A
Absentee tax, the propriety of, considered with reference to Ireland, 379.
Accounts of money, in modern Europe, all kept, and the value of goods computed, in silver, 16.
Actors, public, paid for the contempt attending their profession, 44.
Africa, cause assigned for the barbarous state of the interior parts of that continent, 9.
African company, establishment and constitution of, 309.
Receive an annual allowance from parliament for forts and garrisons, 310.
The company not under sufficient controul, ib.
History of the Royal African company, 311.
Decline of, ib. Rise of the present company, ib.
Age, the foundation of rank and precedency in rude as well as civilized societies, 297.
Aggregate fund, in the British finances, explained, 388.
Agio of the bank of Amsterdam explained, 194.
Of the bank of Hamburgh, 195.
The agio at Amsterdam, how kept at a medium rate, 197.
Agriculture, the labour of, does not admit of such subdivisions as manufactures, 3.
This impossibility of separation prevents agriculture from improving equally with manufactures, ib.
Natural state of, in a new colony, 38.
Requires more knowledge and experience than most mechanical professions, and yet is carried on without any restrictions, 53.
The terms of rent, how adjusted between landlord and tenant, 60.
Is extended by good roads and navigable canals, 62.
Under what circumstances pasture land is more valuable than arable, 63.
Gardening not a very gainful employment, 64.
Vines the most profitable article of culture, 65.
Estimates of profit from projects very fallacious, ib.
Cattle and tillage mutually improve each other, 93.
Remarks on that of Scotland, ib.
On that of North America, 94.
Poultry, a profitable article in husbandry, ib.
Hogs, 95.
Dairy, 96.
Evidences of land being completely improved, ib.
The extension of cultivation, as it raises the price of animal food, reduces that of vegetables, 103.
By whom and how practised under feudal government, 137.
Its operations not so much intended to increase, as to direct the fertility of nature, 149.
Has been the cause of the prosperity of the British colonies in America, 150.
The profits of, exaggerated by projectors, 154.
On equal terms, is naturally preferred to trade, 156.
Artificers necessary to the carrying it on, ib.
Was not attended to by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire, 157.
The ancient policy of Europe unfavourable to, 162.
Was promoted by the commerce and manufactures of towns, 170.
The wealth arising from, more solid and durable than that which proceeds from commerce, 172.
Is not encouraged by the bounty on the exportation of corn, 207.
Why the proper business of new companies, 251.
The present agricultural system of political economy adopted in France, described, 275.
Is discouraged by restrictions and prohibitions in trade, 279.
Is favoured beyond manufactures in China, 282.
And in Indostan, 283.
Does not require so extensive a market as manufactures, 284.
To check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, false policy, 285.
Landlords ought to be encouraged to cultivate part of their own land, 350.
Alcavala, the tax in Spain so called, explained and considered, 381.
The ruin of the Spanish manufactures attributed to this tax, ib.
Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness, 148, 200.
Allodial rights, mistaken for feudal rights, 168.
The introduction of the feudal law tended to moderate the authority of the allodial lords, ib.
Ambassadors, the first motive of their appointment, 307.
America, why labour is dearer in North America than in England, 29.
Great increase of population there, ib.
Common rate of interest there, 38.
Is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines, 85.
The first accounts of the two empires of Peru and Mexico greatly exaggerated, ib.
Improving state of the Spanish colonies there, 86.
Account of the paper currency of the British colonies, 134.
Cause of the rapid prosperity of the British colonies there, 150.
Why manufactures for distant sale have never been established there, 156.
Its speedy improvement owing to assistance from foreign capitals, 157.
The purchase and improvement of uncultivated land the most profitable employment of capitals, 171.
Commercial alterations produced by the discovery of, 181.
But two civilized nations found on the whole continent, ib.
The wealth of the North American colonies increased, though the balance of trade continued against them, 203.
Madeira wine, how introduced there, 204.
Historical review of the European settlements in, 229.
Of Spain, 232, 233.
Of Holland, 234.
Of France, ib.
Of Britain, ib.
Ecclesiastical government in the several European colonies, 235.
Fish a principal article of trade from North America to Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean, 237.
Naval stores to Britain, 238.
Little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies, 242.
The discovery and colonization of, how far advantageous to Europe, 243.
And to America, ib.
The colonies in, governed by a spirit of monopoly, 261.
The interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer, by the system of colonization, 274.
Plan for extending the British system of taxation, over all the provinces of, 397, 398.
The question, how the Americans could pay taxes without specie, considered, 402.
Ought in justice to contribute to discharge the public debt in Britain, 402.
Expediency of their union with Britain, 403.
The British empire there a mere project, 404.
Amsterdam, agio of the bank of, explained, 194.
Occasion of its establishment, 195.
Advantages attending payments there, ib.
Rate demanded for keeping money there, ib.
Prices at which bullion and coin are received, 196, note.
This bank the great warehouse of Europe for bullion, 197.
Demands upon, how made and answered, ib.
The agio, how kept at a medium rate, ib.
The treasure of, whether all preserved in its repositories, 198.
The amount of its treasure only to be conjectured, ib.
Fees paid to the bank for transacting business, ib.
Annuities, for terms of years, and for lives, in the British finances, historical account of, 389.
Apothecaries, the profit on their drugs, unjustly stigmatized as exorbitant, 46.
Apprenticeship, the nature and intention of this bond of servitude, explained, 42.
The limitations imposed on various trades as to the number of apprentices, 50.
The statute of apprenticeship in England, ib.
Apprenticeships in France and Scotland, 51.
General remarks on the tendency and operation of long apprenticeships, ib.
The statute of, ought to be repealed, 191.
Arabs, their manner of supporting war, 289.
Army, three different ways by which a nation may maintain one in a distant country, 178.
Standing, distinction between and a militia, 292.
Historical review of, 294.
The Macedonian army, ib.
Carthaginian army, ib.
Roman army, ib.
Is alone able to perpetuate the civilization of a country, 296.
Is the speediest engine for civilizing a barbarous country, ib.
Under what circumstances dangerous to, and under what favourable to liberty, ib.
Artificers prohibited by law from going to foreign countries, 273.
Residing abroad, and not returning on notice, exposed to outlawry, ib.
See Manufactures.
Asdrubal, his army greatly improved by discipline, 294.
How defeated, ib.
Assembly, houses of, in the British colonies, the constitutional freedom of, shewn, 240.
Assiento Contract, 312.
Assize of bread and ale, remarks on that statute, 75, 77.
Augustus, emperor, emancipates the slaves of Vedius Pollio for his cruelty, 241.
B
Balance of annual produce and consumption explained, 203.
May be in favour of a nation, when the balance of trade is against it, ib.
Balance of trade, no certain criterion to determine on which side it turns between two countries, 192.
The current doctrine of, on which most regulations of trade are founded, absurd, 199.
If even, by the exchange of their native commodities, both sides may be gainers, ib.
How the balance would stand if native commodities on one side were paid with foreign commodities on the other, ib.
How the balance stands when commodities are purchased with gold and silver, ib., 200.
The ruin of countries often predicted from the doctrine of an unfavourable balance of trade, 202.
Banks, great increase of trade in Scotland since the establishment of them in the principal towns, 120.
Their usual course of business, 121.
Consequences of their issuing too much paper, 122.
Necessary caution for some time observed by them with regard to giving credit to their customers, 124.
Limits of the advances they may imprudently make to traders, 125.
How injured by the practice of drawing and redrawing bills, 126, 127.
History of the Ayr bank, 128.
History of the bank of England, 130.
The nature and public advantage of banks considered, 131.
Bankers might carry on their business with less paper, 132.
Effects of the optional clauses in the Scotch notes, 133.
Origin of their establishment, 194.
Bank money explained, 195.
Bank of England, the conduct of, in regard to the coinage, 226.
Joint stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, 317, 318.
A doubtful question, whether the government of Great Britain is equal to the management of the bank to profit, 344.
Bankers, the credit of their notes how established, 118.
The nature of the banking business explained, ib., 121.
The multiplication and competition of bankers, under proper regulations of service to public credit, 135.
Baretti, Mr. his account of the quantity of Portugal gold sent weekly to England, 225.
Barons, feudal, their power contracted by the grant of municipal privileges, 163.
Their extensive authority, 168.
How they lost their authority over their vassals, 169.
And the power to disturb their country, 170.
Barter, the exchange of one commodity for another, the propensity to, of extensive operation, and peculiar to man, 6.
Is not sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse of mankind, 10. See Commerce.
Batavia, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263.
Beaver skins, review of the policy used in the trade for, 273.
Beef, cheaper now in London than in the reign of James I., 63.
Compared with the prices of wheat at the corresponding times, 64.
Benefices, ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why rendered secure, 335.
The power of collating to, how taken from the pope, in England and France, 338.
General equality of, among the presbyterians, 340.
Good effects of this equality, ib.
Bengal, to what circumstances its early improvement in agriculture and manufactures was owing, 9.
Present miserable state of the country, 30.
Remarks on the high rates of interest there, 39.
Oppressive conduct of the English there, to suit their trade in opium, 263.
Why more remarkable for the exportation of manufactures than of grain, 284.
Berne, brief history of the republic of, 164.
Establishment of the reformation there, 338.
Application of the revenue of the catholic clergy, 341.
Derives a revenue from the interest of its treasure, 344.
