Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 / I. Prolegomena II. AchAEis; or, the Ethnology of the Greek Races

FOOTNOTES

[1] Revised and enlarged from the ‘Essay on the place of Homer in Classical education and in Historical inquiry,’ which was contained in the ‘Oxford Essays’ for 1857, published by Mr. J. W. Parker.

[2] Shelley’s Adonais.

[3] While speaking of this eminent labourer in the field of Homeric inquiry, I must not pass by the sympathising spirit and imagination of Mr. H. Nelson Coleridge, the admirably turned Homeric tone of the ballads of Dr. Maginn, or the valuable analysis contained in the uncompleted ‘Homerus’ of Archdeacon Williams. But of all the criticisms on Homer which I have ever had the good fortune to read, in our own or any language, the most vivid and entirely genial are those found in the ‘Essays Critical and Imaginative’ of the late Professor Wilson. In that most useful, and I presume I may add standard, work, Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Classical Biography and Mythology,’ I am sorry to find that the important article Homerus, by Dr. Ihne, though it has the merit of presenting the question in a clear light, yet is neither uniformly accurate in its references to the text of Homer, nor at all in conformity with the prevailing state at least of English opinion upon the controversy.

[4] Mure’s History of Grecian Literature, vol. i. p. 10.

[5] 4to ed. p. 622, n.

[6] Warton’s Pope, vol. iv. p. 371, n.

[7] The remark is, I think, Mr. Hallam’s.

[8] This is the sf?d??t??, which Longinus (c. ix.) commends in the Iliad, but which was perhaps excelled in the Divina Commedia.

[9] Used by Longinus xv. Polyb. vi. 56, 8.

[10] Steph. Lex. iii., 1353.

[11] Aristot. Poet. c. 15.

[12] Historical Antiquities of the Greeks, vol i. Appendix C.

[13] Od. i. 326, viii. 72-82, 266-366, 499-520.

[14] Il. xx. 213-41.

[15] Il. xx. 179-83.

[16] Il. xix. 148-50.

[17] Hor. A.P. v. 359.

[18] Od. iii. 266.

[19] Il. xxiii. 826.

[20] Ibid. 326-33.

[21] Il. v. 801.

[22] Il. xxiii. 409.

[23] Od. iv. 797.

[24] NÄgelsbach, Homerische Theologie, Einleitung, pp. 1-3.

[25] Scott has paid, however, a tribute to Shakespeare on this ground in ‘The Fortunes of Nigel.’ Novels and Romances, vol. iii. p. 68, 8vo. edition.

[26] Il. iv. 438.

[27] Strabo i. 2, p. 16.

[28] Strabo i. 2, p. 20.

[29] Il. ii. 486.

[30] Il. xx. 308.

[31] Hist. i. 5.

[32] Il. v. 304; xii. 383, 449; xx. 287.

[33] Exc. iii. ad Il. xxiv., vol. viii. p. 828.

[34] Il. i. 262-272.

[35] Hist. Greece, chap. iii. App.; vol. i. 169-74, 4to.

[36] Heyne, Exc. iii. ad Il. xxiv.; vol. viii. p. 226.

[37] Granville Penn on the Primary Arguments of the Iliad, p. 314.

[38] Il. ii. 740.

[39] Il. iv. 51.

[40] Il. ii. 660.

[41] Il. ix. 593.

[42] Il. vi. 445-64; xii. 10-33; xv. 384.

[43] Heyne, Exc. ii. ad Il. O. sect. ii., vol. viii. p. 789; Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 65.

[44] In the Berlin Philosophical Transactions, 1839, and Fernere Betrachtungen, 1843.

[45] Pindar.

[46] Exc. ii. ad Il. O, sect. ii. vol. viii. pp. 790, 1.

[47] Exc. ii. ad Il. O, sect. ii. vol. viii. pp. 790, 1.

[48] Pind. Nem. ii. 1.

[49] Joseph. contr. Ap. i. 2.

[50] Var. Hist. xiii. 14.

[51] Plut. Lyc. p. 41.

[52] Plat. Rep. x. p. 600, B.

[53] Strabo xiv. p. 946.

[54] viii. 2.

[55] Herod. v. 67.

[56] Hist. Greece, ii. 174 n.

[57] Il. v. 412-15.

[58] Il. ii. 572.

[59] Heyne, Hom. viii., seq.

[60] I. 57.

[61] In Leocritum, 104-8.

[62] Smith’s Dict. ‘TyrtÆus.’

[63] See the Homerus of Archdeacon Williams, pp. 9-11.

[64] Cic. de Or. iii. 34.

[65] Paus. vii. 26. p. 594. add Suidas in voc. ?????. Eustath. Il. i. 1.

[66] Contra Ap. i. 2.

[67] Smith’s Dict., Art. ‘Homerus:’ and elsewhere.

[68] Ibid. from Ritschl.

[69] Hipparchus, § 4. (ii. 228.)

[70] Herod. ii. 117. iv. 32.

[71] Il. ii. 594-600.

[72] Fragm. xxxiv.

[73] Op. ii. 268-75.

[74] Hymn. Apoll. 166-73; 146-50.

[75] Schol. Pyth. vi. 4; Nem. ii. 1.

[76] Il. ?. p. 6.

[77] Heyne, viii. p. 811.

[78] Sup.

[79] Pind. Nem. ii. 1, and Strabo, xiv. i. p. 645.

[80] Plat. PhÆdrus, iii. 252, and Republ. B. 1.; ii. 599.

[81] Athen. iv. p. 174.

[82] Heyne, viii. 814.

[83] Plut. Apoph., p. 186 D.

[84] Xenoph. Sympos. iii. 5.

[85] Athen. xiv. p. 620.

[86] Il. ix. 458-61.

[87] Lucian, Ver. Hist. ii. 117.

[88] Villoison, Proleg. p. xxvii.

[89] Od. xiv. 280.

[90] Od. xiv. 204, and Buttmann in loc.

[91] xvi. 195, and Buttmann in loc.

[92] Achilleis, i. 456.

[93] Mure, ii. 282.

[94] Mure, ii. 286.

[95] Od. viii. 499.

[96] Exc. i. ad Æn. ii.

