Physics, Theoretical and Practical; including Directions for Constructing Physical Apparatus and for Making Experiments. Translated by B. Loewy, F.R.A.S. With a Preface by G.C. Foster, F.R.S. With 3 Coloured Plates and 404 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 31s. 6d. Ganot’s Elementary Treatise on Physics, Experimental and Applied, for the use of Colleges and Schools. Translated and edited by E. Atkinson, F.C.S. Seventh Edition, with 4 Coloured Plates & 758 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 15s. ? Problems and Examples in Physics, an Appendix to the Seventh and other Editions of Ganot’s Elementary Treatise. 8vo. price 1s. Text-Books of Science, Mechanical and Physical, adapted for the use of Artisans and of Students in Public and Science Schools. Small 8vo. Woodcuts. The following Text-Books in this Series may now be had:— Anderson’s Strength of Materials, 3s. 6d. Armstrong’s Organic Chemistry, 3s. 6d. Barry’s Railway Appliances, 3s. 6d. Bloxam’s Metals, 3s. 6d. Goodeve’s Mechanics, 3s. 6d. ———— Mechanism, 3s. 6d. Griffin’s Algebra & Trigonometry, 3s. 6d. Notes on the same, with Solutions, 3s. 6d. Jenkin’s Electricity & Magnetism, 3s. 6d. Maxwell’s Theory of Heat, 3s. 6d. Merrifield’s Technical Arithmetic, 3s. 6d. Key, 3s. 6d. Miller’s Inorganic Chemistry, 3s. 6d. Preece and Sivewright’s Telegraphy, 3s. 6d. Shelley’s Workshop Appliances, 3s. 6d. Thorpe’s Quantitative Analysis, 4s. 6d. Thorpe and Muir’s Qualitative Analysis, 3s. 6d. Watson’s Plane & Solid Geometry, 3s. 6d. ? Other Text-Books, in extension of this Series, in active preparation. Principles of Animal Mechanics. By the Rev. S. Haughton, F.R.S. Second Edition. 8vo. 21s. Fragments of Science. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. New Edition, crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. Heat a Mode of Motion. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. Fifth Edition, Plate and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. Sound. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. Third Edition, including Recent Researches on Fog-Signalling; Portrait and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. Researches on Diamagnetism and Magne-Crystallic Action; including Diamagnetic Polarity. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. With 6 Plates and many Woodcuts. 8vo. 14s. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the domain of Radiant Heat. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. With 2 Plates and 31 Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. Six Lectures on Light, delivered in America in 1872 and 1873. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. Second Edition, with Portrait, Plate, and 59 Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Notes of a Course of Nine Lectures on Light, delivered at the Royal Institution. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. cloth. Notes of a Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical Phenomena and Theories, delivered at the Royal Institution. By John Tyndall, F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 1s. sewed, or 1s. 6d. cloth. A Treatise on Magnetism, General and Terrestrial. By H. Lloyd, D.D. D.C.L. 8vo. price 10s. 6d. Elementary Treatise on the Wave-Theory of Light. By H. Lloyd, D.D. D.C.L. Third Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals. By Richard Owen, F.R.S. With 1,472 Woodcuts, 3 vols. 8vo. £3. 13s. 6d. Sir H. Holland’s Fragmentary Papers on Science and other subjects. Edited by the Rev. J. Holland. 8vo. price 14s. Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of Insects. Crown 8vo. 5s. Light Science for Leisure Hours; Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects, Natural Phenomena, &c. By R.A. Proctor, B.A. First and Second Series. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. each. Homes without Hands; a Description of the Habitations of Animals, classed according to their Principle of Construction. By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With about 140 Vignettes on Wood. 8vo. 14s. Strange Dwellings; a Description of the Habitations of Animals, abridged from ‘Homes without Hands.’ By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With Frontispiece and 60 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Insects at Home; a Popular Account of British Insects, their Structure Habits, and Transformations. By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With upwards of 700 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. Insects Abroad; being a Popular Account of Foreign Insects, their Structure, Habits, and Transformations. By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With upwards of 700 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. Out of Doors; a Selection of Original Articles on Practical Natural History. By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With 6 Illustrations from Original Designs engraved on Wood. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Bible Animals; a Description of every Living Creature mentioned in the Scriptures, from the Ape to the Coral. By Rev. J.G. Wood, M.A. With about 112 Vignettes on Wood. 8vo. 14s. The Polar World: a Popular Description of Man and Nature in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions of the Globe. By Dr. G. Hartwig. With Chromoxylographs, Maps, and Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Sea and its Living Wonders. By Dr. G. Hartwig. Fourth Edition, enlarged. 8vo. with many Illustrations, 10s. 6d. The Tropical World. By Dr. G. Hartwig. With about 200 Illustrations. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Subterranean World. By Dr. G. Hartwig. With Maps and Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d. The Aerial World; a Popular Account of the Phenomena and Life of the Atmosphere. By Dr. George Hartwig. With Map, 8 Chromoxylographs, and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 21s. Game Preservers and Bird Preservers, or ‘Which are our Friends?’ By George Francis Morant, late Captain 12th Royal Lancers & Major Cape Mounted Riflemen. Crown 8vo. price 5s. A Familiar History of Birds. By E. Stanley, D.D. late Ld. Bishop of Norwich. Fcp. 8vo. with Woodcuts, 3s. 6d. Rocks Classified and Described. By B. Von Cotta. English Edition, by P.H. Lawrence (with English, German, and French Synonymes), revised by the Author. Post 8vo. 14s. Excavations at the Kesslerloch near Thayngen, Switzerland, a Cave of the Reindeer Period. By Conrad Merk. Translated by John Edward Lee, F.S.A. F.G.S. Author of ‘Isca Silurum’ &c. With Sixteen Plates. Royal 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Origin of Civilisation, and the Primitive Condition of Man; Mental and Social Condition of Savages. By Sir J. Lubbock, Bart. M.P. F.R.S. Third Edition, with 25 Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s. The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. I. Wild Tribes, their Manners and Customs; with 6 Maps. 8vo. 25s. Vol. II. Native Races of the Pacific States. 