Page_434" class="pginternal">434;

as closed sea, 572 n.;

sovereignty over, 4, 33, 108, 350, 371, 377, 550, 552, 555;

territorial limits in, 655

Baltimore, 247

Barbary, 327

Barclay, Sir Thomas, 689 n., 690

Barebones Parliament, 428;

on sovereignty of sea, 13, 413

Barents Sea, foreign trawlers in, 713

Barking, 699

Barneveldt, Elias van Olden, 155, 157 n.

Barneveldt, J. van Olden, 152, 159, 162, 170, 173, 191

BarrÈre, on the freedom of the sea, 595

Barrett, Frank, 738 n.

Bartolus, on territorial limit, 351, 539, 541

Bates, Joshua, on bay of Fundy, 625

Batten, Sir William, 380, 382, 448, 456

Battle of the Downs, 330

Baty, Dr Thomas, Hon. Secretary, International Law Association, 673 n.

Bays. See Territorial Sea.

Bayonne, 52 n.

Beaufort, de, Duke, Admiral of France, 463, 472

Beaufort, Henry, 56 n.

Beaufort, Sir Thomas, 40

Behring Sea, fishery disputes, negotiations with Russia, 581-585;

Russian ukase fixing 100-mile limit, 541;

gunshot limit accepted by Russia, 582, 585;

three-mile limit adopted by Russia, 585;

United States on Russian claim, 584;

Tribunal of Arbitration, 663, 664, 695, 695 n., 732;

Japanese sealers in, 696 n.;

whaling in, 585

Belgium, complaints against fishermen of, 615, 616;

territorial sea, 658

Bell Rock, territoriality of, 725

British Colonies, territorial sea, 661

British fisheries, foreigners at. See Fisheries.

British Seas. See Sea.

British subjects in foreign service, 260, 359 n.;

in Dutch navy, 251 n.

Brittany, 36, 48, 54, 56, 67, 68, 69, 103, 213, 270

Britton, 539

Brixham, 699

Brood and spawn of fish, 213

Brouershaven, 77

Brown, James, 194

Brown, John, 166, 191 n., 194 n., 195, 195 n., 196;

sent to uplift the assize herrings from Dutch fishermen, 169, 170, 171;

seized by Dutch and carried to Holland, 172, 173;

released, 173;

Dutch apologise, 173;

counsel’s opinion on seizure, 174

Bruce, King Robert, 76

Bruce, Patrick, 181

Bruges, 43, 52 n., 71, 73;

fishing charter from Charles II., 460, 461, 504, 616, 617, 772

Brussels, 71, 318, 335

Bucentaur, 4, 567 n.

Buchan Ness, 131, 166, 227, 233, 321, 406

Buckingham, Duke of, 201, 266 n., 490, 497

Buckland, Frank, on inexhaustibility of fisheries, 636

Burchett, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 521

Burghs, Scottish, 216, 476

Chelchethe, John de, 50

Chelmsford, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

Chester, 96

Chili, territorial sea, 661

Chitty, on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.

Chitty, on territorial sea, 597

Christian V. of Denmark, prohibits fishing at Greenland, 528

Churchill, Lieutenant, 486 n.

Cinque Ports, 29, 32, 36, 55, 244, 247, 295, 381 n.;

complain about foreign fishermen, 144, 145;

fishermen of, 58, 90 n., 144;

jurisdiction on sea, 213, 544, 544 n.;

licenses to French fishermen, 65

Clarendon, Chancellor, 241, 457

Clee, 90

Cleveland yacht, 511

Clyde, Firth of, foreign trawlers in, 647;

fisheries of, 83, 221 n., 233, 235, 239;

Cnut, King, and the sea, 26;

charter regarding Sandwich, 542

Cockaine, Sir William, 202

Cockburn, Lord Chief-Justice, on Bristol Channel, 586, 587, 588;

on territorial sea, 591, 591 n.

