The Philippine Islands / A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule

The Emperor of Japan demands the surrender of the Islands. 63
Fray Pedro Bautista's mission; he and 25 others are crucified. 65
Jesuit and Franciscan jealousy. The martyrs' mortal remains lost at sea. 67
Emperor Taycosama explains his policy. Further missions and executions. 68
Missionary martyrs declared saints. Emperor of Japan sends a shipment of lepers. 70
Spaniards expelled from Formosa by the Dutch. Missions to Japan abandoned. 71

Chapter VI

Conflicts with the Dutch

The Spanish expedition to the Moluccas fails. 72
Chinese mutiny, murder the Spanish leader, and take the ship to Cochin China. 73
Expeditions of Bravo de Acuna and Pedro de Heredia. Battle of Playa Honda. 74
Koxinga, a Chinese adventurer, threatens to attack the Colony. 76
Vittorio Riccio, an Italian monk, visits Manila as Koxinga's ambassador. 77
Chinese goaded to rebellion; great massacre. 77
Vicissitudes of Govs.-General. Defalcations. Impeachments. 78
Gov.-General Fajardo de Tua kills his wife and her paramour. 80
Separation of Portugal and Spain (1640). Spanish failure to capture Macao. 81
Nunneries. Mother Cecilia's love adventures. Santa Clara Convent. 81
The High Host is stolen. Inquisition. Letter of Anathema. 82
The Spanish Prime Minister Valenzuela is banished to Cavite. 83
Monseigneur Maillard de Tournon, the Papal Legate. 84
His arrogance and eccentricities; he dies in prison at Macao. 85
Question of the Regium exequatur. Philip V.'s edict of punishments. 86

Chapter VII

British Occupation of Manila

Coalition of France and Spain against England by the “Family Compact.” 87
Simon de Anda y SalazÁr usurps the Archbishop-Governor's authority. 88
British bombard Manila. Archbishop-Governor Rojo capitulates. 89
British in possession of the City. Sack and pillage. Agreed Indemnity. 90
Simon de Anda y SalazÁr defies Governor Rojo and declares war. 91
British carry war into the provinces. Bustos opposes them. 92
Bustos completely routed. Chinese take the British side. 93
Massacre of Chinese. Villa Corta's fate. The Philipino treasure. 94
Simon de Anda y SalazÁr offers rewards for British heads. 95
Austin friars on battle-fields. Peace of Paris (Feb. 10, 1763). 96
Archbishop-Governor Rojo dies. La Torre appointed Gov.-General. 97
British evacuate Manila. La Torre allows Anda to receive back the City. 98
Anda goes to Spain; is rewarded by the King; returns as Gov.-General. 99
Anda is in conflict with the out-going Governor, the Jesuits, and the friars. 99
Anda dies in hospital (1776). His burial-place and monument. 100
Rebellion succeeds the war. Ilocos Rebellion led by Diego de Silan. 100
Revolt in Bojol Island led by DagÓhoy. 101
Revolts in Leyte Island, Surigao (Mindanao Is.), and SÁmar Island. 102
Rebellion of “King” MÁlong and “Count” Gumapos. 103
Rebellion of AndrÉs Novales. Execution of A. Novales and Ruiz. 104
Apolinario de la Cruz declares himself “King of the TagÁlogs.” 105
General Marcelo AzcÁrraga, Spanish War Minister, Philippine born. 105
The Cavite Conspiracy of 1872. The Secret Society of Reformers. 106
The Philippine Martyrs, Dr. BÚrgos and Fathers Zamora and Gomez. 107
Illustrious exiles—Dr. Antonio M. Regidor and JosÉ M. Basa. 108

