APPENDIX A

THE IOWA CAMPING CIRCLE

The camping circle among the Iowa was usually divided into two half circles, each occupied by two phratries of four gentes each. These regulated the hunt and numerous other tribal affairs during the four seasons, the first phratry taking the lead during Autumn and Winter; the second during Spring and Summer.

The list which follows was prepared in part by Rev. William Hamilton about 1880 and before his death communicated to the late J. O. Dorsey, who added a considerable number of gentes and subgentes, some further assistance being obtained through the aid of a delegation of Iowa while on a visit to Washington.

APPENDIX B

TREATIES BETWEEN THE IOWA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1815-1861

(For further reference to treaties with complete amendments thereto see Laws and Treaties, by Charles J. Kappler, 2 vols. Washington, 1903. The early texts of some of the first peace negotiations previous to the publication date, can be found in the volumes of The American State Papers, edited by Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. C. Clarke, Indian Affairs, 2 vols. Washington, 1832. See also Royce, Cessions of Land by Indian Tribes to the United States, in Rep. B. A. E., vol. 1, 1881, and the same author’s Indian Land Cessions in the United States, Rep. B. A. E., 1889).

TREATY WITH THE IOWAS, [SEPTEMBER 16,] 1815

A treaty of peace and friendship, made and concluded at Portage des Sioux, between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part; and the undersigned, King, Chiefs, and Warriors, of the Iaway Tribe or Nation, on the part and behalf of the said Tribe or Nation, of the other part.

The parties being desirous of re-establishing peace and friendship between the United States and the said tribe or nation, and of being placed in all things, and in every respect, on the same footing upon which they stood before the war, have agreed to the following articles:

Article 1

Every injury, or act of hostility, by one or either of the contracting parties against the other shall be mutually forgiven and forgot.

Article 2

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between all the citizens of the United States and all the individuals composing the said Ioway tribe or nation.

Article 3

The contracting parties do hereby agree, promise, and oblige themselves, reciprocally to deliver up all the prisoners now in their hands, (by what means soever the same may have come into their possession,) to the officer commanding at St. Louis, to be by him restored to their respective nations, as soon as it may be practicable.

Article 4

The contracting parties, in the sincerity of mutual friendship, recognize, re-establish, and confirm, all and every treaty, contract, and agreement, heretofore concluded between the United States and the said Ioway tribe or nation.

TREATY WITH THE IOWAYS [AUG. 4,] 1824

Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of August, 1824, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, being specially authorized by the President of the United States thereto, and the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe or nation, duly authorized and empowered by the said nation.

Article I. The Ioway tribe or nation of Indians, by their deputies, Mah-hos-kah, (or White Cloud,) and Mah-ne-hah-nah, (or Great Walker,) in council assembled, do hereby agree, in consideration of a certain sum of money, etc., to be paid to the said Ioway tribe by the Government of the United States, as hereinafter stipulated, to cede and forever quit claim, and do, in behalf of their said tribe, hereby cede, relinquish, and forever quit claim, unto the United States, all right, title, interest, and claim to the lands which the said Ioway tribe have or claim within the State of Missouri, and situated between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and a line running from the Missouri, at the mouth or entrance of Kanzas river, north one hundred miles, to the northwest corner of the limits of the State of Missouri, and from thence east to the Mississippi.

Article II. It is hereby stipulated and agreed, on the part of the United States, as a full compensation for the claims and lands ceded by the Ioway tribe in the preceding article, there shall be paid to the said Ioway tribe, within the present year, in cash or merchandise, the amount of five hundred dollars; and the United States do further agree to pay to the said Ioway tribe five hundred dollars annually, for the term of ten succeeding years.

Article III. The chiefs and headmen, who sign this treaty, for themselves, and in behalf of their tribe, do acknowledge the lands east and south of the lines described in the first article, (which have been run and marked by Col. Sullivan,) so far as the Indians claimed the same, to belong to the United States; and that none of their tribe shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, without special permission from the superintendent of Indian affairs.

Article IV. The undersigned chiefs, for themselves, and all parts of the Ioway tribe, do acknowledge themselves and the said Ioway tribe to be under the protection of the United States of America, and of no other sovereign whatsoever; and they also stipulate that the said Ioway tribe will not hold any treaty with any foreign Powers, individual State, or with individuals of any State.

Article V. The United States engage to provide and support a blacksmith for the Ioway tribe, so long as the President of the United States may think proper, and to furnish the said tribe with such farming utensils and cattle, and to employ such persons to aid them in their agriculture, as the President may deem expedient.

Article VI. The annuities stipulated to be paid by the second article, to be paid either in money, merchandise, provisions, or domestic animals, at the option of the aforesaid tribe; and when the said annuities, or any part thereof, is paid in merchandise, it is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis, free from cost of transportation.

