George Ticknor's great History of Spanish Literature (Boston, 1872) is the widest survey of the subject; it should be read in the Castilian version of Pascual de Gayangos and Enrique de Vedia (1851-56),[32] or in the German of Nikolaus Heinrich Julius (Leipzig, 1852), both of which contain valuable supplementary matter. Ludwig Gustav Lemcke shows taste and learning and independence in his Handbuch der spanischen Literatur (Leipzig, 1855-56). On a smaller scale are EugÈne Baret's Histoire de la littÉrature espagnole (1863), the volume contributed by Jacques Claude Demogeot to Victor Duruy's series entitled Histoire des littÉratures ÉtrangÈres (1880), Licurgo Cappelletti's Letteratura spagnuola (Milan, 1882), and Mr. H. Butler Clarke's Spanish Literature (1893). Ferdinand Wolf's Studien zur Geschichte der spanischen und portugiesischen Nationalliteratur (Berlin, 1859) is a most masterly study of the early period; the Castilian version by D. Miguel de Unamuno, with notes by D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo (1895-96), corrects some of Wolf's conclusions in the light of recent research. The Darstellung der spanischen Literatur im Mittelalter (Mainz, 1846), by Ludwig Clarus, whose real name was Wilhelm Volk, is learned and suggestive, though too enthusiastic in criticism. JosÉ Amador de los RÍos' seven volumes, entitled Historia crÍtica de la literatura espaÑola (1861-65), end with the reign of the Catholic Kings: an alphabetical index would greatly increase the value of this monumental work. The Comte ThÉodore Joseph Boudet de Puymaigre's two volumes, Les vieux auteurs castillans (1888-90), give the facts in a very agreeable, unpretentious way.

Among current handbooks by Spanish authors, those by Antonio Gil y ZÁrate (1844), Manuel de la Revilla and Pedro de AlcÁntara GarcÍa (1884), F. SÁnchez de Castro (1890), and Prudencio Mudarra y PÁrraga (Sevilla, 1895), are well-meant, and are, one hopes, useful for examination purposes. JosÉ FernÁndez-Espino's Curso histÓrico-crÍtico (Sevilla, 1871) is excellent; but it ends with Cervantes' prose works, and makes no reference to the Spanish theatre.

On the drama there is nothing to match Adolf Friedrich von Schack's Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (Berlin, 1845-46) and his NachtrÄge (Frankfurt am Main, 1854). Romualdo Álvarez Espino's Ensayo histÓrico-crÍtico del teatro espaÑol (CÁdiz, 1876), containing long extracts from the chief dramatists, is serviceable to beginners. The late Cayetano Barrera's CatÁlogo bibliogrÁfico y biogrÁfico del teatro antiguo espaÑol (1860) is invaluable: lack of funds causes the supplement to remain "inedited."

In bibliography Castilian is richer than English. NicolÁs Antonio's Bibliotheca Hispana Nova (1783-88) and Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus (1788) are wonderful for their time. BartolomÉ JosÉ Gallardo's Ensayo de una Biblioteca espaÑola de libros raros y curiosos (1863-89) owes much to its editors, the MarquÉs de la Fuensanta del Valle and D. JosÉ Sancho RayÓn. For old editions Pedro SalvÁ y MallÉn's CatÁlogo de la biblioteca de SalvÁ (Valencia, 1872) may be consulted. An admirable monthly bibliography of new books is issued by D. Rafael Altamira y Crevea in his Revista crÍtica de historia y literatura espaÑolas, portuguesas É hispano-americanas. Murillo's monthly BoletÍn is a mere sale list.

M. FoulchÉ-Delbosc's Revue hispanique and Sr. Altamira's Revista crÍtica are specially dedicated to our subject; the zeal and self-sacrifice of both editors have earned the gratitude of all students of Spanish literature. MM. Gaston Paris' and Paul Meyer's Romania frequently contains admirable essays and reviews by MM. Morel-Fatio, Cornu, Cuervo, and others; as much may be said for Gustav GrÖber's Zeitschrift fÜr romanische Philologie (Halle), and for the Giornale storico della letteratura italiana (Torino), edited by MM. Francesco Novati and Rodolfo Renier.