Chapter VIII

The Chinese

The China-Manila trade in the days of Legaspi. 109
The Alcayceria. The Parian. Chinese banished. Restrictions. 110
The Chinese as immigrants; their comparative activity. 112
Chinese mandarins come to seek the “Mount of Gold” in Cavite. 114
The Chinese are goaded to revolt. Saint Francis' victory over them. 115
Massacre of Foreigners. The Chinese Traders; their Guilds. 116
Chinese patron saint; population. The Sangley. The Macao. 118
Restrictions on Chinese immigration. Their gradual exclusion. 119

Chapter IX

Wild Tribes and Pagans

The Aetas or Negritos or Balugas. 120
The Gaddanes. The Itavis. The Igorrotes. The Ibanacs. 122
Attempt to subdue the Igorrotes. Its failure. 124
The Calingas. The Igorrote-Chinese. The Tinguianes. 125
The Basanes. The Manguianes. The Hindoos. Albinos. 128

Chapter X

Mahometans and Southern Tribes

Early history of the Mahometans, called Moros. 129
The First Expedition against the Mindanao Moros. 130
Gov.-General Corcuera effects a landing in Sulu Island. 131
The scourge of Moro Piracy. Devastation of the coasts. Captives. 132
Zamboanga Fort; cost of its maintenance. Fighting Friars. 133
Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin. 134
The Sultan appeals to his suzerain's delegate and is made prisoner. 134
His letter to Sultan Muhamad Amirubdin. 135
The charges against the Sultan. Extermination of Meros decreed. 136
Mindanao and Sulu Moros join forces. Extermination impossible. 137
The Treaty with Sultan Mahamad Alimudin. 138
The Claveria and Urbiztondo expeditions against Moros. 139
Gov.-General Malcampo finally annexes JolÓ (1876). 140
Spain appoints Harun Narrasid Sultan of Sulu (1885). 141
The ceremony of investiture. Opposition to the nominee. 142
Datto Utto defies the Spaniards. Terrero's expedition (Jan., 1887). 143
Colonel Arolas' victory at Maybun (Sulu Is.) (April, 1887). 144
The Marahui Campaign (1895). The Moro tribes. 145
The Juramentado. Moro dress; character; arts; weapons. 146
Moro customs. The Pandita. The Datto. 148
JolÓ (Sulu) town. H.H. the Sultan of Sulu. 149
A juramentado runs amok. Across Sulu Island to Maybun. 152
The Sultan's official reception. SubuÁnos of Zamboanga. 154
Climate in the South. PalaÚan Island. Spanish settlers. 157
Across PalaÚan Island. The TugbanÚas tribe. 158
Their dress, customs, and country. 159
Efforts to colonize PalÁuan Island. The Moro problem. 160

Chapter XI

Domesticated Natives—Origin—Character

Theory concerning the first inhabitants of these Islands. 163
Their advent before the Spanish Conquest. 165
Japanese and Chinese early immigrants. 166
Native character; idiosyncracies and characteristics. 167
Notion of sleep. “Castila!”. 169
TagÁlog and Visayo hospitality. The native's good qualities. 172
Native aversion to discipline; bravery; resignation; geniality. 175
Mixed races. Native physiognomy; marriages; minors' rights. 176
Family names. The CatapÚsan. 179
Dancing; the Balitao; the Comitan. The Asuan. 180
Mixed marriages. The Half-caste (Mestizo). 181
The Shrines and Saints. The Holy Child of CebÚ. St. Francis of Tears. 183
Our Lady of Cagsaysay. The Virgin of Antipolo. 184
Miraculous Saints. Santones. Native Conception of Religion. 187
Musical talent. Slavery. Education in Spanish times. 190
The Intellectuals. The Illiterates. State aid for Schools. 192
The AthenÆum. Girls' Colleges. St. Thomas' University. 194
The Nautical School. The provincial student. Talented natives. 195
Diseases. Leprosy. Insanity. Death-rate. Sanitation. 197

Chapter XII

The Religious Orders

Their early co-operation a necessity. 199
Their power and influence. 200
Opinions for and against that power. 201
The Spanish parish priest. Father Piernavieja. 202
Virtueless friars. Monastic persecution. 204
The Hierarchy. The Orders. Church revenues and State aid. 206
Rivalry of Religious Orders. Papal intervention to ensure peace. 209