Cockraine, Captain, 437

Cod-fishing, 79, 131, 221 n., 672

Coke, Lord Chief-Justice, 17, 27, 43, 44, 44 n., 46, 66, 213;

on appropriation of sea, 363

Coke, Secretary, Sir John, 130 n., 227 n., 268, 269;

on the British seas, 20, 264 n.;

on the fishery scheme, 359 n.;

on the right of fishery, 357

Crail, 84, 175 n., 242

Craudon, 54, 55, 56

Cromarty, 227

Cromer, 90, 296

Crompton, Sir Thomas, 146

Cromwell, Oliver (see also Commonwealth), 13, 28, 65, 72, 337, 378, 404, 410 n., 414, 451, 495, 505;

arguments for exclusive fishery, 425;

clandestine negotiations with Dutch, 414, 415, 417, 430 n.;

on sovereignty of sea, 419, 423, 424, 435;

renews fishing licenses for Zowe, 440

Cromwell, Richard, on extent of British seas, 438

Crow, Captain, 479, 480

Cuba, territorial limit, 665

CunÆus, Professor Petrus, 375

Customs limit. See Territorial sea.

Dana, on territorial sea, 683

Danby, Earl of, 516

Danegeld, 26

Dantzic, 216, 242

Dartmouth, 267

David I., 59

Davidson, Thomas, 84

Davis’ Straits, 184

Deal Castle, 279

Dean, Major-General, 382, 406, 408

Decay of English fisheries. See Fisheries.

Decay of havens and sea-coast towns, 89, 90, 98, 446

Dee, Dr John, 27 n., 95, 111, 125, 203, 214 n., 364 n.;

on sovereignty of sea, 99, 101

Delaware Bay, claimed by United States, , 199, 200, 257, 339, 340, 343, 350, 393, 430, 457, 482

Eastland Merchants Company, 160

Eddystone, territoriality of, 641, 642, 643

Edgar, King, 26, 27, 28, 141, 158, 326, 365, 409

Edinburgh, 216, 228, 298, 324, 351

Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 243

Edward I., 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 58 n., 60, 66, 67, 213, 214, 363, 365

Edward II., 52 n., 56, 67, 254

Edward III., 7, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67, 211, 254, 365, 409

Edward IV., 63, 71, 110

Edward VI., 88, 89, 116

Elbe, 88, 441, 442, 446

Fish tithes, 59, 101, 141, 142, 203, 214, 242, 355

Fish, undersized, 444 n., 608, 636, 704, 706, 707, 708-710

Fisheries, appropriation of, 102

Fisheries, as nursery for navy, 87, 113, 134, 213

Fisheries, charter to Bruges, 461, 772

Fisheries, claim to wide limit by Argentina, 661, 662

Fisheries, claimed for crown, 57, 62, 288, 289, 292

Fisheries, closure of areas, 662, 720.

See Territorial Sea, Extra territorial.

Fisheries, cod-fishing at Lofoten Isles, 672 and n.

Fisheries, Conference at Hague, 1881, 632

Fisheries, decay of English, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 115;

of Dutch, 534

Fisheries, disputes in North Sea, 631;

at Iceland, 110;

in North America, 621, 622-630

Fisheries, distant voyages, 57

Fisheries, Dutch, 93, 94, 96, 125-130.

See Dutch.

Fisheries, Dutch regulations on British coast, 605, 606 n.

Fisheries, early English law as to, 66

Fisheries Enquiries—Anglo-French in 1837, 611;

by Royal Commissions in 1863, 701;

in 1878, 702;

in 1883, 702;

by Select Committee of House of Commons in 1817, 610 n.;

in 1833, 607-610; in 1893, 691, 707, 714 n.;

by Sele 7-h@54977-h-8.htm.html#Page_230" class="pginternal">230 n., 232, 235-243, 266, 267, 292, 301, 328, 346, 439, 442, 444, 494, 515, 516, 533, 534

Fishing boats, 33;

question of neutrality of, during war, 636

Fishing boats, varieties of, 63, 90, 126, 129

Fishing, old limit on Scottish coast, 79

Fishing, safe-conducts for, 62, 71, 72, 79

Fishing vessels, armed, 34 n., 43, 70

Fitton, Sir Henry, 64

Fitzmaurice, Lord, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial sea, 630, 730, 731

Flag, “honour of.” See Striking.