Sr. MenÉndez y Pelayo's Historia de las Ideas estÉticas en EspaÑa (1883-91) touches literature at many points, and abounds in acute and suggestive reflections. Two treatises by M. Arturo Farinelli, Die Beziehungen zwischen Spanien und Deutschland in der Litteratur der beiden LÄnder (Berlin, 1892), and Spanien und die spanische Litteratur im Lichte der deutschen Kritik und Poesie (Berlin, 1892), are remarkable for curious learning and appreciative criticism.

The best general collection of classics is Manuel Rivadeneyra's Biblioteca de Autores espaÑoles (1846-80), which consists of seventy-nine volumes. Sr. MenÉndez y Pelayo's AntologÍa de poetas lÍricos castellanos (1890-96) is supplied with very learned and elaborate introductions.

CHAPTER I

The Leloaren Cantua and Altobiskar Cantua are given, with English renderings, in Mr. Wentworth Webster's admirable Basque Legends (1879); an exposure of the Altobiskar hoax by the same great authority is printed in the Academy of History's BoletÍn (1883). Rafael and Pedro RodrÍguez Mohedano display much discursive, uncritical erudition in their ten-volumed Historia literaria en EspaÑa (1768-85), which deals only with the early period. A recent study (1888) on Prudentius by the Conde de ViÑaza deserves mention. Migne's Patrologia Latina includes the chief Spanish Fathers. In the fourth volume of Charles Cahier's and Arthur Martin's Nouveaux MÉlanges d'archÉologie, d'histoire, et de littÉrature sur le moyen Âge (1877) there is a brilliant essay on the Gothic period by the Rev. PÈre Jules Tailhan, to whom we also owe a splendid edition of the Rhymed Chronicle, the Epitoma Imperatorum (Paris, 1885), by the Anonymous Writer of CÓrdoba.

For the Spanish Jews, Hirsch GrÄtz' Geschichte der Juden von den Ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1865-90) is the best guide. Salomon Munk's MÉlanges de philosophie juive et arabe (1857) is not yet superseded, and Abraham Geiger's Divan des Castilier Abu'l Hassan Juda ha Levi (Breslau, 1851) contains information not to be found elsewhere. M. Kayserling's Biblioteca EspaÑola—Portugeza—Judaica (Strassburg, 1890) is extremely valuable.

Two works by Reinhart Pieter Anne Dozy are authoritative as regards the Arab period: the Histoire des Mussulmans d'Espagne (Leyde, 1861), and the Recherches sur l'histoire politique et littÉraire de l'Espagne pendant le moyen Âge (1881). The first edition of the Recherches (Leyde, 1849) embodies many suggestive passages cancelled in the reprints. Schack's Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien (Stuttgart, 1877) is a good general survey, a little too enthusiastic in tone; it greatly gains in the Castilian version, made from the first edition, by D. Juan Valera (1867-71). Nicolas Lucien Leclerc's Histoire de la mÉdecine arabe (1876) is of much wider scope than its title implies, and may be profitably consulted on Arab achievements in other fields. Francisco Javier Simonet states the case against the predominance of Arab culture in the preface to his Glosario de voces ibÉricas y latinas usadas entre los MuzÁrabes (1888). D. JuliÁn Ribera's learned OrÍgenes de la justicia en AragÓn (Zaragoza, 1897) deals with the facts in a more judicial spirit. Of special monographs Ernest Renan's AverroÈs et l'AverroÏsme (1866) is a recognised classic. The greater part of the codex from the Convent of Santo Domingo de Silos, now in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 30,853), has been published by Dr. Joseph Priebsch in the Zeitschrift, vol. xix.

As regards the ProvenÇal influence in the Peninsula, Manuel MilÁ y Fontanals' Trovadores en EspaÑa (Barcelona, 1887) is a definitive work. EugÈne Baret's Espagne et Provence (1857) is pleasing but superficial. Theophilo Braga's learned introduction to the Cancioneiro Portuguez da Vaticana (Lisbon, 1878) is brilliantly suggestive, though inaccurate in detail. The counter-current from Northern France, as it affects the epic, is treated in MilÁ y Fontanals' PoesÍa herÓico-popular castellana (Barcelona, 1874).