Chapter XIII

Spanish Insular Government

The Encomiendas. The Trading-Governors. 211
The Judge-Governors (AlcÁlde MÁyor). The Reforms of 1886. 213
Cost of Spanish Insular Government. The Provincial Civil Governor's duties. 214
The position of Provincial Civil Governor. Local Funds. Provincial poverty. 216
Highways and Public Works. Cause of national decay. 218
Fortunes made easily. Peculations. Town Local Government. 220
The Gobernadorcillo (petty-governor). The Cabeza de Barangay (Tax-collector). 222
The Cuadrillero (guard). The Fallas (tax). The CÉdula personal. 224
The Tribunal (town hall). Reforms affecting travellers. 225

Chapter XIV

Spanish-Philippine Finances

Philippine budgets. Curious items of revenue and expenditure. 227
Spanish-Philippine army, police, and constabulary statistics. 230
The armed forces in the olden times. 232
Spanish-Philippine navy and judicial statistics. 233
Prison statistics. Brigandage. The brigands' superstition. 235
A chase for brigands. The anting-anting. Pirates. 237
The notorious Tancad. Dilatory justice. A cause cÉlÈbre. 239
Spanish-Philippine Criminal Law procedure. 241

Chapter XV

Trade of the Islands from Early Times

Its early history. Its State galleons. 243
The Consulado merchants. The Mexican subsidy. 244
In the days of the Mexican galleons. The Obras Pias. 245
Losses of the treasure-laden galleons. Trade difficulties. 246
The period of restrictions on trade. Prohibitory decrees. 248
The Manila merchants alarmed; appeal to the King. 249
Penalties on free-traders. Trading friars. The budget for 1757. 250
Decline of trade. Spanish trading-company failures. 252
The Real CompaÑia de Filipinas; its privileges and failure. 253
The dawn of free trade. Foreign traders admitted. 254
Manila port, unrestrictedly open to foreigners (1834), becomes known to the world. 256
Pioneers of foreign trade. Foreign and Philippine banks. 257
The Spanish-Philippine currency. Mexican-dollar smuggling. 259
Ports of Zamboanga, Yloilo, CebÚ, and Sual opened to foreign trade. 261
Mail service. Carrying-trade. Middlemen. Native industries. 263
The first Philippine Railway. Telegraph service. Seclusion of the Colony. 265

Chapter XVI

Agriculture

Interest on loans to farmers. Land values and tenure in Luzon Island. 269
Sugar-cane lands and cultivation. Land-measures. 271
Process of sugar-extraction. Labour conditions on sugar-estates. 273
Sugar statistics. World's production of cane and beet sugar. 275
Rice. Rice-measure. Rice machinery; husking; pearling; statistics. 276
Macan and Paga rice. Rice planting and trading. 278

Chapter XVII

Manila Hemp—Coffee—Tobacco

Musa textilis. Extraction and uses of the fibre. Machinery. 281
Hemp experiments in British India. Cultivation. Qualities. 283
Labour difficulties. Statistics. Albay province (local) land-measure. 286
Coffee. Coffee dealing and cultivation. 289
Tobacco. The Government Tobacco Monopoly. 292
Tobacco-growing by compulsory labour. Condition of the growers. 294
Tobacco Monopoly abolished. Free trade in tobacco. 296
Tobacco-trading risks; qualities; districts. Cigar values. 299