Flanders, 29, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52 n., 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 83, 88, 92, 101, 125, 209, 253, 255, 329

Fleta, 539

Fletcher, George, 225 n., 239 n.

Flushing, 142

Fogg, Captain, 322, 323

Foggo, Robert, 78

Folkestone, 33, 145 n.

Foreign En ef="@public@vhost@g@html@files@54977@54977-h@54977-h-4.htm.html#Page_108" class="pginternal">108, 181, 184, 199, 257, 376, 393, 407, 430, 437;

whale fishery at, 200, 527

Grey, Sir Edward, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial sea, 732, 733

Grimaldi, Reyner. See Grimbald.

Grimbald, Reyner, 44 n., 45 and n., 47-51, 54, 409, 740, 744

Grimsby, 32, 699;

trawlers of, in Moray Firth, 722, 727-729

Groningen, 81

Groningen-Watt, 578

Groot, de, 504

Groot, Cornets de, 344 n.

Groot, Hugo de. See Grotius.

Grotius, 5, 105, 118, 148, 157 n., 158 n., 173, 174, 185 n., 190, 191 n., 256 n., 353, 366, 370, 530, 538, 546, 591;

appearance of, Mare Liberum, 338, 342;

object and genesis of, 342, 343, 344;

arguments of, 344-350;

defends a Dutch mare clausum, 340, 356;

‘Rights of War and Peace,’ 347 ;

on appropriation of sea, 356;

on Portuguese and Spanish claims, 339;

on range of gun limit, 157 n., 158 n., 549;

on Selden’s Mare Clausum, 375;

on Welwood, 356

Grotius and James I., 346, 347 n., 351< , 357

James I., a new policy, 118;

antecedents of, 124;

proclamation forbidding hostilities in King’s Chambers, 9, 119, 360, 750;

concludes peace with Spain, 125;

proclamation restraining foreigners from fishing on British coasts, 9, 145-148, 150, 541, 755;

remit of Council on, 146;

deliverance of Committee on, 147;

attitude of French towards, 151;

negotiations with Dutch, 151, 155-159, 170, 178-180, 185-194, 197, 198;

proclamation suspended, 159;

orders records to be searched, 162, 179, 187;

grants of assize herrings, 165, 166;

instructs assize herrings to be levied from foreign fishermen, 168, 757;

indignation at capture of Brown, satisfaction demanded, 172, 174;

forbids Scottish fishermen to fish within a land-kenning at the Faroes, 176;

requests Dutch not to fish within sight of land, 176;

requests Scottish Council to prevent the Hollanders fishing within sight of land, 178;

again demands assize herrings from Dutch, 180;

claims seas around Spitzbergen as British, 183;

appoints commissioners to treat with Dutch envoys, 186;

Dutch ambassadors without power to treat of herring fishery, 188, 189;

indignation with Dutch ambassadors, 189;

again gives way on the herring fishery question, 192;

requests Dutch to prohibit fishing within fourteen miles, 192;

negotiations with Dutch as to whale fishery, 193;

Carleton advises fixing a limit, 193;

Dutch agree to keep out of sight of shore, 193;

orders assize herrings to be again collected, 194, 196;

Dutch embassy appointed, 198;

Dutch ambassadors without instructions to deal with fishery question, 199;

speech to Dutch ambassadors, 199;

indignation against Dutch, 200;

Dutch ambassadors advise States-General to settle fishery question, 200;

failure of policy of assize herring, 203

James II., 517

James III. of Scotland, 473

Leicester, Earl of, 96, 264 n.