CHAPTER II

The Misterio de los Reyes Magos is most accessible in Amador de los RÍos' Historia, vol. iii. pp. 658-60, and in K. A. Martin Hartmann's dissertation, Ueber das altspanische DreikÖnnigsspiel (Bautzen, 1879). The Swedish scholar, Eduard Lidforss, printed the Misterio in the Jahrbuch fÜr romanische und englische Literatur (Leipzig, 1871), vol. xii., and Professor Georg Baist's diplomatic edition appeared at Erlangen in 1879. Arturo Grafs Studii drammatici (Torino, 1878) contains an interesting essay on the Magi play; M. Morel-Fatio's article in Romania, vol. ix., and Baist's review in the Zeitschrift, vol. iv., are both important. D'Ancona's Origini del teatro italiano (Torino, 1891) discusses the question of the play's date with much shrewdness and caution.

The most convenient reference for the Poema del Cid is to Rivadeneyra, vol. lvii. D. RamÓn MenÉndez Pidal's edition (1898) supersedes all others: next, in order of merit, come Karl VollmÖller's (Halle, 1879), Eduard Lidforss', called Cantares de Myo Cid (Lund, 1895), and Mr. Archer Huntington's (New York, 1897). The Cantar de Rodrigo is in Rivadeneyra, vol. xvi.; vol. lvii. contains the Apolonio, the Vida de Santa MarÍa Egipciacqua, and the Tres Reyes dorient. The sources of Santa MarÍa Egipciacqua are indicated by Adolf Mussafia in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, vol. clxiii. For the Disputa del Alma y Cuerpo see the Zeitschrift, vol. lx. M. Morel-Fatio edited the Debate entre el Agua y el Vino and the RazÓn feita de Amor in Romania, vol. xvi. Most of the foregoing may be read in extract in Egidio Gorra's excellent anthology, Lingua e Letteratura Spagnuola delle origini (Milan, 1898).

CHAPTER III

Most of the writers referred to in this chapter are included in Rivadeneyra, vols. li. and lvii. A valuable article on Berceo by D. Francisco FernÁndez y GonzÁlez, now Dean of the Central University, was published in La RazÓn (1857): a translated fragment of Berceo is given by Longfellow in Outre-Mer. Gautier de Coinci's Les Miracles de la Sainte Vierge were edited by the AbbÉ Alexandre EusÈbe Poquet (1857) in a somewhat prudish spirit. M. Morel-Fatio's study on the Libro de Alexandre, printed in the fourth volume of Romania, is an extremely thorough performance.

Alfonso's Siete Partidas (1807) and the Fuero Juzgo (1815) have been issued by the Spanish Academy; his scientific work is partially represented by Manuel Rico y Sinobas' five folios entitled Libros del Saber de AstronomÍa (1863-67). There is no modern edition of his histories, and a reprint is greatly needed: the inaugural speech of D. Juan Facundo RiaÑo, read before the Academy of History (1869), traces the sources with great ability and learning. The translations in which Alfonso shared are best read in Hermann Knust's Mitteilungen aus dem Eskorial (vol. cxli. of the publications issued by the Stuttgart Literarischer Verein), and in Knust's Dos Obras didÁcticas y dos Leyendas (1878). Alfonso's Cantigas de Santa MarÍa have been published by the Spanish Academy (1889) in two of the handsomest volumes ever printed; the MarquÉs de Valmar has edited the text, and supplied an admirable introduction and apparatus.

Fadrique's Engannos e Assayamientos de las Mogieres is to be sought in Domenico Comparetti's Ricerche intorno al libro di Sindibad (Milan, 1869). The questions arising out of the Gran Conquista de Ultramar are discussed by M. Gaston Paris, with his usual lucidity and learning, in Romania, vols. xvii., xix., and xxii.

CHAPTER IV

Most of the poems mentioned are printed in Rivadeneyra, vol. lvii. Solomon's Rhymed Proverbs are included by Antonio Paz y Melia in OpÚsculos literarios de los siglos XIV.-XVI. (1892). The Poema de JosÉ has been reproduced in Arabic characters by Heinrich Morf (Leipzig, 1883) as part of a Gratulationsschrift from the University of Bern to that of Zurich.