Chapter XVIII

Sundry Forest and Farm Produce

Maize. Cacao-beans. Chocolate. 300
Cacao cultivation. Castor oil. Gogo. 302
Camote. Gabi. Potatoes. Mani (pea-nut). Areca-nut. Buyo. 303
Cocoanuts. Extraction of Tuba (beverage). 304
Cocoanut-oil extraction. Coprah. Coir. 305
Nipa palm. Cogon-grass. Cotton-tree. 307
Buri palm. DitÁ. Palma brava. Bamboo. 308
Bojo. Bejuco (Rattan-cane). PalÁsan (Bush-rope). 310
Gum mastic. Gutta-percha. Wax. Cinnamon. Edible Bird's-nest. 311
Balate (Trepang). Sapan-wood. Tree-saps. 312
Hardwoods; varieties and qualities. 313
Molave wood tensile and transverse experiments. 315
Relative strengths of hardwoods. Timber trade. 317
Fruits; the Mango; the Banana; the Papaw, etc. 318
Guavas; Pineapples; Tamarinds; the Mabolo. 320
Sundry vegetable produce. Flowers. 321
Botanical specimens—curious and beautiful. Orchids. 322
Firewoods; Locust beans; Amor seco. 324
Botanical names given to islands, towns etc. 324
Medicinal herbs, roots, leaves and barks. Perfumes. 325

Chapter XIX

Mineral Products

Coal import. Coal-mining ventures. 326
Comparative analyses of coal. 328
Gold-mining ventures. The Paracale and Mambulao mines. 329
Iron-mining ventures. Failures, poverty and suicide. 332
Copper. Marble. Stone. Gypsum. Sulphur. Mineral oil. 334

Chapter XX

Domestic Live-stock—Ponies, Buffaloes, Etc.

Ponies. Horses. Buffaloes (carabaos). 336
Donkeys. Mules. Sheep. Fish. Insects. Reptiles. Snakes. 338
Butterflies. White ants. Bats. Deer. Wild boars. 340
Fowls. Birds. The Locust plague. Edible insects. 341

Chapter XXI

Manila Under Spanish Rule

The fortified city. The moats. The drawbridges. 343
Public buildings in the city. The port in construction. 344
Manila Bay. Corregidor Island and MarivÉles. 345
The Pasig River. Public lighting. Tondo suburb. 346
Binondo suburb. Chinese and native artificers. 347
Easter week. The vehicle traffic. 348
The Theatres. The Carrillo. The “Moro Moro” performance. 349
The bull-ring. Annual feasts. Cock-fighting. 350
European club. Hotels. The Press. Spanish journalism. 351
Botanical gardens. Dwelling-houses. 353
Manila society. Water-supply. Climate. 354
Population of the Islands in 1845; of Manila in 1896. 355
Typhoons and earthquakes affecting Manila. 356
Dress of both sexes. A “first-class” funeral. 357
Excursions from Manila. Los BaÑos. 359
The story of Los BaÑos and Jalajala. The legend of Guadalupe Church. 360