[97] Hist. of Greece, chap. i. sect. iv. p. 62. 4to.

[98] Ibid. sect. iii. p. 47.

[99] History of Greece, vol. i. p. 146; chap. vi. Introd.

[100] Minos, 12, in Plato’s Works.

[101] Preface, p. xi.

[102] Ibid. p. xii.

[103] Vol. i. p. 2.

[104] An accomplished critic in the Quarterly Review July, (1856) treats this renunciation as one of Mr. Grote’s main titles to praise.

[105] Grote’s Hist., vol. i. pp. 58, 9, 72.

[106] I. vii. 2 and 3.

[107] Hes. Fragm. xxviii. from Tzetzes ad Lyc. 284.

[108] Hermann, Griech. Staats-Altherthum, Sect. 8.

[109] See the list in Clinton, F. H. Vol. I., p. 46, note.

[110] See inf. II. Sect. 2.

[111] Mure, Lit. Greece, vol. i., p. 39, n.

[112] Hes. Op. 157.

[113] Od. iv. 561-9.

[114] Bp. Thirlwall’s Hist. of Greece, chap. v.

[115] Herod, ix. 73.

[116] Encom. Hel. 21 et seq.

[117] Il. iii. 144.

[118] Il. i. 262.

[119] See Od. iv. 12.

[120] Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 62. (1822.)

[121] Inferno, I. 32.

[122] Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 4.

[123] Grote’s Hist. vol. ii. pp. 349-51, part ii. ch. 2.

[124] Preface p. ix.

[125] Preface p. xvii.

[126] Il. ii. 681-5.

[127] Hermann Gr. Staats-alt. sect. 12.

[128] Il. ii. 841.

[129] Inf. sect. viii.

[130] Il. xiii. 686, et seqq.

[131] So Strabo, p. 221.

[132] The discussion is reviewed in Cramer’s Greece, vol. i. 115.

[133] Il. ii. 750.

[134] Od. xiv. 327; xix. 296.

[135] Cramer’s Ancient Greece, i. 353.

[136] Cramer’s Greece, i. 370.

[137] Hesiod ap. Strab. vii. 327.

[138] Schol. ad Trach. v. 1169.

[139] Vid. inf. sect. iii.

[140] Od. xix. 175.

[141] This question is discussed, inf. sect. ix.

[142] See inf. sect. ix.

[143] Il. ii. 735.

[144] Od. iv. 83. xiv. 199, 245. xvii. 448.

[145] Strabo viii. 6. p. 370.

[146] Cramer’s Greece, iii. 244.

[147] Inf. sect. viii.

[148] Il. xx. 215 and seqq.

[149] Thuc. i. cap. 2.

[150] Od. xii. 260-5.

[151] This state of ideas and habits is well illustrated by Odyss. xiv. 222-6: and see inf. sect. 7.

[152] Strabo viii. p. 383.

[153] Xenoph. Hell. vii. 1, 23, and Cramer iii. 299.

[154] Il. ii. 610.

[155] Il. ii. 609.

[156] 630-5.

[157] See inf. sect. vii.

[158] Xenoph. Hell. vii. 1. 23.

[159] Thuc. i. 2.

[160] Xenoph. Hellen. vii. 1. 23.

[161] Thucyd. vii. 57.

[162] B. i. 2.

[163] See also MÜller, Orchomenus p. 77, and his references.

[164] Il. ii. 498.

[165] Strabo ix. p. 433.

[166] Aristot. Meteorol. i. 14.

[167] Paus. ii. 22. 2.

[168] Od. v. 125.

[169] Hesiod. Theog. 971.

[170] Od. xi. 281-4.

[171] See inf. sect. 8.

[172] Il. xv. 332, 7.

[173] Inf. sect. vi.

[174] Hymn. Cer. 123.

[175] Il. xxiii. 148. Od. viii. 362. Il. viii. 48.

[176] Il. xiii. 635.

[177] Il. iv. 328.

[178] Heyne in loc.

[179] In loc.

[180] From the Greek ????, according to Richardson, who quotes The Fox (v. 2.)

If Italy
Have any glebe, more fruitful than these fallows,
I am deceived.

[181] Od. i. 407.

[182] Od. v. 463.

[183] Od. vii. 332.

[184] Il. xxi. 232.

[185] Od. xi. 309.

[186] (ii. 132 Serr. Steph.)

[187] Inf. sect. 7.

[188] Od. xxi. 255.

[189] Payne Knight in loc.

[190] Od. xi. 302-4.

[191] Il. iii. 243.

[192] Eustath. in loc. et alii.

[193] Schol. A. in loc.

[194] In loc.

[195] Obss. in loc.

[196] Eustath. in loc.

[197] Schol. BL. in loc.

[198] Herod. vii. 161.

[199] Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 100.

[200] Il. xvi. 419.

[201] See Od. xx. 72.

[202] Il. xii. 331.

[203] Il. ii. 756.

[204] Il. ii. 748.

[205] Ibid. 703-7.

[206] Od. iii. 307.

[207] Il. i. 194.

[208] Il. v. 1-8.

[209] V. 2, 3.

[210] Il. iv. 64-74.

[211] Il. vii. 34.

[212] Il. xxiv. 25-30.

[213] Il. v. 59.

[214] Il. viii. 362-9: cf. Od. xi. 626.

[215] Il. xx. 146.

[216] See inf. Religion and Morals, Sect. II.

[217] Vid. inf. as before.

[218] Eurip. Ion 64. 1590. Grote i. 144.

[219] Thirlwall, vol. ii. p. 2.

[220] Herod. v. 65.

[221] Thuc. i. 6.

[222] i. 2.

[223] Herod. i. 56.

[224] i. 57.

[225] HÖck’s Creta ii. 109.

[226] Thuc. i. 3.

[227] Herod. vi. 137, 8.

[228] B. viii. p. 333.

[229] Herod. i. 139.

[230] Od. xiv. 243.

[231] Ibid. 257.

[232] Il. ix. 363.

[233] Od. iii. 318.

[234] DÖllinger Heidenthum und Judenthum vi. 136. p. 427.

[235] Inf. p. 176.

[236] Note xvii.

[237] Il. ii. 614.