Article VII. This treaty shall take effect, and be obligatory on the contracting parties, so soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advise and consent of the Senate thereof.

In testimony whereof, the said William Clark, Commissioner as aforesaid, and the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe of Indians, as aforesaid, have hereunto set their hands, the day and year first before written.

Wm. Clark.

(Signed, also, by the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe.)

TREATY WITH THE SIOUX, ETC., AUG. 19, 1825

Treaty with the Sioux and Chippewa, Sacs and Fox, Menominie, Ioway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawattomie, Tribes.

The United States of America have seen with much regret, that wars have for many years been carried on between the Sioux and the Chippewas, and more recently between the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; and also between the Ioways and Sioux; which, if not terminated, may extend to the other tribes, and involve the Indians upon the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the Lakes, in general hostilities. In order, therefore, to promote peace among these tribes, and to establish boundaries among them and the other tribes who live in their vicinity, and thereby to remove all causes of future difficulty, the United States have invited the Chippewa, Sac, and Fox, Menominie, Ioway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottowa, Chippewa, and Potawatomie Tribes of Indians living upon the Illinois, to assemble together, and in a spirit of mutual conciliation to accomplish these objects; and to aid therein, have appointed William Clark and Lewis Cass, Commissioners on their part, who have met the Chiefs, Warriors, and Representatives of the said tribes, and portions of tribes, at Prairie des Chiens, in the Territory of Michigan, and after full deliberation, the said tribes, and portions of tribes, have agreed with the United States, and with one another, upon the following articles:

Article I

There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between the Sioux and Chippewas; between the Sioux and the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes; and between the Ioways and the Sioux.

***

Article III

The Ioways accede to the arrangement between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; but it is agreed between the Ioways and the confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, that the Ioways have a just claim to a portion of the country between the boundary line described in the next preceding article, and the Missouri and Mississippi; and that the said Ioways, and Sacs and Foxes, shall peaceably occupy the same, until some satisfactory arrangement can be made between them for a division of their respective claims to country.

***

Article XI

The United States agree, whenever the President may think it necessary and proper, to convene such of the tribes, either separately or together, as are interested in the lines left unsettled herein, and to recommend to them an amicable and final adjustment of their respective claims, so that the work, now happily begun, may be consummated. It is agreed, however, that a Council shall be held with the Yancton band of the Sioux, during the year 1826, to explain to them the stipulations of this treaty, and to procure their assent thereto, should they be disposed to give it, and also with the Ottoes, to settle and adjust their title to any of the country claimed by the Sacs, Foxes, and Ioways.

***

Article XIII

It is understood by all the tribes, parties hereto, that no tribe shall hunt within the acknowledged limits of any other without their assent, but it being the sole object of this arrangement to perpetuate a peace among them, and amicable relations being now restored, the Chiefs of all the tribes have expressed a determination, cheerfully to allow a reciprocal right of hunting on the lands of one another, permission being first asked and obtained, as before provided for.

Article XIV

Should any causes of difficulty hereafter unhappily arise between any of the tribes, parties hereunto, it is agreed that the other tribes shall interpose their good offices to remove such difficulties; and also that the government of the United States may take such measures as they may deem proper, to effect the same object.

Article XV

This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States, from and after its ratification by the government thereof.

TREATY WITH THE SACS AND FOXES, ETC., JULY 15, 1830.95

[At Prairie du Chien]

Articles of a treaty made and concluded by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs and Willoughby Morgan, Col. of the United States 1st Regt. Infantry, Commissioners on behalf of the United States on the one part, and the undersigned Deputations of the Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpeton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, Ioways, Ottoes and Missourias on the other part.

***

Article IV

In consideration of the cessions and relinquishments made in the first, second, and third articles of this Treaty, the United States agree to pay to the Sacs, three thousand dollars,—and to the Foxes three thousand dollars; To the Sioux of the Mississippi two thousand dollars;—To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux three thousand dollars;—To the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars;—To the Ioways two thousand five hundred dollars;—To the Ottoes and Missourias two thousand five hundred dollars, and to the Sacs of the Missouri River five hundred dollars; to be paid annually for ten successive years at such place, or places on the Mississippi or Missouri, as may be most convenient to said Tribes, either in money, merchandise, or domestic animals, at their option; and when said annuities or any portion of them shall be paid in merchandise, the same is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis free of transportation. And the United States further agree to make to the said tribes and Bands, the following allowances for the period of ten years, and as long thereafter as the President of the United States may think necessary and proper, in addition to the sums herein before stipulated to be paid them; that is to say; To the Bands of the Sioux mentioned in the third article, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools; also instruments for agricultural purposes, and iron and steel to the amount of seven hundred dollars;—To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of four hundred dollars;—To the Omahas one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars;—To the Ioways an assistant Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of six hundred dollars;—To the Ottoes and Missourias one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars; and to the Sacs of the Missouri River, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States and the necessary tools; also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of two hundred dollars.

