Miss Bishop was one of the company of teachers sent West by Gov. Slade. She organized the first permanent day school and the first Sunday-school in St. Paul. The school house was a cabin on the corner of Third and St. Peter streets. Miss Bishop, later Mrs. McConkey, was the author of a valuable book of frontier sketches entitled "Floral Homes." She died in 1884.

Of Mr. Forbes mention is made in biographical sketches. Aaron Foster came from Stillwater. He was a carpenter by trade. He married Fanny Mortimer, daughter of Sergt. Mortimer. He died in 1864. S. P. Folsom is mentioned in biographical sketches. Dr. Dewey, the first practicing physician in St. Paul, was a member of the first territorial legislature, and established the first drug store in Minnesota. Parsons Johnson, a descendant on his mother's side of Jonathan Carver, engaged in tailoring, the first of his trade in St. Paul. He was a member of the first territorial legislature.

Cornelius V. P. Lull was a carpenter. He served as sheriff in 1849, and still lives in the city. Daniel Hopkins engaged in general merchandising. He died in 1852. W. O. Renfro, a cousin of Henry Jackson, had studied medicine, was a young man of ability but addicted to drinking habits. The winter after his arrival he wandered forth, suffering from mania a potu, and froze to death near the bend in Phalen's creek.

This year was memorable for the organization of a regular steamboat line from Galena to Mendota and Fort Snelling. The steamer Argo was purchased for the trade. M. W. Lodwick was made commander and Russell Blakely, clerk. The Argo was designed to make weekly trips, but sank before the close of the season, and the Dr. Franklin was purchased to take her place the ensuing year. St. Paul had not increased largely in population this year. One hotel and two dwellings had been built. Some progress had been made in farming and gardening, and there was much lively talk on the subject of making claims. The prospective separation of Minnesota into a territory, and the opening of the country for settlement gave a new impetus to business. The Wisconsin convention for the adoption of a state constitution was held Dec. 13, 1847. Its effects, however, were not greatly felt until toward the middle of the ensuing year.

Among the prominent accessions in 1848 to the population were Henry M. Rice, Henry C. Rhodes, David Olmsted, W. D. Phillips, E. A. C. Hatch, Bushrood W. Lott, W. H. Nobles, Nathan Myrick, A. H. Cavender, Benjamin F. Hoyt, William Freeborn, David Lambert, W. C. Morrison, Lot Moffett, and W. D. Brown. Of these Rice, Noble, Hoyt and Myrick are referred to in biographical sketches. Mr. Olmsted was a trader, and in the summer of the year 1848 established a trading post at Long Prairie, whither the Winnebagoes had removed. He was a member of the first and second territorial councils, and the first mayor of St. Paul, in 1854. He removed to Winona in 1855, and died in 1861. Olmsted county, Minnesota, is named in his honor. W. D. Phillips, better known as "Billy" Phillips, was a somewhat eccentric character who passed for awhile as a lawyer in St. Paul, and in 1856 drifted off into a clerkship at Washington, since which time nothing has been heard of him. E. A. C. Hatch was appointed Indian agent to the Blackfeet Indians by President Pierce in 1856. In 1863 he was commissioned as major in the volunteer service, and acquitted himself creditably. While stationed at Pembina, by strategy he captured the insurgent Indians, Shakopee and Medicine Bottle, who were hanged at Fort Snelling in 1865. He died in 1881. H. O. Rhodes was engaged in trade with David Olmsted. He died in California some years ago. A. H. Cavender was a blacksmith and wagonmaker on Robert street in 1849.