[238] Smith, Antiq. p. 331. Niebuhr, Hist. iii. 282.

[239] Works and Days 616 et seqq.

[240] Vid. inf. sect. 4. NÄgelsbach (Hom. Theol. ii. 9.) may be consulted in an opposite sense.

[241] Od. xiii. 272. xiv. 228.

[242] Herod. iv. 42.

[243] i. 13.

[244] Inf. Religion and Morals, sect. iii.

[245] Sup. p. 148.

[246] Od. xiv. 271.

[247] Od. v. 278-86.

[248] Ibid. ix. 84, 94.

[249] Ibid. iv. 220.

[250] Ibid. 584.

[251] Herod. ii. 54. According to the Egyptian tradition there reported, the Phoenicians carried into Greece the priestess who founded the DodonÆan oracle. This again leads us to view the Phoenicians as the chief medium of intercourse between Egypt and Greece.

[252] Mure, Lit. Greece, vol. i.

[253] Herod. v. 2.

[254] Il. ii. 594-600.

[255] Il. ii. 730.

[256] Strabo x. p. 471.

[257] Il. ii. 844, and x. 434.

[258] Il. xx. 485.

[259] Il. ii. 841.

[260] Hist. Greece, iv. 28.

[261] Strabo viii. 7. p. 321, 2.

[262] Il. x. 429; xx. 329.

[263] Od. iii. 366.

[264] Il. xxi. 85.

[265] Il. xx. 96.

[266] Inf. p. 182.

[267] Il. ii. 828-39.

[268] HÖck’s Creta, ii. p. 7.

[269] Thirlwall’s Hist. of Greece. Ch. ii. Vol. i. p. 41. 12mo.

[270] Od. passim.

[271] Il. ii. 631.

[272] Il. ix. 184, and xvi. 196.

[273] Od. xix. 175.

[274] Il. ii. 645.

[275] See supr. p. 126.

[276] Il. xiv. 321.

[277] Od. xix. 178.

[278] Od. xi. 568-71.

[279] Cf. Il. i. 238. ii. 205.

[280] Il. xviii. 501. xxiii. 436.

[281] Æn. vi. 566.

[282] Il. iii. 365.

[283] NÄgelsbach, Homerische Theologie, p. 83; and Vid. inf. sect. iv. pp. 120, 124.

[284] HÖck’s Creta, ii. 142, n.

[285] Il. xiii. 450. Od. xix. 179.

[286] Od. xix. 181-98.

[287] HÖck’s Creta, ii. 182.

[288] Od. xvii. 523.

[289] Od. xiv. 199. Il. xiii. 453. Il. ii. 649.

[290] Od. xix. 172.

[291] Il. xi. 712.

[292] Il. vii. 133, 5.

[293] Od. xvii. 442.

[294] Od. xi. 321.

[295] Il. i. 260-5.

[296] Od. xi. 631.

[297] Ibid. 322-5.

[298] Il. xiii. 450-3.

[299] Fragm. xi. Strabo vii. p. 332.

[300] Il. xiii. 681.

[301] Il. xiv. 322.

[302] Od. iv. 564.

[303] Od. vii. 317-26.

[304] Od. xi. 580.

[305] Æsch. Suppl. 262.

[306] Thucyd. i. 4.

[307] Minos, 16, 17.

[308] Pol. ii. 10. 4.

[309] For a lucid sketch of the position of Minos as defined by tradition, see Thirlwall’s Greece, vol. i. ch. 5.

[310] Herod. iii. 122.

[311] Herod. i. 173.

[312] MÜller’s Dorians, ii. 11. 8; Eurip. Fragm. i.

[313] Creta ii. 87.

[314] Pol. ii. 10.

[315] Ibid. ii. 10. 2.

[316] Minos 11-17.

[317] Athen. vi. p. 263.

[318] Ibid. p. 267.

[319] Il. xviii. 592.

[320] Paus. x. 17. 4.

[321] Ath. vi. p. 263.

[322] HÖck’s Creta, b. ii. sect. 4. (ii. 222 and seqq.)

[323] Il. xii. 397.

[324] See particularly his speech Il. xii. 310-28.

[325] There were also Lycians of Troas, with whom Pandarus was connected: and it is possible that these may be the persons meant. (Schol. on Il. v. 105.)

[326] For the question whether the Leleges on one single occasion form an exception, see sup. p. 162.

[327] Il. xvii. 350, 1. ii. 848.

[328] Il. xii. 408. xvi. 421.

[329] Od. vi. 241.

[330] Il. xii. 397.

[331] Il. xvi. 659.

[332] Il. xvi. 422. xvii. 426.

[333] Il. xii. 310.

[334] Vid. inf. sect. vii.

[335] Il. v. 172.

[336] Il. ii. 827.

[337] Il. v. 105.

[338] Paus. viii. 2. 1.

[339] Grote, Hist. Greece, iv. 280.

[340] Vid. inf. sect. x.

[341] Herod. i. 136.

[342] Photii Bibliotheca 72. p. 107.

[343] Herod. i. 73.

[344] Il. xxiii. 860.

[345] Il. vi. 193.

[346] Od. xvii. 442, 8.

[347] Ibid. 440-4.

[348] Vid. sup. p. 125.

[349] Il. xi. 19-28.

[350] Il. ii. 108.

[351] Od. viii. 362.

[352] See inf. Religion and Morals, Sect. iii.

[353] Gr. ?????a, Hebr. kinnÛr. Liddell and Scott, in voc.

[354] Apollod. Bibl. iii. 14. 3. Pind. Pyth. ii. 26. Ov. Met. x. 310.

[355] Cambridge, 1815.

[356] Sup. p. 108.

[357] Hist. Fragm. x. 2.

[358] Paus. viii. 1. 2.

[359] Rhet.

[360] Hist. vi. 56, 8.

[361] Minos 10.

[362] Æsch. Suppl. 256.

[363] Paus. viii. 2. 2.

[364] Herod. ii. 56.

[365] ii. 171.

[366] i. 146.

[367] vii. 94.

[368] i. 56.

[369] viii. 44.

[370] ii. 52.

[371] v. 64.

[372] Thuc. i. 3.

[373] Thuc. v. 109.

