In the longer paragraphs a number standing alone, and separated by a semicolon from the preceding sentence, indicates a reference of smaller importance. Such numbers are, of course, not connected with the sentence preceding them.

>, 160, 163 n., 223 n., 277 n.;

and the Classical school, 322;

and Protection, 323, 328 n., 329; 324;

and liberty, 324 n.;

and State intervention, 325 n., 408-409;

and the Liberal school, 327;

Carey and, 327-328;

his career, 328 n.;

and socialism, 328 n., 329;

criticism of, 329;

estimate of his work, 329 and n.;

and individualism, 330;

his theory of universal harmony, 330-346;

and the Providential order, 331;

his theory of service-value, 332-335;

and Proudhon, 333 n.-334 n.;

his law of free utility, 335-337;

and the proprietor, 336;

and rent, 337-340, 425, 545, 546;

and the relation of profits to wages, 340-342, 427;

on the subordination of producer to consumer, 342-343;

and solidarity, 344-345; 363 n.;

and international exchange, 365;

and Optimism, 377;

and the State, 438 n., 439; 459 n., 516, 572, 589;

his fable, The Blind and the Paralytic, 608; 617, 624;

and government and society, 631 n.

Baudeau, the AbbÉ, on the Physiocrats, 3 n.;

a member of the Physiocratic school, 4 n.;

on the “natural order,” 10;

on the productivity of agriculture, 13 n.;

on industry and commerce, 13;

on the Tableau Économique, 18 n., 20 n.;

on the dependence of the productive classes on the landed proprietors, 22 n.;

on the landed proprietors as nobility, 22 n.;

and the origin and justification of private property, 22;

on the avances fonciÈres, 23 n., Campanella, T., 200 n., 246

Cannan, Dr. E., v, 52 n., 56 n., 71 n., 79 n., 145 and n., 427 n., 549 n.

Canonists, the, 110

Cantillon, R., 46

Capital, Adam Smith and, 56, 71-73, 89-91;

Ricardo and the identification of, with labour, 149-150;

the law of the concentration of, 187;

Saint-Simon and, 206, 214;

the Saint-Simonians and, 214;

Proudhon and, 293, 308-309, 310, 313-314;

Bastiat and, 340-342;

Colson and, 342 n.;

Dunoyer on, 347 n.;

Senior and, 350;

Marx and, 455-465;

Marx’s law of the concentration of, 459-465, 475-476;

the socialist’s conception of, 459-460;

the Marxian school and, 467 n.;

the productivity theory of, 502;

final utility and, 528;

the rent of, 548-549 n., 558 n.;

the rent of fixed, 556, 583;

Henry George on the relation of labour to, 564-565;

co-operators and, 605 n.

Capitalism, Marx and, 461-462

Carey, H. C., and trade, 28;

and rent, 115, 338-340, 425, 545, 546; 156, 278;

and Protection, 282-284;

and Free Trade, 282-283;

and List, 284; 289 n.;

and the Optimistic school, 327;

and Bastiat, 327-328, 340;

and the Ricardian theory of value, 332; 333 n.;

and Bastiat’s profits theory, 342 n.;

and solidarity, 345;

his population theory, 541 n.

Cournot, A., x, 265 n., 349, 360 n., 412-413, 420 n., 444, 519, 520, 529 n., 531 nn.

Coux, de, 483 n.

Credit, Enfantin on, 213 n., 226 n.;

the Saint-Simonians and, 226;

Proudhon and, 313 n., 314

CrÉmieux, H. J., 303

Crises, J. B. Say and, 115-117;

industrial, in England, 172;

Sismondi and, 173, 190-192, 426;

Robert Owen and, 239;

Rodbertus and, 426;

Marx and, 462-463, 478-479;

Henry George and, 566

Croce, B., 474 n.

Crompton, S., 65

Cunningham, W., v, vi, 387

Curmond, M., 13 n.

Darimon, A., 316 n.