Chapter XXII

The TagÁlog Rebellion of 1896–98

First Period

The CÓrtes de Cadiz. Philippine deputies in the Peninsula. 362
The Assembly of Reformists. Effect of the Cavite Rising of 1872. 363
Official acts conducive to rebellion. The Katipunan League. 364
Arrest of prominent Filipinos. The first overt act of rebellion. 366
War commences. The Battle of San Juan del Monte. 368
Execution of Sancho Valenzuela and others. 369
AndrÉs Bonifacio heads the movement. He is superseded by Emilio Aguinaldo. 370
Imus (Cavite) is captured by the rebels. The history of Imus. 372
Atrocities of the rebels. Rebel victory at Binacayan. 373
Execution of 13 rebels in Cavite. The rebel chief Llaneras in Bulacan. 374
Volunteers are enrolled. Tragedy at Fort Santiago; cartloads of corpses. 375
A court-martial cabal. Gov.-General Blanco is recalled. 376
The rebels destroy a part of the railway. They threaten an assault on Manila. 377
General Camilo Polavieja succeeds Blanco as Gov.-General. 378
General Lachambre, the Liberator of Cavite. Polavieja returns to Spain. 379
Dr. JosÉ Rizal, the Philippine ideal patriot; his career and hopes. 381
His return to Manila; banishment, liberation, re-arrest, and execution. 383
The love-romance of Dr. JosÉ Rizal's life. 387
General Primo de Rivera succeeds Polavieja as Gov.-General. 389
The Gov.-General decrees concentration; its bad effect. 391
The rebels define their demands in an exhortation to the people. 392
Emilio Aguinaldo now claims independence. 394
Don Pedro A. Paterno acts as peace negotiator. 395
The Protocol of Peace between the Rebels and the Gov.-General. 396
The alleged Treaty of Biac-na-batÓ (Dec. 14, 1897). 397
The Primo de Rivera-Paterno agreement as to indemnity payment. 398
Emilio Aguinaldo in exile. Peace rejoicings. Spain defaults. 399
The rebel chiefs being in exile, the people are goaded to fresh revolt. 400
The tragedy of the Calle de Camba. CebÚ Island rises in revolt. 401
The CebuÁnos' raid on CebÚ City; Lutao in flames; piles of corpses. 402
Exciting adventures of American citizens. Heartrending scenes in CebÚ City. 404
Rajahmudah Datto Mandi visits CebÚ. Rebels in Bolinao (Zambales). 406
Relief of Bolinao. Father Santos of Malolos is murdered. 408
The peacemaker states his views on the reward he expects from Spain. 409
Don MÁximo Paterno, the Philippine “Grand Old Man”. 411
Biographical sketch of his son, Don Pedro A. Paterno. 411
General Basilio Augusti succeeds Primo de Rivera as Gov.-General. 413
The existence of a Peace Treaty with the rebels is denied in the Spanish CortÉs. 414

Chapter XXIII

The TagÁlog Rebellion of 1896–98

Second Period

American Intervention

Events leading to the Spanish-American War (April–Aug., 1898). 417
Events preliminary to the naval Battle of Cavite (May 1, 1898). 419
Aspirations of the Revolutionary Party. 420
Revolutionary exhortation denouncing Spain. 421
Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid to the Spanish army. 423
Gov.-General Basilio Augusti issues a call to arms. 424
His proclamation declaring a state of war with America. 425
War in the Islands approaching. Flight of non-combatants. 426
The naval Battle of Cavite. Destruction of the Spanish Fleet. 427
The Stars and Stripes hoisted at Cavite. 429
The first news of the naval defeat raises panic in Madrid. 431
Emilio Aguinaldo returns from exile to Cavite (May 19, 1898). 432
Revolutionary exhortation to the people to aid America. 433
In the beleaguered city of Manila. German attitude. 434
The merchants' harvest. Run on the Banco EspaÑol-Filipino. 435
General Aguinaldo becomes Dictator. Filipinos congratulate America. 436
Conditions in and around Manila. SeÑor Paterno's pro-Spanish Manifesto. 438
The revolutionists' refutation of SeÑor Paterno's manifesto. 440
General Monet's terrible southward march with refugees. 445
Terror-stricken refugees' flight for life. The Macabebes. 446
The Revolutionary Government proclaimed. Statutes of Constitution. 448
Message of the Revolutionary President accompanying the proclamation. 454
The Revolutionists' appeal to the Powers for recognition. 457
Spain makes peace overtures to America. The Protocol of Peace. 458
The Americans prepare for the attack on Manila. 460
The Americans again demand the surrender of Manila. 461
The Americans' attack on Manila (Aug. 13, 1898). 462
Spain's blood-sacrifice for “the honour of the country”. 464
Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14, 1898). 465
The Americans' first measures of administration in Manila. 467
Trade resumed. Liberty of the Press. Malolos (Bulacan) the rebel capital. 468
General Aguinaldo's triumphal entry into Malolos. 470
The Paris Peace Commission (Oct.-Dec., 1898). 471
Peace concluded in Paris between America and Spain (Dec. 10, 1898). 472
Innovations in Manila customs. Spanish government in Visayas. 473
Strained relations between the rebels and the Americans. 475
Rebels attack the Spaniards in Visayas. The Spaniards evacuate the Visayas. 476
The end of Spanish rule. The rebels' disagreement. 478
Text of the Treaty of Peace between America and Spain. 479