[374] Theocr. Idyll. xv. 136-40.

[375] Pind. Pyth. xi. 18. Soph. Aj. 285.

[376] See inf. sect. viii.

[377] Argonaut. i. 580, and Schol. Paris.

[378] Strabo vii. p. 327.

[379] Ibid. v. p. 221.

[380] Ibid.

[381] i. 17.

[382] See however p. 114 above.

[383] So the ??et???? ???? already exists, as apart from the common labourer, in the time of Homer; Il. xxi. 257.

[384] K. O. MÜller, Orchomenos, 119-22.

[385] Chap. iii.

[386] Cramer’s Geogr. Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 15.

[387] The tradition that the Pelasgians were the original inhabitants of the Greek Peninsula appears to have been adopted into the literature of modern Greece. See ?et??d??—?st???a t?? pa?a?a? ????d?? ?p? t??? ???a??t?t??? ???????, ?e????a, 1830, chap. i. p. 2. Also that Pelasgi and Hellenes were the two factors (???) of the Greek nation. Ibid. p. 3.

[388] Niebuhr, ibid.

[389] HorÆ Pelasg. ch. ii. p. 28.

[390] Cramer’s Greece i. 17.

[391] Antiq. Rom. i. 17, 18.

[392] HorÆ Pelasg. pp. 12-15.

[393] Herod. ii. 54-7.

[394] Od. iv. 83.

[395] Ibid. xiv. 246-58, 290, 293-300.

[396] Ibid. v. 442, 7, 8.

[397] Perhaps the use of the word ?pe???? for mainland may suggest, that it is due to an insular people, who would appropriately describe a continent as the unlimited (land). It is derived from a and p??a?, an end or stop; consider also pe???, to pass over, ??t?p??a?a, Il. ii. 635, and p???? ?e??? ??????, ibid. 535.

[398] See inf. sect. vi.

[399] Inf. sect. vi.

[400] Richard II., act ii., sc. 1.

[401] HorÆ Pelasg. ch. i. sub fin.

[402] Clinton, Fast. Hell. i. p. 97.

[403] Herod. i. 56.

[404] Dion. Hal. i. 17.

[405] Il. xvi. 235.

[406] ?????e?, v. 1359.

[407] Potter’s Antiq., b. i. ch. 26.

[408] HorÆ Pelasg. ch. i. p. 17.

[409] See Hey’s Norrisian Lectures, vol. iii. p. 142.

[410] Od. v. 335.

[411] Ol. vii. 104; PersÆ 427; Scott and Liddell in p??a???. I venture to suggest pe???? as the root, and ‘accessible,’ ‘easily travelled,’ ‘open’ (compare e???a???a) as the meaning.

[412] Strabo, p. 327, 331.

[413] Orchomenos, p. 119 and n.

[414] Thuc. i. 2.

[415] Od. xi. 260.

[416] Od. xi. 568.

[417] Od. iv. 564.

[418] Il. ii. 824; and xii. 19.

[419] Od. iii. 320-2; and xiv. 257.

[420] Od. xiv. 231, 243-8.

[421] Od. xiv. 237; Il. xiv. 321.

[422] Od. i. 105; ii. 180.

[423] Od. i. 183.

[424] Od. xv. 425.

[425] Od. xv. 415.

[426] See Wood on Homer, p. 48.

[427] Od. xvii. 383.

[428] NÄgelsbach, Homerische Theologie 80-3.

[429] There were columns outside the doors, for example, of the palace of Ulysses in Ithaca. Od. xvii. 29. This construction of the metaphor would come nearly to the same point, by making it mean the doors of Ocean.

[430] Hermann Opusc. vii. 253. NÄgelsbach, ii. 9, note.

[431] Blakesley’s Introduction to Herodotus, p. xiv.

[432] Strabo iii. 2. 13, 14. pp. 149, 50.

[433] Mure, Greek Literature, i. 510.

[434] Il. xv. 630. xvii. 21. ii. 723.

[435] Il. xxii. 15.

[436] Il. iii. 365.

[437] Od. xx. 201.

[438] Il. xxiii. 439.

[439] Od. i. 52 and x. 137.

[440] Od. iv. 460.

[441] Od. xvii. 248.

[442] Od. iv. 410.

[443] Od. x. 289.

[444] As perhaps does Amphitrite, mentioned four times in the Odyssey, never in the Iliad.

[445] I shall consider further the construction of Il. xiv. 321, as it bears on the connection of Minos with Phoenicia, in treating the subject of the Outer Geography.

[446] Od. xv. 252, 3.

[447] Od. x. 492.

[448] NÄgelsbach ii. 9.

[449] See Studies on Religion, sect. iii.

[450] I have given the accepted, and perhaps the more probable meaning; but the word is also well adapted to signify the tidal Ocean. In the Mediterranean, as is well known, the tidal action is not perceived.

[451] Thucyd. vi. 42, 44.

[452] Od. xxiv. 304-8.

[453] Od. xix. 172.

[454] Od. xx. 383.

[455] Od. xxiv. 211, 366, 389.

[456] Il. ii. 857. SchÖnemann Geog. Hom. p. 31.

[457] Od. xv. 426.

[458] Cramer’s Italy, ii. pp. 354, 391.

[459] Thucyd. vi. 2.

[460] Dionys. i. 9.

[461] Thuc. ibid.

[462] Cramer’s Italy, ii. p. 2.

[463] Od. xxiv. 309.

[464] Od. xiv. 93.

[465] Od. vi. 7-12.

[466] Od. xiv. 293-359.

[467] Od. xvi. 65. xvii. 525, and xix. 269-99.

[468] Od. xvi. 424-30.

[469] Od. xiv. 278-86.

[470] Strabo vii. p. 324.

[471] Herod. vii. 176.

[472] Dion. Hal. i. 18.

[473] Diod. Sic. v. 58.

[474] Od. vi. 266.

[475] 260-5.

[476] See inf. sect. viii.

[477] Od. xix. 522.

[478] Il. iv. 385, 388, 391. v. 804. 7. x. 208. xxiii. 680. Od. xi. 275.

[479] ix. p. 401.

[480] Fig. i. in Map.

[481] Fig. ii. in Map.