Juan Manuel's writings were edited by Gayangos in Rivadeneyra, vol. li.: we owe his Libro de Caza to Professor Georg Baist (Halle, 1880), and a valuable edition of the Libro del Caballero et del Escudero to S. GrÄfenberg (Erlangen, 1883). Alfonso XI.'s handbook on hunting is given by GutiÉrrez de la Vega in the third volume of the Biblioteca Venatoria (Madrid, 1879). Ayala's history forms vols. i. and ii. of Eugenio de Llaguno AmÍrola's CrÓnicas EspaÑolas (Madrid, 1779).

CHAPTER V

The Comte de Puymaigre's La Cour littÉraire de Don Juan II. (1873) is an excellent general view of the subject. D. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori's Don Enrique de Villena (1896) is a very learned and interesting study. Villena's Arte Cisoria was reprinted so recently as 1879. The Libro de los Gatos and Clemente SÁnchez' Exemplos are in Rivadeneyra, vol. li.; the latter were completed by M. Morel-Fatio in Romania, vol. vii. Mr. Thomas Frederick Crane's Exempla of Jacques Vitry (published in 1890 for the Folk-Lore Society) will be found useful by English readers.

Baena's Cancionero (1851) was edited by the late MarquÉs de Pidal: the large-paper copies contain a few loose pieces, omitted from the ordinary edition which was reprinted by Brockhaus in a cheap form at Leipzig in 1860. D. Antonio Paz y Melia's Obras de Juan RodrÍguez de la CÁmara (1884) is a good example of this scholar's conscientious work. Amador de los RÍos' edition of the Obras del MarquÉs de Santillana (1852) is complete and minute in detail.

There is no good edition of Juan de Mena's works; I have found it most convenient to use that published by Francisco SÁnchez (1804). The Coplas de la Panadera will be found in Gallardo, vol. i. cols. 613-617.

Juan II.'s CrÓnica is printed by Rivadeneyra, vol. lviii.; the others—those of Clavijo, GÁmez, Lena—are in Llaguno y AmÍrola's CrÓnicas EspaÑolas, already named. Llaguno also reprinted PÉrez de GuzmÁn's Generaciones at Valencia in 1790.

No modern editor has had the spirit to reissue MartÍnez de Toledo's Corbacho, nor did even Ticknor possess a copy. The edition of LogroÑo (1529) is convenient. The VisiÓn deleitable is in Rivadeneyra, vol. xxxvi. I know no later edition of Lucena's Vita Beata than that of Zamora, 1483.

CHAPTER VI

Hernando del Castillo's Cancionero General should be read in the fine edition (1882) published by the Sociedad de BibliÓfilos EspaÑoles; the Cancionero de burlas in Luis de Usoz y RÍo's reprint (London, 1841). The MarquÉs de la Fuensanta del Valle and D. JosÉ Sancho RayÓn edited Lope de StÚÑiga's Cancionero in 1872. While the present volume has been passing through the press, M. FoulchÉ-Delbosc has, for the first time, published the entire text of the Coplas del Provincial in the Revue hispanique, vol. v. The Coplas de Mingo Revulgo, Cota's DiÁlogo, and Jorge Manrique's Coplas are best read in D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo's AntologÍa, vols. iii. and iv. An additional piece of Cota's, discovered by M. FoulchÉ-Delbosc, has been printed in the Revue hispanique, vol. i.; and to D. Antonio Paz y Melia is due the publication of GÓmez Manrique's Cancionero (1885). IÑigo de Mendoza and Ambrosio Montesino are represented in Rivadeneyra, vol. xxxv. Miguel del Riego y NÚÑez' edition of Padilla appeared at London in 1841 in the ColecciÓn de obras poÉticas espaÑolas. Pedro de Urrea's Cancionero (1876) forms the second volume of the Biblioteca de Escritores Aragoneses. Encina's Teatro completo has been admirably edited (1893) by Francisco Asenjo Barbieri: a suggestive and penetrating criticism by Sr. Cotarelo y Mori appeared in EspaÑa Moderna (May 1894).