Chapter XXIV

An Outline of the War of Independence Period, 1899–1901

Insurgents prepare for the coming conflict. 484
Anti-American manifesto. The Philippine Republic. 486
The war begins; the opening shot. Battle of Paco. 487
Fighting around Manila; Gagalanging. Manila in flames. 489
Battle of Marilao. Capture of Malolos, the insurgent capital. 490
Proclamation of American intentions. Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured. 493
Effect of the war on public opinion in America. 495
Insurgent defeat. Calumpit captured. Insurgents ask for an armistice. 496
Insurgent tactics. General Lawton in Cavite. 499
Violent death of General Antonio Luna. 501
General Aguinaldo's manifesto; his pathetic allusion to the past. 502
Insurgents destroy the s.s. Saturnus. Death of General Lawton. 503
War on the wane. Many chiefs surrender. 505
Partial disbandment of the insurgent army urged by hunger. 506
Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (March 23, 1901). 507
He swears allegiance to America. His home at Canit (Cavite Viejo). 509

Chapter XXV

The Philippine Republic in the Central and Southern Islands

The Spaniards evacuate Yloilo (Dec., 1898). Native Government there. 511
General Miller demands the surrender of Yloilo. The Panay army. 512
Riotous insurgent soldiery. Flight of civilians. 513
The Yloilo native Government discusses the crisis in open assembly. 514
Mob riot. Yloilo in flames. Looting, anarchy, and terrorism. 515
Bombardment of Yloilo. The American forces enter and the insurgents vanish. 516
Surrender of insurgent leaders. Peace overtures. “Water-cure”. 517
Formal surrender of the Panay army remnant at Jaro (Feb. 2, 1901). 518
Yloilo town. Native Government in Negros Island. Peaceful settlement. 519
An armed rabble overruns Negros Island. 521
Native Government in CebÚ Island. American occupation of CebÚ City. 522
CebuÁno insurgents on the warpath. Peace signed with CebuÁnos. 524
Reformed government in CebÚ Island. CebÚ City. 526
American occupation of Bojol Island. Insurgent rising quelled. 528
Native Government in Cottabato. Slaughter of the Christians. 529
The Spaniards' critical position in Zamboanga (Mindanao Is.). 531
Rival factions and anarchy in Zamboanga. Opportune American advent. 532
The Rajahmudah Datto Maudi. Zamboanga town. 534
SÁmar and Marinduque Islands under native leaders. 535
Slaughter of American officers and troops at Balangiga (SÁmar Is.). 536

Chapter XXVI

The Spanish Prisoners

The approximate number of Spanish prisoners and their treatment. 537
The Spanish Government's dilemma in the matter of the prisoners. 538
Why the prisoners were detained. Baron Du Marais' ill-fated mission. 539
Further efforts to obtain their release. The captors state their terms. 541
Discussions between Generals E.S. Otis and NicolÁs Jaramillo. 542
The Spanish commissioners' ruse to obtain the prisoners' release fails. 543
The end of the Spaniards' captivity. 544

Chapter XXVII

End of the War of Independence and After

The last of the recognized insurgent leaders. Notorious outlaws. 545
Apolinario Mabini. Brigands of the old and of the new type. 546
Ferocity of the new caste of brigands. 548
The MontalÓn and Felizardo outlaw bands. 549
The “Guards of Honour.” The PulajÁn in gloomy SÁmar. 550
Army and Constabulary Statistics. Insurgent navy. 553
Sedition. Seditious plays. 554
Landownership is conducive to social tranquillity. 555