[482] Fig. iii. in Map.

[483] ix. 5. p. 430.

[484] Fig. iv. in Map.

[485] Strabo ix. p. 435.

[486] Ibid. p. 439.

[487] Ibid. p. 442.

[488] Thuc. i. 2.

[489] Fig. v. in Map.

[490] Od. i. 170, et alibi.

[491] I am not prepared to contend that the numbers of the ships are to be taken as literally correct: but this subject will be discussed in conjunction with his general mode of using number, in the ‘Studies on Poetry,’ sect. iii.

[492] Od. ii. 386.

[493] The reasons for treating this as a coincidence will be found in a paper on Homer’s use of number. (Studies on Poetry, sect. iii.)

[494] Herod. vii. 161.

[495] Il. x. 434.

[496] Od. xi. 521.

[497] Lit. Greece, i. 39, note.

[498] Il. x. 267.

[499] Il. ii. 500.

[500] Il. ii. 681.

[501] Iliad passim: and Od. iii. 182. iv. 9. and xi. 494.

[502] Il. xvi. 171.

[503] Il. xiii. 685-700.

[504] Il. ii. 704, 727.

[505] Il. ii. 530. 562. 684.

[506] Thuc. i. 3.

[507] Vid. inf. sect. viii.

[508] Donaldson’s New Cratylus, p. 291.

[509] It is not necessary to trace in this place, with precision, the various applications of the name Hellas, after the time of Homer. Stanley (on Æsch. Suppl. 263) states, that what I have termed Middle Greece was the Hellas of Ptolemy: that with Strabo the word includes most of the islands of the Ægean: and, finally, that it also came to include Asia Minor, and parts even of the African coast, as well as places elsewhere, which had been colonised by the Greek race. According to Cramer (Geogr. Greece, i. 2), at the epoch of the Peloponnesian war, Hellas meant everything south of the Peneus and the gulf of Ambracia. He considers that Herodotus also meant by it a portion of Thesprotia (Herod. ii. 56. viii. 47). It is interesting to observe how this domestic name, taken from the race which made Greece so great and famous, has retained its vitality through so many vicissitudes, and is now the national name of Greece, in opposition to that which was probably drawn from a Pelasgian source, and which, as proceeding from the Roman masters of the country, told its people the tale of their subjugation.

[510] Il. xvi. 234.

[511] Il. iii. 172.

[512] I follow the acute and sagacious notes of Professor Malden to a valuable paper contributed by Mr. James Yates, during the year 1856, to the Philological Transactions: also Donaldson’s Cratylus, p. 120.

[513] In loc. Cary’s Birds, p. 77.

[514] See sect. x.

[515] i. 89.

[516] See Studies on the Theo-mythology of Homer.

[517] Fasti, i. 39.

[518] De Nat. Deor. ii. 27.

[519] Liv. Hist. Rom. iv. 25, 29.

[520] Exc. iv. ad Æn. vii. See Browne’s History of Roman Literature, chap. viii. p. 129, and chap. iii. p. 41. Also Dunlop’s Hist. Rom. Literature, vol. iii. p. 56.

[521] See ‘The Trojans.’

[522] Polyb. vi. 56, sect. 6-12.

[523] Dionysius, b. ii. 18-21.

[524] Id., b. viii. 38. See also Cic. Div. i. 2.

[525] Smith’s Dict., Art. ‘Fasti.’

[526] Acts xvii. 22.

[527] Outram de Sacrif. b. i. ch. iv. sect. 3.

[528] Exodus xi. 12-16, and Levit. viii. 1-13. 1 Sam. xvi. 2, &c. See Calmet’s Dict. Taylor’s Edition, 1838. Art. Priest.

[529] Heb. v. 4.

[530] Browne’s Roman Classical Literature, ch. i. p. 13.

[531] Hor. de Art. Poet. v. 53.

[532] Hare and Thirlwall’s Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 65.

[533] HorÆ Pelasg. ch. iv.

[534] Sechster Theil. Leipzig, 1838.

[535] Applied principally to the shoulder of animals by the Latins.

[536] The link of ideal connection is to be found in the sacrificial office of the primitive rex.

[537] Scott and Liddell in voc.

[538] Compare the Homeric derivation of ?d?sse?? from ?d?ss?a?, Od. xix. 407.

[539] DÖderlein.

[540] Ennius.

[541] Perhaps connected with the Greek ?e??e??.

[542] CÆsar, b. iii. c. 96.

[543] Il. xx. 123.

[544] As in Æn. xii. 952.

[545] Buttmann’s Lexil. in voc. ?e?a????.

[546] Compare sup. p. 237.

[547] Od. iii. 601-8. The names of Ctesippus and Elatus among the Suitors are related to horses: but all the islands were not so rough as Ithaca, and some of the nobles may, like Ulysses, have had pastures on the continent. (Od. xiv. 100.)

[548] Sup. p. 256.

[549] Inf. sect. ix.

[550] Od. ii. 347. vii. 8. iv. 124.

[551] See Mure’s Hist. Lit. Greece, vol. ii. p. 86.

[552] Il. ii. 840-3.

[553] Il. xi. 303.

[554] See inf. sect. viii.

[555] Il. v. 705-7.

[556] Il. xvi. vv. 369, 393, 419, 422.

[557] Il. vi. 20-37.

[558] Il. xvi. 694.

[559] Il. v. 677, 8.

[560] Il. xx. 455-87.

[561] Inf. sect. x.

[562] See ‘Studies on Policy.’

[563] See Studies on ‘The Trojans.’

[564] Il. xiii. 685.

[565] Il. ii. 577.

[566] Herod. i. 56.

[567] See Studies on Religion, sect. 2.

[568] Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 137.

[569] Od. viii. 179.

[570] Hor. Od. i. 10. 1.

[571] Plutus 1162.

[572] Pyth. ii. 18. Nem. x. 98. Isthm. i 85.

[573] Od. viii. 493. xi. 592.

[574] Il. xxiii. 827.

[575] Il. xi. 699-702.

[576] Vid. inf. sect. viii.

[577] xxiii. 629.

[578] Il. ii. 642.

[579] Il. ix. 529-99.

[580] Il. iv. 399.