Darwin, Charles, his debt to Malthus, 121;

the French Liberal school and his doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;

Kidd and the Darwinian theory, 485 n.;

Kropotkin and, 621

Dechesne, M., 498 n.

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 233

Deductive method, the, 387, 395-398

Deherme, G., 587 n.

Demand and supply, Adam Smith and, 73-74, 80-85, 89;

the law of, of the Classical school, 359-360;

the Hedonists and, 519-520

Demand, price and, 519-520

Demography, 121, 645

Demolins, E., 494 and n., 495, 608 n.

Denis, Professor H., xi;

on Physiocracy, 2 n., 8 n.;

on the Tableau Économique, 19 and n.; 140 n., Eden, Treaty of, 105, 269

Edgeworth, Maria, 119 n.

Edgeworth, Professor, 529 n., 536 n.

Education, Adam Smith on compulsory, 60, 96;

Robert Owen and, 238 n.;

Fourier and, 253

Effertz, O., 420 n.

Eheberg, K. T., 266 n.

Eichthal, G. d’, 374, 594 n.

Einaudi, L., 546 n., 567

Eisenach, Congress of, 354, 417, 436, 437, 438

Eltzbacher, P., 621 n., 625 n., 638 n.

Ely, R. T., 351 n., 507 n.

Enclosure Acts, in England, 145

Enfantin, B. P., 201 n., 203 n., 211, 212 and n., 213, 216 n., 226 and n., 229, 230 n., 231

Engels, F., 208 n., 209, 228, 449 n., 450 n., 464 n., 616

Ensor, R. C., 449 n.

Entrepreneur, the, J. B. Say and, 65 n., 113-114;

Sismondi and, 183;

the Saint-Simonians and, 215, 216;

French and English economists’ conception of the income of, 373 n., 550;

and production, 426;

in Walras’s system, 533-534;

and Walker’s conception of profit, 550;

distinguished from the capitalist, 550 and n.;

a “captain of industry,” 550

Environment, Robert Owen and, 238, 239;

Fourier and, 247;

the Associationists and, 259;

Le Play and, 494

Equalitarians, 200

Equilibrium, the Mathematical school /a>, 373 n., 518, 543, 605 n.; 335, 395, 407;

its doctrines, 518-544;

and the Classical school, 518-521, 539, 541 n., 544;

and wages, 520-521, 541;

and interest and rent, 520-521;

France and, 529, 537;

criticism of its doctrines, 537-544;

and distribution, 541

Heeren, A. H. L., 383 n.

Hegel, 435 and n., 619

“Hegelian school, left,” 616 n.

Hegelian terminology, Proudhon and, 298 n.

Held, A., 386

Heredity, and solidarity, 588

Hermann, F., 410-411, 548 n., 551, 556

Herron, G. D., 507 n.

Hesse-Darmstadt, Tariff Union between Prussia and, 268

Higgs, H., 5 n.

Hildebrand, Bruno, 196, 271 n., 380 n., 381 n., 383-384, 385, 389 and n., 390, 394, 400 and n., 404, 405

Hirst, Miss M. E., 275 n., 277 n., 278 nn.

Historical school, vi-vii, xv, 111;

and political economy, 175, 222;

Sismondi and, 196;

List and, 287; 368, 374, 377;

origin and development of, 379, 380-388;

the newer school, 385-386;

influence of, in England, and in France, 387-388;

critical ideas of, 388-398;

the positive ideas of, 398-407;

565;

the proposed confiscation of, 568;

“the remuneration of sacrifice,” 568;

the Fabian school and the confiscation of, 582

Interests, the spontaneous harmony of, 633.

See Identity of Interests

International trade, Adam Smith and, 98-100;

Stuart Mill and, 98-100;

Ricardo and, 98, 138, 163, 363 and n.-364 and n.;

List and, 290;

Bastiat and, 330;

Dunoyer and, 363

International Working Men’s Association (the “International”), 321, 449 n., 620

Internationalism, Marx’s, 465 n.

Interventionism, 407

Interventionists, Sismondi the first of the, 192, 196; 601

Ireland, 104

“Iron law,” the, 42, 342 n.