***

Article X

The Omahas, Ioways and Ottoes, for themselves, and in behalf of the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, having earnestly requested that they might be permitted to make some provision for their half-breeds, and particularly that they might bestow upon them the tract of country within the following limits, to-wit; Beginning at the mouth of the Little Ne-mohaw River, and running up the main channel of said River to a point which will be ten miles from its mouth in a direct line; from thence in a direct line, to strike the Grand Ne-mohaw ten miles above its mouth, in a direct line (the distance between the two Ne-mohaws being about twenty miles)—thence down said River to its mouth; thence up, and with the Meanders of the Missouri River to the point of beginning, it is agreed that the half-breeds of said Tribes and Bands may be suffered to occupy said tract of land; holding it in the same manner, and by the same title that other Indian titles are held: but the President of the United States may hereafter assign to any of the said half-breeds, to be held by him or them in fee simple, any portion of said tract not exceeding a section, of six hundred and forty acres to each individual. And this provision shall extend to the cession made by the Sioux in the preceding Article.

Article XI

The reservation of land mentioned in the preceding Article having belonged to the Ottoes, and having been exclusively ceded by them; it is agreed that the Omahas, the Ioways and the Yanckton and Santie Bands of Sioux shall pay out of their annuities to the said Ottoe Tribe, for the period of ten years, Three hundred Dollars annually; of which sum the Omahas shall pay one hundred Dollars, the Ioways one hundred Dollars, and the Yancton and Santie Bands one hundred dollars.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, ETC., SEPT. 17, 1836

Articles of a treaty, made and concluded at Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on the part of the United States, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioway tribe and the band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, (residing west of the State of Missouri,) in behalf of their respective tribes, of the other part.

Article 1

By the first article of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, held the fifteenth day of July eighteen hundred and thirty, with the confederated tribes of Sacks, Foxes, Ioways, Omahaws, Missourias, Ottoes, and Sioux, the country ceded to the United States by that treaty, is to be assigned and allotted under the direction of the President of the United States to the tribes living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President may locate thereon for hunting and other purposes.—And whereas it is further represented to us the chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioways and Sack and Fox band aforesaid, to be desirable that the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river, should be attached to and become a part of said State, and the Indian title thereto, be entirely extinguished; but that, notwithstanding, as these lands compose a part of the country embraced by the provisions of said first article of the treaty aforesaid, the stipulations thereof will be strictly observed until the assent of the Indians interested is given to the proposed measures.

Now we the chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioways, and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, fully understanding the subject, and well satisfied from the local position of the lands in question, that they never can be made available for Indian purposes, and that an attempt to place an Indian population on them, must inevitably lead to collisions with the citizens of the United States; and further believing that the extension of the State line in the direction indicated would have a happy effect, by presenting a natural boundary between the whites and Indians; and willing, moreover, to give the United States a renewed evidence of our attachment and friendship, do hereby for ourselves, and on behalf of our respective tribes, (having full power and authority to this effect,) forever cede, relinquish, and quit claim, to the United States, all our right, title, and interest of whatsoever nature in, and to, the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river; and do freely and fully exonerate the United States from any guarantee; condition or limitation, expressed or implied, under the treaty of Prairie du Chien aforesaid, or otherwise, as to the entire and absolute disposition of the said lands, fully authorizing the United States to do with the same whatever shall seem expedient or necessary.

As a proof of the continued friendship and liberality of the United States towards the Ioways and band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, and as an evidence of the sense entertained for the good will manifested by said tribes to the citizens and Government of the United States, as evinced in the preceding cession or relinquishment, the undersigned, William Clark, agrees on behalf of the United States, to pay as a present to the said Ioways and band of Sacks and Foxes, seven thousand five hundred dollars in money, the receipt of which they hereby acknowledge.

Article 2

As the said tribes of Ioways and Sacks and Foxes, have applied for a small piece of land, south of the Missouri, for a permanent home, on which they can settle, and request the assistance of the Government of the United States to place them on this land, in a situation at least equal to that they now enjoy on the land ceded by them: Therefore I, William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, do further agree on behalf of the United States, to assign to the Ioway tribe, and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri river, lying between the Kickapoo northern boundary line and the Grand Nemahar river, and extending from the Missouri back and westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahar, making four hundred sections; to be divided between the said Ioways and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the lower half to the Sacks and Foxes, and the upper half to the Ioways.