Wm. Freeborn was quite a prominent citizen and member of the town council. He is better known as one of the founders of Red Wing, to which place he removed in 1853. He represented his district in the territorial councils of 1854, 1855, 1856 and 1857. He removed to California in 1862. Freeborn county is named for him. David Lambert, a prominent member of the Stillwater convention, was a young man of promise, but addicted to drink. In 1849, while suffering from a delirious paroxysm induced by drink, he jumped from the deck of a steamer and was drowned. W. C. Morrison originally came from New York, thence to Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Galena, Dubuque, and other places and lastly to St. Paul, where he is widely and favorably known as a business man. Lot Moffett will be remembered as the builder and proprietor of the picturesque heap of rocks known as "Moffett's Castle," where he kept a temperance hotel for several years. He was a man of patriarchal appearance, wearing a long, white beard. He was known as an honest, kind hearted, benevolent man. He died in 1870. W. B. Brown came from Wisconsin and purchased the corner on which the Warner block now stands. He died some years ago. To enumerate the accessions to the population in 1849 would require more space than we are allowed. The fact that St. Paul was this year designated as the territorial capital brought in a great number of official personages, and an army of traders, boarding house keepers, builders and adventurers. Heretofore Mendota had seemed to be the objective point of steam navigation. It also aspired to be the capital of the new territory. Senator Douglas, chairman of the committee on territories, favored Mendota. Gen. Sibley, the territorial delegate, favored St. Paul, and earnestly solicited the senator to yield, which, along with the personal appeals of H. M. Rice, finally secured his acquiescence, and the bill to form Minnesota Territory, with St. Paul as its capital, finally passed March 3, 1849. The news, however, did not reach the capital until April 9th, it having been brought up on the Dr. Franklin, No. 2, the first boat of the season.

On May 27th the newly appointed governor, Alexander Ramsey, arrived with his wife, but not being able to obtain accommodations in St. Paul went for the time to Mendota, where they were entertained by Hon. H. H. Sibley. Every succeeding boat was crowded with emigrants. A newspaper was an immediate necessity. The first steps had been taken the year before by Dr. A. Randall, of Owen's Geological Survey. Dr. Randall was not immediately able to carry his project into effect, and not till April 27, 1849, did the promised paper, the Minnesota Register, appear. The first copy had, however, been printed at Cincinnati two weeks earlier. Of this paper Maj. John P. Owens was publisher.

The first number of the second paper in the city was issued April 28th. This was the St. Paul Pioneer, James M. Goodhue, publisher and editor. These papers and others established later became faithful chroniclers of the progress of the city, and invaluable as historical documents.

The first number of Goodhue's paper, the St. Paul Pioneer, bearing date of April 28, 1849, contains what we may designate as the earliest news. We cull a few items that maybe of interest to antiquarians:

It announces Congressman Sibley's return from Washington, Rev. E. D. Neill's removal to St. Paul, and that the latter would preach the following Sabbath at the school house.

An editorial paragraph calls attention to the fact that the Pioneer is printed in a building situated on Third street near Robert, and that the building has five hundred apertures through which the daylight is streaming.

The arrival of steamer Franklin, No. 2, bringing the tidings of the passage of the bill organizing Minnesota Territory, is announced. The steamer was greeted by a large crowd of eager and excited citizens, whose shouts re-echoed amongst the adjacent hills.

Arrival of steamers Cora and Dr. Franklin, No. 1, is announced.

The following advertisements will show who were the most enterprising of the early settlers:

H. Jackson, postmaster; D. Lambert, real estate dealer; W. H. Nobles, wagonmaker; J. J. Dewey, M.D.; W. D. Phillips, lawyer; J. Monteur, D. C. Taylor, blacksmiths; J. R. Irvine, plasterer; B. L. Sellers, stonemason; Lot Moffett, Anson Northrup, hotel keepers; James Pomeroy, Francis McCoy, house builders; McBoal & Gilbert, stock dealers; Henry Jackson, W. H. Forbes, Daniel Hopkins, Freeman, Larpenteur & Co., J. W. Simpson, Olmsted & Rhodes, Fuller & Brothers, R. P. Russell, merchants.

A road notice completes the list.