8vo. 25s. Vol. III. Myths and Languages. 8vo. price 25s. Vol. IV. Antiquities and Architectural Remains, with Map. 8vo. 25s. Vol. V. Aboriginal History and Migrations; Index to the Entire Work. With 2 Maps, 8vo. 25s. ? This work may now be had complete in 5 volumes, price £6. 5s. The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain. By John Evans, F.R.S. With 2 Plates and 476 Woodcuts. 8vo. 28s. The Elements of Botany for Families and Schools. Eleventh Edition, revised by Thomas Moore, F.L.S. Fcp. 8vo. with 154 Woodcuts, 2s. 6d. The Rose Amateur’s Guide. By Thomas Rivers. Tenth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 4s. On the Sensations of Tone, as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. By H. Helmholtz, Professor of Physiology in the University of Berlin. Translated by A.J. Ellis, F.R.S. 8vo. 36s. A Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. Re-edited by the late W.T. Brande (the Author) and Rev. G.W. Cox, M.A. New Edition, revised. 3 vols. medium 8vo. 63s. The History of Modern Music, a Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. By John Hullah. New Edition. Demy 8vo. 8s. 6d. The Transition Period of Musical History; a Second Course of Lectures on the History of Music from the Beginning of the Seventeenth to the Middle of the Eighteenth Century, delivered at the Royal Institution. By John Hullah. New Edition, 1 vol. demy 8vo. [In the Spring. The Treasury of Botany, or Popular Dictionary of the Vegetable Kingdom; with which is incorporated a Glossary of Botanical Terms. Edited by J. Lindley, F.R.S. and T. Moore, F.L.S. With 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel Plates. Two Parts, fcp. 8vo. 12s. A General System of Descriptive and Analytical Botany. Translated from the French of Le Maout and Decaisne, by Mrs. Hooker. Edited and arranged according to the English Botanical System, by J. D. Hooker, M.D. &c. Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. With 5,500 Woodcuts. Imperial 8vo. 31s. 6d. Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants; comprising the Specific Character, Description, Culture, History, &c. of all the Plants found in Great Britain. With upwards of 12,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 42s. Handbook of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants; containing Descriptions &c. of the Best Species in Cultivation; with Cultural Details, Comparative Hardiness, suitability for particular positions, &c. Based on the French Work of Decaisne and Naudin, and including the 720 Original Woodcut Illustrations. By W.B. Hemsley. Medium 8vo. 21s. Forest Trees and Woodland Scenery, as described in Ancient and Modern Poets. By William Menzies, Deputy Surveyor of Windsor Forest and Parks, &c. With Twenty Chromolithographic Plates. Folio, price £5. 5s. CHEMISTRY and PHYSIOLOGY. Miller’s Elements of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical. Re-edited, with Additions, by H. Macleod, F.C.S. 3 vols. 8vo. Part I. Chemical Physics, 15s. Part II. Inorganic Chemistry, 21s. Part III. Organic Chemistry, New Edition in the press. Health in the House, Twenty-five Lectures on Elementary Physiology in its Application to the Daily Wants of Man and Animals. By Mrs. C.M. Buckton. New Edition. Crown 8vo. Woodcuts, 2s. Outlines of Physiology, Human and Comparative. By J. Marshall, F.R.C.S. Surgeon to the University College Hospital. 2 vols. cr. 8vo. with 122 Woodcuts, 32s. Select Methods in Chemical Analysis, chiefly Inorganic. By Wm. Crookes, F.R.S. With 22 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of other Sciences. By Henry Watts, F.C.S. assisted by eminent Scientific and Practical Chemists. 6 vols, medium 8vo. £8. 14s. 6d. Supplement completing the Record of Discovery to the year 1873. 8vo. price 42s. The FINE ARTS and ILLUSTRATION EDITIONS. Poems. By William B. Scott. I. Ballads and Tales. II. Studies from Nature. III. Sonnets &c. Illustrated by Seventeen Etchings by L. Alma Tadema and William B. Scott. Crown 8vo. 15s. Half-hour Lectures on the History and Practice of the Fine and Ornamental Arts. By W.B. Scott. Third Edition, with 50 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. A Dictionary of Artists of the English School: Painters, Sculptors, Architects, Engravers, and Ornamentists; with Notices of their Lives and Works. By Samuel Redgrave. 8vo. 16s. In Fairyland; Pictures from the Elf-World. By Richard Doyle. With a Poem by W. Allingham. With 16 coloured Plates, containing 36 Designs. Second Edition, folio, 15s. The New Testament, illustrated with Wood Engravings after the Early Masters, chiefly of the Italian School. Crown 4to. 63s. Lord Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome. With 90 Illustrations on Wood from Drawings by G. Scharf. Fcp. 4to. 21s. Miniature Edition, with Scharf’s 90 Illustrations reduced in Lithography. Imp. 16mo. 10s. 6d. Moore’s Irish Melodies, Maclise’s Edition, with 161 Steel Plates. Super royal 8vo. 31s. 6d. Sacred and Legendary Art. By Mrs. Jameson. 6 vols, square crown 8vo. price £5. 15s. 6d. as follows:— Legends of the Saints and Martyrs. New Edition, with 19 Etchings and 187 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 31s. 6d. Legends of the Monastic Orders. New Edition, with 11 Etchings and 88 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 21s. Legends of the Madonna. New Edition, with 27 Etchings and 165 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 21s. The History of Our Lord, with that of his Types and Precursors. Completed by Lady Eastlake. Revised Edition, with 13 Etchings and 281 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 42s. The USEFUL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, &c. Industrial Chemistry; a Manual for Manufacturers and for Colleges or Technical Schools. Being a Translation of Professors Stohmann and Engler’s German Edition of Payen’s ‘PrÉcis de Chimie Industrielle,’ by Dr. J.D. Barry. Edited, and supplemented with Chapters on the Chemistry of the Metals, by B.H. Paul, Ph.D. 8vo. with Plates and Woodcuts. [In the press. Gwilt’s EncyclopÆdia of Architecture, with above 1,600 Woodcuts. New Edition (1876), with Alterations and Additions, by Wyatt Papworth. 8vo. 52s. 6d. The Three Cathedrals dedicated to St. Paul in London; their History from the Foundation of the First Building in the Sixth Century to the Proposals for the Adornment of the Present Cathedral. By W. Longman, F.S.A. With numerous Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 21s. Lathes and Turning, Simple, Mechanical, and Ornamental. By W. Henry Northcott. With 240 Illustrations. 