Article 3

The Ioways and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes further agree, that they will move and settle on the lands assigned them in the above article, as soon as arrangements can be made by them; and the undersigned William Clark, in behalf of the United States, agrees, that as soon as the above tribes have selected a site for their villages, and places for their fields, and moved to them, to erect for the Ioways five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground; to furnish them with a farmer, a blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper; to furnish them such, agricultural implements as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new homes; to furnish them with one ferry-boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, and one hundred stock hogs when they require them; to furnish them with a mill and assist in removing them, to the extent of five hundred dollars. And to erect for the Sacks and Foxes three comfortable houses; to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground; to furnish them, with a farmer, blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper; to furnish them with such agricultural implements as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new home; to furnish them with one ferry-boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, one hundred stock hogs when they require them; to furnish them with a mill; and to assist in moving them, to the extent of four hundred dollars.

Article 4

This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States from and after its ratification by the Government thereof.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, NOV. 23, 1837

Articles of a treaty made at the city of Saint Louis, between Joshua Pilcher, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the Ioway Indians, by their chiefs and delegates.

Article 1st

The Ioway Indians cede to the United States all the right and interest in the land ceded by the treaty, concluded with them and other tribes on the 15th of July 1830, which they might be entitled to claim, by virtue of the phraseology employed in the second article of said treaty.

Article 2d

In consideration of the cession contained in the preceding article, the United States stipulate to pay them two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) in horses, goods and presents, upon their signing this treaty in the city of Saint Louis.

Article 3d

The expenses of this negotiation and of the chiefs and delegates signing this treaty to the city of Washington and to their homes to be paid by the United States.

Article 4th

This treaty to be binding upon the contracting parties when the same shall be ratified by the United States.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, OCT. 19, 1838

Articles of a treaty made at the Great Nemowhaw sub-agency between John Dougherty Agent of Indian Affairs on the part of the United States, being specially authorized, and the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe of Indians for themselves, and on the part of their tribe.

Article 1st

The Ioway tribe of Indians cede to the United States,

First. All right or interest in the country between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and the boundary between the Sacs and Foxes, and Sioux, described in the second article of the treaty made with these and other tribes, on the 19th of August, 1825, to the full extent to which said claim is recognized in the third article of said treaty, and all interest or claim by virtue of the provisions of any treaties since made by the United States with the Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi.

Second. All claims or interest under the treaties of August 4th 1824, July 15th 1830, and September 17th 1836, except so much of the last mentioned treaty as secures to them two hundred sections of land the erection of five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground to furnish them with a ferry boat, one hundred cows and calves, five bulls, one hundred head of stock hogs a mill and interpreter.

Article 2d

In consideration of the cession contained in the preceding article, the United States agree to the following stipulations on their part.

First. To pay to the said Ioway tribe of Indians the sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred ($157,500) dollars.

Second. To invest said sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred (157,500) dollars, and to guaranty them an annual income of not less than five per cent. thereon during the existence of their tribe.

Third. To set apart annually such amount of said income as the chiefs and headmen of said tribe may require, for the support of a blacksmith shop agricultural assistance, and education to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States.

Fourth. To pay out of said income to Jeffrey Derroin interpreter for said tribe for services rendered, the sum of fifty dollars annually during his natural life the balance of said income shall be delivered, at the cost of the United States, to said tribe of Ioway Indians in money or merchandise, at their own discretion, at such time and place as the President may direct, Provided always That the payment shall be made each year in the month of October.

Article 3d

The United States further agree in addition to the above consideration to cause to be erected ten houses at such place or places on their own land as said Ioways may select, of the following description (viz.) each house to be ten feet high from bottom sill to top plate eighteen by twenty feet in the clear the roof to be well sheeted and shingled, the gable ends to be weather boarded a good floor above and below, one door and two windows complete, one chimney of stone or brick, and the whole house to be underpinned.

Article 4th

This treaty to be binding upon the contracting parties when the same shall be ratified by the United States.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, [MAY 17,] 1854

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the city of Washington, this seventeenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, by George W. Manypenny, commissioner on the part of the United States, and the following-named delegates of the Ioway tribe of Indians, viz: Nan-chee-ning-a, or No Heart; Shoon-ty-ing-a, or Little Wolf; Wah-moon-a-ka, or the Man who Steals; and Nar-ge-ga-rash, or British; they being thereto duly authorized by said tribe.