Palencia is to be studied sufficiently in his Dos Tratados (1876), arranged by D. Antonio MarÍa FabiÉ. The CrÓnica of Lucas Iranzo was given by the Academy of History (1853) in the Memorial histÓrico espaÑol. AmadÍs de Gaula is most easily read in Rivadeneyra, vol. xl., which is preceded by a very instructive preface, the work of Gayangos. The derivation of the AmadÍs romance is ably discussed from different points of view by EugÈne Baret in his Études sur la redaction espagnole de l'Amadis de Gaule (1853); by Theophilo Braga in his Historia das novelas portuguezas de cavalleria (Porto, 1873); and by Ludwig Braunfels in his Kritischer Versuch Über den Roman AmadÍs von Gallien (Leipzig, 1876). The fourth volume of Ormsby's Don Quixote (1885) contains an exhaustive bibliography of the chivalresque novels, most of which are both costly and worthless. Of the Celestina there are innumerable editions; the handiest is that in Rivadeneyra, vol. iii. A reprint of Mabbe's splendid English version (1631) was included by Mr. Henley in his Tudor Translations (1894). D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo's brilliant essay on Rojas is reprinted in the second series of his Estudios de crÍtica literaria (1895). BernÁldez' Historia de los Reyes catÓlicos (Granada, 1856) has been carefully produced by Miguel Lafuente y AlcÁntara. Pulgar's Claros Varones was inserted at the end of Llaguno y AmÍrola's edition of the CentÓn epistolario (1775). It is quite impossible to give any notion of the immense mass of literature concerning Columbus; but anything bearing the names of MartÍn FernÁndez de Navarrete or of Mr. Henry Harrisse is entitled to the greatest respect.

CHAPTER VII

M. Morel-Fatio's L'Espagne au 16^e et 17^e siÉcle (Heilbronn, 1878) is invaluable for this period and the succeeding century. Dr. Adam Schneider's Spaniens Anteil an der deutschen Litteratur des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (Strassburg, 1898) is a work of immense industry, containing much curious information in a convenient form. English readers will find an excellent summary of the literary history of this time in Mr. David Hannay's Later Renaissance (1898).

Manuel CaÑete, whose Teatro espaÑol del siglo XVI. (1885) is useful but ill arranged, included a single volume of Torres Naharro's Propaladia among the Libros de AntaÑo so long ago as 1880; the second is still to come, and those who would read this dramatist must turn to the rare sixteenth-century editions. Perhaps the best reprint of Gil Vicente is that issued at Hamburg in 1834 by JosÉ Victorino Barreto Feio and JosÉ Gomes Monteiro; a most complete account of Vicente, his environment and influence, is given by Theophilo Braga in the seventh volume of his learned Historia de la litteratura portuguesa (Porto, 1898). BoscÁn's Castilian version of the Cortegiano was reissued in 1873; the completest edition of his verse is that published by Professor Knapp (of Yale University), issued at Madrid in 1873. Professor Flamini's Studi di storia letteraria italiana e straniera (Livorno, 1895) contains a very scholarly essay on the debt of BoscÁn to Bernardo Tasso. The poems of Garcilaso are in Rivadeneyra, vols. xxxii. and xlii.; but a far pleasanter book to handle is Azara's edition (1765). Benedetto Croce's study entitled Intorno al soggiorno di Garcilaso de la Vega in Italia (1894) appeared originally in the Rassegna storica napoletana di lettere ed arte (a magazine which deserves to be better known in England than it is). Croce's researches have been printed apart, and we may look forward to his publishing others no less important. Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen's biography and translation of Garcilaso (1823) are defective, but nothing better exists in English. Few poets in the world have been so fortunate in their editors as SÂ de Miranda. Mme. Carolina MichaËlis de Vasconcellos' reprint (Halle, 1881), with its very learned apparatus of introduction, notes, and variants, is a real achievement unsurpassed in the history of editing. A fine edition of Gutierre de Cetina has been published (Seville, 1895) with a scholarly introduction by D. JoaquÍn HazaÑas y la Rua. AcuÑa's works appeared at Madrid in 1804; his Contienda de Ayax is in the second volume of LÓpez de Sedano's Parnaso EspaÑol (1778). Concerning Mendoza, the reader may profitably turn to Charles Graux' Essai sur les origines du fona grec de l'Escorial (1880), published in the BibliothÈque de l'École des Hautes Études. Professor Knapp edited Mendoza's verses in 1877: a creditable piece of work, though inferior to his edition of BoscÁn. Castillejo and Silvestre are exampled in Rivadeneyra, vol. xxxii. Of Villegas' Inventario there is no modern reprint.