8vo. 18s. Hints on Household Taste in Furniture, Upholstery, and other Details. By Charles L. Eastlake, Architect. New Edition, with about 90 Illustrations. Square crown 8vo. 14s. Handbook of Practical Telegraphy. By R.S. Culley, Memb. Inst. C.E. Engineer-in-Chief of Telegraphs to the Post-Office. Sixth Edition, Plates & Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. A Treatise on the Steam Engine, in its various applications to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, Railways and Agriculture. By J. Bourne, C.E. With Portrait, 37 Plates, and 546 Woodcuts. 4to. 42s. Catechism of the Steam Engine, in its various Applications. By John Bourne, C.E. New Edition, with 89 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Handbook of the Steam Engine. By J. Bourne, C.E. forming a Key to the Author’s Catechism of the Steam Engine. With 67 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 9s. Recent Improvements in the Steam Engine. By J. Bourne, C.E. With 124 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. EncyclopÆdia of Civil Engineering, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. By E. Cresy, C.E. With above 3,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 42s. Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. Seventh Edition, re-written and greatly enlarged by R. Hunt, F.R.S. assisted by numerous Contributors. With 2,100 Woodcuts. 3 vols. medium 8vo. price £5. 5s. Practical Treatise on Metallurgy, Adapted from the last German Edition of Professor Kerl’s Metallurgy by W. Crookes, F.R.S. &c. and E. RÖhrig, Ph.D. 3 vols. 8vo. with 625 Woodcuts. £4. 19s. Treatise on Mills and Millwork. By Sir W. Fairbairn, Bt. With 18 Plates and 322 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 8vo. 32s. Useful Information for Engineers. By Sir W. Fairbairn, Bt. With many Plates and Woodcuts. 3 vols, crown 8vo. 31s. 6d. The Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes. By Sir W. Fairbairn, Bt. With 6 Plates and 118 Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. The Theory of Strains in Girders and similar Structures, with Observations on the application of Theory to Practice, and Tables of the Strength and other Properties of Materials. By Bindon B. Stoney, M. A. M. Inst. C.E. New Edition, royal 8vo. with 5 Plates and 123 Woodcuts, 36s. Practical Handbook of Dyeing and Calico-Printing. By W.Crookes,F.R.S. &c. With numerous Illustrations and Specimens of Dyed Textile Fabrics. 8vo. 42s. Occasional Papers on Subjects connected with Civil Engineering, Gunnery, and Naval Architecture. By Michael Scott, Memb. Inst. C.E. & of Inst. N.A. 2 vols. 8vo. with Plates, 42s. Mitchell’s Manual of Practical Assaying. Fourth Edition, revised, with the Recent Discoveries incorporated, by W. Crookes, F.R.S. crown 8vo. Woodcuts, 31s. 6d. Naval Powers and their Policy: with Tabular Statements of British and Foreign Ironclad Navies; giving Dimensions, Armour, Details of Armament, Engines, Speed, and other Particulars. By John C. Paget. 8vo. price 10s. 6d. cloth. Loudon’s EncyclopÆdia of Gardening; comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape Gardening. With 1,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. Loudon’s EncyclopÆdia of Agriculture; comprising the Laying-out, Improvement, and Management of Landed Property, and the Cultivation and Economy of the Productions of Agriculture. With 1,100 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. Reminiscences of Fen and Mere. By J.M. Heathcote. With 27 Illustrations and 3 Maps. Square 8vo. price 28s. RELIGIOUS and MORAL WORKS. An Exposition of the 39 Articles, Historical and Doctrinal. By E.H. Browne, D.D. Bishop of Winchester. New Edition. 8vo. 16s. Historical Lectures on the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ. By C.J. Ellicott, D.D. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 12s. An Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England, in an Exposition of the 39 Articles. By Rev. T.P. Boultbee, LL.D. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Three Essays on Religion: Nature; the Utility of Religion; Theism. By John Stuart Mill. Second Edition. 8vo. price 10s. 6d. Sermons Chiefly on the Interpretation of Scripture. By the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D. 8vo. price 7s. 6d. Sermons preached in the Chapel of Rugby School; with an Address before Confirmation. By the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D. Fcp. 8vo. price 3s. 6d. Christian Life, its Course, its Hindrances, and its Helps; Sermons preached mostly in the Chapel of Rugby School. By the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D. 8vo. 7s. 6d. Christian Life, its Hopes, its Fears, and its Close; Sermons preached mostly in the Chapel of Rugby School. By the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D. 8vo. 7s. 6d. Religion and Science, their Relations to Each Other at the Present Day; Three Essays on the Grounds of Religious Beliefs. By Stanley T. Gibson, B.D. Rector of Sandon, in Essex; and late Fellow of Queen’s College, Cambridge. 8vo. price 10s. 6d. Notes on the Earlier Hebrew Scriptures. By Sir G.B. Airy, K.C.B. 8vo. price 6s. Synonyms of the Old Testament, their Bearing on Christian Faith and Practice. By Rev. R.B. Girdlestone. 8vo. 15s. The Primitive and Catholic Faith in Relation to the Church of England. By the Rev. B.W. Savile, M.A. Rector of Shillingford, Exeter. 8vo. price 7s. The Eclipse of Faith: or a Visit to a Religious Sceptic. By Henry Rogers. Latest Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. Defence of the Eclipse of Faith. By Henry Rogers. Latest Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. A Critical and Grammatical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistles. By C.J. Ellicott, D.D. 8vo. Galatians, 8s. 6d. Ephesians, 8s. 6d. Pastoral Epistles, 10s. 6d. Philippians, Colossians, & Philemon, 10s. 6d. Thessalonians, 7s. 6d. The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. By Rev. W.J. Conybeare, M.A. and Very Rev. J. S. Howson, D.D. Library Edition, with all the Original Illustrations, Maps, Landscapes on Steel, Woodcuts, &c. 2 vols. 4to. 42s. Intermediate Edition, with a Selection of Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. 2 vols. square crown 8vo. 21s. Student’s Edition, revised and condensed, with 46 Illustrations and Maps. 1 vol. crown 8vo. 9s. An Examination into the Doctrine and Practice of Confession. By the Rev. W.E. Jelf, B.D. 8vo. price 3s. 6d. Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion derived from the Literal Fulfilment of Prophecy. By Alexander Keith, D.D. 40th Edition, with numerous Plates. Square 8vo. 12s. 6d. or in post 8vo. with 5 Plates, 6s. Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament; with a New Translation. By M.M. Kalisch, Ph.D. Vol. I. Genesis, 8vo. 18s. or adapted for the General Reader, 12s. Vol. II. Exodus, 15s. or adapted for the General Reader, 12s. Vol. III. Leviticus, Part I. 15s. or adapted for the General Reader, 8s. Vol. IV. Leviticus, Part II. 15s. or adapted for the General Reader, 8s. The History and Literature of the Israelites, according to the Old Testament and the Apocrypha. By C. De Rothschild and A. De Rothschild. Second Edition. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. Abridged Edition, in 1 vol. fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. Ewald’s History of Israel. Translated from the German by J.E. Carpenter, M.A. with Preface by R. Martineau, M.A. 5 vols. 8vo. 63s. Ewald’s Antiquities of Israel. Translated from the German by Henry Shaen Solly, M.A. 8vo. 12s. 6d. The Types of Genesis, briefly considered as revealing the Development of Human Nature. By Andrew Jukes. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Second Death and the Restitution of all Things; with some Preliminary Remarks on the Nature and Inspiration of Holy Scripture. By Andrew Jukes. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. History of the Reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin. By the Rev. J.H. Merle D’AubignÉ, D.D. Translated by W.L.R. Cates, Editor of the Dictionary of General Biography. 6 vols. 8vo. price £4. 10s. ? Vols. VII. & VIII. completing the Work, are preparing for publication. Commentaries, by the Rev. W.A. O'Conor, B.A. Rector of St. Simon and St. Jude, Manchester. Crown 8vo. Epistle to the Romans, price 3s. 6d. Epistle to the Hebrews, 4s. 6d. St. John’s Gospel, 10s. 6d. Some Questions of the Day. By Elizabeth M. Sewell, Author of ‘Amy Herbert,’ ‘Passing Thoughts on Religion,’ &c. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament, Critical, Exegetical, and Theological. By the Rev. S. Davidson, D.D. LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. price 30s. Thoughts for the Age. By Elizabeth M. Sewell. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. Preparation for the Holy Communion; the Devotions chiefly from the works of Jeremy Taylor. By Elizabeth M. Sewell. 32mo. 3s. Bishop Jeremy Taylor’s Entire Works; with Life by Bishop Heber. Revised and corrected by the Rev. C.P. Eden. 10 vols. £5. 5s. Hymns of Praise and Prayer. Collected and edited by Rev. J. Martineau, LL.D. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. 32mo. 1s. 6d. Spiritual Songs for the Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year. By J.S.B. Monsell, LL.D. 9th Thousand. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. 18mo. 2s. Lyra Germanica; Hymns translated from the German by Miss C. Winkworth. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. Lectures on the Pentateuch & the Moabite Stone; with Appendices. By J.W. Colenso, D.D. Bishop of Natal. 8vo. 12s. Endeavours after the Christian Life; Discourses. By Rev. J. Martineau, LL.D. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Supernatural Religion; an Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation. Sixth Edition carefully revised, with 80 pages of New Preface. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s. The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined. By J.W. Colenso, D.D. Bishop of Natal. Crown 8vo. 6s. TRAVELS, VOYAGES, &c. The Indian Alps, and How we Crossed them: being a Narrative of Two Years’ Residence in the Eastern Himalayas, and Two Months’ Tour into the Interior, towards Kinchinjunga and Mount Everest. By a Lady Pioneer. With Illustrations from Original Drawings made on the spot by the Authoress. Imperial 8vo. 42s. Tyrol and the Tyrolese; being an Account of the People and the Land, in their Social, Sporting, and Mountaineering Aspects. By W.A. Baillie Grohman. With numerous Illustrations from Sketches by the Author. Crown 8vo. 14s. ‘The Frosty Caucasus;’ an Account of a Walk through Part of the Range, and of an Ascent of Elbruz in the Summer of 1874. By F.C. Grove. With Eight Illustrations engraved on Wood by E. Whymper, from Photographs taken during the Journey, and a Map. Crown 8vo. price 15s. A Journey of 1,000 Miles through Egypt and Nubia to the Second Cataract of the Nile. Being a Personal Narrative of Four and a Half Months’ Life in a Dahabeeyah on the Nile. By Amelia B. Edwards. With numerous Illustrations from Drawings by the Authoress, Map, Plans, Facsimiles, &c. Imperial 8vo. [In the Autumn. Over the Sea and Far Away; being a Narrative of a Ramble round the World. By Thos. Woodbine Hinchliff, M.A. F.R.G.S. President of the Alpine Club, Author of ‘Summer Months among the Alps,’ &c. 1 vol. medium 8vo. with numerous Illustrations. [Nearly ready. Discoveries at Ephesus. Including the Site and Remains of the Great Temple of Diana. By J.T. Wood, F.S.A. 1 vol. imperial 8vo. copiously illustrated. [In the press. Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot during the Insurrection, August and September 1875; with a Glimpse at the Slavonic Borderlands of Turkey. By Arthur J. Evans, B.A. F.S.A. Post 8vo. with Map and numerous Illustrations. [In the press. Italian Alps; Sketches in the Mountains of Ticino, Lombardy, the Trentino, and Venetia. By Douglas W. Freshfield, Editor of ‘The Alpine Journal.’ Square crown 8vo. Illustrations. 15s. Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands, from 1615 to 1685. Compiled from the Colonial Records and other original sources. By Major-General J.H. Lefroy, R.A. C.B. F.R.S. Hon. Member New York Historical Society, &c. Governor of the Bermudas. 8vo. with Map. [In the press. Here and There in the Alps. By the Hon. Frederica Plunket. With Vignette-title. Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. The Valleys of Tirol; their Traditions and Customs, and How to Visit them. By Miss R.H. Busk. With Frontispiece and 3 Maps. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. Two Years in Fiji, a Descriptive Narrative of a Residence in the Fijian Group of Islands; with some Account of the Fortunes of Foreign Settlers and Colonists up to the time of British Annexation. By Litton Forbes, M.D. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. Eight Years in Ceylon. By Sir Samuel W. Baker, M.A. F.R.G.S. New Edition, with Illustrations engraved on Wood by G. Pearson. Crown 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon. By Sir Samuel W. Baker, M.A. F.R.G.S. New Edition, with Illustrations engraved on Wood by G. Pearson. Crown 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. Meeting the Sun; a Journey all round the World through Egypt, China, Japan, and California. By William Simpson, F.R.G.S. With Heliotypes and Woodcuts. 