Article 1

The Ioway tribe of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the country, with the exception hereinafter named, which was assigned to them by the treaty concluded with their tribe and the Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes, by William Clark, superintendent of Indian affairs, on the seventeenth of September, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, being the upper half of the tract described in the second article thereof, as “the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri River, lying between the Kickapoo northern boundary-line and the Grand Nemahaw River, and extending from the Missouri back westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahaw, making four hundred sections; to be divided between the said Ioways and Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes; the lower half to the Sacs and Foxes, the upper half to the Ioways,” but they except and reserve of said country, so much thereof as is embraced within and designated by the following metes and bounds, viz: Beginning at the mouth of the Great Nemahaw River where it empties into the Missouri; thence down the Missouri River to the mouth of Noland’s Creek; thence due south one mile; thence due west to the south fork of the Nemahaw River; thence down the said fork with its meanders to the Great Nemahaw River, and thence with the meanders of said river to the place of beginning, which country, it is hereby agreed, shall be the future and permanent home of the Ioway Indians.

Article 2

In consideration of the cession made in the preceding article, the United States agree to pay in the manner hereinafter prescribed, to the Ioway Indians, all the moneys received from the sales of the lands which are stipulated in the third article hereof, to be surveyed and sold—after deducting therefrom the costs of surveying, managing, and selling the same.

Article 3

The United States agree to have surveys made of the country ceded by the Ioways in article first in the same manner that the public lands are surveyed, and as soon as it can conveniently be done; and the President, after the surveys shall have been made and approved, shall proceed to offer said surveyed land for sale, at public auction, being governed therein by the laws of the United States respecting sales of public lands; and such of said lands as may not be sold at public sales, shall be subject to private entry in the manner that private entries are made of United States land; and all the land remaining unsold after being for three years subject to private entry at the minimum Government price, may by act of Congress, be graduated and reduced in price until the whole is disposed of, proper regard being had, in making such reduction, to the interests of the Ioways and the speedy settlement of the country. Until after the said land shall have been surveyed, and the surveys approved, no white persons or citizens shall be permitted to make thereon any location or settlement; and the provisions of the act of Congress, approved on the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seven, relating to lands ceded to the United States, shall, so far as they are applicable, be extended over the lands herein ceded.

Article 4

It being understood that the present division-line between the Ioways and the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, as run by Isaac McCoy, will, when the surveys are made, run diagonally through many of the sections, cutting them into fractions; it is agreed that the sections thus cut by said line, commencing at the junction of the Wolf with the Missouri River, shall be deemed and taken as part of the land herein before ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the Ioways, until the quantity thus taken, including the before-recited reservation, and all the full sections north of said line, shall amount to two hundred sections of land. And should the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri consent to a change of their residence and be so located by the United States as to occupy any portion of the land herein ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the Ioways, west of the tract herein reserved, the Ioways hereby agree to the same, and consent to such an arrangement, upon the condition that a quantity of land equal to that which may be thus occupied by the Sacs and Foxes, and of as good quality, shall be set apart for them out of the country now occupied by the last-named tribe, contiguous to said division-line, and sold for their benefit as hereinbefore provided.

Article 5

As the receipts from the sales of the lands cannot now be determined, it is agreed that the whole subject shall be referred to the President of the United States, who may, from time to time, prescribe how much of the proceeds thereof shall be paid out to the Ioway people, and the time and mode of such payment, and also how much shall be invested in safe and profitable stocks, the principal of which to remain unimpaired, and the interest to be applied annually for the civilization, education, and religious culture of the Ioways and such other objects of a beneficial character as may be proper and essential to their well-being and prosperity: provided, that if necessary, Congress may, from time to time, by law, make such regulations in regard to the funds arising from the sale of said lands, and the application thereof for the benefit of the Ioways, as may in the wisdom of that body seem just and expedient.

Article 6

The President may cause the country the Ioways have reserved for their future home, to be surveyed, at their expense, and in the same way as the public lands are surveyed, and assign to each person or family such portion thereof as their industry and ability to manage business affairs may, in his opinion, render judicious and proper; and Congress may hereafter provide for the issuing to such persons, patents for the same, with guards and restrictions for their protection in the possession and enjoyment thereof.

Article 7

Appreciating the importance and the benefit derived from the mission established among them by the board of foreign missions of the Presbyterian Church, the Ioways hereby grant unto the said board a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be so located as to include the improvements at the mission, and also a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of timbered land, to be selected by some agent of the board from the legal subdivisions of the surveyed land; and the President shall issue a patent or patents for the same, to such person or persons as said board may direct. They further grant to John B. Roy, their interpreter, a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be selected by him in “Wolf’s Grove,” for which the President shall also issue a patent.

Article 8

The debts of Indians contracted in their private dealings as individuals, whether to traders or otherwise, shall not be paid out of the general fund.