Among the prominent citizens who arrived in 1849, David Day became the first register of deeds in Ramsey county. He served in the territorial house in 1852 and 1853, and was speaker during the last session. He served as postmaster from 1874 to 1887. D. F. Brawley established the first brickyard in the Territory, and made the brick for the first brick building north of Prairie du Chien, which was built by Rev. E. D. Neill. Willoughby & Powers introduced the first stage coaches, and established the first livery stable. Nathaniel McLean came as a Sioux Indian Agent and served four years. He died in 1871, aged eighty-four years. Henry F. Masterman, a prominent lawyer, died in 1883. J. D. Crittenden, who served in the late war and rose to the position of colonel. Orlando Simmons, a useful citizen and sound jurist, still lives in St. Paul. Wm. Hollinshead, a brother-in-law of Edmund and H. M. Rice, died some time in the '50s. J. W. Bond was the author of the first history of Minnesota. Chauncey Hobart was chaplain of the first legislature. John B. Spencer, carpenter and contractor, built the first breakwater and dock at Duluth.

Thomas Foster became editor of the Minnesotian, and subsequently issued a paper at Duluth. He gave the name of "The Zenith City of the Unsalted Sea" to Duluth. He was too much of a critic to be popular. He died near Washington, District of Columbia, in 1884. The first Masonic, Odd Fellows and Sons of Temperance lodges were organized this year. The Bank of St. Croix, with headquarters at St. Paul, was established this year. Its paper was the first issued in the form of bank notes in the city and Territory. Nevertheless it was a fraud. Its paper was quoted in New York at one per cent. The proprietors were Young & Sawyer.

For a few terse comparisons and statistics with regard to the St. Paul of the past and of the present we are indebted to a writer in the "Soo Line edition" of the St. Croix Standard:

"Twenty-six years ago there were no railroads in St. Paul, now there are 26 trunk lines entering the city, with over 3,000 miles of track and more than 20,000 miles of mileage, 90,000 cars in use and 100,000 men employed. Beside this is the river trade, which employs two lines of boats and affords a very considerable commerce to St. Paul. In the manufacturing interests St. Paul has shown a great increase, and in every department of trade manufactories are springing up in all directions, and the business has already reached the large sum of $45,000,000, with not less than 1,200 factories and 22,000 men employed. Forty-six hotels accommodate the traveling public. The fire department is one of the best in the West, consisting of 8 steam fire engines, 7 chemical engines, hose carts, 159 men, 78 horses, etc., and the value of all the property belonging to the fire department is $316,367. The city is abundantly supplied with good, pure water, obtained from several lakes. One year ago there were 1,800 miles of mains and 1,000 new water connections, so it is safe to say that at present there are 2,000 miles of mains and 1,200 connections. The receipts of the department for the past year were $2,109,026.09. The real estate sales in 1887 will reach as high as $32,000,000."

Beyond this year we shall not follow the history of the city, except so far as a few tables of statistics and the biographies of a few of its leading citizens may be concerned.

POPULATION OF ST. PAUL.

SCHOOLS IN 1886.

Number of school houses, 26; valuation, $816,650; number of teachers, 246; number of scholars, 9,600.

STATISTICS OF BUILDINGS COSTING $100,000 AND OVER.

MAYORS OF ST. PAUL.

MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.

WEST ST. PAUL.

The flourishing suburb of West St. Paul is rapidly approaching metropolitan dimensions. The original settlement took place almost simultaneously with that of St. Paul, but its growth until late years has not been rapid. It was originally within the limits of Dakota county, but that portion included in its plat has been annexed to Ramsey county, and West St. Paul has become a part of St. Paul and has been placed under the municipal government of that city. The city is connected with St. Paul by two free bridges for carriages and pedestrians and by several railroad bridges.

TOWNS OF RAMSEY COUNTY.

After the state organization in 1858, Ramsey county was subdivided into the following towns: Little Canada, McLean, Mounds View, Reserve, Rose, St. Paul, and White Bear. From year to year the city of St. Paul has made encroachments upon the towns adjacent—Little Canada, McLean, Reserve, and Rose—until they have been in part or wholly absorbed. Of the remaining towns we shall refer only to White Bear, which, owing to the beauty of its lake scenery and its attractiveness as a place of popular resort, deserves special mention.