Chapter XXVIII

Modern Manila

Innovations under American rule. 556
Clubs. Theatres. Hotels. “Saloons.” The Walled City. 558
The Insular Government. Feast-days. Municipality. 560
Emoluments of high officials. The Schurman Commission. 561
The Taft Commission. The “Philippines for the Filipinos” doctrine. 563
The Philippine Civil Service. Civil government established. 565
Constabulary. Secret Police. The Vagrant Act. 567
Army strength. Military Division. Scout Corps. 569

Chapter XXIX

The Land of the Moros

The Bates Agreement with the Sultan of Sulu. 571
The warlike Dattos and their clansmen. 573
Captain Pershing's brilliant exploits around Lake Lanao. 574
Storming the Cottas. American pluck. 575
American policy in Moroland. Maj.-General Leonard Wood. 576
Constitution of the Moro Province. 577
Municipalities. Tribal Wards. Moro Province finances. 578
Moro Province armed forces. Gen. Wood's victory at Kudaran?gan. 580
Datto Pedro Cuevas of BasÍlan Island. His career. 582
General Wood in Sulu Island. Panglima Hassan. Major H.L. Scott. 584
Major Hugh L. Scott vanquishes Panglima Hassan. A bichÂra. 585
JolÓ town. H.H. The Sultan of Sulu. 587
American policy towards the Moro chiefs. 588
The Manguiguin's eventful visit to Zamboanga. 589
Education and progress in the Moro Province. 591
What the Moro Province needs. The prospect therein. 592

Chapter XXX

The Spanish Friars, After 1898

Free cult. Causes of the anti-friar feeling. 594
Attitude of the Philippine clergy. Monsignor Chapelle. 596
The question of the friars' lands. American view. 597
The American Government negotiates with the Holy See. 599
The Pope's contrary view of the friars' case. 600
The friars'-lands purchase. The approximate acreage. Monsignor Guidi. 601
The anti-friar feeling diminishes. The Philippine Independent Church. 602
The head of the Philippine Independent Church throws off allegiance to the Pope. 604
Conflict between Catholics and Schismatics. 606
Aglipayan doctrine. Native clergy. Monsignor Agius. 607
American education. The Normal School. The Nautical School. 608
The School for Chinese. The Spanish Schools. 610
The English language for Orientals. Native politics. 611
The Philippine Assembly. The cry for “independence”. 612
The native interpretation of the term “Protection”. 613
Capacity for self-government. Population. Benguet road. 614
Census Statistics. Regulations affecting foreign travellers. 616
Administration of justice. Provincial Courts. Justices of the peace. 618

Chapter XXXI

Trade and Agriculture Since the American Advent

Trade in war-time. After-effect of war on trade and agriculture. 620
Losses in tilth-cattle. The Congressional Relief Fund. 621
Fruitless endeavours to replace the lost buffalo herds. 622
Government supplies rice to the needy. Planters' embarrassments. 623
Agitation for an Agricultural Bank. Bureau of Agriculture. 624
Land-tax. Manila Port Works. The Southern ports. 626
Need of roads. Railway projects. 627
The carrying-trade. The Shipping Law. Revenue and Expenditure. 628
The Internal Revenue Law. Enormous increase in cost of living. 630
“The Democratic Labour Union.” The Chinese Exclusion Act. 632
Social position of the Chinese in the Islands since 1898. 634
The new Philippine currency (Peso Conant). 635
American Banks. The commercial policy of the future. 637
Trade Statistics. Total Import and Export values. Hemp shipments. 639
Total Chief Exports. Total Sugar Export. 640
Tobacco, Cigar, and Coprah shipments. Values of Coprah and Cocoanut-oil. 644
Sapan-wood, Gum Mastic, and Coffee shipments. 646
Gold and Silver Imports and Exports. Tonnage. Exchange. 647
Proportionate table of Total Exports. 648
Proportionate table of Total Imports. 649
Proportionate table of Staple Exports and Rice Imports. 650

Chronological Table of Leading Events. 651

Index. 655

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