Italy, xii;

anarchism and, 640

Janet, P., 254

Jannet, C., 490 n., 592 n.

JaurÈs, J., 469 n.

“Jeunes AbbÉs, Les,” 502

Jevons, Stanley, 46 n., 48, 75, 78, 117;

on the Ricardian school, 118 n.;

and the law of indifference, 148, 525 n.;

his economic method, 380; 406, 474 n.;

on the purpose of economics, 518 n.;

and the final utility theory, 521 n., 522 n.;

and Cournot, 529 n.;

a member of the Mathematical school, 529 n.;

and value, 530 n.; 537 n., 541, 572 n., 581

Joint-stock companies, Marxism and, 463, 476

Joint-stock principle, 248

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, and the Physiocrats, 5

“Juridical socialism,” 606, 607 ">437

Lilienfeld, von, 590 n.

List, F., 111;

and the Classical school, 169, 289, 290;

his National System, and Protection, 265, 268;

and the German tariffs, 266, 267-268;

and nationality, 270-272;

and productive power, 270;

and Germany’s claim to Holland and Denmark, 272;

and Adam Smith and his school, 273;

and manufactures, 273-274;

and agriculture, 274, 276-277;

his Protectionism, 275-276, 281-282;

origin of his Protectionist ideas, 277-280;

his influence, 280-287;

and history, 282, 381;

and Carey, 282-284;

and Stuart Mill, 284-285;

his originality, 287-289;

and the Historical school, 287, 360 n.;

and free exchange, 287-288;

and the individual and the nation, 288, 411;

and the duty of Governments, 288;

and economic reforms in Germany, 288-289;

his aim and achievement, 290; 323, 378;

his economic method, 380;

the Historical school and, 380 n.; 439

LittrÉ, M., 222 n.

Lloyd, S., 266 n.

Locke, J., 559

Loesewitz, J., 502

Longe, F. D., 361

Loria, A., 469 n.;

and land nationalisation, 578 n.

Lorin, H., 499 n.

Louis Bonaparte, 320

Louis Philippe, 301

Ludlow, J. M. F., 504, 505

Luxembourg Commission, the, 302, 304-306, 319 n.

Mably, the AbbÉ de, 200 and n.

McCulloch, J. R., 52 n., 109 n., 139 n., 140 n., 141 n., @g@html@files@57500@57500-h@57500-h-14.htm.html#Page_433" class="pginternal">433 n., 434 n.; 639 and n.

Nettlau, M., 37;

and taxation, 38-45;

and the fiscal system of the French Revolution, 44, 104;

rÉsumÉ of their doctrine, 45-50;

Adam Smith and, 51 n., 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 80, 88, 93, 98, 100; 89, 97;

J. B. Say and, 108-109;

Germain Garnier and, 108;

and money, 115;

and population, 122; and rent, 142;

and Free Trade, 98, 153, 163;

and the natural identity of individual and general interests, 185; 201 n.;

the Associationists and, 232-233; 322, 323;

and their successors, 327; 331, 338 n., 347, 348, 354, 371, 572, 629, 644

Pitt, William, 104, 105

Place, F., 159 n.

Plato, 200 and n.

Play, F. Le, 137, 196, 238, 304;

his school, 486-495;

his career, 486 n.-487 n.;

his family system, 488-493;

and the State, 488;

his method, 492;

and the Historical school, 493-494;

the division in his school, 494-495; 497, 502

“Plutology,” 375

Podmore, F., 236 n.