WHITE BEAR.

White Bear, the northeastern township of Ramsey county, contains thirty-six sections. Its surface is agreeably diversified with lakes. About six sections in all are occupied by these lakes, of which there are several large and beautiful ones, among which may be mentioned White Bear, Bald Eagle, Pleasant, Lambert's, Vadnais, Birch, Goose, Otter, etc. The surface is undulating, and in no place actually hilly, while there is much level and very desirable land. Extensive meadows border some of the lakes, and are found in most of the intervales watered by running streams. These produce enormous crops of hay. Portions of these marshy localities are thickly grown with tamaracks, which were invaluable to the early settler, furnishing him with a supply of logs and poles for his improvements. The timber consists principally of red, white and black oak, sugar maple, tamarack, poplar, elm, elder, and ash.

The township derives its name from White Bear lake. This lake was so named, it is asserted, by the Dakota Indians, a tradition existing amongst them that a grizzly bear once made its appearance on the island, with which one of their bravest hunters engaged in mortal conflict, each slaying the other. The Indians called this a grizzly, polar or white bear, and named an adjacent locality "Mah-to-me-di" or (M'de), i. e., Mahto, gray polar bear, and M'de, lake. It is not probable, however, that a polar bear ever reached this spot, and a visit from a grizzly is nearly as improbable. Indian legends are very frequently made to order by those who succeed them as owners of the soil.

Not much is known of White Bear prior to 1851. No human habitations, save those of Indians, were to be seen. There were no roads to this region, and none nearer than Little Canada. The lake itself seems to have been little known to white men.

J. Fletcher Williams, in a sketch contributed to the Pioneer, and to which we are indebted for many of our statements, says that Hugh I. Vance, a typo employed in the Pioneer office at that time, was probably about the first settler of White Bear; that in the spring of 1851 he wended his way to this region in search of a claim, selected a piece of land on Bald Eagle lake, erected a cabin, resided here with his family several years, and was probably the first man to drive a plowshare in this locality. Mr. Vance joined the Union Army in 1861, and with his two sons was killed in Missouri the year following. In the spring of 1851 V. B. Barnum selected a tract on the south shore of White Bear lake, and hired Geo. O. Nichols to run out the lines. Mr. Barnum entered one hundred and seventy-five acres. On this land he built a cabin near the present Leip House, which burned down in 1857. Jas. B. Clewett, one of the pioneers of St. Paul as early as 1840, drove his stakes at White Bear in the spring of 1851. He afterward built a house on the island, where he yet resides, a mile north of the lake. Soon after Wm. Freeborn and B. F. Hoyt entered a tract of land in sections 13 and 14. Isaac Banta built a cabin on it, near the point by the island, resided there three or four years, and moved to Forest Lake. This land was afterward bought by the Murray family. Thomas Milner came in about the same time. Daniel Getty came and located on the east side of the lake at a later day, becoming a resident of the village proper, of which he is now postmaster, superintendent of the Sunday-school, elder in the church, school trustee, etc.

Mr. Barnum opened a hotel, which he kept till 1856, and then sold out to John M. Lamb. In 1855 James F. Murray, his three sons and O. R. Stratton settled at White Bear. W. W. Webber, John Aubery, Joseph Freeman, Ross Wilkinson, Frank Perfect, Fred Whittaker, George Starbuck, Duncan Ross, Charlie A. Morgan, and others came here in 1857. The early settlers were much disturbed by roving bands of Chippewa and Sioux Indians. White Bear being debatable ground, and sometimes a battlefield between hostile parties. The Sioux claimed the right, under the treaty of 1851, to hunt, fish and gather berries and rice in that region. In the fall of 1855 a party of Sioux from Kaposia went by the lake on a hunting expedition. Near Oneka lake, a few miles above, they fell in with some Chippewas, one of whom they killed and scalped, but had two of their own number mortally wounded. Returning, they camped on Goose lake, just about where St. John's church was first built, and had a scalp dance, lasting two days and nights. It was from time immemorial a grand battle field for them. Hardly a foot of the soil around the lake but what has been ensanguined with the blood of the hereditary foes. Many are the tales told of their encounters. "Spirit Island" seems to have been the hardest fought spot, and to this day it is honeycombed with the remains of rifle pits, redoubts and earth works made by the contending parties, while innumerable bodies of the slain have enriched its soil. It is a perfect Golgotha—an island cemetery. If but a fraction of these savage combats and sieges were truly narrated, no romance could equal it in thrilling interest. These fierce combats continued as late as 1855.

