2 History of Creation, vol. i., p. 331.

3 History of Creation, 1884, vol. i., p. 187.

4 Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 207.

5 Ibid., p. 208.

6 The Descent of Man, 1877, pp. 209-211.

7 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 220.

8 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 496.

9 Ibid., p. 367.

10 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 443.

11 Ibid., p. 416.

12 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 212.

13 Ibid., p. 523.

14 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 525.

15 It should be noted, in passing, that, according to this reasoning, the female of the human species would also be likely to exercise her will power in the selection of a mate. Evidences are indeed at hand going to prove that until a comparatively recent time in the history of the human race women controlled the sexual relation. As will be shown in Part II., during the primitive ages of human existence the position of woman was much higher than was that occupied by man. During the earlier ages, and under more natural conditions, women selected their mates, and among the human species, as among the lower orders, it became necessary for the male to please the female if he would win her favours; hence, through Sexual Selection, it is believed, was acquired the greater size of man.

16 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 211.

17 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 400.

18 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 232.

19 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 222.

20 Ibid., p. 227.

21 The Descent of Man, p. 224.

22 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 617.

23 Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 24.

24 The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 20.

25 The Evolution of Sex, p. 50.

26 Prof. W.K. Brooks, Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 327.

27 Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 42.

28 Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 328.

29 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 212.

30 W.K. Brooks, Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxvi., p. 326.

31 Thomas Meehan, Native Flowers and Ferns, vol. i., p. 47.

32 Native Flowers and Ferns, vol. i., p. 39.

33 The Evolution of Sex, 1890, p. 26.

34 History of Creation, 1884, vol. i., p. 178.

35 The Descent of Man, 1887, p. 243.

36 History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 152.

37 Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xix., p. 567.

38 Pop. Science Monthly, vol. xxxi., p. 796.

39 American Nervousness, p. 207.

40 Maudsley, Physiology and Pathology of the Mind, p. 360.

41 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 102.

42 The Descent of Man, 1877, p. 559.

43 Maudsley, Physiology and Pathology of the Mind, p. 60.

44 The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 29.

45 Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, p. 276.

46 Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 22.

47 The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 34.

48 The Descent of Man, p. 105.

49 The Descent of Man, p. 130.

50 The Descent of Man, p. 564.

51 The Descent of Man, p. 565.

52 Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, p. 266.

53 Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 27.

54 J.G. Wood, Natural History, p. 262.

55 Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, p. 11.

56 Brehm, Bird-Life.

57 Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 27.

58 Ibid., p. 35.

59 Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 590.

60 Letourneau, The Evolution of Marriage and the Family, p. 32.

61 Anthropology, p. 405.

62 Life in Abyssinia, vol. ii., p. 152.

63 Tylor, Anthropology, p. 406.

64 Quoted by Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 61.

65 Burckhardt’s Travels in Nubia, p. 146.

66 Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.

67 History of Sumatra, p. 230.

68 Ibid., p. 226.

69 History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 145.

70 Epistle of St. Boniface to Ethelbald.

71 History of Human Marriage, p. 62.

72 The History of Human Marriage, p. 68.

73 Anthropology, chap, xvi., p. 405.

74 The Descent of Man, p. 594.

75 Ibid., p. 591.

76 Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.

77 Quoted by Sir John Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 82.

78 Seeman, A Mission to Viti, p. 191.

79 The Malay Archipelago.

80 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 52.

81 Ancient Society, pp. 62, 63.

82 Tylor, Anthropology, p. 405.

83 Ancient Society, p. 76.

84 Totemism, p. 57.

85 Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, p. 14.

86 Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, pp. 26, 27.

87 Marriage and Kinship, p. 16.

88 Sociology vol. i., p. 665.

89 Descent of Man, p. 588.

90 Sociology, vol. i., p. 665.

91 Quoted by Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 588.

92 Ancient Society, p. 71.

93 Ancient Society, p. 455.

94 The Malay Archipelago.

95 McLennan, Studies in Ancient History, p. 103.

96 C. Staniland Wake, Marriage and Kinship, p. 306.

97 Studies in Ancient History, p. 103.

98 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 79.

99 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 80.

100 Quoted by Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 96.

101 Uncivilized Races of the World, vol. i., p. 78.

102 Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia, vol. i., p. 174.