Bills of Exchange, punctuality i n the payment of, how secured, 126.
The pernicious practice of drawing and redrawing explained, ib.
The arts made use of to disguise this mutual traffic in bills, 127.
Birth, superiority of, how it confers respect and authority, 298.
Bishops, the ancient mode of electing them, and how altered, 335, 337.
Body, natural and political, analogy between, 280.
Bohemia, account of the tax there on the industry of artificers, 366.
Bounty, on the exportation of corn, the tendency of this measure examined, 81.
Bounties, why given in commerce, 183.
On exportation, the policy of granting them considered, 205.
On the exportation of corn, 206.
This bounty imposes two taxes on the people, 207.
Evil tendency of this bounty, 209.
The bounty only beneficial to the exporter and importer, ib.
Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 210.
A trade which requires a bounty, necessarily a losing trade, ib.
Tonnage bounties to the fisheries considered, 211.
Account of the white-herring fishery, 212.
Remarks on other bounties, 213.
A review of the principles on which they are generally granted, 267.
Those granted on American produce founded on mistaken policy, 268.
How they affect the consumer, 274.
Bourdeaux, why a town of great trade, 138.
Brazil grew to be a powerful colony under neglect, 233.
The Dutch invaders expelled by the Portuguese colonists, ib.
Computed number of inhabitants there, ib.
The trade of the principal provinces oppressed by the Portuguese, 236.
Bread, its relative value with butcher's meat compared, 62, 63.
Brewery, reasons for transferring the taxes on to the malt, 376.
Bridges, how to be erected and maintained, 303.
Britain, Great, evidences that labour is sufficiently paid for there, 30.
The price of provisions nearly the same in most places, 31.
Great variations in the price of labour, ib.
Vegetables imported from Flanders in the last century, 32.
Historical account of the alterations interest of money has undergone, 37.
Double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit, 40.
In what respects the carrying trade is advantageous to, 152, 153.
Appears to enjoy more of the carrying trade of Europe than it really has, 153.
It is the only country of Europe in which the obligation of purveyance is abolished, 161.
Its funds for the support of foreign wars inquired into, 178, 179.
Why never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, 186.
Nor salt provisions, ib.
Could be little affected by the importation of foreign corn, 187.
The policy of the commercial restraints on the trade with France examined, 192.
The trade with France might be more advantageous to each country than that with any other, 202.
Why one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are among the poorest, 221.
Review of her American colonies, 234.
The an class="c4">The value of gold and silver much higher there than in any part of Europe, 101.
Agriculture favoured there beyond manufactures, 282.
Foreign trade not favoured there, 283.
Extension of the home market, ib.
Great attention paid to the roads there, 305, 306.
In what the principal revenue of the sovereign consists, 353.
The revenue of, partly raised in kind, ib.
Church, the richer the church the poorer the state, 341.
Amount of the revenue of church of Scotland, 342.
The revenue of the church heavier taxed in Prussia than lay proprietors, 351.
The nature and effect of tithes considered, 352.
Circulation, the dangerous practice of raising money by, explained, 127.
In traffic, the two different branches of, considered, 132.
Cities, circumstances which contributed to their opulence, 165.
Those of Italy the first that rose to consequence, ib.
The commerce and manufactures of, have occasioned the improvement and cultivation of the country, 170.

Clergy, a supply of, provided for, by public and private foundations for their education, 55.
Curates worse paid than many mechanics, ib.
Of an established religion, why unsuccessful against the teachers of a new religion, 330.
Why they persecute their adversaries, ib.
The zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome, how kept alive, ib.
Utility of ecclesiastical establishments, 331.
How connected with the civil magistrate, ib., 332.
Unsafe for the civil magistrate to differ with them, 334.
Must be managed without violence, ib., 335.
Of the church of Rome, one great army cantoned over Europe, ib., 336.
Their power similar to that of the temporal barons during the feudal monkish ages, ib.
How the power of the Romish clergy declined, 337.
Evils attending allowing parishes to elect their own ministers, 339.
Clothing, more plentiful than food in uncultivated countries, 68.
The materials for, the first articles rude nations have to offer, ib.
Coal must generally be cheaper than wood to gain the preference for fuel, 70.
The price of, how reduced, ib.
The exportation of, subjected to a duty higher than the prime cost of, at the pit, 273.
The cheapest of all fuel, 370.
The tax on absurdly regulated, ib.
Coal mines, their different degrees of fertility, 70.
When fertile, are sometimes unprofitable by situation, ib.
The proportion of rent generally paid for, ib., 71.
The machinery necessary to, expensive, 112.
Coal trade from Newcastle to London employs more shipping than all the other carrying trade of England, 153.
Cochin China, remarks on the principal article of cultivation there, 66.
Coin, stamped, the origin and peculiar advantages of, in commerce, 11.
The different species of, in different ages and countries, ib.
Causes of the alterations in the value of, ib., 12, 13, 14.
How the standard coin of different nations came to be of different metals, 16.
A reform in the English coinage suggested, 19.
Silver, consequences attending the debasement of, 82.
Coinage of France and Britain examined, 193.
Why coin is privately melted down, 225.
The mint chiefly employed to keep up the quantity thus diminished, ib.
A duty to pay the coinage would preserve money from being melted or counterfeited, ib.
Standard of the gold coin in France, ib.
How a seignorage on coin would operate, 226.
A tax upon coinage is advanced by every body, and finally paid by nobody, ib.
A revenue lost by government defraying the expense of coinage, 227.
Amount of the annual coinage before the late reformation of the gold coin, ib.
The law for the encouragement of, founded on prejudice, ib.
Consequences of raising the denomination as an expedient to facilitate the payment of public debts, 395.
Adulteration of, 397.
Colbert, M., the policy of his commercial regulations disputed, 189, 275.
His character, 275.
Colleges, cause of the depreciation of their money rents inquired into, 14.
The endowments of, from whence they generally arise, 318.
Whether they have in general answered the purposes of their institution, ib.
These endowments have diminished the necessity of application in the teachers, 319.
The privileges of graduates by residence, and charitable foundation of scholarships, injurious to collegiate education, 320.
Discipline of, ib.
Colliers and Coal-heavers, their high earnings accounted for, 43.
Colonies, new, the natural progress of, 38.
Modern, the commercial advantages derived from them, 183.
Ancient, on what principles founded, 227, 228.
Ancient Grecian colonies not retained under subjection to the parent states, ib.
Distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies, 228.
Circumstances that led to the establishment of European colonies in the East Indies and America, ib.
The East Indies discovered by Vasco de Gama, 229.
The West, Indies discovered by Columbus, ib.
Gold the object of the first Spanish enterprises there, 230.
And of all those of all other European nations, 231.
Causes of the prosperity of new colonies, ib.
Rapid progress of the ancient Greek colonies, 232.
The Roman colonies slow in improvement, ib.
The remoteness of America and the West Indies greatly in favour of the European colonies there, ib.
Review of the British American colonies, 234.
Expense of the civil establishments in British America, 235.
Ecclesiastical government, ib.
General view of the restraints laid upon the trade of the European colonies, 236.
The trade of the British colonies, how regulated, ib.
The different kinds of non-enumerated commodities specified, 237.
Enumerated commodities, 238.
Restraints upon their manufactures, ib.
Indulgences granted them by Britain, 239.
Were free in every other respect except as to their foreign trade, 240.
Little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies, 242.
Throve by the disorder and injustice of the European governments, ib.
Have contributed to augment the industry of all the countries of Europe, 243.
Exclusive privileges of trade a dead weight upon all these exertions both in Europe and America, ib.
Have in general been a source of expense instead of revenue to their mother countries, 244.
Have only benefited their mother countries by the exclusive trade carried on with them, ib.
Consequences of the navigation act, 245.
The advantage of the colony trade to Britain estimated, 247.
A gradual relaxation of the exclusive commerce recommended, 250.
Events which have prevented Britain from sensibly feeling the loss of the colony trade, ib.
The effects of the colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade, distinguished, ib.
To maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion Great Britain assumes over the colonies, 254.
Amount of the ordinary peace establishment of, ib.
The two late wars Britain sustained, colony wars, to support a monopoly, ib.
Two modes by which they might be taxed, 255.
Their assemblies not likely to tax them, ib.
Taxes by parliamentary requisition as little likely to be raised, 256.
Representatives of, might he seated into the British parliament with good effect, 257.
Answer to objections against American representation, 258.
The interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America, 274.
Columbus, the motive that led to his discovery of Americas, 229.
Why he gave the name of Indies to the islands he discovered, ib.
His triumphal exhibition of their productions, 230.
Columella, his instructions for fencing a kitchen garden, 64.
Advises the planting of vineyards, 65.
Commerce, the different common standards or mediums made use of to facilitate the exchange of commodities in the early stages of, 10.
Origin of money, ib.
Definition of the term value, 12.
Treaties of, though advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured countries, necessarily, disadvantageous to those of the favouring country, 222.
Translation of the commercial treaty between England and Portugal, concluded in 1703, by Mr. Methuen, 223.
Restraints laid upon the European colonies in America, 236.
The present splendour of the mercantile system owing to the discovery and colonization of America, 259.
Review of the plan by which it proposes to enrich a country, 266.
The interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274.
See Agriculture, Banks, Capital, Manufactures, Merchant, Money, Stock, Trade, &c.