8vo. 24s. The Dolomite Mountains. Excursions through Tyrol, Carinthia, Carniola, and Friuli. By J. Gilbert and G.C. Churchill, F.R.G.S. With Illustrations. Sq. cr. 8vo. 21s. The Alpine Club Map of the Chain of Mont Blanc, from an actual Survey in 1863–1864. By A. Adams-Reilly, F.R.G.S. M.A.C. In Chromolithography, on extra stout drawing paper 10s. or mounted on canvas in a folding case, 12s. 6d. The Alpine Club Map of the Valpelline, the Val Tournanche, and the Southern Valleys of the Chain of Monte Rosa, from actual Survey. By A. Adams-Reilly, F.R.G.S. M.A.C. Price 6s. on extra Stout Drawing Paper, or 7s. 6d. mounted in a Folding Case. Untrodden Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys; a Midsummer Ramble among the Dolomites. By Amelia B. Edwards. With numerous Illustrations. 8vo. 21s. The Alpine Club Map of Switzerland, with parts of the Neighbouring Countries, on the scale of Four Miles to an Inch. Edited by R.C. Nichols, F.S.A. F.R.G.S. In Four Sheets, in Portfolio, price 42s. coloured, or 34s. uncoloured. The Alpine Guide. By John Ball, M.R.I.A. late President of the Alpine Club. Post 8vo. with Maps and other Illustrations. Eastern Alps. Price 10s. 6d. Central Alps, including all the Oberland District. Price 7s. 6d. Western Alps, including, Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, Zermatt, &c. Price 6s. 6d. Introduction on Alpine Travelling in general, and on the Geology of the Alps. Price 1s. Either of the Three Volumes or Parts of the ‘Alpine Guide’ may be had with this Introduction prefixed, 1s. extra. The ‘Alpine Guide’ may also be had in Ten separate Parts, or districts, price 2s. 6d. each. Guide to the Pyrenees, for the use of Mountaineers. By Charles Packe. Second Edition, with Maps &c. and Appendix. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. How to See Norway; embodying the Experience of Six Summer Tours in that Country. By J.R. Campbell. With Map and 5 Woodcuts, fcp. 8vo. 5s. WORKS of FICTION. Higgledy-Piggledy; or, Stories for Everybody and Everybody’s Children. By the Right Hon. E.H. Knatchbull-Hugessen, M.P. Author of ‘Whispers from Fairyland’ &c. With 9 Illustrations from Original Designs by R. Doyle, engraved on Wood by G. Pearson. Crown 8vo. price 6s. Whispers from Fairyland. By the Rt. Hon. E.H. Knatchbull-Hugessen, M.P. Author of ‘Higgledy-Piggledy’ &c. With 9 Illustrations from Original Designs engraved on Wood by G. Pearson. Crown 8vo. price 6s. ‘A series of stories which are certain of a ready welcome by all boys and girls who take delight in dreamland, and love to linger over the pranks and frolics of fairies. The book is dedicated to the mothers of England, and more wholesome food for the growing mind it would be unreasonable to desire, and impossible to procure.... This welcome volume abounds in vivacity and fun, and bears pleasant testimony to a kindly-hearted Author with fancy, feeling, and humour.’ Morning Post. The Folk-Lore of Rome, collected by Word of Mouth from the People. By Miss R.H. Busk. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. Becker’s Gallus; or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augustus. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. Becker’s Charicles: Illustrative of Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. Novels and Tales. By the Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, M.P. Cabinet Editions, complete in Ten Volumes, crown 8vo. 6s. each, as follows:— Lothair, 6s. Coningsby, 6s. Sybil, 6s. Tancred, 6s. Venetia, 6s. Alroy, Ixion, &c. 6s. Young Duke, &c. 6s. Vivian Grey, 6s. Henrietta Temple, 6s. Contarini Fleming, &c. 6s. The Modern Novelist’s Library. Atherstone Priory, 2s. boards; 2s. 6d. cloth. Mlle. Mori, 2s. boards; 2s. 6d. cloth. The Burgomaster’s Family, 2s. and 2s. 6d. Melville’s Digby Grand, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— Gladiators, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— Good for Nothing, 2s. & 2s. 6d. —— Holmby House, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— Interpreter, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— Kate Coventry, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— Queens Maries, 2s. and 2s. 6d. —— General Bounce, 2s. and 2s. 6d. Trollope’s Warden, 1s. 6d. and 2s. —— Barchester Towers, 2s. & 2s. 6d. Bramley-Moore’s Six Sisters of the Valleys, 2s. boards; 2s. 6d. cloth. Elsa: a Tale of the Tyrolean Alps. Translated from the German of Mme. Von Hillern by Lady Wallace. Price 2s. boards; 2s. 6d. cloth. Tales of Ancient Greece. By the Rev. G.W. Cox, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. Stories and Tales. By Elizabeth M. Sewell. Cabinet Edition, in Ten Volumes:— Amy Herbert, 2s. 6d. Gertrude, 2s. 6d. Earl’s Daughter, 2s. 6d. Experience of Life, 2s. 6d. Cleve Hall, 2s. 6d. Ivors, 2s. 6d. Katharine Ashton, 2s. 6d. Margaret Percival, 3s. 6d. Laneton Parsonage, 3s. 6d. Ursula, 3s. 6d. Ballads and Lyrics of Old France; with other Poems. By A. Lang, M.A. Square fcp. 8vo. 5s. The London Series of French Classics. Edited by Ch. Cassal, LL.D. T. Karcher, LL.B. and LÉonce StiÈvenard. The following Plays, in the Division of the Drama in this Series, are now ready:— Corneille’s Le Cid, 1s. 6d. Voltaire’s Zaire, 1s. 6d. Lamartine’s Toussaint Louverture, double volume, 2s. 6d. Milton’s Lycidas and Epitaphium Damonis. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by C.S. Jerram, M.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. Lays of Ancient Rome; with Ivry and the Armada. By the Right Hon. Lord Macaulay. 16mo. 3s. 6d. Lord Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome. With 90 Illustrations on Wood from Drawings by G. Scharf. Fcp. 4to. 21s. Miniature Edition of Lord Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, with Scharf’s 90 Illustrations reduced in Lithography. Imp. 16mo. 10s. 6d. Horatii Opera, Library Edition, with English Notes, Marginal References and various Readings. Edited by Rev. J.E. Yonge, M.A. 8vo. 21s. Southey’s Poetical Works with the Author’s last Corrections and Additions. Medium 8vo. with Portrait, 14s. Bowdler’s Family Shakspeare, cheaper Genuine Edition. Complete in 1 vol. medium 8vo. large type, with 36 Woodcut Illustrations, 14s. or in 6 vols. fcp. 8vo. price 21s. Poems by Jean Ingelow. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo. 10s. First Series, containing ‘Divided,’ ‘The Star’s Monument,’ &c. 16th Thousand. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. Second Series, ‘A Story of Doom,’ ‘Gladys and her Island,’ &c. 5th Thousand. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. Poems by Jean Ingelow. First Series, with nearly 100 Woodcut Illustrations. Fcp. 4to. 21s. The Æneid of Virgil Translated into English Verse. By J. Conington, M.A. Crown 8vo. 9s. RURAL SPORTS, HORSE and CATTLE MANAGEMENT, &c. Annals of the Road, being a History of Coaching from the Earliest Times to the Present. By Captain Malet. With Practical Hints on Driving and all Coaching matters, by Nimrod. Reprinted from the Sporting Magazine by permission of the Proprietors. 1 vol. medium 8vo. with Coloured Plates, uniform with Mr. Birch Reynardson’s ‘Down the Road.’ [On May 1. Down the Road; or, Reminiscences of a Gentleman Coachman. By C.T.S. Birch Reynardson. Second Edition, with 12 Coloured Illustrations from Paintings by H. Alken. Medium 8vo. price 21s. Blaine’s EncyclopÆdia of Rural Sports; Complete Accounts, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, &c. With above 600 Woodcuts (20 from Designs by John Leech). 8vo. 21s. A Book on Angling: a Treatise on the Art of Angling in every branch, including full Illustrated Lists of Salmon Flies. By Francis Francis. Post 8vo. Portrait and Plates, 15s. Wilcocks’s Sea-Fisherman: comprising the Chief Methods of Hook and Line Fishing, a glance at Nets, and remarks on Boats and Boating. New Edition, with 80 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s. 6d. The Ox, his Diseases and their Treatment; with an Essay on Parturition in the Cow. By J.R. Dobson, Memb. R.C.V.S. Crown 8vo. with Illustrations 7s. 6d. Youatt on the Horse. Revised and enlarged by W. Watson, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo. Woodcuts, 12s. 6d. Youatt’s Work on the Dog, revised and enlarged. 8vo. Woodcuts, 6s. Horses and Stables. By Colonel F. Fitzwygram, XV. the King’s Hussars. With 24 Plates of Illustrations. 8vo. 1Os. 6d. The Dog in Health and Disease. By Stonehenge. With 73 Wood Engravings. Square crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. The Greyhound. By Stonehenge. Revised Edition, with 25 Portraits of Greyhounds, &c. Square crown 8vo. 15s. Stables and Stable Fittings. By W. Miles, Esq. Imp. 8vo. with 13 Plates, 15s. The Horse’s Foot, and how to keep it Sound. By W. Miles, Esq. Ninth Edition. Imp. 8vo. Woodcuts, 12s. 6d. A Plain Treatise on Horse-shoeing. By W. Miles, Esq. Sixth Edition. Post 8vo. Woodcuts, 2s. 6d. Remarks on Horses’ Teeth, addressed to Purchasers. By W. Miles, Esq. Post 8vo. 1s. 6d. The Fly-Fisher’s Entomology. By Alfred Ronalds. With 20 coloured Plates. 8vo. 14s. WORKS of UTILITY and GENERAL INFORMATION. Maunder’s Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference; comprising an English Dictionary and Grammar, Universal Gazetteer, Classical Dictionary, Chronology, Law Dictionary, Synopsis of the Peerage, Useful Tables, &c. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Maunder’s Biographical Treasury. Latest Edition, reconstructed and partly rewritten, with about 1,000 additional Memoirs, by W.L.R. Cates. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Maunder’s Scientific and Literary Treasury; a Popular EncyclopÆdia of Science, Literature, and Art. New Edition, in part rewritten, with above 1,000 new articles, by J.Y. Johnson. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Maunder’s Treasury of Geography, Physical, Historical, Descriptive, and Political. Edited by W. Hughes, F.R.G.S. With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Maunder’s Historical Treasury; General Introductory Outlines of Universal History, and a Series of Separate Histories. Revised by the Rev. G.W. Cox, M.A. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. Maunder’s Treasury of Natural History; or Popular Dictionary of Zoology. Revised and corrected Edition. Fcp. 8vo. with 900 Woodcuts, 6s. The Treasury of Bible Knowledge; being a Dictionary of the Books, Persons, Places, Events, and other Matters of which mention is made in Holy Scripture. By Rev. J. Ayre, M.A. With Maps, 15 Plates, and numerous Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. The Theory and Practice of Banking. By H.D. Macleod, M.A. Third Edition, revised throughout. 8vo price 12s. The Elements of Banking. By Henry Dunning Macleod, Esq. M.A. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. Modern Cookery for Private Families, reduced to a System of Easy Practice in a Series of carefully-tested Receipts. By Eliza Acton. With 8 Plates & 150 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. A Practical Treatise on Brewing; with FormulÆ for Public Brewers, and Instructions for Private Families. By W. Black. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. English Chess Problems. Edited by J. Pierce, M.A. and W.T. Pierce. With 608 Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. The Theory of the Modern Scientific Game of Whist. By W. Pole, F.R.S. Seventh Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. The Correct Card; or, How to Play at Whist: a Whist Catechism. By Captain A. Campbell-Walker. Fcp. 8vo. [Nearly ready. The Cabinet Lawyer; a Popular Digest of the Laws of England, Civil, Criminal, and Constitutional. Twenty-fourth Edition, corrected and extended. Fcp. 8vo. 9s. Pewtner’s Comprehensive Specifier; a Guide to the Practical Specification of every kind of Building-Artificer’s Work. Edited by W. Young. Crown 8vo. 6s. Chess Openings. By F.W. Longman, Balliol College, Oxford. Second Edition, revised. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Hints to Mothers on the Management of their Health during the Period of Pregnancy and in the Lying-in Room. By Thomas Bull, M.D. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. The Maternal Management of Children in Health and Disease. By Thomas Bull, M.D. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. INDEX. Acton’s Modern Cookery, 40 Aird’s Blackstone Economised, 39 Airy’s Hebrew Scriptures, 29 Alpine Club Map of Switzerland, 34 Alpine Guide (The), 34 Amos’s Jurisprudence, 10 —— Primer of the Constitution, 10 Anderson’s Strength of Materials, 20 Armstrong’s Organic Chemistry, 20 Arnold’s (Dr.) Christian Life, 29 —— Lectures on Modern History, 2 —— Miscellaneous Works, 13 —— School Sermons, 29 —— Sermons, 29 —— (T.) Manual of English Literature, 12 Atherstone Priory, 36 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson, 14 Ayre’s Treasury of Bible Knowledge, 39 Bacon’s Essays, by Whately, 11 —— Life and Letters, by Spedding, 11 —— Works, 10 Bain’s Mental and Moral Science, 12 —— on the Senses and Intellect, 12 —— Emotions and Will, 12 Baker’s Two Works on Ceylon, 34 Ball’s Guide to the Central Alps, 34 —— Guide to the Western Alps, 35 —— Guide to the Eastern Alps, 34 Bancroft’s Native Races of the Pacific, 23 Barry on Railway Appliances, 20 Becker’s Charicles and