Guevara is sufficiently represented in Rivadeneyra, vol. lxv.; the English versions by Lord Berners, North, Fenton, Hellowes, and others, are of exceptional merit and interest.

The most important historians of the Indies are reprinted by Rivadeneyra, vols. xxii. and xxvi. Amador de los RÍos edited Oviedo for the Academy of History in 1851-55. Very full details concerning CortÉs are given by Prescott in his classic book on Peru, and Sir Arthur Helps' Life of Las Casas (1868) is a pleasing piece of partisanship.

Lazarillo de Tormes should be read in Mr. Butler Clarke's beautiful reproduction of the princeps (1897). M. Morel-Fatio's essay in the first series of his Études sur l'Espagne (1895) is exceedingly ingenious, but, like all negative criticism, it is somewhat unconvincing. His guess that Lazarillo was written by some one connected with the ValdÉs clique does not seem very happy, but even a conjecture by M. Morel-Fatio carries great weight.

Eduard BÖhmer gives a very full bibliography of Juan de ValdÉs in his Biblioteca Wiffeniana (Strassburg, 1874). Benjamin Barron Wiffen had for ValdÉs a kind of cult which found partial expression in his quarto Life and Writings of Juan ValdÉs, otherwise Valdesio (1865). But it is impossible to give more minute references to the voluminous literature which deals with ValdÉs and his brother Alfonso. An historical essay by Manuel Carrasco, published at Geneva in 1880, is interesting as the work of a modern Spanish Protestant.

CHAPTER VIII

The MarquÉs de la Fuensanta del Valle's edition of Lope de Rueda (1894) lacks an introduction, but it is in other respects as good as possible. D. Ángel Lasso de la Vega y ArguËlles has published a Historia y Juicio crÍtico de la Escuela PoÉtica Sevillana (1871), which is useful, and even exhaustive, though far too eulogistic in tone. The Argensolas may be conveniently studied in Rivadeneyra, vol. xlii., which is supplemented by the Conde de ViÑaza's collection of the PoesÍas sueltas (1889). Minor dramatists still await republication. Herrera is easiest read in Rivadeneyra, vol. xxxii.; M. Morel-Fatio's critical edition of the Lepanto Ode (Paris, 1893) is of great merit, and an essay on Herrera by M. Édouard Bourciez in the Annales de la FacultÉ des lettres de Bordeaux (1891) is acute and suggestive. Vicente de la Fuente is the editor of Santa Teresa's writings in Rivadeneyra, vols. liii. and lv. The biography by Mrs. Cunninghame Graham (1894), a work both learned and picturesque, presents rather the woman of genius than the canonised saint. The text of the remaining mystics will, with few exceptions, be found in Rivadeneyra, vols. vi., viii., ix., xxvii., and xxxii. The lesser lights exist only in editions of great rarity.

Torre's verses are most accessible in VelÁzquez' edition (1753). Of Figueroa there is no recent reprint, though a poor selection is offered by Rivadeneyra, vol. xlii., which also includes Rufo GutiÉrrez' minor verse: his Austriada is given in vol. xxix., and Ercilla's Araucana in vol. xvii. The CatÁlogo razonado biogrÁfico y bibliogrÁfico of the Portuguese authors who wrote in Spanish is due (1890) to Domingo GarcÍa Peres. The Barcelona reprint (1886) of MontemÔr is easily found: Professor Hugo Albert Rennert's monograph, The Spanish Pastoral Romances (Baltimore, 1892), is extremely thorough. Zurita is best read in the princeps. A new edition of Mendoza's Guerra de Granada is urgently called for, and is now being passed through the press by M. FoulchÉ-Delbosc. Mendoza's burlesque of Silva will be found in Paz y Melia's Sales EspaÑolas (1890).