Article 9

As some time must elapse before any benefit can be derived from the proceeds of the sale of their land, and as it is desirable that the Ioways should at once engage in agricultural pursuits and in making improvements on the tract hereinbefore reserved for them, it is hereby agreed that, of the fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, set apart to be invested by the second clause of the second article of the treaty concluded on the nineteenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid to the Indians, or expended under the direction of the President for the erection of houses, breaking and fencing lands, purchasing stock, farming utensils, seeds, and such other articles as may be necessary for their comfort. Fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be deemed expedient, to be paid during the year commencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four; and the other fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as shall be deemed expedient, to be paid during the year commencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five. The residue of said fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dollars on hand after the payments herein provided for have been made shall remain as a trust fund, the interest upon which, as well as the interest that may have accrued on the portion drawn out, shall be applied, under the direction of the President, to educational or other beneficial purposes among the Ioways.

Article 10

It is agreed that all roads and highways laid out by authority of law shall have a right of way through the lands herein reserved, on the same terms as are provided by law when roads and highways are made through the lands of citizens of the United States; and railroad companies, when the lines of their roads necessarily pass through the lands of the Ioways, shall have right of way on the payment of a just compensation therefor in money.

Article 11

The Ioways promise to renew their efforts to suppress the introduction and use of ardent spirits in their country, to encourage industry, thrift, and morality, and by every possible effort to promote their advancement in civilization. They desire to be at peace with all men, and they bind themselves to commit no depredation or wrong upon either Indians or citizens; and whenever difficulties arise they will abide by the laws of the United States, in such cases made and provided, as they expect to be protected and to have their rights vindicated by them.

Article 12

The Ioway Indians release the United States from all claims and demands of every kind and description arising under former treaties, and agree to remove themselves within six months after the ratification of this instrument, to the lands herein reserved for their homes; in consideration whereof, the United States agree to pay to said Indians five thousand dollars—two thousand of which with such portion of balances of former appropriations of interest-fund as may not now be necessary under specific heads, may be expended in the settlement of their affairs preparatory to removal.

Article 13

The object of this instrument being to advance the interests of the Ioway people, it is agreed, if it prove insufficient, from causes which cannot now be foreseen, to effect these ends, that the President may, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, adopt such policy in the management of their affairs, as, in his judgment, may be most beneficial to them; or Congress may hereafter make such provision by law as experience shall prove to be necessary.

Article 14

This instrument shall be obligatory on the contracting parties whenever the same shall be ratified by the President and the Senate of the United States.

TREATY WITH THE SAUK AND FOXES, ETC., [MAR. 6,] 1861

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the office of the Great Nemaha agency, Nebraska Territory, on the sixth day of March, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, by and between Daniel Vanderslice, U. S. Indian agent, on the part of the United States, and the following-named delegates of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, viz: Pe-ta-ok-a-ma, Ne-sour-quoit, Mo-less, and Se-se-ah-kee; and the following-named delegates of the Iowa tribe, viz: No-heart, Nag-ga-rash, Mah-hee, To-hee, Tah-ra-hee, Thur-o-mony, and White Horse; they being duly authorized thereto by their respective tribes.

***

Article 3

The Iowa tribe of Indians, parties to this agreement, hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, for the use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, for their permanent home, all that part of their present reservation lying and being west of Nohearts Creek, and bounded as follows, viz: Beginning at a point where the southern line of the present Iowa reserve crosses Nohearts Creek; thence with said line to the south fork of the Nemaha, (commonly known as Walnut Creek;) thence down the middle of said south fork, with the meanders thereof, to its mouth, and to a point in the middle of the Great Nemaha River; thence down the middle of said river to a point opposite the mouth of Nohearts Creek; and thence, in a southerly direction with the middle of said Nohearts Creek, to the place of beginning. And it is hereby understood and agreed that, in full consideration for said cession, the United States shall hold in trust, for the use and benefit of the Iowas, the one-half of the net proceeds of the sales of the lands described in the second article of this agreement, and interest thereon, at the rate of five per centum per annum, shall be paid to the Iowa tribe in the same manner as their annuities are paid under the treaty of May 17, 1854. The reservation herein described shall be surveyed and set apart for the exclusive use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, and the remainder of the Iowa lands shall be the tribal reserve of said Iowa Indians for their exclusive use and benefit.

***

Article 5

In order to encourage education among the aforesaid tribes of Indians, it is hereby agreed that the United States shall expend the sum of one thousand dollars for the erection of a suitable school-house, and dwelling-house for the school teacher, for the benefit of the Sacs and Foxes, and also the additional sum of two hundred dollars per annum for school purposes, so long as the President of the United States may deem advisable. And for the benefit of the Iowa tribe of Indians there shall be expended, in like manner, at the discretion of the President, the sum of three hundred dollars per annum, for school purposes, which two last-mentioned sums shall be paid out of the funds to be appropriated for the civilization of Indians.

***

Article 8

It is hereby understood and agreed by the contracting parties hereto that the stipulations of the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri of May 18th, 1854, and the treaty with the Iowa Indians of the 17th of May, 1854, which may not be inconsistent with these articles of convention, shall have full force and effect upon the contracting parties hereto.