Gallus, 35 Black’s Treatise on Brewing, 40 Blackley’s German-English Dictionary, 16 Blaine’s Rural Sports, 37 Bloxam’s Metals, 20 Boultbee on 39 Articles, 29 Bourne’s Catechism of the Steam Engine, 27 —— Handbook of Steam Engine, 27 —— Treatise on the Steam Engine, 27 —— Improvements in the same, 27 Bowdler’s Family Shakspeare, 37 Bramley-Moore’s Six Sisters of the Valley, 36 Brande’s Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art, 23 Brinkley’s Astronomy, 12 Browne’s Exposition of the 39 Articles, 29 Buckle’s History of Civilisation, 3 —— Posthumous Remains, 12 Buckton’s Health in the House, 24 Bull’s Hints to Mothers, 40 —— Maternal Management of Children, 40 Burgomaster’s Family (The), 34 Burke’s Rise of Great Families, 8 —— Vicissitudes of Families, 8 Busk’s Folk-lore of Rome, 35 —— Valleys of Tirol, 33 Cabinet Lawyer, 40 Campbell’s Norway, 35 Cates’s Biographical Dictionary, 8 —— and Woodward’s EncyclopÆdia, 5 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths, 14 Chesney’s Indian Polity, 3 —— Modern Military Biography, 4 —— Waterloo Campaign, 3 Codrington’s Life and Letters, 7 Colenso on Moabite Stone &c., 32 ——’s Pentateuch and Book of Joshua, 32 Collier’s Demosthenes on the Crown, 13 Commonplace Philosopher in Town and Country, by A. K. H. B., 14 Comte’s Positive Polity, 8 Congreve’s Essays, 9 —— Politics of Aristotle, 11 Conington’s Translation of Virgil’s Æneid, 37 —— Miscellaneous Writings, 13 Contanseau’s Two French Dictionaries, 15 Conybeare and Howson’s Life and Epistles of St. Paul, 30 Corneille’s Le Cid, 36 Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit, 14 Cox’s (G.W.) Aryan Mythology, 4 —— Crusades, 6 —— History of Greece, 4 —— General History of Greece, 4 —— School ditto, 4 —— Tale of the Great Persian War, 4 —— Tales of Ancient Greece, 36 Crawley’s Thucydides, 4 Creighton’s Age of Elizabeth, 6 Cresy’s EncyclopÆdia of Civil Engineering, 27 Critical Essays of a Country Parson, 14 Crookes’s Chemical Analysis, 25 —— Dyeing and Calico-printing, 28 Culley’s Handbook of Telegraphy, 27 Davidson’s Introduction to the New Testament, 31 D’AubignÈ’s Reformation, 31 De Caisne and Le Maout’s Botany, 24 De Morgan’s Paradoxes, 13 De Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, 9 Disraeli’s Lord George Bentinck, 8 Dobson on the Ox, 38 Dove’s Law of Storms, 18 Doyle’s (R.) Fairyland, 25 Eastlake’s Hints on Household Taste, 26 Edwards’s Rambles among the Dolomites, 34 —— Nile, 32 Elements of Botany, 23 Ellicott’s Commentary on Ephesians, 30 —— —— —— Galatians, 30 —— —— —— Pastoral Epist., 30 —— —— —— Philippians, &c., 30 —— —— —— Thessalonians, 30 —— Lectures on Life of Christ, 29 Elsa: a Tale of the Tyrolean Alps, 36 Evans’ (J.) Ancient Stone Implements, 23 —— (A.J.) Bosnia, 33 Ewald’s History of Israel, 30 —— Antiquities of Israel, 31 Fairbairn’s Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building, 27 —— Information for Engineers, 27 —— Life, 7 —— Treatise on Mills and Millwork, 27 Farrar’s Chapters on Language, 13 —— Families of Speech, 13 Fitzwygram on Horses and Stables, 38 Forbes’s Two Years in Fiji, 33 Francis’s Fishing Book, 37 Freeman’s Historical Geography of Europe, 6 Freshfield’s Italian Alps, 33 Froude’s English in Ireland, 2 —— History of England, 2 —— Short Studies, 12 Gairdner’s Houses of Lancaster and York, 6 Ganot’s Elementary Physics, 20 —— Natural Philosophy, 19 Gardiner’s Buckingham and Charles, 3 —— Thirty Years’ War, 6 Geffcken’s Church and State, 10 German Home Life, 13 Gibson’s Religion and Science, 29 Gilbert & Churchill’s Dolomites, 34 Girdlestone’s Bible Synonyms, 29 Goodeve’s Mechanics, 20 —— Mechanism, 20 Grant’s Ethics of Aristotle, 11 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson, 14 Greville’s Journal, 2 Griffin’s Algebra and Trigonometry, 20 Grohman’s Tyrol and the Tyrolese, 32 Grove (Sir W.R.) on Correlation of Physical Forces, 19 —— (F.C.) The Frosty Caucasus, 32 Gwilt’s EncyclopÆdia of Architecture, 26 Harrison’s Order and Progress, 9 Hartley on the Air, 19 Hartwig’s Aerial World, 22 —— Polar World, 22 —— Sea and its Living Wonders, 22 —— Subterranean World, 22 —— Tropical World, 22 Haughton’s Animal Mechanics, 20 Hayward’s Biographical and Critical Essays, 7 Heathcote’s Fen and Mere, 28 Heine’s Life and Works, by Stigand, 7 Helmholtz on Tone, 23 Helmholtz’s Scientific Lectures, 19 Helmsley’s Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, 24 Herschel’s Outlines of Astronomy, 18 Hinchliff’s Over the Sea and Far Away, 33 Holland’s Fragmentary Papers, 21 Holms on the Army, 4 Hullah’s History of Modern Music, 23 —— Transition Period, 23 Hume’s Essays, 12 —— Treatise on Human Nature, 12 Ihne’s History of Rome, 5 Indian Alps, 32 Ingelow’s Poems, 37 Jameson’s Legends of Saints and Martyrs, 26 —— Legends of the Madonna, 26 —— Legends of the Monastic Orders, 26 —— Legends of the Saviour, 26 Jelf on Confession, 30 Jenkin’s Electricity and Magnetism, 20 Jerram’s Lycidas of Milton, 35 Jerrold’s Life of Napoleon, 2 Johnston’s Geographical Dictionary, 17 Jukes’s Types of Genesis, 31 —— on Second Death, 31 Kalisch’s Commentary on the Bible, 30 Keith’s Evidence of Prophecy, 30 Kerl’s Metallurgy, by Crookes and RÖhrig, 27 Kingsley’s American Lectures, 13 Kirby and Spence’s Entomology, 21 Kirkman’s Philosophy, 11 Knatchbull-Hugessen’s Whispers from Fairy-Land, 35 —— Higgledy-Piggledy, 35 Lamartine’s Toussaint Louverture, 36 Landscapes, Churches, &c. by A. K. H. B., 14 Lang’s Ballads and Lyrics, 36 Latham’s English Dictionary, 15 —— Handbook of the English Language, 15 Laughton’s Nautical Surveying, 19 Lawrence on Rocks, 22 Lecky’s History of European Morals, 5 —— —— —— Rationalism, 5 —— Leaders of Public Opinion, 8 Lee’s Kesslerloch, 22 Lefroy’s Bermudas, 33 Leisure Hours in Town, by A. K. H. B., 14 Lessons of Middle Age, by A. K. H. B., 14 Lewes’s Biographical History of Philosophy, 6 Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicons, 16 Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany, 23 Lloyd’s Magnetism, 21 —— Wave-Theory of Light, 21 Longman’s (F.W.) Chess Openings, 40 —— German Dictionary, 15 —— (W.) Edward the Third, 2 —— Lectures on History of England, 2 —— Old and New St. Paul’s, 26 London’s EncyclopÆdia of Agriculture, 28 —— Gardening, 28 —— Plants, 24 Lubbock’s Origin of Civilisation, 22 Lyra Germanica, 32 Macaulay’s (Lord) Essays, 1 —— History of England, 1 —— Lays of Ancient Rome, 25, 36 —— Life and Letters, 7 —— Miscellaneous Writings, 12 —— Speeches, 12 —— Works, 2 McCulloch’s Dictionary of Commerce, 16 Macleod’s Principles of Economical Philosophy, 10 —— Theory and Practice of Banking, 39 —— Elements of Banking, 39 Mademoiselle Mori,, 36 Malet’s Annals of the Road, 37 Malleson’s Genoese Studies, 3 —— Native States of India, 3 