Commodities, the barter of, insufficient for the mutual supply of the wants of mankind, 10.
Metals found to be the best medium to facilitate the exchange of, ib.
Labour an invariable standard for the value of, 14.
Real and nominal prices of, distinguished, ib.
Component parts of the prices of, explained and illustrated, 21.
Natural and market prices of, distinguished and how regulated, 23.
The ordinary proportion between the value of two commodities, not necessarily the same as between the quantities of them commonly in the market, 89.
The price of rude produce, how affected by the advance of wealth and improvement, 91, 92.
Foreign are primarily purchased with the produce of domestic industry, 151.
When advantageously exported in a rude state, even by a foreign capital, 156.
The quantity of, in every country, naturally regulated by the demand, 176.
Wealth in goods, and in money, compared, 177.
Exportation of, to a proper market, always attended with more profit than that of gold and silver, 179.
The natural advantages of countries in particular productions sometimes not possible to struggle against, 185.
Company, mercantile, incapable of consulting their true interests when they become sovereigns, 264.
An exclusive company a public nuisance, 265.
Trading, how first formed, 307.
Regulated and joint-stock companies distinguished, ib.
Regulated companies in Great Britain specified, ib., 308.
Are useless, 308.
Constant view of such companies, ib.
Forts and garrisons, why never maintained by regulated companies, 309.
The nature of joint-stock companies explained, 310, 311, 316.
A monopoly necessary to enable a joint-stock company to carry on a foreign trade, 317.
What kind of joint-stock companies need no exclusive privileges, ib.
Joint-stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, ib.
The trade of insurance may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock company, ib.
Also, inland navigations, and the supply of water to a great city, ib.
Ill success of joint-stock companies in other undertakings, 318.
Competition, the effect of, in the purchase of commodities, 23.
Among the venders, ib., 37.
Concordat in France, its object, 337.
Congress, American, its strength owing to the important characters it confers on the members of it, 257.
Conversion price, in the payment of rents in Scotland, explained, 76, 77.
Copper, the standard measure of value among the ancient Romans, 16.
Is no legal tender in England, ib.
Cori, the largest quadruped on the island of St. Domingo, described, 229.
Corn, the raising of, in different countries, not subject to the same degree of rivalship, as manufactures, 3, 4.
Is the best standard for reserved rents, 14.
The price of, how regulated, 15.
The price of, the best standard for comparing the different values of particular commodities at different times and places, 16.
The three component parts in the price of, 21.
Is dearer in Scotland than in England, 31.
Its value compared with that of butcher's meat, in the different periods of agriculture, 62.
Compared with silver, 75.
Circumstances in a historical view of the prices of corn that have misled writers in treating of the value of silver at different periods, 76.
Is always a more accurate measure of value than any other commodity, 79.
Why dearer in great towns than in the country, 80.
Why dearer in some rich commercial countries, as Holland and Genoa, ib.
Rose in its nominal price on the discovery of the American mines, 81.
And in consequence of the civil war under king Charles I., ib.
And in consequence of the bounty on the exportation of, 82.
Tendency of the bounty examined, 83.
Chronological table of the prices of, 108.
The least profitable article of growth in the British West Indian colonies, 159.
The restraints formerly laid upon the trade of, unfavourable to the cultivation of land, 162.
The free importation of, could little affect the farmers of Great Britain, 187.
The policy of the bounty on the exportation of, examined, 206.
The reduction in the price of, not produced by the bounty, ib.
Tillage not encouraged by the bounty, ib.
The money price of, regulates that of all other home-made commodities, 207.
Illustration, 208.
Ill effects of the bounty, ib.
Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 209.
The natural value of not to be altered by altering the money price, 210.
The four several branches of the corn trade specified, 213.
The inland dealer, for his own interest, will not raise the price of, higher than the scarcity of the season requires, ib.
Corn a commodity the least liable to be monopolised, 214.
The inland dealers too numerous and dispersed to form a general combination, ib.
Dearths, never artificial, but when government interferes improperly to prevent them, ib.
The freedom of the corn trade the best s ecurity against a famine, 215.
Old English statute to prohibit the corn trade, ib.
Consequences of farmers being forced to become corn dealers, ib.
The use of corn dealers to the farmers, 216.
The prohibitory statute against the corn trade softened, 217.
But still under the influence of popular prejudices, ib., 218.
The average quantity imported and exported compared with the consumption and annual produce, ib.
Tendency of a free importation of, 219.
The home-market the most important one for corn, ib.
Impropriety of the statute 22 Car. II. for regulating the importation of wheat, confessed by the suspension of its execution by temporary statutes, ib.
Duties payable on the importation of grain before 13 Geo. III. ib. note, ib.
The home-market indirectly supplied by the exportation of corn, ib.
How a liberal system of free exportation and importation and among all nations would operate, 220.
The laws concerning corn, similar to those relating to religion, 221.
The home-market supplied by the carrying trade, ib.
The system of laws connected with the establishment of the bounty, undeserving of praise, ib.
Remarks on the statute 13 Geo. III. ib.
Corporations, tendency of the exclusive privileges of, on trade, 26.
By what authority erected, 50, 52.
The advantages they derive from the surrounding country, ib.
Check the operations of competition, 54.
Their internal regulations combinations against the public, ib.
Are injurious even to the members of them, ib.
The laws of, obstruct the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, 57.
Origin of, 163.
Are exempted by their privileges from the power of the feudal barons, 164.
The European East India companies disadvantageous to the eastern commerce, 181, 182.
The exclusive privileges of corporations ought to be destroyed, 191.
Cottagers, in Scotland, their situation described, 49.
Are cheap manufacturers of stockings, ib.
The diminution of, in England, considered, 95.
Coward, character of, 329.
Credit. See Paper Money.
Crusades, to the Holy land, favourable to the revival of commerce, 165.
Currency of states, remarks on, 194.
Customs, the motives and tendency of drawbacks from the duties of, 203.
The revenue of the customs increased by drawbacks, 205.
Occasion of first imposing the duties of, 307.
Origin of those duties, 371.
Three ancient branches of, 372.
Drawbacks of, ib.
Are regulated according to the mercantile system, ib., 373.
Frauds practised to obtain drawbacks and bounties, ib.
The duties of, in many instances uncertain, ib.
Improvement of, suggested, 374.
Computation of the expense of collecting them, 380.
D
Dairy, the business of, generally carried on as a save-all, 96.
Circumstances which impede or promote the attention to it, ib.
English and Scotch dairies, ib.
Danube, the navigation of that river, why of little use to the interior parts of the country from whence it flows, 9.
Davenant, Dr. his objections to the transferring the duties on beer to the malt considered, 377.
Dearths, never caused by combinations among the dealers in corn, but by some general calamity, 214.
The free exercise of the corn trade the best palliative against the inconveniencies of a dearth, 217.
Corn dealers the best friends to the people at such seasons, 218.
Debts, public, the origin of, traced, 38622.
Require more knowledge and experience than the generality of manufacturers, 53.
In what their capitals consist, 112.
The great quantity of productive labour put into motion by their capitals, 149.
Artificers necessary to them, 156.
Their situation better in England than in any other part of Europe, 160.
Labour under great disadvantages everywhere, 161.
Origin of long leases of farms, 170.
Are a class of men least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly, 187.
Were forced by old statutes to become the only dealers in corn, 215.
Could not sell corn cheaper than any other corn merchant, 216.
Could seldom sell it so cheap, ib.

The culture of land obstructed by this division of their capitals, 217.
The use of corn-dealers to the farmers, ib.
How they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 275.
Farmers of the public revenue, their character, 383, 391.
Feudal government, miserable state of the occupiers of land under, 137.
Trade and interest of money under, ib.
Chiefs, their power, 157.
Slaves, their situation, 159.
Tenures of land, ib.
Taxation, 161.
Original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen in towns, 162.
Immunities seldom granted but for valuable considerations, 163.
Origin of free burghs, ib.
The power of the barons reduced by municipal privileges, ib.
The cause and effect of ancient hospitality, 167.
Extensive power of the ancient barons, 168.
Was not established in England until the Norman conquest, ib.
Was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce, 169.
Feudal wars, how supported, 290.
Military exercises not well attended to, under, 291.
Standing armies gradually introduced to supply the place of the feudal militia, 295.
Account of the casualties or taxes under, 363.
Revenues under, how enjoyed by the great landholders, 385.
Fairs, public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution, explained, 76, 77.
Fines for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them, and their tendency, 349.
Fire-arms, alteration in the art of war effected by the invention of, 292, 295.
The invention of, favourable to the extension of civilisation, 296.
Fish, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
The multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and uncertain, 99.
How an increase of demand raises the price of fish, 100.
Fisheries, observations on the tonnage bounties granted to, 211.
To the herring fishery ib.
The boat fishery ruined by this bounty, 212.
Flanders, the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by the solid improvements of agriculture, 172.
Flax, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
Fleetwood, Bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Pretiosum, 77, 78.
Flour, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
Food, will always purchase as much labor as it can maintain on the spot, 61.
Bread and butcher's meat compared, 62, 63.
Is the original source of every other production, 69.
The abundance of, constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches, 73.
Forestalling and engrossing, the popular fear of, like the suspicions of witchcraft, 218.
Forts, when necessary for the protection of commerce, 306.
