Illustrations

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Guadalupe Peak and El Capitan in the Guadalupe Mountains, Culberson County, Texas 1
Earth’s outer crust 2
Geologic time scale 3
Generalized geologic map of Texas 4-5
A mineral is made up of chemical elements 7
A rock is made up of minerals 8
Extrusive igneous rocks form at the earth’s surface 9
Intrusive igneous rocks form beneath the earth’s surface 10
Soils develop from weathered rock and associated organic material 11
Conglomerate from Webb County, Texas 11
Precipitated sediments lining a teakettle 12
Contact metamorphism 13
A scalenohedron 14
Barite specimen showing radial form 15
Chalcedony showing botryoidal form 16
Transparent mineral 16
Streak plate 17
Conchoidal fracture 18
Stalactites and stalagmites in the Caverns of Sonora, Sutton County, Texas 19
Calcite geode from Travis County, Texas 20
Petrified wood from Texas Gulf Coastal Plain 20
Prospector’s hammer 22
Hand lens 22
Physiographic outline map of Texas 42
Massive anhydrite 43
Amphibole asbestos from Gillespie County, Texas 44
Barite cleavage fragment from west Texas 44
Basalt from Brewster County, Texas 45
Calcite has perfect rhombohedral cleavage 46
Calcite crystals (dog-tooth spar) from the Terlingua area of Brewster County, Texas 47
Celestite cleavage fragment from Lampasas County, Texas 48
Cinnabar and calcite crystals from the Terlingua area of Brewster County, Texas 50
Bentonite is used as a drilling-fluid additive 51
Hazel copper-silver mine, Culberson County, Texas 53
Dolomite rock from Burnet County, Texas 54
Feldspar cleavage fragment from Llano County, Texas 55
Microcline feldspar crystals from Llano County, Texas 56
Fluorite has octahedral cleavage 57
Galena has perfect cubic cleavage 57
Garnet crystal forms 58
Gneiss from Blanco County, Texas 59
Placer gold in stream gravels 60
Granite from Gillespie County, Texas 61
Texas State Capitol building at Austin is made of Burnet County granite 62
Graphite is used in pencil lead, generator brushes, and lubricants 63
Selenite gypsum crystal from Bastrop County, Texas 64
Selenite gypsum rosettes from Nolan County, Texas 64
Fibrous gypsum from Terlingua area, Brewster County, Texas 65
Salt domes occur on the Gulf Coastal Plain 66
Specular hematite from Carrizo Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas 67
Limestone from Travis County, Texas 68
Limestone quarry at Georgetown, Williamson County, Texas 69
Limonite ore is changed to metallic iron in a blast furnace 71
Metallic iron is made into steel in an open-hearth furnace 72

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