***

Article 10

The Secretary of the Interior may expend a sum not exceeding three thousand five hundred dollars, ($3,500,) out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, at any time he may deem it advisable, for the purpose of erecting a toll-bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Roy’s Ferry, for the use of the Iowa Indians; and a like sum of three thousand five hundred dollars, ($3,500,), out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, for the purpose of erecting a toll-bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Wolf Village, for the use of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri.

APPENDIX C

IOWA SYNONYMY

Agones.—Boudinot, Star in the West, 125, 1816.
Agouais.—De Ligney (1726) in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 22, 1854.
Agoual.—Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 557, 1853.
Agoues.—Hutchins (1764), ibid.
Ah-e-o-war.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905.
Aiaoua.—Perrot (1689), MÉm., 196, 1864.
Aiaouais.—Ibid., index.
Aiaouez.—Jefferys, French Dom. in Am., 1, 139, 1761.
Aiauway.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 61, 1904.
Aiavvis.—Le Sueur quoted by Ramsey in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 45, 1872.
Aieways.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 45, 1904.
Aijoues.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 522, 1853.
Ainones.—Membre (1680) quoted by Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Vol., 445, 1862.
Ainoves.—Hennepin, New Discov., 132, 1698.
Aioaez.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 43, 1893.
Aiouez.—Charlevoix (1723) in Margry, Dec., VI, 526, 1886.
Aiounouea.—Hennepin (1680-82) in Margry, DÉc., 11, 258, 1877.
Aiowais.—Pike, Trav., 134, 1811.
Aisnous.—McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, III, 80, 1584.
Ajaouez.—Jefferys, Fr. Dom. Am., pt. 1, map 1, 1761.
Ajouas.—Smet, Miss. de l’Oregon, 108, 1848.
Ajoues.—Bowles, map Am., ca. 1750.
Ajouez.—Perrot, MÉm., index, 1864.
Anjoues.—Buchanan, N. Am. Inds., 155, 1824.
AÖais.—N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., X, 630, 1858.
Aonays.—Smet, Letters, 38, note, 1843 (misprint).
Aouas.—CabeÇa de Vaca misquoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, II, 37, 1852 (error).
Avauwais.—Lewis and Clark, Trav., 14, 1807.
Avoy.—Neill, Hist Minn., 200, 1858.
Avoys.—Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 32, 1854.
Ayahwa.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Ayauais.—Drake, Bk. Inds., VI, 1848.
Ayauvai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 1893.
Ayauwais.—Lewis and Clark, Discov., 17, 1806.
Ayauwas.—Lapham, Blossom, and Dousman, Inds. Wis., 3, 1870.
Ayauwaus.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, 1, 91, 1904.
Ayauway.—Ibid., 45.
Ayavois.—La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. St. Peter’s R., II, 320, 1824.
Ayawai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark, 1, 19, note, 1893.
Ayaways.—Lewis and Clark, Trav., II, 442, 1814.
Ayeouais.—Neill, Hist. Minn., 197, 1858.
Aye8ais.—N. Y. Doc. Col Hist., X, 608, 1858.
Ayoa.—Martin, Hist. La., 301, 1882.
Ayoes.—Perrot (1689) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., II, pt. 2, 24, 1864.
Ayoes.—ditto in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., XVI, 14, 1902.
Ayoois.—Bienville (1722) in Margry, DÉc., VI, 407, 1886.
Ayoouais.—Beauharnois and Hocquart (1731) in Margry, DÉc., VI, 570, 1886.
AyoouÉs.—Iberville (1702) quoted by Neill, Hist. Minn., 172, 1858.
Ayo8ois.—N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IX, 1055, 1855.
Ayoua.—Adelung, Mithridates, III, 271, 1816.
Ayouas.—See Chauvignerie’s Report of Census, etc., 1736.
Ayouahs.—Domenech, Deserts N. Am., II, 34, 1860.
Ayoues.—Neill, Hist. Minn., 173, 1858.
Ayouez.—Lamothe Cadillac (1695) in Margry, DÉc., V, 124, 1883.
Ayouwa.—Pike, Trav., map, 1811.
Ayouwais.—Lewis and Clark, Discov., 49, 1806.
Ayou-ways.—Ibid., 29.
Ayovai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Ayovois.—Bienville, (1722) in Margry, DÉc., VI, 396, 1886.