France, fluctuations in the legal rate of interest for money there during the course of the present century, 37, 38.
Remarks on the trade and riches of, ib.
The nature of apprenticeships there, 51.
The propriety of restraining the planting of vineyards examined, 65.
Variations in the price of grain there, 73.
The money price of labour has sunk gradually with the money price of corn, 84.
Foundation of the Mississippi scheme, 130.
Little trade or industry to be found in the parliament towns of, 138.
Description of the class of farmers called metayers, 159.
Laws relating to the tenure of land, 161.
Services formerly exacted besides rent, ib.
The taille, what, and in operation in checking the cultivation of land, ib.
Origin of the magistrates and councils of cities, 164.
No direct legal encouragement given to agriculture, 171.
Ill policy of M. Colbert's commercial regulations, 189.
French goods heavily taxed in Great Britain, 192.
The commercial intercourse between France and England, now chiefly carried on by smugglers, ib.
The policy of the commercial restraints between France and Britain considered, ib.
State of the coinage there, 194.
Why the commerce with England has been subjected to discouragement, 202.
Foundation of the enmity between these countries, ib.
Remarks concerning the seignorage on coin, 225.
Standard of the gold coin there, ib.
The trade of the French colonies, how regulated, 237.
The government of the colonies conducted with moderation, 241.
The sugar colonies of, better governed than those of Britain, ib.
The kingdom of, how taxed, 256.
The members of the league fought more in defence of their own importance than for any other cause, 258.
The present agricultural system of political economy adopted by philosophers there described, 275.
Under what direction the funds for the repair of the roads are placed, 305.
General state of the roads, ib.
The universities badly governed, 319.
Remarks on the management of the parliaments of, 335.
Measures taken in, to reduce the power of the clergy, 337.
Account of the mode of rectifying the inequalities of the predial taille in the generality of Montauban, 352.
The personal taille explained, 360.
The inequalities in, how remedied, 361.
How the personal taille discourages cultivation, ib.
The vingtieme, 362.
Stamp duties and the controle, 364, 365.
The capitation tax, how rated, 367.
Restraints upon the interior trade of the country by the local variety of the revenue laws, 382.
The duties on tobacco and salt, how levied, 383.
The different sources of revenue in, 384.
How the finances of, might be reformed, ib.
The French system of taxation compared with that in Britain, ib.
The nature of tontines explained, 390.
Estimate of the whole national debt of, ib.
Frugality, generally a predominating principle in human nature, 140.
Fuller's earth, the exportation of why prohibited, 271.
Funds, British, brief historical view of, 387.
Operation of, politically considered, 393.
The practice of funding has gradually enfeebled every state that has adopted it, 395.
Fur trade, the first principles of, 68.
G
Gama, Vasco de, the first European who discovered a naval track to the East Indies, 229.
Gardening, the gains from, distinguished into the component parts, 22.
Not a profitable employment, 64.
Gems, See Stones.
General fund in the British finances explained, 389.
Genoa, why corn is dear in the territory of, 80.
Glasgow, the trade of, doubled in fifteen years, by erecting banks there, 120.
Why a city of greater trade than Edinburgh, 138.
Gold, not the standard value in England, 16.
Its value measured by silver, 17.
Reformation of the gold coin, ib.
Mint price of gold in England, ib.
The working the mines of, in Peru, very unprofitable, 71.
Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72.
The proportionate value of, to silver, how rated before and after the discovery of the American mines, 89.
Is cheaper in the Spanish market than silver, 90.
Great quantities of, remitted annually from Portugal to England, 223.
Why little of it remains in England, ib.
Is always to be had for its value, 224.
Gold and Silver, the prices of, how affected by the increase of the quantity of the metals, 79.
Are commodities that naturally seek the best market, 80.
Are metals of the least value among the poorest nations, ib.
The increase in the quantity of, by means of wealth and improvement, has no tendency to diminish their value, 81.
The annual consumption of those metals very considerable, 87.
Annual importation of, into Spain and Portugal, 88.
Are not likely to multiply beyond the demand, ib.
The durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price, ib.
On what circumstances the quantity of, in every particular country, depends, 100.
The low value of these metals in a country no evidence of its wealth, nor their high value of its poverty, 101.
If not employed at home, will be sent abroad notwithstanding all prohibitions, 139.
The reason why European nations have studied to accumulate these metals, 174.
Commercial arguments in favour of their exportation, ib.
These and all other commodities are mutually the prices of each other, 175.
The quantity of, in every country, regulated by the effectual demand, 176.
Why the prices of these metals do not fluctuate so much as those of other commodities, ib.
To preserve a due quantity of, in a country, no proper object of attention for the government, 176.
The accumulated gold and silver in a country distinguished into three parts, 178.
A great quantity of bullion alternately exported and imported for the purposes of foreign trade, 179.
Annual amount of these metals imported into Spain and Portugal, 180.
The importation of, not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade, 181.
The value of, how affected by the discovery of the American mines, ib.
And by the passage round the Cape of Good Hope to the East Indies, ib.
Effect of the annual exportation of silver to the East Indies, 182.
The commercial means pursued to increase the quantity of these metals in a country, ib., 192.
Bullion, how received and paid at the bank of Amsterdam, 195.
At what prices, 196, note.
A trading country without mines not likely to be exhausted by an annual exportation of these metals, 200.
The value of, in Spain and Portugal, depreciated by restraining the exportation of them, 208.
Are not imported for the purposes of plate or coin, but for foreign trade, 224.
The search after mines of, the most ruinous of all projects, 230.
Are valuable because scarce and difficult to be procured, 231.
Gorgias, evidence of the wealth he acquired by teaching, 56.
Government, civil, indispensibly necessary for the security of private property, 297.
Subordination in society, by what means introduced, ib.
Inequality of fortune introduces civil government for its preservation, 299.
The administration of justice a source of revenue in early times, ib.
Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, 304.
Nor of other public works, 306.
Want of parsimony during peace imposes a necessity of contracting debts, to carry on a war, 386.
Must support a regular administration of justice to cause manufactures and commerce to flourish, 387.
Origin of a national debt, ib.
Progression of public debts, ib.
War, why generally agreeable to the people, 391.
Governors, political, the greatest spendthrifts in society, 142.
Grasses, artificial, tend to reduce the price of butcher's meat, 63.
Graziers, subject to monopolies obtained by manufactures to their prejudice, 271.
Greece, foreign trade promoted in several of the ancient states of, 284.
Military exercises a part of general education, 291.
Soldiers not a distinct profession in, ib.
Course of education in the republics of, 324.
The morals of the Greeks inferior to those of the Romans, ib.
Schools of the philosophers and rhetoricians, 325.
Law no science among the Greeks, ib.
Courts, of justice, ib.
The martial spirit of the people, how supported, 329.
Greek colonies, how distinguished from Roman colonies, 227, 228.
Rapid progress of these colonies, 232.
Greek language, how introduced as a part of university education, 322.
Philosophy, the three great branches of, ib.
Ground rents, great variations of, according to situation, 354.
Are a more proper subject of taxation, than houses, 355.
Gum senega, review of the regulations imposed on the trade for, 272.
Gunpowder, great revolution effected in the art of war by the invention of, 292, 296.
This invention favourable to the extension of civilization, 296.
Gustavus Vasa, how enabled to establish the Reformation in Sweden, 338.
H
Hanseatic league, causes that rendered it formidable, 164.
Why no vestige remains of the wealth of the Hans towns, 172.
Hamburgh, agio of the bank of, explained, 195.
Sources of the revenue of that city, 343, 344.
The inhabitants of, how taxed to the state, 359.
Hamburgh company, some account of, 308.
Hearth money, why abolished in England, 356, 357.
Henry VIII. of England, prepares the way for the Reformation, by shutting out the authority of the pope, 338.
Herring buss bounty, remarks on, 211.
Fraudulent claims of the bounty, ib.
The boat fishery the most natural and profitable, 212.
Account of the British white herring fishery, ib.
Account of the busses fitted out in Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and the bounties on them, 287, Append.
Hides, the produce of rude countries commonly carried to a distant market, 97.
Price of, in England three centuries ago, 98.
Salted hides inferior to fresh ones, 98, 99.
The price of, how affected by circumstances in cultivated and in uncultivated countries, ib.
Highlands of Scotland, interesting remarks on the population of, 33.
Military character of the Highlanders, 293.
Hobbes, Mr. remarks on his definition of wealth, 13.
Hogs, circumstances which render their flesh cheap or dear, 95.
Holland, observations on the riches, and trade of the republic of, 38.
Not to follow some business unfashionable there, 40.
Cause of the dearness of corn there, 80.
Enjoys the greatest share in the carrying trade of Europe, 153.
How the Dutch were excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, 188.
Is a country that prospers under the heaviest taxation, 189.
Account of the bank of Amsterdam, 194, 195.
This republic derives even its subsistence from foreign trade, 202, 203.
Tax paid on houses there, 356.
Account of the tax upon successions, 363.
Stamp duties, 364.
High amount of the taxes in, 370, 384.
Its prosperity depends on the republican form of government, 385.
Honoraries, from pupils to teachers in colleges tendency of, to quicken their diligence, 319.
Hose, in the time of Edward IV., how made, 104.
Hospitality, ancient, the cause and effect of, 169, 385.
House, different acceptations of the term in England, and some other countries, 49.