Miss Mary Stiles, daughter of William Stiles, was the first white child born at White Bear. Miss Mary E. Barnum was married to Richard McLagan—being the first wedding which occurred at White Bear. 'Squire Jacob J. Noah, justice of the peace of St. Paul, tied the knot.

The first death was that of Clara Murray, aged four years, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Murray, in July, 1856. J. G. Riheldaffer preached at the funeral service at Mr. Murray's house the first sermon in the settlement.

A lay Methodist named Hoffman held services on the Sabbath several times at Barnum's hotel.

A Baptist clergyman from Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin, named Messer, also occasionally held services in the early days, at the school house, a log house built in 1857.

The Episcopal church of St. John in the Wilderness was built in 1861 and consecrated in August of the same year. It was located at the lower end of the lake, but in 1874 was moved to its present site on Clarke avenue.

The Presbyterian church was organized May 28, 1864, with eight members, two of whom were elected ruling elders, James F. Murray and Daniel Getty. The corner stone of the present church edifice was laid Nov. 8, 1871, and the foundation laid in the following spring. The church was completed in 1872.

A Catholic church was built in 1879, on a block between First and Second streets and Bald Eagle avenue, in which services are held every two weeks.

The post office of White Bear was established in November, 1859, and J. C. Murray appointed postmaster.

The township of White Bear was organized May 11, 1858, with the following officers: Clerk, G. Schnabel; supervisor, J. F. Murray; assessor, V. B. Barnum; justices of the peace, J. R. Clewett and Alex. Pepin.

The village is easy of access, and abundantly supplied with railroad facilities. The St. Paul & Duluth Railroad Company has built a double track to St. Paul. This company built a road to Stillwater known as the Stillwater & White Bear railroad. There is in addition to this road an extension to Minneapolis known as the Minneapolis & White Bear railroad. The Sault Ste. Marie passes through the north part of the village.

WHITE BEAR LAKE

Is one of the most famous pleasure resorts in the vicinity of St. Paul. Its clear waters, gently sloping wooded shores, and the entire absence of marsh or swamp lands adjoining, render the situation at once pleasant and salubrious. It has an extreme length of 6-1/2 miles, and a width of 2-3/4. It has, according to survey meanders, a shore line of over 20 miles, and its area is 3,940 acres, or 62 square miles.

Beautiful parks surround the lake. Prominent among these are Wildwood Park and Mahtomedi, the latter renowned as a camp ground, and later as the site of a summer school, modeled after that at Chautauqua, and one of a system of schools of which the Chautauqua school is the principal and central institution. Spirit island, connected with the mainland by a bridge, is also a charming resort.

The lake shore is crowded with hotels and cottages for the use of summer visitors. Among these the Leip House is especially worthy of mention, the proprietor having beautified the grounds and built around the hotel a small village of cottages for excursionists. Other houses are the Ramaley, the Williams, the Chateaugay, the Dellwood, etc., with pleasant surroundings. The appearance of this resort during the summer months is one of great animation. Tourists and summer visitors crowd the hotel, or gather in groups along the lake shore, while the lake is dotted with their sailing vessels. A small steamer makes regular trips to points of interest about the lake.

White Bear Lake village was incorporated by the legislature in 1881, the following being chosen as the first officers under their charter: Daniel Getty, chairman of council; James C. Murray, Luke H. Bacon, Abel E. Leaman, and Fred W. Benson, councilmen; B. E. McGurk, recorder; H. K. Getty, treasurer; Wm. Clark, village justice; Reuben Clewett, marshal.