103 Early History of Mankind, p. 296.

104 Marriage and Kinship, p. 262.

105 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 82.

106 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 117.

107 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 85.

108 Ibid., p. 64.

109 W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, p. 73.

110 Deuteronomy, chap. xx., 13, 14, 15.

111 Studies in Ancient History, p. 40.

112 Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, p. 108.

113 Studies in Ancient History, p.5.

114 Marriage and Kinship, p. 207.

115 Quoted by E.J. Wood, The Wedding Day, etc., p. 60.

116 Quoted by E.J. Wood, The Wedding Day, etc., p. 60.

117 History of Greenland, vol. i., p. 146.

118 Burckhardt, Travels in Nubia, p. 34.

119 Life in Abyssinia, vol. ii., p. 49.

120 Anthropology, p. 404.

121 Lycurgus.

122 Quoted by Tylor, Early History of Mankind, p. 290.

123 Travels through Central Africa, vol. i., p. 94.

124 See McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 189.

125 Prof. W.R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 69.

126 Ortolan, History of Roman Law, p. 80.

127 Kinship and Marriage, p. 75.

128 Quoted by C.S. Wake from Morgan’s System, etc., p. 428.

129 Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 598.

130 Ibid., p. 598.

131 Marsden, History of Sumatra, p. 193.

132 Professor Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 79.

133 Uncivilized Races, etc., p. 78.

134 Ibid., p. 79.

135 Kinship and Marriage, p. 77.

136 Origin of Civilization, p. 127.

137 C. Staniland Wake, Marriage and Kinship, p. 199.

138 Maine, Ancient Law, p. 133.

139 Ortolan, History of Roman Law, p. 107.

140 Life in Abyssinia, p. 156.

141 Kinship and Marriage, p. 105.

142 Concerning one of the encounters of this warlike people, the following has been recounted by Plutarch (Theseus):

“And it appears to have been no slight or womanish enterprise; for they could not have encamped in the town, or joined battle on the ground about the Pynx and the Museum, or fallen in so intrepid a manner upon the city of Athens, unless they had first reduced the country round about. It is difficult, indeed, to believe (though Hellanicus has related it) that they crossed the Cimmerian Bosphorus upon the ice; but that they encamped almost in the heart of the city is confirmed by the names of places, and by the tombs of those that fell.”

143 Descent of Man, p. 594.

144 Origin of Civilization, p. 99.

145 Origin of Civilization, p.2.

146 Origin of Civilization, p. 106.

147 History of Greece, vol. iii., p. 54.

148 George Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.

149 Ibid.

150 George Rawlinson, book v., essay i.

151 History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.

152 Vol. ii., p. 348.

153 Ancient Society, p. 262.

154 Ancient Society, p. 262.

155 The Iliad, book i., Bryant’s translation.

156 The Iliad, book i., Bryant’s translation.

157 Book ii.

158 Book iv.

159 Ancient Society, p. 247.

160 George Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.

161 Thucydides, The History of Peloponnesian War.

162 Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 250.

163 Thucydides, book ii., 14.

164 Theseus.

165 Book i., 13.

166 Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.

167 Rawlinson, book v., essay ii.

168 Ibid.

169 Rawlinson, book i., 1.

170 Herodotus, book i., 173.

171 Herodotus, book v., 80.

172 The Supplicants.

173 The Seven Chiefs against Thebes.

174 The Iliad, book vi., Bryant’s translation.

175 The Influence of Women on the Progress of Knowledge.

176 European Morals, vol. ii., p. 295.

177 History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 83.

178 The Iliad, book xxiv., Derby’s translation.

179 The Iliad, book xxii.

180 Ibid., book vi.

181 A similar change had taken place in the god-idea. Jove was no longer the “terrible virgin” who “breathes out on crime, misery, and death,” but, on the contrary, had come to represent a male god who had given birth to Minerva.