CHAPTER IX

Henceforward the task of the bibliographer is lighter; for, though Cervantes, Lope, and later writers are the subjects of an enormous mass of literature, and are reprinted in editions out of number, it will only be necessary to name the most important. The twelve quartos which form the Obras Completas (1863-64) of Cervantes are open to much damaging criticism; but they contain all his writings, except the conjectural pieces gathered together by D. Adolfo de Castro in his Varias obras inÉditas de Cervantes (1874). For a most exhaustive bibliography of Cervantes' writings (Barcelona, 1895) we are indebted to the late D. Leopoldo Rius y Llosellas: a posthumous volume is to follow, but even in its present incomplete state Rius' book is worth more than all previous attempts put together. Editions of Don Quixote abound, and of these Diego ClemencÍn's (1833-39) deserves special mention for its very learned commentary. A new edition, in course of issue by Mr. David Nutt (1898), presents a text freed from arbitrary emendations which have crept in without authority. FernÁndez de Navarrete's biography (1819) is still unequalled. Shelton's early English version (1612-20) has been reprinted by Mr. Henley in his series of Tudor Translations (1896). Of later renderings John Ormsby's (1885) is much the best, and is prefaced by a very judicious account of Cervantes and his work. Duffield (1881) and Mr. H. E. Watts (1894) have translated Don Quixote in a spirit of enthusiasm. The Numancia (1885) and Viaje del Parnaso (1883) were both admirably rendered by the late James Young Gibson. Sr. MenÉndez y Pelayo's paper on Avellaneda appeared in Los Lunes de El Imparcial (February 15, 1897).

The Obras of Lope, now printing under the editorship of D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo, will be definitive; but as yet only eight quartos (including Barrera's Nueva BiografÍa) are available. Lope's Obras sueltas (1776-79) fill twenty-one volumes; but the best reference for readers is to Rivadeneyra, vols. xxiv., xxxv., xxxvii., xli., and xlii., where Lope is incompletely but sufficiently exhibited. M. Arturo Farinelli's Grillparzer und Lope de Vega (Berlin, 1894) is most excellent. Edmund Dorer's Die Lope-de-Vega Litteratur in Deutschland (1877) is a praiseworthy compilation. Ormsby's article in the Quarterly Review (October 1894) is, as might be expected from him, most exact and learned. I am especially indebted to it.

As to the picaresque novels, GuzmÁn is in Rivadeneyra, vol. iii.; the PÍcara Justina in vol. xxxiii., and Marcos de ObregÓn in vol. xviii. A thoughtful and appreciative study on Mateo AlemÁn has been privately printed at Seville (1892) by D. JoaquÍn HazaÑas y la Rua. Antonio PÉrez and GinÉs PÉrez de Hita are to be read in Rivadeneyra, vols. xiii. and iii.: Mariana fills vols. xxx. and xxxi., but the two noble folios of 1780 are in every way preferable.

CHAPTER X

The early editions of GÓngora are named in the text; Rivadeneyra, vol. xxxii., reprints him in unsatisfactory fashion, but there is nothing better. Forty-nine inedited pieces by GÓngora have been recently published by Professor Rennert in the Revue hispanique, vol. iv. Churton's essay on GÓngora (1862) is learned, spirited, and interesting. Villamediana figures in Rivadeneyra's forty-second volume: D. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori's minute and judicious study (1886) is extremely important. Lasso de la Vega's monograph, already cited, on the Sevillan school, should be consulted for the poets of that group. Villegas and the minor poets may be read in Rivadeneyra, vol. xlii. Rioja has been admirably edited by Barrera (1867), who has supplied a most scholarly biography and bibliography: the additional poems issued in 1872 are more curious than valuable. Quevedo's prose works were edited by Aureliano FernÁndez-Guerra y Orbe with great skill and accuracy in Rivadeneyra, vols. xxiii. and xlviii.; his verse has been printed in vol. lxix. by Florencio Janer, who was not the man for the task. The new and complete edition, issued by the Sociedad de BibliÓfilos Andaluces, and edited by D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo, promises to be admirable, and will include much new matter—for instance, a pure text of the BuscÓn. As yet but one volume (1898) has been issued to subscribers. M. Ernest MÉrimÉe, the author of an excellent monograph on Quevedo (1886), has given us a critical edition of Castro's Mocedades del Cid (Toulouse, 1890). VÉlez de Guevara and MontalbÁn are exampled in Rivadeneyra, vol. xlv.: the prose of the former is in vol. xviii.