Lennox, Duke of, 130 n., 166, 168, 170, 172, 186, 195 and n., 230 n., 353, 461;

grant of assize herrings to, 166, 168

Lent, 75, 87, 88, 114, 136, 214, 242, 244;

difficulties in enforcing observance of, 114, 115;

laxity of observance of, 88, 89;

measures to enforce observance of, 88, 114.

See also Political Lent.

Leon, 32

“L’Espagnols sur Mer,” battle of, 37, 67

Levant, 340

Levi, Leoni, on territorial sea, 664 n.

Lewes, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242

Lewis, 216, 217 and n.

Leybourne, Lord William de, 45 n.

Leyden, 73, 342

Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 18, 30, 37, 38 n.

Licenses for foreign fishermen, 62, 63, 111, 141, 210, 235, 257, 264, 288, 292, 294, 425, 426, 430, 453;

for Dutch, 5, 256, 668;

trawling at, 713

Morton, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.

Moser, on territorial sea, 562

Muncke, Levinus, 155, 156 n.

Mundesley, 247

Murray, Captain David, 172, 195 n., 196

Muscovy Company, 160;

whale fishery of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194 n.

Musselburgh, 175 n., 445

Nansen, Dr Fridtjof, Norwegian Minister, 673 n., 728

Nantes, 97

Narrow seas, the, 8, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 113, 212, 213, 214, 253, 256, 260, 261, 270, 274, 287, 324 n., 327, 328, 361, 363, 381, 408, 430, 458, 459 n.;

description of, 18;

herring fisheries in, 67;

hostilities prohibited in, 261, 262, 263;

prizes taken in, 359 n.;

striking in, 204-206, 270, 402.

See Channel.

National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 667 n., 706, 728 n., 740

Naval Salute. See Striking.

Navare, Michel de, 49

Navigation, freedom of, 3, 478, 502, 503

North-east passage, 343

Northmen, sea power of, 26, 28

North Sea, 21, 22, 43, 246, 247, 382, 432, 434, 465, 466 n.;

fisheries, 43, 60, 87, 89, 130, 131, 133, 408, 470;

Conference at Hague on, 1881, 632;

Fishery Convention, 1882, 634, 637, 638, 639, 644, 721, 722, 725, 726, 735, 737;

defects in definitions, 641;

question of limit of exclusive fishing on other coasts, 643, 644, 645, 646;

Sweden and Norway decline to join, 636;

development of trawling in, 699, 700;

impoverishment of fishing-grounds in, 706-710, 711, 738, 739 n.

Northumberland, Earl of, 131, 243, 264, 266 n., 278, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 327, 379, 380, 388, 425, 426, 557;

appointed admiral of second ship-money fleet, 287;

instructions of Admiralty, 289, 290;

instructions from Charles, 295;

proceedings of fleet in Channel, 213, 326 n., 35 olicy towards, 82;

treaties regarding, 75-82;

foreigners at West Coast fishings, 83, 130;

jealousy of foreign fishermen, 77, 124;

fishing in bays and lochs prohibited, 202;

attacks on Dutch fishermen, 77;

complaints against Dutch fishermen, 144, 168, 177, 201, 234, 301;

complaints against French fishermen, 606, 617;

Dutch edicts re fishing, 201;

old fishery limits, 226-229;

old limit against Dutch, 83, 84;

herring fishery in, 59, 61, 76, 79, 83, 143, 221 n.;

extra-territorial jurisdiction in, 698;

instructions of Privy Council re assize herrings, 757;

fishery Acts, 76;

fishery scheme, 225, 227;

fishery society, 444;

fishing in lochs claimed, 218;

“land fishing” described, 222 and n.;

land-kenning, see Land-kenning;

limits of territorial sea, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230;

limit of 14 miles in Draft Treaty of Union, 223;

limit of two leagues fixed by Dutch, 605, 606;

reserved waters, 77, 84, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 234, 236-238, 445, 547