Houses considered as part of the national stock, 113.
Houses produce no revenue, ib.
The rent of, distinguished into two parts, 354.
Operation of a tax upon house rent, payable by the tenant, ib.
House rent, the best test of the tenant's circumstances, 231.
Of artificers and manufacturers, never adds any value to the whole amount of the rude produce of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 277.
This doctrine shewn to be erroneous, 281.
The productive powers of labour, how to be improved, ib.
Labourers, useful and productive, everywhere proportioned to the capital stock on which they are employed, 1, 2.
Share the produce of their labour, in most cases, with the owners of the stock on which they are employed, 20.
Their wages a continued subject of contest between them and their masters, 28.
Are seldom successful in their outrageous combinations, ib.
The sufficiency of their earnings a point not easily determined, ib.
Their wages sometimes raised by increase of work, ib.

Their demands limited by the funds destined for payment, 29.
Are continually wanted in North America, ib.
Miserable condition of those in China, ib., 30.
Are not ill paid in Great Britain, ib., 31.
If able to maintain their families in dear years, they must be at their ease in plentiful seasons, ib.
A proof furnished in the complaints of their luxury, 33.
Why worse paid than artificers, 42.
Their interests, strictly connected with the interests of the society, 106.
Labour the only source of their revenue, 112.
Effects of a life of labour on the understandings of the poor, 327.
Land, the demand of rent for, how founded, 21.
The rent paid enters into the greater part of all commodities, ib.
Generally produces more food than will maintain the labour necessary to bring it to market, 61.
Good roads and navigable canals equalize difference of situation, 62.
That employed in raising food for men and cattle regulates the rent of all other cultivated land, 64, 67.
Can clothe and lodge more than it can feed while uncultivated, and the contrary when improved, 68.
The culture of land producing food creates a demand for the produce of other lands, 73.
Produces by agriculture a much greater quantity of vegetable than of animal food, 79.
The full improvement of, requires a stock of cattle to supply manure, 93.
Cause and effect of the diminution of cottagers, 95.
Signs of the land being completely improved, 96.
The whole annual produce, or the price of it, naturally divides itself into rent, wages, and profit of stock, 106.
The usual price of, depends on the common rate of interest for money, 147.
The profits of cultivation exaggerated by projectors, 154.
The cultivation of, naturally preferred to trade and manufactures, on equal terms, 155.
Artificers necessary to the cultivation of, 156.
Was all appropriated, though not cultivated, by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire, 157.
Origin of the law of primogeniture under the feudal government, ib.
Entails, 158.
Obstacles to the improvement of land under feudal proprietors, ib.
Feudal tenures, 159, 160.
Feudal taxation, 161.
The improvement of land checked in France, by the taille, ib.
Occupiers of, labour under great disadvantages, ib.
Origin of long leases of, 169.
Small proprietors the best improvers of, 170.
Small purchasers of, cannot hope to raise fortunes by cultivation, ib., 171.
Tenures of, in the British American colonies, 235.
Is the most permanent source of revenue, 345.
The rent of a whole country not equal to the ordinary levy upon the people, ib.
The revenue from, proportioned not to the rent, but to the produce, 346.
Reasons for selling the crown lands, ib.
The land tax of Great Britain considered, 348.
An improved land-tax suggested, 349.
A land-tax, however equally rated by a general survey, will soon become unequal, 352.
Tithes a very unequal tax, ib.
Tithes discourage improvement, ib.
Landholders, why frequently inattentive to their own particular interests, 106.
How they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 275.
Should be encouraged to cultivate a part of their own land, 350.
Latin language, how it became an essential part of university education, 321.
Law, the language of, how corrupted, 302.
Did not improve into a science in ancient Greece, 325.
Remarks on the courts of justice in Greece and Rome, ib., 326.
Law, Mr. account of his banking scheme for the improvement of Scotland, 130.
Lawyers, why amply rewarded for their labour, 44.
Great amount of their fees, 300.
Leases, the various usual conditions of, 349, 350.
Leather, restrictions on the exportation of unmanufactured, 271.
Lectures in universities frequently improper for instruction, 320.
Levity, the vices of, ruinous to the common people, and therefore severely censured by them, 332, 333.
Liberty, three duties only necessary for a sovereign to attend to for supporting a system of, 286.
Lima, computed number of inhabitants in that city, 233.
Linen manufacture, narrow policy of the master manufacturers in, 266.
Literature, the rewards of, reduced by competition, 56.
Was more profitable in ancient Greece, ib.
The cheapness of literary education an advantage to the public, 57.
Loans of money, the nature of, analysed, 144.
The extensive operation of, ib.
Locke, Mr. remarks on his opinion of the difference between the market and mint prices of silver bullion, 18.
His account of the cause of lowering the rates of interest for money, examined, 145.
His distinction between money and moveable goods, 173.
Lodgings, cheaper in London than in any other capital city in Europe, 49.
Logic, the origin and employment of, 322.
Lotteries, the true nature of, and the causes of their success, explained, 45.
Luck, instances of the universal reliance mankind have on it, 45.
Lutherans, origin and principles of that sect, 339.
Luxuries, distinguished from necessaries, 368.
Operation of taxes on, ib.
The good and bad properties of taxes on, 380.
M
Macedon, Philip of, the superiority that discipline gave his army over that of his enemies, 294.
Machines for facilitating mechanical operations, how invented and improved, 4, 5.
Are advantageous to every society, 116.
Madder, the cultivation of, long confined to Holland by English tithes, 353.
Madeira wines, how introduced into North America and Britain, 204.
Malt, reasons for transferring the duties on brewing to, 378.
Distillery, how to prevent smuggling, 377.
Manufactures, the great advantages resulting from a division of labour in, 3.
Instances in illustration, 5.
Why profits increase in the higher stages of, 21.
Of what parts the gain consists, 22.
The private advantages of secrets in, 25.
Peculiar advantages of soil and situation, ib.
Monopolies, ib.
Corporation privileges, 26.
The deductions made from labour employed on manufactures, 27.
Inquiry how far they are affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, 35.
Are not no materially affected by circumstances in the country where they are carried on, as in the places where they are consumed, ib.
New manufactures generally give higher wages than old ones, 48.
Are more profitably carried on in towns than in the open country, 53.
By what means the prices of, are reduced while the society continues improving, 103.
Instances in hardware, ib.
Instances in the woollen manufacture, 104.
What fixed capitals are required to carry on particular manufactures, 112.
Manufactures for distant sale, why not established in North America, 156.
Why preferred to foreign trade for the employment of a capital, ib.
Motives to the establishment of manufactures for distant sale, 165.
How shifted from one country to another, ib., 166.
Natural circumstances which contribute to the establishment of them, ib.
Their effect on the government and manners of a country, 167.
The independence of artisans explained, 169.
May flourish amidst the ruin of a country, and begin to decay on the return of its prosperity, 180.
Inquiry how far manufactures might be affected by a freedom of trade, 190.
British restraints on manufactures in North America, 238, 239.
The exportation of instruments in, prohibited, 273.
By the principal support of foreign trade, 283.
Require a more extensive market than rude produce of the land, ib.
Were exercised by slaves in ancient Greece, 284.
High prices of, in Greece and at Rome, 285.
False policy to check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, ib.
In Great Britain, why principally fixed in the coal countries, 370.
Manufacturers, those thrown out of one business can transfer their industry to colateral employments, 190.
A spirit of combination among them to support monopolies, 191.
Manufacturers prohibited by old statutes from keeping a shop, or selling their own goods by retail, 215, 216.
The use of wholesale dealers to manufacturers, 217.
An unproductive class of the people, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 276.
The error of this doctrine shewn, 280.
How manufacturers augment the revenue of a country, 281.
Manure, the supply of, in most places depends on the stock of cattle raised, 93.
Maritime countries, why the first that are civilized and improved, 9.
Martial spirit, how supported in the ancient republics of Greece and Rome, 329.
The want of it now supplied by standing armies, ib.
The establishment of a militia little able to support it, ib.
Mediterranean sea, peculiarly favourable for the first attempts in navigation, 9.
Meggens, Mr. his account of the annual importation of gold and silver into Spain and Portugal, 88.
His relative proportion of each, 89.
Mercantile system explained, 372.
Mercenary troops, origin and reason of, 291.
The numbers of, how limited, ib.
Merchants, their judgments more to be depended on respecting the interest of their particular branches of trade, than with regard to the public interest, 106, 107.
Their capitals altogether circulating, 112.
Their dealings extended by the aid of bankers notes, 121, 124.
Customs of, first established to supply the want of laws, and afterwards admitted as laws, 126.
The manner of negociating bills of exchange, explained, ib.
The pernicious tendency of drawing and redrawing, ib., 127.
In what method their capitals are employed, 147.
Their capitals, dispersed and unfixed, 149.
The principles of foreign trade examined, 153.
Are the best of improvers when they turn country gentlemen, 167.
Their preference among the different species of trade, how determined, 183.
Are actuated by a narrow spirit of monopoly, 201.
The several branches of the corn trade specified and considered, 215.
The government of a company of, the worst a country can be under, 234.
Of London, not good economists, 253.
An unproductive class of men, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France, 277.
The quick return of mercantile capitals enables merchants to advance money to government, 386, 387.
Their capitals increased by lending money to the state, 387.