Hartzenbusch's twelve-volume edition of Tirso de Molina (1839-42) is incomplete, but it is greatly superior to the selection in Rivadeneyra, vol. v. D. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori's monograph on Tirso (1893) contains many new facts, stated with great precision and lucidity. Hartzenbusch's edition of Ruiz de AlarcÓn in Rivadeneyra, vo. xx., is the best and fullest.

CalderÓn's editions are numerous, but none are really good. Keil's (Leipzig, 1827) is the most complete; Hartzenbusch's, which fills vols. vii., ix., xii., and xiv. of Rivadeneyra, is the easiest to obtain, and is sufficient for most purposes. Mr. Norman MacColl's Select Plays of Calderon (1888) deserves special mention for its excellent introduction and judicious notes. M. Morel-Fatio's edition of El MÁgico Prodigioso is a model of skill and accuracy. Two small collections of CalderÓn's verse were published at CÁdiz, 1845, and at Madrid, 1881. Archbishop Trench's monograph (1880) and Miss E. J. Hasell's study (1879) are deservedly well known. D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo's lectures, CalderÓn y su Teatro (1881) are full of sound, impartial criticism. Friedrich Wilhelm Valentin Schmidt's Die Schauspiele Calderon's (Elberfeld, 1857) maintains its place by virtue of its sound and sympathetic criticism. The history of the autos is fully given by Eduardo GonzÁlez Pedroso in Rivadeneyra, vol. lviii. Edmund Dorer's Die Calderon-Litteratur in Deutschland (Leipzig, 1881) is useful and unpretending. D. Antonio SÁnchez Moguel's study (1881) of the relation between the MÁgico Prodigioso and Goethe's Faust is learned and ingenious, and D. Antonio RubiÓ y Lluch's Sentimiento del Honor en el Teatro de CalderÓn (Barcelona, 1882) is a very suggestive essay.

The select plays of Rojas Zorrilla and Moreto are contained in Rivadeneyra, vols. xxxix. and liv. There exists no good edition of GraciÁn: Carl Borinski's study entitled Baltasar GraciÁn und die Hoflitteratur in Deutschland (Halle, 1894) is a very commendable book, and M. Arturo Farinelli's criticism in the Revista crÍtica, vol. ii., is not only learned, but is warm in its appreciation of GraciÁn's perverse talent.

CHAPTER XI

An almost complete record of eighteenth-century literature is supplied by Sr. D. Leopoldo Augusto de Cueto, MarquÉs de Valmar, in his HistÓrica CrÍtica de la poesÍa castellana en el siglo XVIII. (1893), a revised and augmented edition of the classic preface to Rivadeneyra, vols. lxi., lxiii., and lxvii. D. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori's invaluable Iriarte y su Época (1897) sheds much light on the literary history of the period, and D. Marcelino MenÉndez y Pelayo's Historia de las Ideas estÉticas en EspaÑa (vol. iii. part ii., 1886) should be read as a complement to all other works. Antonio MarÍa AlcalÁ Galiano's Historia de la literatura espaÑola, francesa, inglesa, É italiano en el siglo XVIII. (1845) is acute, but somewhat obsolete. I should recommend as an honest, useful monograph the life of Sarmiento published under the title of El Gran Gallego (La CoruÑa, 1895) by D. AntolÍn LÓpez PelÁez.

CHAPTERS XII AND XIII

The only summary of the period is Padre Francisco Blanco GarcÍa's Literatura EspaÑola en el siglo XIX. (1891): it is extremely uncritical, and is marred by violent personal prejudices intemperately expressed. But it has the merit of existing, and embodies useful information in the way of facts. Gustave Hubbard's Histoire de la littÉrature contemporaine en Espagne (1876) and Boris de Tannenberg's La PoÉsie castellane contemporaine (1892) are pleasant but slight. Pedro de Novo y ColsÓn's Autores dramÁticos contemporaneos y joyas del teatro espaÑol del siglo XIX. (1881-85), with a preface by Antonio CÁnovas del Castillo, is conscientiously put together, and will be found very serviceable.