Political economy, origin of the term, 1;

Quesnay and his school the virtual founders of the science, 2;

Adam Smith as founder of, 50-51, 353, 392

Quantity theory of money, 360

Quasi-contract theory, 595-599, 603 n., 606

Quesnay, F., 2-5;

virtually the founder of political economy, 2;

his works, 3 n.;

on natural right, 7 nn.;

and the analogy between social and animal economy, 7;

and the “natural order,” 9, 10 and n.;

and the “net product,” 15;

his theory of the circulation of wealth, and the Tableau Économique, 18-20;

on the productive and sterile classes, 21 n.;

on the landed proprietors, 21 n.;

on the security residing in property, 24 n.;

on the safety of property as the basis of economic order, 25;

on the poor, 26 n.;

on foreign trade, 28;

on Free Trade, 29 nn.;

on the “good price,” 29;

on American competition, 30 n.;

on Protection, 31 n.;

and interest, 33;

on laws, 34;

on the sovereign authority, 35;

on despotism, 36 n.;

on education, 37;

on Government expenditure, 38 n.;

and the “iron law,” 42-43;

and wages, 43 n.;

and value, 47 n.; 54;

and Adam Smith, 55;

and agriculture as the source of all wealth, 56;

his conception of political economy, 88;

Adam Smith’s criticism of his theory, 88; 201 n., 232, 298

Quetelet, L., 407 n.

Quod Apostolici, Encyclical, 500 n.

Radical party, English, 372

Radical-Socialist party, 592, 601

Rae, J., 52 n., 64 n., 66 n., 96 n., 103 n., 106 n.

Ragaz, Professor, 507

Raiffeisen, F. W., 496, 503 n.

Rambaud, J., xi, 108, 138, 175;

and distribution, 114, 139-140;

and wages and profits, 114, 157-163, 373;

and crises, 117, 177, 192;

compared with J. B. Say, 118;

regarded as an Optimist, 119 n.;

one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;

his place in economics, his work and literary style, 138-139;

his career, 139 n.;

his theory of rent, 138, 140, 141-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546, 547-548 and n., 552-553, 554 n., 555 n., 558-559, 576;

his theory of value, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240;

and labour and value, 140, 144 n., 332;

and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147, 373, 576;

and the balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money, 164-165;

and paper money, 165, 168;

Sismondi and, 174-175, 177 and n., 380;

and machinery, 180 n., 181 and n.;

and wages and population, 189;

the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 228;

and property, 228; 264;

List and, 269; 287, 322, 324;

and the proprietor, 336; 348, 349;

and the income of capital, 350; 353;

and individualism, 522 n.

SchÄffle, A., 438 n., 469, 556-557, 590 n.

Schatz, A., 54 n., 357 n., 372 n.

Schelle, M., 4 n., 11 n.

Schmidt, Kaspar—see Stirner, Max

Schmoller, G., 196, 379 and n., 383, 385-386, 389 nn., 393 n., 395, 397, 400, 403, 406 n., 407, 438, 443 n., 517, 647

SchÖnberg, G., 439

School of Social Science, 494

Schulze-Delitzsch, F. H., 376, 434 and n.

Schumpeter, Herr, 547 n.

Schuster, R., 323

Schweitzer, Herr, 434 n.

Science, Bakunin and, 628-629

Seager, Professor H. R., 349 n.

SecrÉtan, C., 560, 600 n.

Seebohm, F., vi

SÉgur-Lamoignon, M., 500 n.

Seignobos, C., 405 n.

Self-interest, Adam Smith on, as the mainspring of progress, 86-87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 393; 99;

the Classical school and, 393-394;

Wagner and, 394;

Stuart Mill and, 394, 404, 411

Seligman, Professor, 349 n., 570 n.

Semaines Sociales, 500 n.

Senior, N. W., 109 n., 168, 349-351, 358, 362 and n., 371, 372, 379, 549, 55188, 393;

and the homo oeconomicus, 86;

and the “spontaneous order,” 87-88;

on Quesnay’s economic theory, 88;

his “optimism,” 88-93;

and the harmony between self-interest and the general well-being of society, 92, 185, 410;

on the duty of the sovereign, 93, 94, 409;

and economic liberty, 93-97, 315;

on the inefficiency of State administration, 94-95;

and Mercantilism, 98, 169, 314;

and international trade, 97-102;

and Protection, 98-102;

influence of his thought, and its diffusion, 102-107;

and Lord North, 105;

and Pitt, 105;