Mercier, de la Riviere, M. character of his natural and essential order of political societies, 282.
Metals, why the best medium of commerce, 10.
Origin of stamped coins, 11.
Why different metals became the standard of value among different nations, 16.
The durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price, 88.
On what the quantity of precious metals in every particular country depends, 100.
Restraints upon the exportation of, 272.
Metaphysics, the science of, explained, 323.
Metayers, description of the class of farmers so called in France, 159.
Methodists, the teachers among, why popular preachers, 330.
Methuen, Mr. translation of the commercial treaty concluded by him between England and Portugal, 223.
Mexico, was a less civilized country than Peru, when first visited by the Spaniards, 85.
Present populousness of the capital city, 233.
Low state of arts at the first discovery of that empire, ib.
Militia, why allowed to be formed in cities, and its formidable nature, 164.
The origin and nature of, explained, 292.
How distinguished from a regular standing army, ib.
Must always be inferior to a standing army, 293.
A few campaigns of service may make a militia equal to a standing army, ib.
Instances, 294.
Milk, a most perishable commodity, how manufactured for store, 96.
Mills, wind and water, their late introduction into England, 105.
Mines, distinguished by their fertility or barrenness, 70.
Comparison between those of coal and those of metals, 71.
The competition between, extends to all parts of the world, ib.
The working of, a lottery, 72.
Diamond mines not always worth working, 73.
Tax paid to the king of Spain from the Peruvian mines, 85.
The discovery of mines not dependent on human skill or industry, 100.
In Hungary, why worked at less expense than the neighbouring ones in Turkey, 284.
Mining, projects of, uncertain and ruinous, and unfit for legal encouragement, 230.
Mirabeau, Marquis de, his character of the economical table, 282.
Mississippi scheme in France, the real foundation of, 130.
Modus for tithe, a relief to the farmer, 353.
Money, the origin of, traced, 10.
Is the representative of labour, 13.
The value of, greatly depreciated by the discovery of the American mines, 14.
How different metals became the standard money of different nations, 16.
The only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can diminish their neat revenue, 116.
Makes no part of the revenue of a society, 117.
The term money, in common acceptation, of ambiguous meaning, ib.
The circulating money, in society, no measure of its revenue, 118.
Paper money, ib.
Effect of paper on the circulation of cash, ib., 119.
Inquiry into the proportion the circulating money of any country bears to the annual produce circulated by it, 120.
Paper can never exceed the value of the cash, of which it supplies the place, in any country, 122.
The pernicious practice of raising money by circulation, explained, 126.
The true cause of its exportation, 139.
Loans of, the principles of, analysed, 144.
Monied interest distinguished from the landed and trading interest, ib.
Inquiry into the real causes of the reduction of interest, 145.
Money and wealth synonymous terms in popular language, 173.
And moveable goods compared, ib.
The accumulation of, studied by the European nations, 174.
The mercantile arguments for liberty to export gold and silver, ib.
The validity of these arguments examined, 175.
Money and goods mutually the price of each other, ib.
Over-trading causes complaints of the scarcity of money, 176.
Why more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with goods, 177.
Inquiry into the circulating quantity of, in Great Britain, 178.
Effect of the discovery of the American mines on the value of, 181.
Money and wealth different things, 182.
Bank money explained, 195.
See Coins, Gold, and Silver.
Monopolies in age_251" class="pginternal">251.
Post-office, a mercantile project, well calculated for being managed by a government, 344.
Potatoes, remarks on, as an article of food, 67.
Culture and great produce of, ib.
The difficulty of preserving them the great obstacle to cultivating them for general diet, 68.
Poverty, sometimes urges nations to inhuman customs, 1.
Is no check to the production of children, 33.
But very unfavourable to raising them, ib.
Poultry, the cause of their cheapness, 95.
Is a more important article of rural economy in France than in England, ib.
Pragmatic sanction in France, the object of,

337.
Is followed by the concordat, ib.
Preferments, ecclesiastical, the means by which a national clergy ought to be managed by the civil magistrate, 335.
Alterations in the mode of electing to them, ib., 337.
Presbyterian church government, the nature of, described, 340.
Character of the clergy of, ib., 341.
Prices, real and nominal, of commodities, distinguished, 14.
Money price of goods explained, 19.
Rent for land enters into the price of the greater part of all commodities, 21.
The component parts of the price of goods explained, ib.
Natural and market prices distinguished, and how governed, 23, 36.
Though raised at first by an increase of demand, always reduced by it in the result, 314.
Primogeniture, origin and motive of the law of succession by, under the feudal government, 157.
In contrary to the real interest of families, 158.

Princes, why not well calculated to manage mercantile projects for the sake of a revenue, 344.
Prodigality, the natural tendency of, both to the individual and to the public, 138.
Prodigal men enemies to their country, 140.
Produce of land and labour the source of all revenue, 136.
The value of, how to be increased, 141.
Professors in Universities, circumstances which determine their merit, 340, 341.
Profit, the various articles of gain that pass under the common idea of, 22.
An average rate of, in all countries, 23.
Averages of, extremely difficult to ascertain, 37.
Interest of money the best standard of, ib.
The diminution of, a natural consequence of prosperity, 38.
Clear and gross profit distinguished, 40.
The nature of the highest ordinary rate of, defined, ib.
Double interest deemed in Great Britain a reasonable mercantile profit, ib.
In thriving countries low profit may compensate the high wages of labour, 41.
The operation of high profits and high wages compared, ib.
Compensates inconvenience and disgrace, 42.
Of stock, how affected, 46.
Large profits must be made from small capitals, 47.
Why goods are cheaper in the metropolis than in country villages, ib.
Great fortunes more frequently made by trade in large towns than in small ones, ib.
Is naturally low in rich, and high in poor countries, 106.
How that of the different classes of traders is raised, 148.
Private, the sole motive of employing capitals in any branch of business, 154.
When raised by monopolies, encourage luxury, 253.
Projects, unsuccessful in arts, injurious to a country, 140.
Property, passions which prompt mankind to the invasion of, 297.
Civil government necessary for the production of, ib.
Wealth a source of authority, 298.
Provisions, how far the variations in the price of, affect labour and industry, 30, 34, 36.
Whether cheaper in the metropolis or in country villages, 47.
The prices of, better regulated by competition than by law, 60.
A rise in the prices of, must be uniform, to shew that it proceeds from a depreciation of the value of silver, 102.
Provisers, object of the statute of, in England, 337.
Prussia, mode of assessing the land-tax there, 351.
Public works and institutions, how to be maintained, 302.
Equity of tolls for passage over roads, bridges and canals, 303.
Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, 304.
Nor of other public works, 306.
Purveyance, a service still exacted in most parts of Europe, 161.
Q
Quakers of Pennsylvania, inference from their resolution to emancipate all their negro slaves, 159.
Quesnai, M. view of his agricultural system of political economy, 279.
His doctrine generally subscribed to, 282.
Quito, populousness of that city, 233.
R
Reformation, rapid progress of the doctrines of, in Germany, 338.
In Sweden and Switzerland, ib.
In England and Scotland, ib., 339.
Origin of the Lutheran and the Calvinistic sects, ib.
Regulated companies. See Companies.
Religion, the object of instruction in, 330.
Advantage the teachers of a new religion enjoy over those of one that is established, ib.
Origin of persecutions for heretical opinions, ib.
How the zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome is kept alive, ib.
Utility of ecclesiastical establishments, 331.
How united with the civil power, ib., 332.
Rent, reserved, ought not to consist of money, 14.
But of corn, ib.
Of land, constitutes a third part of the price of most kinds of goods, 21.
An average rate of, in all countries, and how regulated, 23.
Makes the first deduction from the produce of labour employed upon land, 27.
The terms of, how adjusted between landlord and tenant, 60, 61.
Is sometimes demanded for what is altogether incapable of human improvement, 61.
Is paid for, and produced, by land in almost all situations, ib.
The general proportion paid for coal mines, 71.
And metal mines, ib.
Mines of precious stones frequently yield no rent, 73.
How paid in ancient times, 76.
Is raised, either directly or indirectly, by every improvement in the circumstances of society, 105.
Gross and neat rent distinguished, 115.
How raised and paid under feudal governments, 137.
Present average proportion of, compared with the produce of the land, ib.
Of houses distinguished into two parts, 354.
Difference between rent of house and rent of land, 355.
Rent of a house the best estimate of a tenants circumstances, ib.
Retainers, under the feudal system of government described, 167.
How the connection between them and their lords was broken, 169.
Revenue, the original source of, pointed out, 22.
Of a country, of what it consists, 115.
The neat revenue of a society diminished by supporting a circulating stock of money, 116.
Money no part of revenue, 117.
Is not to be computed in money, but in what money will purchase, ib.
How produced, and how appropriated, in the first instance, 136.
Produce of land, ib.
Produce of manufactures, ib. Must always replace capital, ib.
The proportion between revenue and capital regulates the proportion between idleness and industry, 138.
Both the savings and the spendings of, annually, consumed, ib.
Of every society, equal to the exchangeable value of the whole produce of its industry, 184.
Of the customs, increase by drawbacks, 205.
Why government ought not to take the management of turnpikes, to derive a revenue from them, 304.
Public works of a local nature always better maintained by provincial revenues than by the general revenue of the state, 306.