Scotland, royal burghs, 76, 216, 217, 220, 221;

ask that the Dutch be removed within a land-kenning, 221;

and fishery society, 445;

oppose assize herrings, 272;

Cromwell, 423, 424;

Dr Dee, 99, 103;

De Witt, 454, 468, 470;

Evelyn, 514;

English writers, 493, 494, 513;

Gentilis, 359;

Hall, 580 n.;

Hargrave, 580 n.;

Italian jurists, 6;

Jenkins, 484 n.;

Loccenius, 550;

Molloy, 514;

Moore, 580 n.;

naval historians on, 521;

Selden, 370-374;

Stubbe, 496-498;

Wicquefort, 495;

Baltic, 4, 33, 552;

Bothnian Gulf, 4

Sovereignty of sea, Denmark, 4, 8, 16, 33, 105, 108, 158, 339, 371, 376, 530, 552, 567;

contested by Elizabeth, 86;

England, origin of English claims, 6, 29, 30;

nature of, 8, 30;

defects of, 33;

early history of, 25;

under ancient Britons, 25, 26;

under Romans, 25, 365;

under Anglo-Saxons, 26;

under King Edgar, 27;

before Norman Conquest, 27;

after Norman Conquest, 29;

under Plantagenet Kings, 30, 40, 51, 52;

rolls concerning, 8, 43, 44, 45, 740, 744;

189;

order their fishermen to keep out of sight of shore, 193;

send another embassy to James, 199;

again without instructions as to fishery question, 199, 200;

renew their edicts and order their fishermen not to go too near Scottish coast, 201;

proceedings regarding licenses of Charles I., 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 312, 313, 314, 315;

instructions to Evertsen as to striking, 399;

to Tromp, 399, 402 n., 405;

send Van Dorp to protect the busses from Northumberland, 300;

order Van Dorp to prevent acceptance of licenses, 312, 313;

send Aerssen van Sommelsdijck as ambassador, 336;

on Selden’s ‘Mare Clausum,’ 375;

resolve to increase their fleet, 393;

and question of striking, 390, 392;

attitude to the Parliament, 381;

send ambassador to London, 384;

negotiations with St John, 384-391;

another embassy to London, 391;

consider and postpone question of striking, 392, 399;

resolve to strengthen their fleet, 393;

negotiations interrupted by Tromp’s encounter with Blake, 397;

disown Tromp’s action, 405;

instruct him to strike, 405;

send the Grand Pensionary to London, 405;

recall ambassador and prepare for war, 405, 406;

send four deputies to the Parliament, 415;

negotiations for peace, 414-435;

peace concluded, 435

States-General and Charles II., action on fishery Bill, 449, 450, 451;

embargo on fisheries, 460, 462;

propose freedom of fishing during war, 461, 462;

differences with France as to, 463;

decision as to striking, 469, 481;

orders to their men-of-war on striking, 473;

drawn into dispute about striking, 482;

yield as to striking, 483, 484;

sue for peace, 630, 692;

Conception, 588, 589;

Delaware, 574, 599, 629;

Fundy, 623-625;

Granville, 612, 619, 692;

Hudson’s, 561;

of Argentina, 661;

Norway, 670, 672, 674, 677;

Scotland, firths, 222, 223, 230, 233, 239, 545, 622, 692;

Moray Firth, 721.

See also Fisheries and King’s Chambers.

Territorial sea, British Foreign Office on, 629, 730, 731 and n., 732, 733;

delimitation of North American, 622, 627-630;

French Government on, 632;

Hague Tribunal on, 732;

Institut de Droit International on, 691, 775;