[581] Sup. pp. 167, 242, and see ‘The Outer Geography of the Odyssey.’

[582] Grote’s Hist. ii. 322.

[583] Paus. viii. 2. 1.

[584] Grote’s Hist. Greece, i. 160.

[585] Il. ii. 773.

[586] Il. ii. 597, 8.

[587] On Pelasgian music see MÜller’s Dorians, i. p. 367 (transl.)

[588] Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, book vi. chap. i.

[589] Il. vi. 428.

[590] Il. ix. 533.

[591] Od. vi. 102.

[592] See infra, Studies on Religion, sect. ii.

[593] Il. v. 62.

[594] Od. xv. 80.

[595] Od. xi. 506.

[596] Il. iii. 232.

[597] Od. xi. 322.

[598] Il. i. 269.

[599] Od. xix. 399, 413.

[600] Od. iii. 267. xxi. 16.

[601] Il. xi. 698-702. Od. vi. 364. xiv. 327.

[602] Il. xxiii. 629-43.

[603] Od. xiv. 222.

[604] Od. i. 1-3.

[605] Il. xv. 80.

[606] Il. vi. 242, 315.

[607] Paus. i. 14. 2.

[608] Herod. i. 56.

[609] Il. xvi. 235.

[610] Il. x. 537-9.

[611] Hes. Fragm. xviii.

[612] Thuc. iv. 78.

[613] Strabo, pp. 372, 383.

[614] Il. ii. 494. xiii. 685. vid. sup. p. 243.

[615] Il. iv. 385. 191.

[616] Il. xi. 670-761.

[617] v. 759.

[618] Inf. p. 392.

[619] Od. iv. 184, 296.

[620] See inf. sect. ix.

[621] Il. vi. 292. Od. xxii. 227.

[622] Il. iii. 199 et alibi.

[623] Il. iii. 236. Od. xi. 298.

[624] Inf. pp. 410, 11.

[625] Od. v. 333.

[626] Il. xiv. 319.

[627] Il. xix. 116.

[628] Il. ii. 108.

[629] Inf. sect. x.

[630] Od. xi. 271.

[631] See inf. sect. ix.

[632] Fragm. of the Danais, DÜntzer, Fragm. der Epischen Poesie, p. 3. It has been argued by E. Curtius (Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung, pp. 11-13), that there were settlers on the Egyptian sea-board, belonging to the Ionian race, and to the same stock with the Hellenes. From among such settlers, whether Ionian or not, it seems likely that the immigrants from Egypt to Greece might have proceeded.

[633] Il. vi. 158.

[634] Hes. Fragm. lviii. and Scut. Herc. 216. 229.

[635] Sup. sect. iii.

[636] Eurip. Ar. Fr. ii. 7.

[637] Od. i. 344.

[638] Il. ii. 108.

[639] Il. iii. 75, 258.

[640] Il. vi. 224.

[641] Il. vii. 363.

[642] Il. xii. 70.

[643] Il. i. 254, and vii. 124.

[644] Il. xi. 770.

[645] Od. xi. 166 and 481. See also Od. xxiii. 68.

[646] Od. xiii. 249.

[647] Od. xxi. 107.

[648] Od. xv. 223.

[649] Od. xv. 238.

[650] See also Il. xiii. 378. Od. xv. 224, 239.

[651] Il. ix. 141, 283.

[652] Il. xix. 115.

[653] Od. iii. 249.

[654] It is curious that Strabo should say in viii. 6, that Homer often marks ????? by the epithet ?pp???, as well as ?pp??t??, when the former word does not occur at all in the Homeric Poems.

[655] Il. xv. 332.

[656] Od. xi. 281. E. Curtius (‘Ionier,’ p. 22 et seqq.) connects Iasus, Amphion, Iaolkos, Jason, with the Ionian race.

[657] Il. vi. 224.

[658] Il. ii. 530.

[659] Strabo viii. p. 371.

[660] Heyne on Il. i. 270. Buttmann Lexil. in voc. Crusius ad locc.

[661] Suppl. 277.

[662] See Scott and Liddell, in voc. Damm Lex. Hom. in voc. Crusius Il. xxiii. 30. Nitzsch on Od. ii. 11, and Hermann quoted by him.

[663] Orchomenus und die Minyer, p. 119. See also E. Curtius ‘Ionier,’ p. 17.

[664] Strabo found in his own time, and has reported it as the custom of the ‘moderns,’ that the Argive plain passed by the name of ?????, and not the city only.

[665] Cramer’s Greece, i. 197. 385. ii. 10. Strabo ix. p. 440.

[666] Il. xxiv. 437.

[667] Od. iv. 606.

[668] Il. v. 196. viii. 560.

[669] Grote’s Hist.

[670] See Museum Criticum, vol. i. p. 536, and Marsh’s HorÆ PelasgicÆ, p. 70.

[671] Steph. Lex.

[672] Carm. I. vii. 15.

[673] See Nitzsch on Od. i. 38 for his etymology of Argeiphontes; but not for his etymology of Argus, which he simply refers to Argos.

[674] Soph. Fr. 288.

[675] Od. viii. 578.

[676] In loc.

[677] Il. ii. 110, 256. xv. 733. xii. 419.

[678] Sup. p. 353, 4.

[679] Il. i. 196.

[680] Inf. p. 417.

[681] Od. xi. 45.

[682] Il. iv. 52.

[683] Od. iv. 35.

[684] Od. iv. 515.

[685] Il. vi. 158.

[686] Il. xix. 122.

[687] Il. xxiii. 470.

[688] Od. iii. 309.

[689] Il. xiv. 115.

[690] Ov. Met. ix. 96.

[691] Gen. iii. 1.

[692] See inf. p. 410.

[693] Sup. p. 357.

[694] See inf. sect. ix.

[695] Il. i. 2, 12, 15, 17, 22.

[696] Il. i. 42.

[697] Il. i. 81.

[698] See sup. p. 380.

[699] Hist. Gr. Lit. xv. 5. vol. ii. p. 77.

[700] Il. i. 15, 22.

[701] i. 26-32.

[702] i. 42.

[703] i. 118.

[704] ii. 354.

[705] Il. i. 123, 127.

[706] i. 237.