182 MÜller, History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book i., 9, 13.

183 Grote, History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 345.

184 Rawlinson, book v., essay i.

185 Aristotle, Politics, book iii., Jowett’s translation.

186 Rawlinson, book v., essay i.

187 Politics, book ii.

188 Curtius, History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.

189 Rawlinson, book v., essay i.

190 MÜller, History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iii., chap. v.

191 Lycurgus.

192 Aristotle’s Politics, book ii.

193 Plutarch’s Lycurgus.

194 Book i., essay i.

195 History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.

196 Plutarch’s Lycurgus.

197 Curtius, History of Greece, book ii., chap. i.

198 Ibid.

199 Politics, vol. ii., p.9.

200 Ibid.

201 Ibid.

202 Politics.

203 Ibid.

204 Lycurgus.

205 Lycurgus.

206 As to the exercises of the virgins, and their appearing naked, C.O. MÜller, in his History and Antiquities of the Doric Race observes:

“The female sex underwent in this respect the same education as the male, though (as has been above remarked) only the virgins. They had their own gymnasia, and exercised themselves, either naked or lightly clad, in running, wrestling, or throwing the quoit or spear. It is highly improbable that youths or men were allowed to look on, since in the gymnasia of LacedÆmon no idle bystanders were permitted; every person was obliged either to join the rest, or withdraw.”—Book iv., ch. v.-viii.

207 Lycurgus.

208 History of Greece, vol. ii., p. 385.

209 History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iv., ch. ii., p.1.

210 We have the authority of Tacitus respecting the customs, character, and style of dress of the ancient Germans. Among this people, as is well known, the influence of women was in the ascendency over that of men, and the state of public morals was exactly that which might be expected. Respecting the dress of women, this writer says they “do not lengthen their upper garment into sleeves but leave exposed the whole arm, and part of the breast” (Germania, chap. xvii.). It is observed, however, that chastity was the characteristic virtue of this people among both sexes. The marriage bond was strict and severe, and we are informed that among the Saxons the women themselves inflicted the penalty for adultery. From an epistle of St. Boniface, Archbishop of Mentz, to Ethelbald, King of England, we have the following: “In ancient Saxony (now Westphalia), if a virgin pollute her father’s house, or a married woman prove false to her vows, sometimes she is forced to put an end to her own life by the halter, and over the ashes of her burned body her seducer is hanged.”

211 Plutarch’s Lycurgus.

212 Plutarch’s Lycurgus.

213 Plutarch’s Lycurgus.

214 History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, book iv., chap. iv.

215 Book i.

216 History of Greece, book i., Ward’s translation.

217 History of Roman Law, p. 79.

218 Ortolan’s History of Roman Law, p. 42.

219 Numa and Lycurgus compared.

220 Quoted by Plutarch.

221 Numa and Lycurgus compared.

222 Ibid.

223 Ibid.

224 See Hargrave Jennings, Phallicism.

225 Book i.

226 Book i.

227 Plutarch, Solon.

228 Plutarch, Solon.

229 Philemon. Quoted by AthenÆus, book xiii.

230 AthenÆus, book xiii.,

231 Demetrius.

232 Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, vol. i., p. 95. We are informed by Ueberweg that there exists an early monograph on Arete by J.C. Eck (Leipzig, 1776).

233 Diogenes LaËrtius, Life of Hipparchia.

234 Diogenes LaËrtius, Life of Hipparchia, iii.

235 Mayor, Ancient Philosophy, pp. 181, 182.

236 AthenÆus.

237 Xenophon, Memorabilia of Socrates.

238 Plutarch, Pericles.

239 AthenÆus, book xiii.

240 Plutarch, Pericles.

241 Plutarch, Pericles.

242 Ibid.

243 Plutarch, Pericles.

244 Xenophon, Banquet.

245 EcclesiazusÆ.

246 AthenÆus, xiii.

247 Ibid.

248 AthenÆus, xiii.

249 Book i.

250 AthenÆus, book xiii.

251 Ibid., book xiii.

252 Ibid., book xiii.

253 AthenÆus, book xiii.

254 Ibid., book xiii.

255 Ancient Law, p. 149.

256 Ancient Law, p. 144.

257 Ancient Law, p. 149.

258 Ancient Law, p. 150.

259 European Morals, vol. ii., p. 358.

260 Buckle’s Essays.

261 Ancient Law, p. 154.

262 Roman History. Appian, London, 1913.

263 The History of Rome. Titus Livius, p. 172.

264 Robert Mackenzie, The Nineteenth Century, p.9.

265 Robert Mackenzie, The Nineteenth Century, p. 77.