International Law Association on, 691, 775;

inter fauces terrÆ, 544, 547;

measurement of, 639;

old English law regarding, 547;

omitted in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 593;

principles regarding, 548;

six-mile line for, 627, 629, 630, 632, 730, 731;

treaty stipulation in 1521, 548;

usage regarding, 547, 548

Territorial sea, closed seas, 339, 564, 572, 582, 584, 585, 598, 657;

straits, 547, 561, 564, 586, 528, 538, 568, 653, 664, 669-681, 685;

method of measuring, 669, 670, 685;

rejects three-mile limit, 633, 636, 678, 681;

reasons for wide limit, 676, 677;

in Varangerfjord, 674;

in Vestfjord, Lofotens, 672-674, 677;

special limits in, 671, 672, 678, 679;

Portugal, 538, 569, 664, 668;

Russia, 656;

White Sea, 564, 657;

Scandinavian limit, 528, 567 and n., 653, 655;

Spain, 538, 569, 664-668;

South America, 661;

Sweden, 538, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;

method of computing in, 669;

United States, 661;

various limits claimed by, 575;

Uruguay, 663;

Venice, 571

Territorial sea, opinions of publicists in first part eighteenth century on, 565, 566;

of recent publicists, 603, 605, 681, 688, 689

Territorial sea, opinions of Abreu y Bertodano, 559;

Aschehoug, 686, 688;

Auber, 691;

Azuni, 564, 565;

on Bays, 565;

Bishop, 683, 689;

Bluntschli, 682, 688;

Bodin, 171, 174, 175

Top-sails, lowering of. See Striking.

Tordesillas, treaty of, 5, 106

Traders, hostilities between, 53, 54

Trafalgar, 15

Trawling. See Fisheries.

Treaties, England and Burgundy, 1405, 1408, 69;

1417, 70;

1439, 70;

1467, 71;

1478, 72;

1496 (Intercursus Magnus), 72;

1499, 73;

1506, 73;

1515, 73;

1520, 73;

and Castile, 1351, 67;

and Denmark, 1468, 110;

1490, 109;

1523, 109;

1583, 110;

and Flanders, 1320, 55;

and France, 1303, 44-46, 49;

1403, 67;

1471, 72;

1528, 75;

and Portugal, 1353, 67;

1439, 70;

and United Provinces, 1585, 433;

Scotland and the Emperor, 1541, 78;

1550, 79, 179;

Scotland and the Netherlands, 1291, 1321, 1323, 1371, 1401, 1407, 1412, 1416, 76;

1531, 1541, 188 n.;

and United Provinces, 1594, 81, 157, 169, 173, 188 n., 257, 388;

Great Britain and Belgium, 1852, 617, 645;

1882, 637;

and Denmark, 1882, 637;

1901, 647, 740;

and France, 1686, 526, 622;

1786, 572;

1839, 612;

1867, 619;

1882, 637;

and Germany, 1882, 637;

and Mexico, 1888, 679 n.;

and the Netherlands, 1625, 433;

1654, 435, 436, 455; ml#Page_302" class="pginternal">302, 304, 340, 342, 364, 384, 399, 405, 416, 441, 454, 460, 470, 474, 517, 527-529.

See States-General, Dutch, Netherlands.

United States of America, disputes and negotiations regarding British North American fisheries, 532, 581, 621-630, 731 and n.;

regarding Behring Sea, 541, 583, 584, 695 n.;

territorial sea, 599, 661;

fixes three miles for neutrality, 21, 93, 573, 574;

various limits claimed, 574, 575, 650;

influence of, in adoption of three-mile limit, 650

Uruguay, territorial sea, 663

Ushant, 103, 290, 399, 437

Utrecht, 81; treaty of, 531, 582

Vagabonds, 98

Valck, Jacob, 81

Valin, on territorial sea, 562

Vane, Sir Henry, 269, 414, 422 n., 439

Varangerfjord, 674, 695

VardÖ, or VardÖhuus, 86, 97 n., 108, 109, 110

Vasquez. See Vasquius.

Vasquius, Ferdinand, on dominion of sea, 341, 351, 353

Vattel, on territorial sea, 560;

on appropriation of fisheries, 561

Venice, 30, 91, 186 n., 191;

sea sovereignty of, 3, 4 and n., PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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