[707] i. 78.

[708] iii. 167, 226.

[709] Od. x. 14.

[710] Od. iii. 188, 9.

[711] Od. xiv. 96.

[712] Od. xxiv. 377, and 205-7.

[713] Od. xvi. 118.

[714] Od. xix. 394.

[715] Od. iv. 798.

[716] Od. xvii. 205-7.

[717] Od. ix. 22.

[718] Od. xviii. 299.

[719] Od. xxii. 243.

[720] Od. xxi. 210. xxiv. 354. 377. 428.

[721] Od. i. 394. 401. ii. 87. 90. 106. 112. 115. xviii. 301, et alibi.

[722] Od. ii. 51. xvi. 122.

[723] Od. ii. 386. xv. 545.

[724] Od. xvi. 114.

[725] Od. xxiv. 463.

[726] Od. ii. 7.

[727] Od. viii. 11.

[728] Il. ii. 624.

[729] Od. xix. 175-7.

[730] Il. iii. 232.

[731] Il. xi. 671, 94, 732, 7. xi. 687, 724, 37, 53, 59.

[732] Il. ii. 562.

[733] Pausanias ii. 321.

[734] Il. ix. 300.

[735] Il. i. 85-91.

[736] B. viii. c. 1. p. 333.

[737] Hom. Il. vol. vii. p. 711.

[738] See inf. sect. ix.

[739] Sup. p. 352.

[740] Polyb. b. ii. c. 38.

[741] MÜller, Dorians, ii. 11. 6.

[742] Il. ii. 653. 665. 678. v. 628.

[743] MÜller ii. 11. 10.

[744] Sup. p. 88.

[745] Inf. sect. x.

[746] Il. vi. 154, 5.

[747] Ibid. 191.

[748] Od. xi. 235-7.

[749] Inf. sect. ix.

[750] Fragm. xxviii.

[751] Il. vi. 154, 197, 206.

[752] Il. i. 250.

[753] Il. ii. 714.

[754] Sup. p. 364.

[755] Thuc. iv. 78.

[756] On Od. iii. 4.

[757] Il. ii. 101-8.

[758] Polyb. ii. c. 38.

[759] Hor. Ep. II. i. 156. GrÆcia capta ferum victorem cepit.

[760] ???a, ii. 269.

[761] Ibid. ii. 146.

[762] Strabo, viii. 6. p. 370.

[763] The mode of this process, with reference to language, is beautifully exhibited for the case of Spain, in Ticknor’s Spanish Literature, Appendix A. (vol. iii.)

[764] Od. iv. 697.

[765] This caution is not needless, as the error is a common one. Damm, indeed, most strangely says, ??a? ex multo augustius nomen quam as??e?? (in voc. ??a?). The English translators, Chapman, Pope, Cowper, and others, render ??a? ??d???, king of men. Voss, with his usual precision, though probably without a very specific meaning, translates it, ‘der herrscher des volks.’

[766] Il. xxiii. 417.

[767] Od. xiii. 223.

[768] Il. xx. 17.

[769] V. 121.

[770] Il. ii. 196.

[771] Od. i. 394.

[772] Od. xv. 533.

[773] Od. xvii. 416.

[774] Od. i. 386; cf. 401.

[775] In voc. ??a?.

[776] Lit. Greece, vol. ii. p. 78.

[777] Il. xiv. 322.

[778] Il. viii. 31. Od. i. 45.

[779] Il. ii. 85.

[780] Il. iv. 296.

[781] Il. ix. 92. v. 144. xi. 578. xiii. 411.

[782] Il. ix. 81. xiii. 600.

[783] Od. iv. 528.

[784] Paradiso, xii. 71. xiv. 104. xix. 104. xxix. 11.

[785] Il. i. 1-7.

[786] See Il. xx. 106.

[787] Il. xiv. 343.

[788] Od. xi. 281.

[789] Sup. p. 398.

[790] See E. Curtius, Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung, p. 9.

[791] Od. v. 121. also see Il. xviii. 436.

[792] Od. vii. 323.

[793] Sup. sect. viii. pp. 427, 8.

[794] Thes. 20.

[795] Il. xxiv. 615.

[796] Pausan. ii. 23. 4.

[797] Strabo, xii. p. 579. xiv. p. 680.

[798] Strabo xii. 572, 3.

[799] Il. ii. 104.

[800] Il. ii. 108.

[801] Paus. v. xiii. 1-4.

[802] Book viii. 5, 5. p. 365.

[803] See sup. p. 381.

[804] Herod. viii. 7, 73.

[805] Pausan. vii. 1.

[806] Polyb. xviii. c. 30.

[807] v. 65. 3 and 11.

[808] Paus. vii. 1. 3.

[809] Polyb. xl. 8. 10.

[810] Polyb. ii. 41. 4. iv. i. 5.

[811] See sect. x.

[812] Die Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung: von E. Curtius, Berlin, 1855.

[813] Il. iii. 276. vii. 202. ix. 47, 8. xvi. 605. xxiv. 290, 308.

[814] Il. xx. 90-3, 128-31.

[815] Il. xi. 58.

[816] Il. vi. 77.

[817] Il. xx. 240.

[818] Il. v. 268.

[819] Il. xx. 303.

[820] Il. iii. 297, 320.

[821] Od. iv. 125-35.

[822] Od. xiv. 276-86.

[823] Od. iii. 302.

[824] Il. iii. 48. xix. 324.

[825] Od. iii. 48. xx. 219. Il. xvi. 550.

[826] See also Dolon’s description, Il. x. 418-21.

[827] Strabo, p. 338.

[828] Il. xii. 30.

[829] Il. xvii. 432.

[830] Il. i. 350.

[831] Il. vii. 86. Od. xxiv. 82.

[832] Il. xxiv. 545.

[833] Il. ix. 360.

[834] Il. xii. 19-23.

[835] Il. xxiii. 293-9.

[836] Il. xi. 759.

[837] Il. ii. 592 et seqq.

[838] Il. ii. 596, 621.

[839] Il. xvi. 189.

[840] Il. ii. 513.

[841] Cramer’s Greece, i. 449.

[842] Il. ii. 511.

