1.Montalembert.

2.Montalembert.

3.This term requires explanation. The two great sins of the Church in Gaul were first Simony, and secondly, the practice of admitting unprepared laymen to Holy Orders and often to the Episcopate. This last vice Gregory called “The heresy of Neophytes.”

4.In a former volume I stated that Pius IX had for a short time served in the Noble Guards. This was an error, for he never obtained admittance, although I believe a portrait of him in the uniform was extant in the earlier years of the Nineteenth Century. It may have been altogether a “fake” or else taken to please his father when there appeared to be some hope of the latter’s ambition being fulfilled.

5.“Reminiscences of a Diplomatist’s Wife” (Dodd, Mead & Co.); “The Looms of Time” (Isbister).

6.The Islands, about a hundred in number, but most of them very small, and uninhabited, have been the cause of sharp contention and have changed hands several times since their discovery in 1592—France, Spain, England, and the United States have variously claimed them. Twice the matter has been decided by an Englishman’s landing and running up the Union Jack. The last time this occurred was in 1833, when, in the middle of the quarrel, Captain Falkland took possession of them on his own responsibility. Great Britain has held them ever since as one of her recognised colonies. They are self-governing and have a population altogether of two thousand souls; the capital, Stanley, claiming nearly half of the number.

7.“A Popular Life of Pius IX,” Rev. Richard Brennan. (Benziger, 1877.)

8.St. Peter the exorcist, martyred with the Priest Marcellinus, under Diocletian. His name occurs in the Canon of the Mass.

9.“Le Pape Pie VII À Savone,” p. 83. H. Chatard. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. (Paris, 1887.)

10.“Unchangeable principles,”—unchangeable, that is to say, until, of course, 1870, since when——!

11.“Reminiscences of a Diplomatist’s Wife.”

12.“Crimes CÉlÈbres: Jeanne de Naples.”

13.In our parlance all that it not the Adriatic is the Mediterranean, but the Italians only give this name to the waters that separate Italy and Spain from Africa, and differentiate the remainder as the Ligurean Sea—in the Bay of Genoa, the Tyrrhenian that Rome and Naples contemplate, and the Ionian, which washes up from Sicily under Italy’s instep in the Gulf of Taranto.