Ayowa.—Gatschet, Kaw MS. vocab., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name).
Ayowas.—Maximilian, Travels, 507, 1843.
Ayoway.—Lewis and Clark, Exped., 1, 487, 1817.
Ayuhba.—Riggs, Dak. Gramm. and Dict., 278, 1852.
Ayuhuwahak.—Gatschet, Fox MS., B. A. E., (Fox name).
Ayukba.—Williamson in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 299, 1872.
Dusty-Nose.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 262, 1853.
Ho-wah.—Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1849, 74, 1850, (Mdewakanton name).
Iawai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Iawas.—La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. S. Peter’s R., II, 320, 1824.
Iaways.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905.
I-ho-wa.—Bradford’s Notes on the Northwest, 1846.
Ihoway.—Sen. Doc. 21, 18th Cong., 2d sess., 5, 1825.
Ioewaig.—Tanner, Narr., 316, 1830 (Ottawa name).
Iowa.—Pike, Trav., 134, 1811.
Ioway.—Pike, Exped., 112, 1810.
Iyakhba.—Williamson in Minn. Geol. Rep. for 1884, 106 (Santee Dakota name). Iyakhwa.—Ibid. (Teton name).
Iyuhba.—Riggs, Dak. Gram, and Dict., 278, 1852 (trans. ‘sleepy ones’).
Jowai.—Ann de la Propag. de la Foi, III, 569, 1828.
Jowas.—Pike, Trav., 123, 1811.
Joways.—Schermerhorn (1812) in Mass Hist. Soc. Coll., 2nd s. II, 39, 1814.
MÁqude.—Dorsey, Cegiha MS. Dict., B. A. E. 1878. (Omaha and Ponca name).
Minowas.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Hist. Ky., I, 28, 1824, (confounding Iowa with Missouri).
Nadoessi Mascouteins.—Jes. Rel. 1676-77, Thwaites ed., LX, 203, 1900.
Nadouessi—Maskoutens.—Perrot, MÉm., index, 1864. Nadouessioux Des prairies.—Ibid., 237.
Nadouessioux Maskoutens.—Minn. Hist. Soc Coll., II, pt. 2, 30, note, 1864 (Sioux of the Prairies: Algonkin name).
Ne persa.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905, (i. e., Nez PercÉs; given as traders’ nickname).
Ouias.—Am. State Papers, Ind. Off., 1, 93, 1832.
Ovas.—Barcia, Ensayo, 238, 1723.
Oyoa.—Du Lac, Voy. dans les Louisianes, 232, 1805.
Pa-ho-cha.—Hamilton in Trans. Neb. State Hist. Soc., 1, 47, 1885, (trans. ‘dusty men’).
Pa-ho-dje.—Maximilian, Trav., 507, 1843 (trans. ‘dust-noses’).
Pa-ho-ja.—Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823 (trans. ‘gray snow’).
Pa-h8tet.—Marquette (1673) in Shea, Discov., 268, map, 1852.
Pahucae.—Hamilton and Irvin, Ioway Gram., 17, 1848.
Pa-hu-cha.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 262, 1853.
Pa-kuh-tha.—Morgan, Anc. Soc., 156, 1877.
PaotÉ.—La Salle (1682) in Margry, DÉc., 11, 215, 1877.
PaoutÉes.—La Harpe, from Le Sueur’s Jour. (1700) in Shea, Early Voy., 93, 1861.
PaoutÉs.—Le Sueur (1700) in Margry, DÉc., VI, 70, 1886. Paoutez.—Jefferys, Am. Atlas, map 5, 1776.
Paqocte.—Dorsey in Trans. Anthrop. Soc., Wash., 11, 10, 1883.
PÁ-qo-tce.—Dorsey, Kansa MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1882 (Kansa name).
PÁ-qu-te.—Dorsey, Kwa-pa. MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1881, (Quapaw name).
PÁ-qu?se.—Dorsey, Osage MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1883 (Osage name).
PashÓhan.—Gatschet, Pawnee MS., B. A. E., (Pawnee name).
Passinchan.—Doc. 1720 quoted by Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Pap., V, 203, 1890.
Pauhoochees.—McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, II, 209, 1854.
PÁxodshe.—Gatschet, Kaw MS. vocab., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name).
Pierced Noses.Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823.
Wa-qotc.—Dorsey, Winnebago MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1886 (Winnebago name).
Yahowa.—Beltrami, Pilgrimage, II, 151, 1828.
Yoways.—De l’Isle, Map of La., in Neill, Hist. Minn., 164, 1858.
YuahÉs.—Iberville (1700) in Margry, DÉc., IV, 440, 1880 (identical?).
Zaivovois.—Haldimand, according to Catlin, quoted by Donaldson in Smithson. Rep. for 1885, pt. 2, 145, 1886.

APPENDIX D

A list of the names of some of the more prominent members of the Iowa tribe, excluding half-breeds.

(Compiled from various sources)

FOOTNOTES:

2 Oroyelles, probably of the Caddoan family and now extinct.