[843] Thuc. iv. 76. Strabo, 356, 432. Cramer’s Greece, i. 207, 399.

[844] Il. ii. 608, 695.

[845] Il. ii. 682.

[846] Strabo, b. viii. p. 351.

[847] Schol. Il. vii. 135. Od. xv. 297. Cramer, Geogr. Gr. iii. 87.

[848] Paus. Lac. b. III. c. xx. 5, 3.

[849] Cramer iii. 221.

[850] Il. ii. 743.

[851] Il. xiii. 301.

[852] New Cratylus iii. 1. p. 282, 286.

[853] Heyne Exc. iii. ad Hom. Il. xix. vol. vii. p. 770.

[854] Comp. Gram. sect. 490.

[855] See Il. xi. 222. xx. 485, compared with x. 436, 545-7.

[856] Od. iv. 635; and xxi. 347.

[857] Compare Propertius, b. ii. El. v. 1.

EphyreÆ Laidos Ædes.

[858] Ver. 301.

[859] Od. i. 259.

[860] Od. ii. 326.

[861] Od. xviii. 245.

[862] Od. xxiv. 430.

[863] Od. i. 251.

[864] Eumelus, sup. p. 428.

[865] Il. xv. 530.

[866] Il. ii. 658.

[867] Il. ii. 667.

[868] Il. xi. 688-95.

[869] Il. xvi. 179.

[870] Il. xiii. 692.

[871] Il. ii. 625-30.

[872] Strabo p. 459.

[873] Il. ii. 711-15.

[874] Cramer’s Greece, vol. i. p. 392.

[875] Il. ii. 763.

[876] Od. xi. 258.

[877] Ibid. xi. 237.

[878] St. Luke iii. 38.

[879] Il. ix. 483.

[880] Il. xvi. 175.

[881] Il. xxi. 189.

[882] Strabo ix. 5. p. 433.

[883] Il. x. 239.

[884] Il. ix. 142, 284.

[885] Thuc. i. 13.

[886] Compare Il. ii. 540 with iv. 363.

[887] Thuc. i. 2.

[888] The name of Thessaly is not found in Homer; and it is marked by Thucydides as modern: ? ??? Tessa??a ?a??????. May it not be reasonably conjectured, that when the great Dorian tribe had evacuated Hellas to reconquer the Peloponnesus, this Thessalid branch of the HeraclidÆ, which had migrated to the south-east, went back thither, and imparted to it the name of their ancestor?

[889] Cramer i. 360.

[890] Il. iv. 202.

[891] Il. ii. 641.

[892] Il. vi. 152, compared with ii. 570.

[893] Il. ii. 659, 60, and xi. 689, 91.

[894] New Cratylus, ch. iv. p. 77.

[895] Hist. of Persia, ii. 507.

[896] Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 503.

[897] Malcolm’s Hist. chap. i. p. 1. n.

[898] Herod. i. 125.

[899] Ibid. 96.

[900] New Cratylus, p. 86.

[901] Blakesley on Herod, i. 104.

[902] New Cratylus, chap. iv. as above.

[903] New Cratylus, p. 92.

[904] Tac. Germ. c. 2. and Brotier’s note.

[905] Strabo vii. 2. p. 290.

[906] Il. iii. 166. cf. 226.

[907] Od. xi. 469.

[908] Il. xvii. 51.

[909] Il. v. 500.

[910] Propertius.

[911] Tac. Germ. i. 4.

[912] New Cratylus, p. 91.

[913] Clem. Alex. Strom. i. 299 C, and 308 A (Ed. ColoniÆ 1688).

[914] Blakesley on Herod. i. 125.

[915] Il. xiv. 319.

[916] Od. iii. 414, 444.

[917] Od. ix. 139.

[918] Herod. vii. 61.

[919] Herod. vi. 53, 4.

[920] Strabo xi. 10. p. 516.

[921] Rev. G. Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 264. note 5.

[922] Inf. p. 571.

[923] vi. 54.

[924] Herod. i. 113.

[925] Tac. Germ. c. 9.

[926] Blakesley’s Herodotus, vol. i. 428. Exc. on iii. 74.

[927] MÜller’s Comparative Mythology, p. 45, in Oxford Essays for 1856.

[928] Inf. Religion and Morals, sect. 3.

[929] iii. 16.

[930] Il. xviii. 394, et seqq.

[931] i. 138.

[932] This subject will be resumed in treating of the Trojans.

[933] Herod. i. 131.

[934] Malcolm’s Persia, vol. i. p. 185.

[935] DÖllinger’s Heidenthum und Judenthum, vi. 2.

[936] See ‘The Religion of the Homeric Age,’ sect. ii.

[937] Il. iii. 276.

[938] Herod. vii. 114.

[939] i. 132.

[940] In loc.

[941] Herod i. 133, 135.

[942] Ibid. 134.

[943] Ibid.

[944] Il. ii. 235.

[945] Herod. i. 71, and ix. 122.

[946] Herod. vii. 19.

[947] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Life, p. cxlviii. n.

[948] Herod. i. 135. iii. 16. v. 18.

[949] Photii Biblioth. Cod. lxxii.

[950] See Blakesley’s Excursus on Herod. iii. 74.

[951] Herod, ix. 122.

[952] Herod. iii. 89.

[953] Shakspeare’s Richard II.

[954] Thuc. i. 4.

[955] Ar. Pol. III. xiv. 3.

[956] Selden’s Titles of Honour, chap. ii.

[957] Malcolm’s Persia, ii. 585. 631, 6. Quarterly Review, vol. 101. p. 510.

[958] The traits mentioned in the text, where there is no special reference, are drawn from the three last chapters of Malcolm’s Persia.

[959] Malcolm’s Persia, ii. 550, 558, 566, 611.

[960] Ibid. 576. Grote’s History of Greece, P. I. c. xxi. vol. ii. p. 196 n.

[961] Ibid. 616, and Quart. Rev. p. 509.

[962] Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 509 n.

[963] Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 50.

[964] Malcolm, ii. 613.

[965] Malcolm, i. 369. ii. 597, 634, 638.

[966] Latham’s Man and his Migrations, pp. 33-6.

[967] History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 352.

[968] Leipsic, 1854, vol. i, ch. ii.

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