Daniel Getty was born in the north of Ireland in 1826. His ancestors were Scotch-Irish. He came with his parents to Philadelphia in 1832; was educated in the common schools, and learned the trade of a cabinet maker. He came to White Bear in 1855, and opened the first store in the place. He has four sons associated with him in business. He has done much to promote the prosperity of White Bear, and by enterprise and close attention to business, both as a merchant and a dealer in real estate, he has been successful.

SOUTH ST. PAUL

Is located in the northeastern corner of Dakota county, four and a half miles below St. Paul, the site of the Presbyterian and Methodist missions of old Kaposia. It is situated on a plateau considerably above high water mark, in the rear of which the grounds rise gradually to a rich agricultural plain. It is connected with St. Paul by an hourly motor line of cars. It has communication with St. Paul by the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City railway, and also has communication by water.

The famous St. Paul Union Stockyards are located here, and occupy two hundred acres of land. This great enterprise was founded by A. B. Stickney and Ansel Oppenheim, president of the company. W. M. Littell is general superintendent; Arnold Kalman, secretary and treasurer. The stockyards were located here in 1886, and now (1888) possess a capital of $1,500,000 in grounds and necessary buildings pertaining to such an enterprise. There are eight miles of railroad track upon the grounds. The stock is brought from Montana, Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa by railroad.

The city was organized in 1887, with the following board of officers; Joseph H. Lawrence, mayor; George W. Wentworth, Philip Crowley, J. W. McGrath, and Irwin Marshall, aldermen.

A post office was established in 1888, of which H. M. Littell is postmaster.

The city embraces South Park, and there are five churches, English and German Methodist, a Congregational and two Baptist churches.

An electric motor line is being established. The city of South St. Paul has about 6,000 inhabitants. Its progress is upward.

NORTH ST. PAUL.

This rapidly growing suburb of St. Paul is situated on the shores of Silver lake, a lovely sheet of water lying six miles northeast of the court house. The grounds about the lake were converted into farms soon after the settlement of St. Paul. In 1886 the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company extended their St. Paul branch through the neighborhood. Capt. H. A. Castle established suburban residences near the lake. In March, 1887, the North St. Paul Land Company was formed for the purpose of encouraging manufactures and furnishing homes and facilities for business. Their plant was located on the farm of Capt. Castle. The company consists of H. A. Castle, Lane K. Stone, Frederick Driscoll, W. S. Morton, and George A. Sexias. The capital stock of the company was fixed at $1,000,000. Under their enterprising management twenty miles of street has been graded, a boulevard extended around the lake, five miles of sidewalk completed and numerous cottages erected. A railroad depot has been built at a cost of $8,000; two hotels and fifteen manufacturing establishments have been erected. There are (in May, 1888) 3,000 inhabitants, with eight church organizations and six buildings, and a school house, built at a cost of $11,000. The growth of this village since its commencement in 1887 has been remarkable.

New, populous and important suburbs of St. Paul are Merriam Park, St. Anthony Park, and St. Paul Park in Washington county.

The following table gives the population of St. Paul from 1838 to May, 1888.

POST OFFICE.

The following figures will show the amount of business transacted at the post office, St. Paul, Minnesota, for the year ending Dec. 31, 1887, as compared with the year 1886:

GENERAL BUSINESS.

MONEY ORDER BUSINESS.

POST OFFICE HISTORY.

The names and date of the commission of the postmasters of St. Paul are as follows: Henry Jackson, April 7, 1846; Jacob W. Bass, July 5, 1849; Wm. H. Forbes, March 18, 1853; Chas. S. Cave, March 11, 1856; Wm. M. Corcoran, March 12, 1860; Chas. Nichols, April 2, 1861; Jacob H. Stewart, March 14, 1865; Jos. A. Wheelock, March 4, 1870; David Day, July 1, 1875.

Net yearly income, being balance on quarterly returns from its establishment to the present time:

Gross yearly income of the St. Paul post office from 1875 to 1887:

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