THE LAPIDARY’S BOARD; AND HIS WORKSHOP. In some of our provincial towns along the coast, the open door and cheerful bow-window of the lapidary, generally situated in the best street, form a coup d’oeil which can hardly fail of enticing a visitor to look in once during his morning walk. If he should do this, he will probably become aware, by a certain whirring sound, that there is an inner room which serves for a workshop. This latter I have always been partial to: but as the contents of the show-room are the most attractive, I will speak of them first, reserving to the end of the chapter a description of the lapidary’s wheel and other implements of his trade. Let us suppose that we are in the pretty town of Sidmouth in South Devon. Somebody wishes for a jet bead to replace one missing from a bracelet, and we sally forth The interior of the shop is fitted up with a massive semicircular dresser of elm or maple, some four feet in height, and perhaps half as many in width. This is But we are now standing before the central counter, and our attention is drawn to the curious and beautiful fossils which lie upon it. We take up one to which the late Dr. Mantell kindly gave the name of a “choanite.” In doing this, he not only adopted a foundling, but conferred endless benefit upon the lapidaries. Nothing will sell in this country without a name: the appellation chosen by the Doctor was judged suitable, and a large and increasing sale of the fossil has followed upon it. This one is of a portly size; and the lapidary, after slicing it in two, has polished one of the flat surfaces. The internal structure revealed by this section is not unlike the corolla of a daisy, and at once reminds us of the living zoophyte called “actinia bellis.” Choanite means “funnel-body:” and the creature which lies here petrified must, when alive, have been globular or pyriform, with many tubular arms branching out from one central trunk. The petrifaction has been faithful to its prototype: the several tubes being now charged with limestone, and ALCYONIUM DIGITATUM. By the side of the choanite is another fossil, which we now call an “alcyonite:” the learned name of the nearest living species being “alcyonium digitatum.” It is known in the Isle of Wight as “deadman’s fingers.” Despite the above unpleasing nickname, this is a most beautiful fossil. Its outer form resembles that of a branching ice-plant: while a polished section of one of the stems shows filaments all lying in the direction of the axis, and exhibiting in their cut ends an effect not Fine specimens of this are now very scarce. Another of these alcyonites has been polished all round, instead of dividing it: and the pebble being translucent, one can almost count the fibres or tubes disposed lengthwise. Then we have a zoophyte, not injected as are the choanites, but preserved bodily, in delicate gray flint. It is an undoubted “actinia:” in every respect the same with those pulpy individuals who are displaying their jelly-like bodies and floral hues in many a household aquarium. This creature once floated up and down in shallow marine pools, or clung to banks of ribbon-weed fringing the coast-skerries. At present, himself of stone, he is firmly wedged in a hollow within a large pebble, and reminds us of the words of a pretty song:— “I dreamt I dwelt in marble halls.” Several silicified sponges may next be examined. These A step further, and what is that handsome stone? It is a block of Devonian jasper: scarcely so hard as the Egyptian, but more attractive, owing to the richness of its hues. It is striated with veins of agate, and here and there “shot” with a dark metallic “moss” of the colour of bloodstone. As a set off to this, the lapidary has arranged with true taste some quaint pieces of conglomerate, in which the nodules of chalcedony or crystals of quartz have taken a high polish, and are agreeably relieved by streaks of red jasper and blotches of yellow limestone. Another part of the board exhibits a score of the well-known “echini,” which children call “sea-eggs.” These embrace two varieties, “spatangus” and “cor anguinum;” or, in the vernacular dialect, “fairy-loaves” and “fairy-hearts.” A third form of the Spatangus kind, but with a pointed cusp, is called “Galerites albogalerus.” A few are chalcedonized: in others, a bright spar has filled up the interior of the hollow conical shell. ANANCHYTES OVATUS. FAIRY LOAF. COR ANGUINUM. FAIRY HEART. GALERITES ALBOGALERUS. A FAIRY LOAF. AMMONITE. A small open tray of twisted card contains several bits of carnelian, and a true bloodstone from the Yorkshire coast: while on a strip of canvas as a lit de repos, lie a cray-fish and some belemnites from the Gault formation of the Wight, hemmed round by lustrous sharks’ teeth: the Thus the store of the lapidary comprises two main divisions, stones organic and inorganic, of the past history of the latter we know little; and can only judge by surmise, upon approved geological principles. In the former, there occur plain indications that we are not handling either an accidental “lusus” or an embryo; but that the structure here perpetuated was once endowed with life, and belonged to a creature having its assigned place in the scale of animated being. Let any one fill a drawer with such specimens gathered by himself: and, omitting the question of mere marketable value, what jeweller’s counter can compare with it for real interest? The oriental gems, though they gleam as if “all air and fire,” are but dead crystals, and have never stood higher than they stand now: whereas these pretty fossils from our wave-beaten coast tell each a wondrous tale, and form a kind of tangible link between the zoophyte of to-day and his far-removed ancestry in the earliest seas which washed the surface of our globe. A CRAY-FISH, FROM THE GAULT. A SHARK’S TOOTH. But let us now look into the back-parlour, where all the cutting and polishing takes place. A peep behind the scenes is generally instructive. The first time I ever entered such a “sanctum,” I remained there nearly an hour; asking questions, you may be sure. The lapidary works by means of wheels. These wheels are instruments for sawing and filing the stones which come under his hand: he has nothing to add to them, but a good deal to take away from them. When any one divides an orange with a sharp knife equatorially, he treats it as a choanite is treated in the simplest case: but the principle is somewhat different. The knife may cut the first as smooth as cheese, owing to the superior hardness of the steel and the compressibility of the fruit: but no instrument that man can invent will ever do this with a substance like flint or jasper. All that the wheel can do is to act like a saw, and to take out from the centre of the pebble, in the shape of saw-dust, a section equal in thickness to the wheel itself. If this be effected, and no more, then that part