J. B. Say and, 107-118;

on the basis and the aim of political economy, 110;

and the entrepreneur, 114;

and Malthus’s Principles of Population, 121;

compared with Ricardo, 138;

and the products of mines, 143 n.;

and the interests of the landlords, 153 n.;

and Free Trade, 153, 163, 287; 165, 166;

Sismondi and, 173, 174, 192;

on competition, 182;

and high wages and population, 189; 201 n., 204, 207;

Saint-Simon and, 209 n.;

on government, 217, 625; 228;

and property, 228; 264;

on the Act of Union of 1800, 266;

List and, 269 n., 270, 271 n., 273, 278 n., 279 n., 280;

and the three stages in economic evolution, 271 n.;

on national power, 271 n.; 272;

on moral forces, 273 n.;

on the prosperity of Britain as the outcome of her legal sy 438" class="pginternal">438;

and solidarity and Lassalle, 439;

and government and the individual, 439-443;

and distribution, 443-444;

and production, 444;

Bismarck and, 445;

in Germany, 445-446;

influence in politics, 447;

and economic Liberalism, 447;

syndicalism and, 447-448;

the Christian schools and, 485;

and economic theory, 515;

modern development of, 516;

the Fabians and, 586; 592, 593 n.;

and solidarity, 601, 602-603

Stationary state, Stuart Mill and, 373-374

Statistics, the science of, and economics, 407 n.; 645-646

Statute of Apprentices, the, 104, 170

Statutes of the International Brotherhood, 639

Statutes of the International Socialist Alliance, 639

Stein, H. F. K., 106 n.

Stein, L. von, 294 n.

“Sterile classes,” the, in the Physiocratic system, 14, 21, 24;

Adam Smith and, 57

Sterile labour, in the Physiocratic system, 16-17

Stewart, Dugald, 52 n.

Stiegler, M., 592 n.

Stirner, Max (Kaspar Schmidt), 615-619, 622-623, 628, 630

StÖker, Pastor, 507

Storch, H. F. von, 118 n., 379

Strong, J., 506 n.

Stumm, Baron, 507 n.

Sully, Duc de, 17

Supply, price and, 519

Surplus labour, Marx’s theory of, 450-459, 474-475

Surplus value, Marx’s theory of, 184, 198, 228, 294, 450-459;

Sismondi and, 184-185, 198, 475;

decline of the theory of, 516

Surplus values, the taxation of, 569-570

Switzerland, Christian Socialism in, 507

Syndicalism, 321, 74-80, 149;

Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240, 332;

Sismondi and, 184-185;

Marx and, 185, 293 n., 466 and n., 474, 583;

Marx’s theory of surplus value, 184, 450-459;

Proudhon and, 293 n.;

Bastiat’s theory of service-value, 332-335, 338;

Carey and, 332;

Ferrara and, 333 n.;

in Bastiat’s utility theory, 335-338;

the Classical law of, 360, 558;

Rodbertus and, 415 n.;

Aristotle and, 451 n.;

determined by cost of production, 520, 526;

definition of, 523;

the Classical school and, 530 n.;

the Mathematical school and, 530 n.;

Aupetit and, 530 n.

“Value in use,” and “value in exchange,” 75-76, 451

Value, surplus—see Surplus value

Vandervelde, É., 221, 470 n.

Varlin, M., 459 n.

Verein fÜr Sozialpolitik, 437

Vidal, F., 259, 304-305, 414, 420 n.

Villeneuve-Bargemont, Vicomte A. de, 197

VillermÉ, L. R., 171, 491 n.

Villey, E., 327 n.

Vinet, A. R., 509

Voltaire, and the Physiocrats, 5; 32;

his L’Homme avec Quarante Écus, 41 n.; 43;

Adam Smith and, 51 n.; 52 n.

Wage fund theory, Stuart Mill and, 361-362, 374;

Walker and, 362 n., 549;

Cairnes and, 374; 456

Wages, the Physiocrats and, 43;

Condillac on, 49-50;

Adam Smith on the relation of,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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