Marshall’s Physiology, 25 Marshman’s History of India, 3 —— Life of Havelock, 8 Martineau’s Christian Life, 32 —— Hymns, 31 Maunder’s Biographical Treasury, 39 —— Geographical Treasury, 39 —— Historical Treasury, 39 —— Scientific and Literary Treasury, 39 —— Treasury of Knowledge, 39 —— Treasury of Natural History, 39 Maxwell’s Theory of Heat, 20 May’s History of Democracy, 2 —— History of England, 2 Melville’s Digby Grand, 36 —— General Bounce, 36 —— Gladiators, 36 —— Good for Nothing, 36 —— Holmby House, 36 —— Interpreter, 36 —— Kate Coventry, 36 —— Queens Maries, 36 Menzies’ Forest Trees and Woodland Scenery, 24 Merivale’s Fall of the Roman Republic, 5 —— General History of Rome, 4 —— Romans under the Empire, 4 Merrifield’s Arithmetic and Mensuration, 20 Miles on Horse’s Foot and Horse Shoeing, 38 —— on Horse’s Teeth and Stables, 38 Mill (J.) on the Mind, 10 —— (J.S.) on Liberty, 9 —— on Representative Government, 9 —— Utilitarianism, 9 —— Autobiography, 7 Mill’s Dissertations and Discussions, 9 —— Essays on Religion &c., 29 —— Hamilton’s Philosophy, 9 —— System of Logic, 9 —— Political Economy, 9 —— Unsettled Questions, 9 Miller’s Elements of Chemistry, 24 —— Inorganic Chemistry, 20 Minto’s (Lord) Life and Letters, 7 Mitchell’s Manual of Assaying, 28 Modern Novelist’s Library, 36 Monsell’s ‘Spiritual Songs’, 32 Moore’s Irish Melodies, illustrated, 26 Morant’s Game Preservers, 22 Morell’s Elements of Psychology, 11 —— Mental Philosophy, 11 MÜller’s Chips from a German Workshop, 13 —— Science of Language, 13 —— Science of Religion, 5 Nelson on the Moon, 18 New Reformation, by Theodorus, 4 New Testament, Illustrated Edition, 25 Northcott’s Lathes and Turning, 26 O'Conor’s Commentary on Hebrews, 31 —— Romans, 31 —— St. John, 31 Owen’s Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrate Animals, 21 Packe’s Guide to the Pyrenees, 35 Paget’s Naval Powers, 28 Pattison’s Casaubon, 7 Payen’s Industrial Chemistry, 26 Pewtner’s Comprehensive Specifier, 40 Pierce’s Chess Problems, 40 Plunket’s Travels in the Alps, 33 Pole’s Game of Whist, 40 Preece & Sivewright’s Telegraphy, 20 Prendergast’s Mastery of Languages, 16 Present-Day Thoughts, by A. K. H. B., 14 Proctor’s Astronomical Essays, 17 —— Moon, 17 —— Orbs around Us, 18 —— Other Worlds than Ours, 18 —— Saturn, 17 —— Scientific Essays (New Series), 21 —— Sun, 17 —— Transits of Venus, 17 —— Two Star Atlases, 18 —— Universe, 17 Public Schools Atlas of Ancient Geography, 17 —— Atlas of Modern Geography, 17 —— Manual of Modern Geography, 17 Rawlinson’s Parthia, 5 —— Sassanians, 5 Recreations of a Country Parson, 14 Redgrave’s Dictionary of Artists, 25 Reilly’s Map of Mont Blanc, 34 —— Monte Rosa, 34 Reresby’s Memoirs, 8 Rich’s Dictionary of Antiquities, 15 River’s Rose Amateur’s Guide, 23 Rogers’s Eclipse of Faith, 30 —— Defence of Eclipse of Faith, 30 —— Essays, 9 Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, 15 Ronald’s Fly-Fisher’s Entomology, 38 Roscoe’s Outlines of Civil Procedure, 10 Rothschild’s Israelites, 30 Russell’s Recollections and Suggestions, 2 Sandars’s Justinian’s Institutes, 10 Savile on Apparitions, 13 —— on Primitive Faith, 30 Schellen’s Spectrum Analysis, 19 Scott’s Lectures on the Fine Arts, 25 —— Poems, 25 —— Papers on Civil Engineering, 28 Seaside Musing, by A. K. H. B., 14 Seebohm’s Oxford Reformers of 1498, 4 —— Protestant Revolution, 6 Sewell’s Questions of the Day, 31 —— Preparation for Communion, 31 —— Stories and Tales, 36 —— Thoughts for the Age, 31 —— History of France, 3 Shelley’s Workshop Appliances, 20 Short’s Church History, 6 Simpson’s Meeting the Sun, 34 Smith’s (Sydney) Essays, 12 —— Wit and Wisdom, 13 —— (Dr. R.A.) Air and Rain, 19 Southey’s Doctor, 13 —— Poetical Works, 37 Stanley’s History of British Birds, 22 Stephen’s Ecclesiastical Biography, 8 Stockmar’s Memoirs, 7 Stonehenge on the Dog, 38 —— on the Greyhound, 38 Stoney on Strains, 28 Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of a University City, by A. K. H. B., 14 Supernatural Religion, 32 Swinbourne’s Picture Logic, 11 Taylor’s History of India, 3 —— Manual of Ancient History, 6 —— Manual of Modern History, 6 —— (Jeremy) Works, edited by Eden, 31 Text-Books of Science, 20 Thomson’s Laws of Thought, 11 Thorpe’s Quantitative Analysis, 20 Thorpe and Muir’s Qualitative Analysis, 20 Todd (A.) on Parliamentary Government, 2 Trench’s Realities of Irish Life, 13 Trollope’s Barchester Towers, 36 —— Warden, 36 Twiss’s Law of Nations, 10 Tyndall’s American Lectures on Light, 20 —— Diamagnetism, 20 —— Fragments of Science, 20 —— Lectures on Electricity, 21 —— Lectures on Light, 21 —— Lectures on Sound, 20 —— Heat a Mode of Motion, 20 —— Molecular Physics, 20 Ueberweg’s System of Logic, 11 Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 27 Voltaire’s Zaire, 36 Walker on Whist, 40 Warburton’s Edward the Third, 6 Watson’s Geometry, 20 Watts’s Dictionary of Chemistry, 25 Webb’s Objects for Common Telescopes, 18 Weinhold’s Experimental Physics, 19 Wellington’s Life, by Gleig, 8 Whately’s English Synonymes, 15 —— Logic, 11 —— Rhetoric, 11 White and Riddle’s Latin Dictionaries, 16 Wilcocks’s Sea-Fisherman, 38 Williams’s Aristotle’s Ethics, 11 Wood’s (T.G.) Bible Animals, 22 —— Homes without Hands, 21 —— Insects at Home, 21 —— Insects Abroad, 21 —— Out of Doors, 22 —— Strange Dwellings, 21 —— (J.T.) Ephesus, 33 Wyatt’s History of Prussia, 3 Yonge’s English-Greek Lexicons, 16 —— Horace, 37 Youatt on the Dog, 38 —— on the Horse, 38 Zeller’s Plato, 6 —— Socrates, 5 —— Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, 5 Zimmern’s Life of Schopenhauer, 7 LONDON: PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET Transcriber’s Note:Minor errors and inconsistencies of punctuation have been corrected with no further mention here. Obvious printer’s errors have also been corrected, as noted in the table below. On p. 23, the reference to Chapter VI. §8 seems to be in error, and should have been to §8 of Chapter V., where there is a reference to Elijah as an historical figure. This has been corrected. The reference to Isaiah 63.17, as printed on p. xxx, was hand-corrected to refer to 63.16, which itself is quoted on p. 229. The correction is made here as well. Footnote 308 on p. 109 had no corresponding anchor in the text. The intended placement is not obvious. The anchor has been added at the end of the first paragraph. The reference to Psalms XXIII on p. 133 was printed as ‘XVIII’, and has been corrected. On p. 171, the opening quote of the passage beginning: ‘Helios saw the maiden Anaxibia dancing there... has no closing quote, and the end of the passage is not clear. Likewise, on p. 171, with the passage beginning: ‘To me is due from thee... In the Excursus section, there is no Excursus J.
|
|