of the work is perfectly done: and this is not effected, without some fault, once But let us now see how the wheels act. There must always be two of them: one which is to cut by its edge, and another which is to polish by its surface. But the lapidary is generally provided with several of both kinds; partly in case of accident, partly on account of variety in the texture of the pebbles brought to him. Each wheel is fixed upon an axis of its own, of perhaps a cubit’s length. And this portable axis is bevelled as a screw, for some inches, at the other end, so that it can be screwed at pleasure into a solid revolving spindle planted upright in the floor of the workshop. The spindle itself may either be worked by a leathern strap and a treddle; or, as is more usual, by a winch-handle acting at a mechanical advantage. The horizontal wheel being made to spin round by turning the winch with one hand, the workman grasps the pebble firmly in the other, and presses it against the edge of the disk, which revolving in a horizontal plane acts like a saw. A pencil-line may first be drawn on the stone, to mark out the intended section. But this is not all. A dry wheel, although it were formed of the finest steel, could barely scratch the surface of an agate: or, if great force were exerted at the winch, would splinter it. The lapidary has need of diamond-powder, emery, and rotten-stone. He makes use also of a peculiar kind of oil, and has a jar of water within reach for ordinary purposes. The oil is called “brick-oil.” It comes from coal-tar, and does not heat by friction, as common oil would: consequently, it neither burns the operator’s fingers, nor injures his specimens by causing the wheel to glow too fiercely. Of the above materials, the most expensive is the diamond. Although obtained by crushing “bort,” of little intrinsic value, it never costs the lapidary less than twenty-five shillings per carat; and he can do nothing without it. Emery, on the other hand, which is a coarse variety of corundum, is cheap enough. The first wheel put on the spindle is an extremely thin one, it can scarcely be too thin, and is made of tin or of the softest steel. Its disk should lie exactly level in the plane of the horizon, and it must not have the shadow of a notch or bend upon its delicate edge. This wheel the lapidary wets, along its entire rim, with oil or water, by The wheel thus primed is now set in motion, at first slowly, but by degrees more rapidly, and the pebble being steadily pressed, not pushed, against it, the diamond eats into the metal, and the metallic edge armed with an adamantine tooth eats into the solid stone, and at length saws it asunder. In this way an agate of a couple of inches diameter, and of average hardness, will be neatly divided in less than a quarter of an hour. The two surfaces thus obtained are then inspected, and if the stone be judged worthy, the lapidary proceeds to polish either or both of them. There is always some difference between the two, a slice having been taken out of the pebble answering to the thickness of the wheel; hence the importance of using a delicate disk, especially for valuable agates. To accomplish the polishing, the thin wheel of steel is now exchanged for a much thicker one of lead, which takes its place upon the spindle. It is no longer the Less than the above will not dress a pebble for the cabinet. Occasionally, much more is needed. For a very fine jasper I have seen two or three polishing wheels employed, the last disk being always loaded with soft rotten-stone. As to the expense, it will cost from sixpence to ninepence to cut a small pebble through; and to polish one surface, perhaps as much more. This is supposing that you take your specimens direct to a working lapidary. If, instead of doing so, you leave them at a jeweller’s shop with directions to get them done, you may expect to be charged fully twice as much. Nor is this so unreasonable as it sounds; for the man so deputed acts as your To dress a large pebble, especially if a difficult stone in the grain, is a more costly affair. It demands many consecutive hours of labour and unremitting attention, and involves a perceptible outlay in diamond. Moreover, the weight of such a stone causes, by its vis inertiÆ, a severe strain on the machinery, which then fares like an engine drawing a monster-train up the inclined plane. This wear and tear of the wheels is so serious a consideration in provincial towns, where the supply of “plant” is limited, that few lapidaries out of London will undertake, for any reasonable sum, to dress the agates and close-grained jaspers when they run large. One of my jaspers, a Devonshire beauty, took eight hours of cutting and polishing in Clerkenwell; and even this was a trifle compared to some of which I have heard tell. Certain substances again are intrinsically teasing to the wheel. There is a class of jaspery flints which have a dodge or twist in their texture; the lapidary abhors these visitors, and will not meddle with them, if he knows it, without bargaining for extra pay. I have a great pleasure in seeing fine pebbles of my own polished. You can stop the wheel every now and then, and watch how the stone gets on. When the chiaroscuro begins to come out on the coloured pattern, the effect is like that produced by holding some lively object before a mirror. The surface no longer appears flat; but you obtain aËrial perspective, as in a good painting. It were vain to deny that the lapidary’s acquaintance might in time prove an expensive amusement; for pebble-hunting is a hobby, and like all hobbies is liable to be over-ridden. But experience begets caution. For a score of stones which a tyro will leave on the board to be cut, a connoisseur will not venture above two or three. Beginners, however, always run some risk, being naturally enthusiastic; and the best way for them is to lay down a few sound rules, and to adhere to these strictly. One good maxim is, to pay for all work upon the spot. Even an enthusiast will soon grow weary of parting with ready money for mere trash. Some persons set up a wheel, &c., of their own, and operate upon their treasure at home. I do not recommend A lapidary’s implements, if complete as they ought to be, will cost him from seven to ten pounds. About five pounds’ worth of diamond is a very good commencing stock. Five pounds more will fit up his shop with a counter and drawers to lock, and his work-room with a table, stool, hammers, a few cloths, and a good lens. This is all that he requires, besides knowledge and patience. Suppose the entire outlay should amount to twenty pounds; in a good watering-place, on the south coast of England, he ought to make from a hundred to a hundred and fifty pounds a year, without doing any night-work. But by day he must not spare hands nor eyes: and he cannot afford to make any serious mistakes with his customers. |