The abuses in provincial revenues trifling, when compared with those in the revenue of a great empire, ib.
The greater the revenue of the church, the smaller must be that of the state, 341.
The revenue of the state ought to be raised proportionably from the whole society, 342.
Local expenses ought to be defrayed by a local revenue, 343.
Inquiry into the sources of public revenue, ib.
Of the republic of Hamburgh, ib., 344.
Whether the government of Britain could undertake the management of the bank, to derive a revenue from it, ib.
The post office, a mercantile project, well calculated for being managed by government, ib.
Princes not well qualified to improve their fortunes by trade, ib.
The English East India Company good traders before they became sovereigns, but each character now spoils the other, ib.
Expedient of the government of Pennsylvania to raise money, 345.
Rent of land the most permanent fund, ib.
Feudal revenues, ib.
Of Great Britain, ib.
Revenue from land proportioned not to the rent but to the produce, 346.
Reasons for selling the crown lands, ib., 347.
An improved land-tax suggested, 349.
The nature and effect of tithes explained, 352.
Why a revenue cannot be raised in kind, 353.
When raised in money, how affected by different modes of valuation, ib.
A proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue, 355.
Remedies for the diminution of, according to their causes, 374.
Bad effects of farming out public revenues, 381.
The different sources of revenue in France, 384.
How expended in the rude state of society, 385.
Rice, a very productive article of cultivation, 67.
Requires a soil unfit for raising any other kind of food, ib.
Rice countries more populous than corn countries, 86.
Riches, the chief enjoyment of, consists in the parade of, 72, 73.
Risk, instances of the inattention mankind pay to it, 45.
Roads, good, the public advantages of, 62.
How to be made and maintained, 303.
The maintenance of, why improper to be trusted to private interest, 304.
General state of, in France, 305.
In China, ib.
Romans, why copper became the standard of value among them, 16.
The extravagant prices paid by them for certain luxuries for the table accounted for, 92.
The value of silver higher among them than at the present time, ib.
The republic of, founded on a division of land among the citizens, 228.
The Agrarian law only executed upon one or two occasions, ib.
How the citizens who had no land subsisted, ib.
Distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies, ib.
The improvement of the former slower than that of the latter, 232.
Origin of the social war, 257.
The republic ruined by extending the privilege of Roman citizens to the greater part of the inhabitants of Italy, 258.
When contributions were first raised to maintain those who went to the wars, 290.
Soldiers not a distinct profession there, 291.
Improvement of the Roman armies by discipline, 294.
How that discipline was lost, 295.
The fall of the western empire, how effected, ib.
Remarks on the education of the ancient Romans, 324.
Their morals superior to those of the Greeks, ib.
State of law, and forms of justice, 325.
The martial spirit of the people, how supported, 329.
Great reductions of the coin practised by, at particular exigencies, 396.
Rome, modern, how the zeal of the inferior clergy of, is kept alive, 330.
The clergy of, one great spiritual army dispersed in different quarters over Europe, 335.
Their power during the feudal monkish ages similar to that of the temporal barons, 336.
Their power, how reduced, 337.
Rouen, why a town of great trade, 138.
Ruddiman, Mr. remarks on his account of the ancient price of wheat in Scotland, 77.
Russia, was civilized under Peter the Great by a standing army, 296.
S
Sailors, why no sensible inconvenience felt by the great numbers disbanded at the close of a war, 190.
Salt, account of foreign salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch salt delivered duty free for the fishery, 288, Append.
Is an object of heavy taxation everywhere, 369.
The collection of the duty on, expensive, 380.
Sardinia, the land-tax how assessed there, 352.
Saxon lords, their authority and jurisdiction as great before the Conquest as those of the Normans were afterwards, 168.
Schools, parochial, observations on, 328.
Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition, 333.
Scipio, his Spanish militia rendered superior to the Carthaginian militia by discipline and service, 294.
Scotland, compared with England as to the prices of labour and provisions, 31.
Remarks on the population of the Highlands, 33.
The market rate of interest higher than the legal rate, 37.
The situation of cottagers there described, 49.
Apprenticeships and corporations, 51.
The common people of, why neither so strong nor so handsome as the same class in England, 68.
Cause of the frequent emigrations from, 80.
Progress of agriculture there before the union with England, 93.
Present obstructions to better husbandry, ib., 94.
The price of wool reduced by the Union, 99.
Operation of the several banking companies established there, 120.
Amount of the circulating money there before the Union, ib.
Amount of the present circulating cash, 121.
Course of dealings in the Scotch banks ib.
Difficulties occasioned by these banks issuing too much paper, 123.
Necessary caution for some time observed by the banks in giving credit to their customers, with the good effects of it, 124.
The scheme of drawing and redrawing adopted by traders, 126.
Its pernicious tendency explained, ib., 127.
History of the Ayr bank, 128.
Mr. Law's scheme to improve the country, 130.
The prices of goods in, not altered by paper currency, 133.
Effect of the optional clauses in their notes, ib.
Cause of the speedy establishment of the Reformation there, 339.
The disorders attending popular elections of the clergy there, occasioned the right of patronage to be established, ib.
Amount of the whole revenue of the clergy, 342.
Sea service and military service by land, compared, 45.
Sects in religion, the more numerous, the better for society, 332.
Why they generally profess the austere system of morality, 333.
Self-love the governing principle in the intercourse of human society, 6.
Servants, menial, distinguished from hired workmen, 135.
The various orders of men who rank in the former class in reference to their labour, 136.
Their labour unproductive, 280.
Settlements of the poor, brief review of the English laws relating to, 57.
The removals of the poor a violation of natural liberty, 59.
The law of, ought to be repealed, 191.
Sheep, frequently killed in Spain for the sake of the fleece and the tallow, 97.
Severe laws against the exportation of them and their wool, 268.
Shepherds, war, how supported by a nation of, 289.
Inequality of fortune among, the source of great authority, 298.
Birth and family highly honoured in nations of shepherds, ib.
Inequality of fortune first began to take place in the age of shepherds, 299.
And introduced civil government, ib.
Shetland, how rents are estimated and paid there, 61.
Silk manufacture, how transferred from Lucca to Venice, 166.
Silver, the first standard coinage of the northern subverters of the Roman empires, 16.
Its proportional value to gold regulated by law, 17.
Is the measure of the value of gold, ib.
Mint price of silver in England, ib.
Inquiry into the difference between the mint and market price of bullion, ib., 18.
How to preserve the silver coin from being melted down for profit, 18.
The mines of, in Europe, why generally abandoned, 71.
Evidences of the small profit they yield to the proprietors in Peru, ib.
Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72.
The most abundant mines of, would add little to the wealth of the world, 73.
But the increase in the quantity of, would depreciate its own value, 74.
Circumstances that might counteract this effect, ib.
Historical view of the variations in the value of, during the four last centuries, ib., 75.
Remarks on its rise in value compared with corn, 76.352.
Operation of tax on house rent, payable by the tenant, 354.
A proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue, 355.
How far the revenue from stock is a proper object of taxation, 357.
Whether interest of money is proper for taxation, ib.
How taxes are paid at Hamburgh, 339.
In Switzerland, ib.
Taxes upon particular employments, ib.
Poll-taxes, 362.
Taxes badges of liberty, ib.
Taxes upon the transfer of property, 362.
Stamp duties, 363.

On whom the several kinds of taxes principally fall, 364.
Taxes upon the wages of labour, 365.
Capitation taxes, 367.
Taxes upon consumable commodities, 368.
Upon necessaries, ib.
Upon luxuries, ib.
Principal necessaries taxed, 369.
Absurdities in taxation, 370.
Different parts of Europe very highly taxed, ib.
Two different methods of taxing consumable commodities, ib.
Sir Matthew Decker's scheme of taxation considered, 371.
Excise and customs, ib.
Taxation sometimes not an instrument of revenue, but of monopoly, 373.
Improvements of the customs suggested, 374.
Taxes paid in the price of a commodity little adverted to, 379, 380.
On luxuries, the good and bad properties of, ib.
Bad effects of farming them out, 383.
How the finances of France might be reformed, 384.
French and English taxations compared, ib.
New taxes always generate discontent, 391, 392.
How far the British system of taxation might be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire, 397.
Such a plan might speedily discharge the national debt, 399.
Tea, great importation and consumption of that drug in Britain, 86.
Teachers in Universities, tendency of endowments to diminish their application, 319.
The jurisdictions to which they are subject little calculated to quicken their diligence, ib.
Are frequently obliged to gain protection by servility, ib.
Defects in their establishments, ib., 320.
Teachers among the ancient Greeks and Romans superior to those of modern times, 326.
Circumstances which draw good ones to, or drain them from, the universities, 340.
Their employment naturally renders them eminent in letters, 341.
Tenures, feudal, general observations on, 137.
Described, 157.
Theology, monkish, the complexion of, 323.
Thoulouse, salary paid to counsellor or judge in the parliament of, 301.
Tin, average rent of the mines of in Cornwall, 71.
Yield a greater profit to the proprietors than the silver mines of Peru, ib., 72.
Regulations under which tin mines are worked, ib.
Tobacco, the culture of, why restrained in Europe, 66.
Not so profitable an article of cultivation in the West Indies as sugar, ib.
The amount and course of the British trade with, explained, 153.
The whole duty upon, drawn back on exportation, 204.
Consequences of the exclusive trade Britain enjoys with Maryland and Virginia in this article, 244.
Tolls, for passage over roads, bridges, and navigable canals, the equity of, shewn, 303.
Upon carriages of luxury, ought to be higher than upon carriages of utility, ib.
The management of turnpikes often an object of just complaint, 304.
Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, ib., 379.
Tonnage and poundage, origin of those duties, 372.
Tontine in the French finances, what, with the derivation of the name, 390.
Towns, the places where industry is most profitably exerted, 53.
The spirit of combination prevalent among manufacturers, ib., 54.
According to what circumstances the general character of the inhabitants as to industry is formed, 137.
The reciprocal nature of the trade between them and the country explained, 155.
Subsist on the surplus produce of the country, ib.
How first formed, 156.
Are continual fairs, ib.
The original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of, 162.
Their early exemptions and privileges, how obtained, ib.
The inhabitants of, obtained liberty much earlier than the occupiers of land in the country, 163.
Origin of free burghs, ib.
Origin of corporations, ib.
Why allowed to form militia, 164.
How the increase and riches of commercial towns contributed to the improvement of the countries to which they belonged, 167.
Trade, double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit in, 40.
Four general classes of, equally necessary to, and dependent on, each other, 147.
Wholesale, three different sorts of, 151.
The different returns of home and foreign trade, ib.
The nature and operation of the carrying trade examined, 152.
The principles of foreign trade examined, 153.
The trade between town and country explained, 155.
Original poverty and servile state of the inhabitants of towns under feudal government, 162.
Exemptions and privileges granted to them, ib.
Extension of commerce by rude nations selling their own raw produce for the manufactures of more civilised countries, 165.
Its salutary effects on the government and manners of a country, 167.
Subverted the feudal authority, 168.
The independence of tradesmen and artizans explained, 169.
The capitals acquired by, very precarious, until some part has been realised by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172.
Over-trading, the cause of complaints of the scarcity of money, 176.
The importation of gold and silver not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade, 181.
Effect produced in trade and manufactures by the discovery of America, ib.
And by the discovery of a passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope, ib.
Error of commercial writers in estimating national wealth by gold and silver, 182.
Inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints upon trade, ib.
Individuals, by pursuing their own interest, unknowingly promote that of the public, 184.
Legal regulations, of trade unsafe, ib.
Retaliatory regulations between nations, 189.
Measures for laying trade open ought to be carried into execution slowly, 191.
Policy of the restraints on trade between France and Britain considered, 192.
No certain criterion to determine on which side the balance of trade between two countries turns, ib.
Most of the regulations of, founded on a mistaken doctrine of the balance of trade, 199.
Is generally founded on narrow principles of policy, 201.
Drawbacks of duties, 203.
The dealer who employs his whole stock on one single branch of business has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who employs his whole labour on a single operation, 216.
Consequences of drawing it from a number of small channels into one great channel, 249.
Colony trade, and the monopoly of that trade distinguished, 250.
The interest of the consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274.
Advantages attending a perfect freedom of, to landed nations, according to the present agricultural system of political economy in France, 278.
Origin of foreign trade, 279.
Consequences of high duties and prohibitions in landed nations, ib.
How trade augments the revenue of a country, 281.
Nature of the trading intercourse between the inhabitants of towns and those of the country, 285.
Trades, cause and effect of the separation of, 3.
Origin of, 7.
Transit duties explained, 379.
Travelling for education, summary view of the effects of, 324.
Treasures, why formerly accumulated by princes, 180.
Treasure-trove, the term explained, 115.
Why an important branch of revenue under the ancient feudal governments, 385.
Turkey company, short historical view of, 308.
Turnpikes. See Tolls.
Tithes, why an unequal tax, 352.
The levying of, a great discouragement to improvements, ib.
The fixing a modus for, a relief to the farmer, 353.
V
Value, the term defined, 12.
Vedius Pollio, his cruelty to his slaves checked by the Roman emperor Augustus, which could not have been done under the republican form of government, 241.
Venice, origin of the silk manufacture in that city, 166.
Traded in East India goods before the sea track round the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, 228, 229.
Nature of the land-tax in that republic, 349.
Venison, the price of, in Britain, does not compensate the expense of a deer park, 94.
Vicesima hereditatum among the ancient Romans, the nature of, explained, 363.
Villages, how first formed, 156.
Villenage, probable cause of the wearing out of that tenure in Europe, 160, 161.
Vineyard, the most profitable part of agriculture, both among the ancients and moderns, 65.
Great advantages derived from peculiarities of soil in, ib.
Universities, the emoluments of the teachers in, how far calculated to promote their diligence, 319.
The professors at Oxford have mostly given up teaching, ib.
Those in France subject to incompetent jurisdictions, ib.
The privileges of graduates improperly obtained, 320.
Abuse of lectureships, ib.
The discipline of, seldom calculated for the benefit of the students, ib.
Are in England more corrupted than the public schools, 321.
Original foundation of, ib.
How Latin became an essential article in academical education, ib.
How the study of the Greek language was introduced, ib., 322.
The three great branches of the Greek philosophy, ib.
Are now divided into five branches, ib.
The monkish course of education in, 323.
Have not been very ready to adopt improvements, ib.
Are not well calculated to prepare men for the world, 324.
How filled with good professors or drained of them, 340.
Where the worst and best professors are generally to be met with, ib., 341.
—See Colleges and Teachers.
W
Wages of labour, how settled between masters and workmen, 27.
The workmen generally obliged to comply with the terms of their employers, ib.
The opposition of workmen outrageous, and seldom successful, 28.
Circumstances which operate to raise wages, ib.
The extent of wages limited by the funds from which they arise, ib.
Why higher in North America than in England, ib.
Are low in countries that are stationary, ib.
Not oppressively low in Great Britain, 30.
A distinction made here between the wages in summer and in winter, 31.
If sufficient in dear years, they must be ample in seasons of plenty, ib.
Different rates of, in different places, ib.
Liberal wages encourage industry and propagation, 33.
An advance of, necessarily raises the price of many commodities, 36.
An average of, not easily ascertained, 37.
The operation of high wages and high profits compared, 41.
Causes of the variations of, in different employments, ib.
Are generally higher in new, than in old trades, 48, 57.
Legal regulations of, destroy industry and ingenuity, 59, 60.
Natural effect of a direct tax upon, 365.
Walpole, Sir Robert, his excise scheme defended, 375.

Wants of mankind, how supplied through the operation of labour, 9, 10.
How extended, in proportion to their supply, 69.
The far greater part of them supplied from the produce of other men's labour, 111.
Wars, foreign, the funds for the maintenance of, in the present century, have little dependence on the quantity of gold and silver in a nation, 178, 179.
How supported by a nation of hunters, 289.
By a nation of shepherds, ib.
By a nation of husbandmen, 290.
Men of military age, what proportion they bear to the whole society, ib.
Feudal wars, how supported, ib.
Causes which, in the advanced state of society, rendered it impossible for those who took the field, to maintain themselves, ib.
How the art of war became a distinct profession, 291.
Distinction between the militia and regular forces, 292.
Alteration in the art of war produced by the invention of fire-arms, ib., 296.
Importance of discipline, 293.
Macedonian army, 294.
Carthaginian army, ib.
Roman army, ib.
Feudal armies, 295.
A well regulated standing army, the only defence of a civilized country, and the only means for speedily civilizing a barbarous country, 296.
The want of parsimony during peace, imposes on states the necessity of contracting debts to carry on war, 386, 391.
Why war is agreeable to those who live secure from the immediate calamities of it, 391.
Advantages of raising the supplies for, within the year, 394.
Watch movements, great reduction in the prices of, owing to mechanical improvements, 103.
Wealth and money, synonymous terms, in popular language, 173, 182.
Spanish and Tartarian estimate of, compared, 173.
The great authority conferred by the possession of, 298.
Weavers, the profits of, why necessarily greater than those of spinners, 21.
West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 229.
How they obtained this name, ib.
The original native productions of, ib.
The thirst of gold the object of all the Spanish enterprises there, 230.
And of those of every other European nation, 231.
The remoteness of, greatly in favour of the European colonies there, 232.
The sugar colonies of France better governed than those of Britain, 241.
Wheat. See Corn.
Window-tax in Britain, how rated, 357.
Tends to reduce house rent, ib.
Windsor market, chronological table of the prices of corn at, 109.
Wine, the cheapness of, would be a cause of sobriety, 200.
The carrying trade in, encouraged by English statutes, 204.
Wood, the price of, rises in proportion as a country is cultivated, 70.
The growth of young trees prevented by cattle, ib.
When the planting of trees becomes a profitable employment, ib.
Wool, the produce of rude countries, commonly carried to a distant market, 97.
The price of, in England, has fallen considerably since the time of Edward III., ib.
Causes of this diminution in price, 98.
The price of, considerably reduced in Scotland, by the Union with England, 99.
Severity of the laws against the exportation of, 268.
Restraints upon the inland commerce of, 269.
Restraints upon the coasting trade of, ib.
Pleas on which these restraints are founded, ib.
The price of wool depressed by these regulations, 270.
The exportation of, ought to be allowed, subject to a duty, 271.
Woollen cloth, the present prices of, compared with those at the close of the fifteenth century, 104.
Three mechanical improvements introduced in the manufacture of, ib., 105.

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